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256

Index

Aarbakke, V., 121 ‘act of non-identity’, code-switching

as, 130 Aegean Macedonia, 119, 121, 128

role in Macedonian national doctrine, 123–4

Africa, 58–75 see also South Africa

African humanism, 66 African languages, 59, 64, 179 African National Congress (ANC), 67 African socialism, 66 Africanism, 66–8 Africans, 60 Afrikaans language, 62, 63, 64, 67,

73, 75n11 Afrikaner politics, and nationalism, 63 Afrikaners, 60, 63 aggressive language, 100 Ahrens, R., 16 Aitchison, J., 192 Albanian speakers, in

Macedonia, 27 Alexander, N., 65, 71 Althusser, L., 113 ambivalence, 97 America, 52 America, 225, 231

and Europe, 51 German immigrants, 51 public education, 51 Slovak emigration to, 231, 232

American identity, 50 construction of, 47 historical context, 47–50

American language, English as the, 5

American national identity, 44 American Revolution, 53 Americanism, 4, 48, 56 Americanization

discourses of, 49 process, 51

Anderson, B., 15, 137 Anderson-Levitt, K., 199 Andruiškevifus, A., 134 Ang, I., 212 Anglicisation, 60 Anglo-Boer War, 63 Anglo-Saxon culture, 48 apartheid policy, 60, 64, 65 Appadurai, A., 143 Arends-Tóth, J., 198 artists and writers, Russian, in Estonia,

133–46 Arvanites, 129 assimilationist model, 60 asylum seekers, 8, 178–9 attitudes to language, 96 Atton, C., 213 Auer, P. and Di Luzio, A., 177 Ausländer, 170, 171 Aussiedler, integration of, 152–3 Austin, J. L., 105, 112 Austria, 148, 225

community radio, 211–12 courses for new immigrants, 156 Hungarian speakers in, 13,

18, 20–1 immigration, 155–7 Integration Agreement

(Integrationsvereinbarung), 150–7 required language programmes, 159

authenticity, 15 ‘axiological revisionism’, 100 axiology, 92

Bakhtin, M. M., 17, 24 Balibar, E., 24 Balkan history, 33 Balkans, 6–7, 25, 131–2 The Balkans, 33 Baltic, language loyalty in

the, 133–46 Bantu Education, 64 Barbour, S. and Carmichael, C., 1

Index 257

Barth, F., 143 Basque, 56 Baudrillard, J., 52 Bauman, R. and Briggs, C., 14 Belgium, 8

asylum application procedure, 178, 179–88

demo-linguistic change, 191 see also Flanders

Belloc, H., 28, 39 Berlin Wall, 95 Bestandsausländer (German migrants),

155 Bezemer, J., 191 Biko, S., 67 bilingual education, 56 bilingualism, 127, 203 Billig, M., 114, 148 Black Consciousness Movement, 67 black politics, 61 black South Africans, 60 black unity, 62 ‘blackboxing’, 183, 189 Blackledge, A., 34, 204 Blackledge, A. and Pavlenko, A., 104, 105 Blommaert, J., 10, 77, 104, 147, 177,

178, 179 Blommaert, J. and Verschueren, J., 16,

53, 147–8, 191 Boeckmann, K-B., 157 Boer republics, 63 borderland minorities, 120, 128, 131 borders, 22, 25–6

institutional, 23 Bosnia, Moslem populations in, 25 Bosnian, 209, 210, 211 boundaries, 20, 92

between languages, 15, 74 of language, 73

boundary dilemmas, 19–20 bounded nation, 54 Bourdieu, P., 17 Bralczyk, J., 98, 101, 102, 103 Bralczyk, J. and Mosiopek-Kposirska, K.,

99 ‘bratstvo i jedinstvo’, 122 Brecht, R. and Rivers, W., 46 Briggs, C., 177 British Council, 82, 87

British spirit and civilization, 60 Browne, T., 31 Brumfit, C. J., 37 Brutt-Griffler, J., 32, 37, 76, 77, 78, 160 Bulgaria, 120, 132 Bulgarian, 126 Bulgarian Communist Party, 121 Bulgarian national church, 124 Busch, B., 208, 209, 211 business, 165 Butler, J., 6, 105, 111, 112, 113, 115 Buttler, D., 96

