References

Abbott, M.B. (1966) An Introduction to the Method of Characteristics. London: Thames and Hudson.

Abbott, M.B. (1979) Elements of the Theory of Free Surface Flow. London: Pitman. Abbott, M.B., Bathurst, J.C., Cunge, J.A., O'Connell, P.E. & Rasmussen, J. (1986) An introduction

to the European Hydrological System- Systeme Hydrologique Europeen, 'SHE'. 2. Structure of the physically based, distributed modelling system. Journal of Hydrology 87, 61-77.

Abel, P.O. (1989) Water Pollution Biology. Chichester: Ellis Horwood. Ackers, P. & White, W.R. (1973) Sediment transport: New approach and analysis. Journal of

the Hydraulics Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers 99 (HY II), 2041-60.

Anderson, K.G. (1987) Legislation-past and present. In T.W. Brandon (Ed.) River Engineering. Part I. Design Principles, pp. 1-32. Water Practice Manual Book 7. London: Institution of Water Engineers and Scientists for Institution of Water and Environmental Management.

Ando, Y., Takahasi, Y. & Kuan, M.F. (1984) Relation between land use and final infiltration rate in urban areas. In P. Balmer, P.A. Malmqvist & A. Sjoberg (Eds.) Proceedings of the Third International Coriference on Urban Storm Drainage, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg.

Aravin, V.I. & Numerov, S.N. (1965) Theory of Fluid Flow in Undeformable Porous Media (A. Moscona, Trans.). Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations.

Arnell, V. (1982) Rainfall Data for the Design of Sewer Pipe Systems. Department of Hydraulics Report Series A:8. Gothenburg: Chalmers University of Technology.

ASAE (1972) Design, layout, construction and maintenance of terrace systems. ASAE Recommendation, p. R268.l. ASAE Yearbook. St Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural Engineers.

Bear, J. (1979) Hydraulics of Groundwater. New York: McGraw Hill. Bebelaar, J.P. & Bakker, J.W. (1981) Infiltratie van regenwater door verschillende wegdekken

i.v.m. de watervoorziening van straatbomen (Infiltration of rainwater in different pavements in relation to the water supply to trees along roads). Nota 1247. Wageningen: Institute for Land and Water Management.

Bedient, P.B. & Huber, W.C. (1988) Hydrology and Floodplain Analysis. Wokingham: Addison Wesley.

Bell, F.G. (Ed). (1987) Ground Engineers Reference Book. London: Butterworth. Beran, M.A. (1982) The drainage of low lying flat lands. Proceedings of the Conference of River

Engineers (unbound). Wallingford: Institute of Hydrology. Beven, K. & Germann, P (1982). Macropores and water flow in soils. Water Resources Research

18, 1311-25. BGS (1989) The Geotechnical Directory. British Geotechnical Society. BHRA (1986) Proceedings of the Conference on Water Quality Modelling in the Inland Natural

Environment, Bournemouth. British Hydrodynamics Research Association. BHS (1989) Weather Radar and the Water Industry. Occasional paper No. 2. Wallingford:

Institute of Hydrology for the British Hydrological Society. Bierschenk, W.H. (1964) Determining Well Efficiency by Multiple Step Drawdown Tests,

pp. 493-504. Publication No. 64. Berkeley, CA: International Association of Scientific Hydrology.

Blaisdell, F.W. (1948) Development and hydraulic design, Saint Anthony Falls Stilling Basin. Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers 113, 483-520.

Blaisdell, F.W. (1949) The SAF Stilling Basin. SCS-TP-79, US Soil Conservation Service, Washington.

REFERENCES 283

Blench, T. (1969) Mobile Bed Fluvio/ogy. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press. Bos, M.G. (1984) Where water leaves the irrigation system, pp. 30-38'. IILRI Annual Report.

Wageningen: International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement. Bradley, J.M. & Peterka, A.J. (1957) The hydraulic design of stilling basins. Journal of the

Hydraulics Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineering, 83 (HY5). Brady, N.C. (1990) The Nature and Properties of Soils. New York: Macmillan. Brandon, T.W. (Ed.) (1987) River Engineering. Part I. Design Principles. Water Practice Manual

Book 7. London: Institution of Water Engineers and Scientists for Institution of Water and Environmental Management.

Brandon, T.W. (Ed.) (1989) River Engineering. Part 2. Structures and Coastal Defence Works. Water Practice Manual Book 8. London: Institution of Water and Environmental Management.

British Steel (1988) Piling Handbook, 6th edn. Scunthorpe: British Steel Pic. Bromhead, E.N. (1986) The Stability of Slopes. Glasgow: Blackie. Browning, K.A. & Collier, C.G. (1989) Nowcasting of precipitation systems. Reviews of

Geophysics 27(3), 345-70: American Geophysical Union. Bryson Jr, A.E. & Yu-Chi Ho (1975) Applied Optimal Control. New York: Wiley. BS 5930 (1981) Code of" Practice for Site Investigations. London: British Standards Institution. BS 6316 ( 1983) Code of" Practice for Test Pumping of Water Wells. London: British Standards

Institution. Carter, P.G. & Forsyth, F.M. (1987) Groundwater investigations and control for the Dairy

Tunnels. In E.T. Hanrahan eta/. (Eds.) Proceedings of the Ninth European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. Rotterdam: Balkema.