Calvet, L. J., 77 Cameron, D., 202 Cameron, D. and Kulick, D., 112 Canada, 225, 231 Canagarajah, S., 34 capitalist hegemony, 66 capitalist ideology, 65 Carrington, B. and Short, G., 199 Carter, R., 28 Castells, M., 206 Ceaser, J. W., 52 censorship, 110–12, 206

definition of, 111 Cherryholmes, C., 193 Chinn, J. and Kaiser, R., 134 ‘chronotope’, 24, 27 citizens, 172 citizenship, 2, 7, 49, 62, 136–7, 173

discourses of, 147 in Germany, 150–1 and national language, 160

civil society initiatives, 71 Clark, H., 103 Clyne, M., 118 code-switching, 2, 8, 130, 177,

188–9, 215 as an act of non-identity, 130 as a contextualization cue, 178 inclusion and exclusion through,

179–88 cognitive semantics, 91 Coleman, J., 29 Collins, J., 178 colloquial register, 100 colloquialization, 99 colonialism, 58, 59, 61, 73n6

258 Index

colonization, 60 commodification, 78, 80 communication, 35, 37, 38–9, 46, 52,

77, 80, 92 direct and indirect, 98 high- and low-context

communication, 97–9 language as tool, 93 non-serious, 103 public, 97

competition, 163, 165 comprehensibility, 74 compression of time and space, 78, 80 contextualization

code-switching as, 178 as a social act, 177

conversational closure, 189 conversationalization, 99 corpus planning, 118 Corsican, teaching of, 20 Coulmas, F., 1 Council of Europe, 2, 16 Coupland, N., 78, 79, 80 ‘covert prestige’, 129 Crawford, J., 40 creativity, 30 critical discourse analysis, 47

and leftist ideologies, 92 Croatia, Hungarian speakers in, 20–1 Croatian, 125, 209, 210, 211 cross-cultural view, 103 Crowley, T., 35 Crystal, D., 76, 77, 234 cultural capital, 199 cultural categories of time, 14 cultural constructions, 23–5 cultural expressions, 86–7 cultural policy, 122 culturally coded temporality, 14 culture, 65, 68, 197

African, 70 nationality of, 141–3

culture of standard, 17 French, 17 Hungarian, 17

culture of the word, 96 cultures, homogenous, 35 Czech, 225, 234 Czech Republic, 228

Daneš, F., 96 Danthine, J. -P., 165 Daun, Å, 111, 114 De Beaugrande, R., 91 De Caluwe, J., 191 De Swaan, A., 15, 46 democracy, 68, 101 Derrida, J., 115 deterritorialization, 26, 27, 189 dialect, 28 diasporic migration, 18–19 diglossia, 45, 121, 124, 125 Dimitrov, B., 123 discourse, 193 discourse analysis, 103, 194 discourse models, 192 discourse system, in Poland, 95 discrimination, 69 discursive constructions, 105 disembedding, 78, 80 diversity, 29

linguistic, 45, 46 ‘dogma of homogeneism’, 148, 159 dominance, 78 Duranti, A. and Goodwin, C., 177 Duszak, A., 92, 96 Dutch, 179, 203 Dutch Republicanism, 63

Echchaibi, N., 208 economic models, 46 education, and language policies, 207 Edwards, J., 40, 47 EFL/ELT industry, 82, 88 EFTA, 168 ‘Einwanderer’ (immigrant), 171 ‘Einwanderung’, 171 Einwanderungsland (country of

immigration), 148, 149 Eisenlohr, P., 27 Ellegård, A., 108 English, 179, 220, 224, 225, 229

as the American national language, 5, 54

dominance in South Africa, 61 impact on other languages, 40 ‘leakage’, 93 as lingua franca, 93, 228, 234 in Poland, 95

Index 259

relationship with Swedish, 107–8 spread of, 87 as a world language, 108, 160

English hegemony, 65, 67 ‘English in Swedish’ (EIS), 107–8 English-Only Europe?, 54 Englishness, 148 Erickson, F., 193 Esperanto, 54 essentialism, 33 Estonia

alien status, 139 artists and painters, 137, 139, 139–41 citizenship, 136–7 citizenship law, 134, 135 and EU, 133, 139 immigrants, 133 literature and art of, 141–2 nationalism, 133–46 rootedness, 138 Russian artists and writers in, 133–46 Russian minority, 134 Russian speakers in, 23 Russians living in, 143–4 temperament, 140 writers, 137, 138, 140, 144

Estonian Academy of Arts, 142 Estonian Congress, 136 Estonian language, and loyalty, 134–6 ethnic activism, 131 ethnic cleansing, 128 ethnic consciousness, 65 ethnic groups, 64 ethnic identities, 64, 67 ethnic identity ideology, 120 ethnic minorities, 118 ethnic Other, 111 ethnic revival, 130 ethnification, 120, 121, 122 ethnicity, 122, 132 ethno-national affiliations, 122 ethnographic interpretive approach, 193 ethnolinguistic diversity, 26 ethnolinguistic nationalism, 15–16 Eurocentric model, 59 Europe, 22–3

concept of, 92 as a cultural concept, 14, 24 definitions of, 23–4

first use of language, 14 future of, 92–3 language ideologies in, 13–27

‘Europe’, in the South African language debate, 58–75

Europe, and the US, 51 European Bureau for Lesser Used

Languages, 16 ‘European Charter for Regional or

Minority Languages’, 16 European Economic Area, 168 European identity(ies), 44, 51–6, 92 European integration, 56 European language, 72 European legacy, 6 European political traditions, in South

Africa, 59–68 European Union, 1, 26, 54–5, 71, 134,

168, 170, 174 accession of Poland, 93–4 accession of Sweden, 108–9 and Estonia, 133 institutional growth, 14 language policies, 16

Eurydice, 220 ex-Yugoslavia, 118 ‘exempted natives’, 61 Extra, G. and Gorter, D., 1

Fairclough, N., 99, 178, 207, 215 ‘family’ image, 34 The Federalist, 8 Feinstein, S., 134 Fietz, M., 151 filtering, through translation, 185 first-languages, 28 Fishman, J., 129, 148 Flanders, 191–205

Dutch language in, 191 Rebus Catholic Primary School

educationally marginal pupils, 198–9

immersion/support programme, 194

immigrant minority pupils, 196–7 marginal linguistic repertoire, 200–4 teacher’s background, 195–6 teacher’s interviewing, 196–204

folk construct, language as, 17

260 Index

foreign language teaching, 45, 77, 79 Spanish, 81–2

Foreign Policy, 52 Foucault, 113, 207 fractal geography, 25 France, Portuguese migrants in, 19 Franchon, C. and Vargaftig, M., 208 free enterprise, 61 free market, 95 French, 77, 170, 223

culture of standard, 17 French Revolution, 63 friction, areas of, 40 Friedman, V., 22 functional domains, 109 functionality, 197–8 future, use of term, 13–14

Gajda, 98, 100, 101 Gal, S., 18, 24, 92, 129 Gal, S. and Woolard, K., 15, 158, 160 Gardt, A. and Hüppauf, B., 76, 77 Gee, J., 192, 193, 194 Gelazis, N. M., 136 Gellner, E., 142 genres, 27, 97 German, 80, 170, 220, 223, 229 German speakers, in Hungary, 13,

18–19 Germany, 148, 169, 216, 225

citizenship, 150–1 citizenship rights

(Staatsangehörigkeitsgesetz), 150 immigration, 148–57 Immigration Act 2004

(Zuwanderungsgesetz), 149, 150–7

local radio, 208–10 orientation courses, 154

Giddens, A., 80 Gilbert, P., 33 Gilroy, P., 205 Glenny, M., 33 global language(s), see world

language(s) globalization, 10, 55, 76, 77–8, 81,

163, 165, 169, 190 and language, 79–80 and the media, 206

and Poland, 94 of Slovak, 234 and Sweden, 104, 114

Gpowirski, M., 98, 99, 102 Goldsworthy, V., 132 Görlach, M., 36 Gould, R., 169 Gowers, T., 31 Graddol, D., 77 ‘graded intergenerational disruption

scale’, 129 Granger, C. A., 28 Greece, 33, 120, 122, 127–8

Slavic speaking minority, 128–30 women, 129

Greek Civil War, 123–4 Grin, F., 16, 46, 55 Grünbaum, C., 108 Grybosiowa, A., 100 Guardian, 30 Gumperz, J., 177, 190, 202 Gumperz, J. and Cook-Gumperz, J., 178 Gumperz, J. and Roberts, C., 177 Gupta, A. and Ferguson, J., 138

Hall, S., 205 Hallik, K., 135, 136, 137, 138 Hamel, R. E., 76, 77 Hammerová, L. B. and Ripka, I., 231 harmonization of languages, South

Africa, 72 Haviland, J., 178 Heidegger, M., 52 Heimat (homeland), 152, 160, 210 Herder, J. G., 14, 33, 42 Herderian

definition, 16 discourse, 15 ideology, 3, 16, 18, 20, 23

Herlitz, G., 110 heteroglossia, 213, 217 heteroglossic practices, 206–19 heterology, 213 heterophony, 213 Heugh, K., 62 high- and low-context

communications, Poland, 97–9 Hispanic, 87 Hispanidad, 87, 88

Index 261

Hispanoamerican organisations, 87 Hobsbawm, E. J., 137, 144 Hofstadter, R., 48 Hogan-Brun, G. and Wolff, S., 1 Holland, D. and Quinn, N., 192 ‘homelands’, 66 homogeneity, 80 homogenous cultures, 35 How to Do Things with Words, 105 Howe, J., 48 human rights, 68 Hungarian, 220, 222, 223, 229, 230

culture of standard, 17 Hungarian speakers

in Austria, 13, 18, 20–1 in Slovakia, Romania, Serbia,

Croatia, 20–1 Hungary, 18, 20–1, 222, 228–9

German speakers in, 13, 18–19 Hunter, J., 192 Huntington, S. P., 52 Hüppauf, B., 1, 80 hybridity, 80 hybridization, 96 Hyltenstam, K., 107, 109, 113

i-MAg, 71, 75n18, 19 iconization, 204 identification, 112 identities, national, 34 identity, 33–5, 34, 192

European, 44, 92 and self and others, 58

identity construction, 191, 192 ideological constructs, 42 ideologies, 50

and linguistic data, 45, 47 and policies, 95–7

ideology, 44 of language, 15 legitimization of concept, 91 meaning of, 44 and slogans, 100

Ignatieff, M., 114 immigrant minority pupils, 191, 192 immigrants/immigration, 16, 51, 52

Austria, 155–7 Estonia, 133 Germany, 148–50

and public service broadcasting, 208 Sweden, 107, 111–12, 114 Switzerland, 163

imperialism, 63, 76 imperialist languages, 59 imposition, 78 independence, 63 indigenous languages, 59, 67, 70 ‘indigenous peoples’, 25 industrialization, 65 information and technical

communication, 52 ‘Inner Macedonian Revolutionary

Organization’, 123 Innis, H. A., 206 institutional borders, 23 Instituto Cervantes, 77, 79, 80, 82–8

aims and objectives, 83 Aula Virtual de Español, 85, 87 curricular plan, 84–5 language teaching programme, 82 purpose, 82

integration, 152–3, 154, 158, 172–3, 191

Switzerland, 169–70, 174 Integration Foundation, 135 inter-connectiveness, 78 interdependence, 78, 80 interlingual borrowing, 96 international communication, 37 international language, Spanish as, 81 international politics, impact on

language, 39 internet, 9, 32

use of languages on, 234 internet guestbook see under Slovakia interpellation, 112–14, 115 interpretation, 190 interpretive ethnography, 193 Irvine, J. and Gal, S., 15, 204 isiXhosa, 72, 73 isiZulu, 67, 72 Ismajli, R., 27 iterability, 114–15

Jaffe, A., 20 James, C., 91 Jaspaert, K. and Ramaut, G., 191 Jay, J., 48

262 Index

Jelavich, B., 33 Jiroušek, A., 222 Johnston, B. H. M., 29 Joseph, J., 33, 93 Journal of Language, Identity, and

Education, 37 Joyce, J., 29 jus sanguinis (principle of nationality

based on descent), 150, 197 jus soli (principle of nationality based

on place of birth), 150, 197

Kachru, B. B., 40 Kamirska-Szmaj, I., 103 Karakasidou, A., 128 Kaunda, K., 66 Kibbee, D. A., 14 Kirch, M. and Kirch, A., 135 Kleinsteuber, H., 209 knowledge, 50 Kochan, M., 99 Kofos, E., 123 Komintern, 121 Koole, T. and Hanson, M., 193 Korubin, B., 126 Kosnick, K., 208, 216 Koven, M., 19 Krauss, M., 109 Kress, G., 213 Kress, G. and van Leeuwen, T., 214 Kreyenbühl, T., 223 Krio, 180, 183 Kruusvall, J., 135, 139

Labour Today, 30 Labov, W., 129 Laitin, D., 140 Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M., 91 Language, 109 language, 14–18

attitudes, 96 as a culturally specific concept, 14 European, 72 as folk construct, 17 invention of, 14–15 as liminality, 28–43 meaning of, 93 and nation building, 147 and nationalism, 137

‘ownership’ of, 32 of philosophies, 14 of politics, 99 and power, 35–6 in the South African constitution,

68–70 styles of, 32 use of term, 13, 35, 41

language acquisition, 29–30, 38, 172 language attitude theory, 104 language boundaries, 37 language choice patterns, 225, 227–34 language communities, 25 language contact research, 37 language crossing, 35 language culture, 96 language death, 129–30 language debate, 104–5 language divergence, Macedonia, 121–3 language ecology, 45 language identity, 235 language ideologies, 2, 147

in Europe, 13–27 language loyalty, 134–6, 159

in the Baltic, 133–46 language maintenance, 122 language planning, 21, 123

and national identity in Sweden, 104–17

performativity of, 110–15 language policies, 1, 2–3, 29, 36–43,

44, 45, 221 and education, 207 ideological effects of, 158–9 Poland, 96

A Language Policy for the European Community, 1

language policy and planning (LPP), 44 Language Policy Unit, Directorate

General for General Education and Culture, 16

language power, 35–6 ‘language as resource’, 45 language rights, 23, 33, 35, 41, 65

South Africa, 68 language specialists, 21 language spread, 76, 77

Spanish language spread, 79–82 language teaching, 16, 20, 22

Index 263

language-in-context, 13 languages, as discreet bounded units, 72 Lanstyák, I., 21 Latin America, 79 Latinos, 80 leakage, 97 ‘legitimate language’, 17 Leith, D., 35 Leitkultur, concept of, 148 levelling of styles, 101 liberalism

and racial segregation, 61 South Africa, 60–3

Lieven, A., 133 liminal, Latin definitions, 29 liminal exchanges, 28 ‘liminal states’, languages as, 3 liminality, 39, 40, 42, 43

as language, 28–43 lingua franca, 228, 229

English as, 66, 93, 228 global, 93, 234

linguistic anthropology, 13 linguistic diversity, 16, 45, 46, 63,

66, 68, 71 linguistic ‘ecosystems’, 46 linguistic exogamy, 129 linguistic form(s), 15, 21–2, 24 linguistic imperialism, 58, 76, 77, 78–9 Linguistic Imperialism, 109 linguistic interference, 130 linguistic levels, 124 linguistic minorities, 221, 222 linguistic practices, 14, 15

and social relations, 17 linguistic transformation, and

recontextualization, 215–17 linguistic ‘unification’, 93 Lippi-Green, R., 81, 86 Llovedu, 72 ‘localism’, 63, 65 Löfgren, O., 110 loyalty, 134–6 Lubas, W., 101

McCracken, G., 193 Macedonia, 6, 25, 118

Albanian speakers in, 27 language death in, 129–30

language divergence, 121–3 language policy of ethnic activism,

130–1 levels of ‘Macedonianness’, 119–21 meanings of name, 123 nation-building, 120, 121, 124, 132 Serbocroatian-Macedonian

bilingualism, 121 Macedonian identity, 118 Macedonian standard language,

118–32 functions, 124–7 legitimacy abroad, 126

McQuail, D., 212 macrolinguistics, 91 Makoni, S. and Meinhof, U., 35 Mål i Mun, 6 Malkki, L., 138 Mannová, E. and Holec, R., 222 Manz, S., 148 Mar-Molinero, C., 77, 79, 81 marketization, 207 Markowski, A., 100 Maryns, K. and Blommaert, J., 179 Masaryk-Wilson principles, 42 Maurais, J. and Morris, M. A.,

1, 76, 77 May, S., 33, 148 media, 97, 100, 101

focus on local urban, 207–9 and globalization, 206 journalism, 215–16 local radio stations, 208, 216–17 as multimodal communication, 213 multimodality, 213–15 private radio stations, 209 producer–audience relationship,

212–13 radio, 9, 214 Radio MultiKulti, 208, 209–10,

214, 216 resources, 215–17 and standard and national

languages, 206 target audience, 212 television and radio, 73, 80

‘mediatization’, 99, 101 mental models, 192 metalinguistic assumptions, 14

264 Index

metapragmatic phenomena, 17 Mexican Americans, 52, 56 migrants, 14, 148 migration, 147

Germany, 18–19 Switzerland, 170–2

migration legislation, 7 Milroy, L., 159 Minnich, R., 129 minorities, 14, 18, 20–1, 56, 92, 118,

221, 222 borderland, 120, 128, 131

minority languages, 46, 55, 122 minority options, 32 minority rights, overt and covert, 129 Miodek, J., 96 Mitchell, R. and Brumfit, C. J., 41 modernity, 27, 55, 72 monolingual habitus, 148, 206, 219 monolingual model, 68 monolingualism, 15, 39, 40, 72 Morley, D., 206 Moslem populations, in Bosnia, 25 mother tongue education, 73 multiculturalism, 148 multilingual children, 8 multilingualism, 22, 35, 39, 40, 66,

148, 159, 189, 207–8, 235 South Africa, 69, 637–8

Multilingualism Action Group (i-MAG), 71, 75ns18, 19

multimodality, 213–15 multinationals, 166 Muntigl, P., 174 Münz, R. and Ulrich, R., 163

nation, 34 nation-building, 120, 121, 124, 132

and language, 147 national

and supra-national interests, 1 and transnational, 1

national bipolarization, 119, 123 national broadcasting, 206 national identity(ies), 34, 147, 164,

167, 174 American, 44 in Sweden, 104–17

national integrity, 148

national language, 40, 148, 150, 158 and citizenship, 160 concept, 2 ideology, 120

National Language Policy Framework, 73 national security, 155 national sovereignty, 147 National Thames Trust & Solent News, 30 nationalism, 34, 42, 63–5

and Afrikaner politics, 63 Estonia, 133–46 and language, 137

nationality, 146n9 of culture, 141–3

nationalization, 121 Native Americans, 48, 51, 56 native speakers, 31, 32, 35 NATO, post-cold-war security

discourse, 163, 164–5 naturalisation, 172 negritude, 66 Nelde, P., 26 Nlmec, Z., 222 neo-nationalists, 122 Netherlands, ‘ersuiling’

(‘pillarization’), 65 New York Times, 54 newspeak, 98, 99–102

new, 99 Nguni, 72, 73 Nkrumah, K., 66 non-racialism, 65 non-tribalism, 65 Nyerere, J., 66

Oakes, L., 26, 104, 110, 111, 114 Opole Silesia, 22 O’Reilly, C., 1 Ottoman Empire, 120 Ottoman Macedonia, 119, 121 ‘ownership’, of language, 32

Painter, D., 61 Painter, D. and Baldwin, R., 61 Palmer, S. and King, R., 121 Pan Africanism, 60, 66, 67 Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), 67 pan-European identity, 164 Patrick, P., 32

Index 265

Pavlenko, A., 34 Pavlenko, A. and Blackledge, A., 6 Peasants and Frenchmen, 120 Pennycook, 77, 105 performatives, 105 performativity, of language planning,

110–15 performativity theory, 6, 105–6 Pettai, I., 136, 139 ‘phatic bonding’, 100 Phillipson, R., 40, 54, 55, 78, 87,

109, 112 Phillipson, R. and Skutnabb-Kangas, T.,

129 philosophies, of language, 14 Piller, I., 158 Pirin Macedonia, 124 Pisarek, W., 96, 100 Pisarek, W. and Zgópkowa, H., 96 Pitt, L., 48 Poland, 5, 22, 92, 225, 228

accession to European Union, 93–4 aggressive language, 100 ‘axiological revisionism’, 100 culture, 102 discourse system, 95, 97 English in, 95 fall of communism, 94–5, 98 high- and low-context

communications, 97–9 history, 94 language culture, 96, 97 language policy, 96 levelling of styles, 101 media, 97, 100, 101 political discourse, 101 public communication, 97, 99 Russian in, 95 style shifting, 99 ‘uni-style’, 99–102 Western influence on, 94, 95

policies, and ideologies, 95–7 policy see language policy Polish, 223, 228

high variety, 98 as a minority language, 96 solidarity, 98 vernacular, 98, 99

Polish discourse system, 93

political discourse, 101 political traditions, 58–75 politics, language of, 99, 101 Popper, K. R., 42 Portuguese migrants, in France, 19 post-Cold War era, 1, 14 post-communist discourses, 99 post-nationalist ideology, 158 Post-Soviet Estonia, 134 poststructuralism, 104–5 power, 190

and language, 35–6 power relations, 41, 96 pragmaticization, 95, 101 pragmatics, 91 Prantl, H., 159 pronunciation, 18 Proos, I., 137 public communication, 97, 99 public institutions, bureaucratization,

178 public service broadcasting, and

immigration, 208 public services, marketization, 207

Quirk, R., 40

racial segregation, and liberalism, 61 racism, 62 Ramaut, G., 191, 192 Rampton, B., 32, 35, 42 rational choice theory, 37 recognition, 16 recontextualization, 96

and linguistic transformation, 215–17 redundant translation, 189 refugees, 167, 175 Regerinsbeslut, 115 religion, 34 republicanism, 63–5 Ricento, T., 46, 50, 56 rights

individual versus communal, 37 see also language rights

Romani, 21–2 Romania, Hungarian speakers in, 20–1 Rossouw, J., 65 Ruiz, R., 45 Russia, views of, 140

266 Index

Russian, 144, 223, 225 in Poland, 95

Russian artists and writers in Estonia, 133–46

Russian culture, 142, 143 Russian Soviet Federated Socialist

Republic (RSFSR), 133 Russian speakers, in Estonia, 23

Saami, 25–6 Sarangi, S. and Slembrouck, S., 178 Satkiewicz, H., 100 Schäffner, C., 164 Schily, O., 154 Schönbohm, 149 second-languages, 28 segregation, 60, 64 self

conception of, 34 and identity, 58

self-determination, 63, 65, 69 Senegal, 66 Senghor, L., 66 separatism, 66 Sepedi, 72, 73 Serbia, Hungarian speakers in, 20–1 Serbian, 209, 210, 211 Serbocroatian language, 124, 125, 127 Serbocroatian-Macedonian

bilingualism, 121 Sesotho, 67, 72, 73 Setswana, 72, 73 Shore, C., 26 Siegert, G., 215 Siguan, M., 79 Silesia, 22 Silverstein, M., 17, 45, 189 Silverstein, M. and Urban, G., 177, 178 Simons, H. J. and Simons, R. E., 34 SiNdebele, 72 Singh, R., 203 SiSwati, 72 Slavic speakers, 127 Slavic speaking minority, in Greece,

128–30 Slembrouck, S., 178 Slovak, 223, 224, 225, 229, 230, 234

globalization of, 234 as a second language, 220

Slovakia, 9, 221 emigration from, 234 Hungarian speakers in, 20–1 Kosice, 220

ethnic structure, 222 internet guestbook; language

choice in, 220–36; origin of entries, 225, 226; patterns of language choice, 227–30; textlinguistic features, 224–5

linguistic minorities, 222 Slovak city websites, 223, 224

social cohesion, 174 social equality, 65 social groups, 15, 36, 50 social identity, 192, 193 social identity theory, 104 social reality, 51 social semiotics, 45 social signs, 45 socialism, South Africa, 65–6 socio-political change, 118 sociolinguistics, 45 ‘sociolinguistics of globalization’, 10 Sotho, 72, 73 South Africa, 4, 34

Bantu Education, 64 black polities, 61 dominance of English language, 61,

62, 66 ‘Europe’ in the language debate,

58–75 European political traditions in,

59–68 harmonization of languages, 72 language in the constitution,

68–70 language rights, 68–9 liberalism, 60–3 ‘localism’, 63 multilingualism, 63 nationalism, 63–5, 75n10 republican-nationalist tradition, 69 republicanism, 63–5 socialism, 65–6, 75n12 translation of government

documents, 73 urbanization, 61–2 white domination, 62

Index 267

Southampton City View, 30 Soviet Union, 134 Spain, national identity, 82 Spanish, 5, 77

as an international language, 81 Castilian, 81, 87, 88 commodification, 80 teaching, 81 as a world language, 79

Spanish language spread, 79–82 castilianization and the Empire, 79 and linguistic imperialism, 79–82

Spanish Royal Language Academy, 81 Spanish-speaking world, 79–80 speech communities, 25, 32, 45

Spanish, 80 Spolsky, B., 221 standard English, 35 standard language, 14, 79, 81

de-centring, 207, 213–15 standard language ideologies, 77 standard language ideology, 81 standardization, 17, 24, 58, 73

culture of standard, 17 and heterogeneity, 21 ironies of, 20–2 and linguistic form, 21–2

standardization policy, 96 state, role of, 207 Stevenson, P., 134, 136 Stewart, M., 22 stigmatization, 21 ‘strategically important languages’, 56 Stroud, C., 107, 112 styles

of language, 32 levelling of, 101

subordinate bilingualism, 124 Svede, M. A., 134 Sweden, 6

accession to European Union, 108–9 censorship, 110–12 and globalization, 104 immigrants/immigration, 107,

111–12, 114 interpellation, 112–14 iterability, 114–15 language planning

(1970–90), 106–8

(1991–2003), 108–10 and national identity, 104–17

security, 172–3 social democratic party, 110–11

Swedish as a minority language, 109 official use of language, 106–7 relationship with English, 107–8 Rinkeby, 112, 114 status in EU, 109–10, 112–14, 115

Swedish Language Council, 108, 109, 110, 115

Switzerland, 7, 8, 162–76, 225 anti-foreigner topoi, 167–8 in business discourse, 165–7, 173 election of 2003, 170–3 elections, 163 Federal council, 163 foreigners in, 167 immigration, 163 integration, 169–70, 172–3 inward migration, 171 migration, 170–2 non-Swiss in, 168–9 political parties, 163 referenda, 163, 164 refugees, 167

Tamarón, Marqués de, 77 Tanzania, 66 Taylor, C. and Gutman, A., 37 tectonic model, 37–8, 39, 40 Teleman, U., 104, 108, 109, 110,

111, 115 Teleman, U. and Westman, M., 104,

109 territorial languages, 16 Teubert, W., 165 textualism, 178 textuality, 91 Thomas, D., 221 thresholds, 35, 36, 42, 43 time, cultural categories of, 14 Tito–Yugoslavia, 118, 120, 122

diglossic situation, 121 Todorov, T., 213 topoi, 167–8 tourism, 235 tradition, 27

268 Index

transethnic solidarity, 66 translation, 20, 45, 189

filtering through, 185 transmigration, 130 transnational, and national, 1 transnational communication, 9 transnational traffic of languages, 1 Treier, H., 133 tribalism, 59, 67 Troebst, S., 124 Trudgill, P., 129 Trudgill, P. and Tzavaras, G. A., 129 Tshivenda, 72, 73

Ukraine, 223, 225 umbrella languages, 124 Undoing and Redoing Corpus Planning,

118 ‘uni-style’, 99–102 ‘unitary language’, 17 universality, 15 Urla, J., 27 USA/US, see America utilitarianism, 62–3

valuation, 92 van Brakel, J., 72 van Dijk, T., 44, 47 Vann, E., 22 Vardar–Macedonia, 119, 121

‘bratstvo i jedinstvo’, 122 Vassberg, L. M., 131, 132 verbal hygiene, 202 Verkuyten, M., 192 Verlot, M., 191 Verlot, M. and Delrue, K., 191 vernacularization, 99

Verschueren, J., 91 Vertovec, S., 208 Vihalemm, T., 138, 144 virtualized world regions, 24 Voss, C., 33, 127

Walczak, B., 96 Waldrauch, H. and Sohler, K., 208 Weber, E., 120 Webster, J., 31 Weis, L., 193 Welsh, 41 white South Africans, 60, 63, 64, 70 Whiteley, P., 21 Wieder, D. and Pratt, L., 192 Wierzbicka, A., 98 Wodak, R., 53, 165, 167, 174 women, in Greece, 129 Woolard, K. A., 14, 15, 104 Woolard, K. A. and Schieffelin, B., 45 worker solidarity, 65 world language(s), 59, 76, 77, 80

English as, 80, 108, 160 Spanish as, 79

world music, 210–11 Wright, S., 1, 16, 76, 147 written language, 81

Xish, 129 Xitsonga, 72, 73

Yarian, C., 23

Zambia, 66 Ziópkowski, M., 95 ‘Zuwanderer’, 164, 171 ‘Zuwanderung’, 149