Castle, D., McCunnall, J. & Tring, I. (1984) Field Drainage Principles and Practice. London: Batsford.

Cavelaars, J.C. ( 1973). Subsurface field drainage systems. In Drainage Principles and Practice. IILRI Publication No. 16, Vol. 4. Wageningen: International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement.

Chang, H.H. (1983) Energy expenditure in curved open channels. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers 109, 1012-22.

Charnley, P.R., Beran, M.A., Samuels, P.G., Terry, J.B., Hann, M.J. & Dennis, C.W. (1987) Lowland drainage. In T.W. Brandon (Ed.) River Engineering. Part I. Design Principles, pp. 173-224. Water Practice Manual Book 7. London: Institution of Water Engineers and Scientists for Institution of Water and Environmental Management.

Childs, E.C. (1945) The water table, equipotentials and streamlines in drained land. III. Soil Science 59, 405-15.

Childs, E.C. (1968) The achievements of drainage theory in relation to practical needs: Taking stock. Transactions of the I Xth International Congress of Soil Science I, 349-56.

Childs, E.C. (1969) An Introduction to the Physical Basis of Soil Water Phenomena. London: Wiley.

Childs, E.C. (1970) Land drainage: An exercise in physics. Outlook on Agriculture 6, 158-65. Chisci, G. (1976) Influence of tillage and drainage systems on physical conditions for clay soil

cultivation. Annali Instituto Sperimentale Studio Difesa Suolo, Firenze 1, 55-66. Chisci, G. & Lodi, G. (1974) Ricerche parcellari sulla argillosi. VIII. Influenza delle caratteristiche

del suolo e del drennaggio sula produzione e sulla composizione botanica di un prato polifito asciutto. Annali Instituto Sperimentale Studio D!lesa Suo/o, Firenze 5, 85-102.

Chisci, G. & Zanchi, C. ( 1981) The influence of different tillage systems and different crops on soil losses on hilly silty-clayey soil. In R.P.C. Morgan (Ed.) Soil Conservation: Problems and Prospects, pp. 211-17. Chichester: Wiley.

Chisci, G., Zanchi, C. & D'Edigio, G. (1981) Erosion investigation plots. In Erosion and Sediment Transport Measurement. Field Excursion Guide, pp. 40-45. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications for International Association of Scientific Hydrology.

Chow, V.T. (1950, 1959) Open Channel Hydraulics. New York: McGraw Hill. Chow, V.T. (1964) Handbook ol Applied Hydrology. New York: McGraw Hill. Chow, V.T., Maidment, D.R. & Mays, L. W. ( 1988) Applied Hydrology. New York: McGraw Hill. Cochrane, G.A. & Carter, P.G. (1990). Highway embankment construction across the Stra-

thearn Buried Valley. In Proceedings of the Conference on Engineering Geology, Edinburgh, 1989.

284 DRAINAGE DESIGN

Coppin, N.J. & Richards, I.G. (1990) The Use of Vegetation in Civil Engineering. London: Butterworths for Construction Industry Research and Information Association.

Crank, J. (1956) The Mathematics of Diffusion. Oxford University Press. Crawford, N.H. & Linsley, R.K. (1966) Digital Simulations in Hydrology. Stariford Watershed

Model IV. T.R. 39. Stanford University Department of Civil Engineering. Cripps, J.C. eta/. (Eds.) (1986) Groundwater in Engineering Geology. London: Geological Society

of London. Cunge, J.A., Holly, F.M. & Verway, A. (1980) Practical Aspects of Computational River

Hydraulics. London: Pitman. De Crecy, 1. (1982). Structural behaviour of heavy soils and drainage systems. In M.J. Gardiner

(Ed.) Land Drainage, pp. 73-84. Rotterdam: Balkema. van Deemter, J.J. (1950) Bijdragen tot de kennis van enige natuurkundige grootheden van de

grond. 11. Theoretische en numerieke behandeling van ontwaterings- en infiltratie-stromings­problemen. Vers/agen van Landbouwkundige Onderzoekingen 56.7, 1-67.

De Vleeschauer, D., La!, R. & De Boodt, M. (1979) Influence of soil conditioners on water movement through some tropical soils, In R. La! & D.J. Greenland (Eds.) Soil Physical Properties and Crop Production in the Tropics, pp. 149-58. Chichester: Wiley.

Derby, H.C. (1956) The Draining of the Fens. Cambridge University Press. Dieleman, P.J. & Trafford, B.D. (1976) Drainage Testing. Irrigation and Drainage Paper No.

28. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organisation. Doorenbos, 1. & Pruitt, W.O. (1977) Crop Water Requirements. Irrigation and Drainage Paper

No. 24. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organisation. Driscoll, F.G. (1986). Groundwater and Wells. St Paul, MN: Johnson Division. Dumm, L.D. (1954) Drain spacing formula. Agricultural Engineering 35, 726-30. Dumm, L.E. & Winger, R.J. (1964) Subsurface drainage for irrigated areas using transient flow

concepts. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 7, 2. Edworthy, K.J., Headworth, H.G. & Hawn!, R.J.E. (1981) Application of artificial recharge

techniques in the UK. In A Survey of British Hydrogeology 1980, pp. 141-52. London: Royal Society.

EEC (1975) Directive()( 16 June 1975 Concerning the Quality Required of Surface Water Intended for the Abstraction()( Drinking Water in the Member States. 74/440/EEC; oj I 194. Brussels: Commission of the European Communities.

EEC (1976) Directive of8 December 1975 Concerning the Quality of Bathing Water. 76/160/EEC; oj 1 194. Brussels: Commission of the European Communities.

Elliott, S.C. & Sellin, R.H.J. (1990) SERC Flood Channel Facility, skewed flow experiments. Journal of Hydraulic Research (International Association for H ydrau/ic Research) 28, 197-214.

Engelund, F. ( 1951) Mathematical discussion of drainage problems. Transactions of the Danish Academy <!f Technical Sciences 3, 1-64.

EPA (1972) A Flushing System for Combined Sewer Cleansing. Report 11020 DNO. US Environmental Protection Agency.

Eriksson, J. (1979) Soil functions and drainage. In 1. Wesseling (Ed.) Proceedings of the International Drainage Workshop, pp. 180-212. Wageningen: International Land Research Institute Publication No. 25.

Ervine, D.A. & Ellis, 1. ( 1987) Experimental and computational aspects of overbank flood plain flow. Transactions <!f the Royal Society <if Edinburgh. Earth Sciences 78, 315-25.

Ervine, D.A. & Jasem, H.K. (1991) Two-stage channels with the main channel skewed relative to the floodplain direction. Paper submitted to Journal ()(Hydraulics Division, Proceedings of the American Society ()(Civil Engineers.

Falk, 1. & Niemczynowicz, J. (1979) Modelling of Runoff from Impermeable Surfaces. Reports of the Department of Water Resource Engineering 3024. Lund: Lund Institute of Technology, University of Lund.

Farquharson, F.A.K., Green, C.S., Meigh, J.R. & Sutcliffe, J.V. (1987) Comparison of flood frequency curves for many different regions of the world. In V.P. Singh (Ed.) Regional Flood Frequency Analysis, pp. 223-56. Dordrecht: Reidel.

Farr, E. & Henderson, W.C. (1986) Land Drainage. Harlow: Longman. Farraday, R.V. & Charlton, F.G. (1983) Hydraulic Factors in Bridge Design. Wallingford:

Hydraulics Research Ltd.

REFERENCES 285

Fausey, N.D. & Schwab, G.O. (1969) Soil moisture content, tilth and soybean response with surface and subsurface drainage. Agronomy Journal 61, 554-57.

FitzPatrick, E.A. (1986) An Introduction to Soil Science. Harlow: Longman. Fleming, G. (1975) Computer Simulation Techniques in Hydrology. New York: Elsevier. Forstner, U. & Wittman, G.T.W. (1981) Metal Pollution in the Aquatic Environment. Berlin:

Springer. Foster, W.E. & Harris, W.B. (1988) Flood alleviation scheme for Lower River Mole. Proceedings

of the Institution of Civil Engineers Part I 84, 235-263. Freeze, R.A. & Cherry, J.A. (1979) Groundwater. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Gardner, W.R. (1958) Some steady state solutions of the unsaturated moisture flow equation

with application to evaporation from a water table. Soil Science 85, 244-49. Geiger, W.E. eta/. (1987) Quantity of stormwater. In Manual on Design of Drainage Systems in

Urbanized Areas. Paris: UNESCO. Gerrard, R.T., Long, J.J. & Shah, H.R. (1982) Barking Creek Tidal Barrier. Proceedings of the

Institution of Civil Engineers Part I 72, 533-562. Goodman, R.E., Moye, D.G., van Schalkwyk, A. & Javendal, I. (1965) Ground water inflows

during tunnel driving. Engineering Geology 2, 39-56. Gray, D.H. & Leiser, A.T. (1982) Biotechnica/ Slope Protection and Erosion Control. New York:

Van Nostrand. Gray, D.M. ( 1970) Hand book on the Principles of Hydrology. Ottawa: National Research Council

of Canada. Green, W.H. & Ampt, G.A. (1911) Studies in soil physics. I. The flow of air and water through

soils. Journal of Agricultural Science 4, 1-24. Grimmond, C.S.B. & Oke, T.R. (1986). Urban water balance 2; results from a suburb of

Vancouver, British Columbia. Water Resource Research 22, 1404-12. Hall, M.J. & Ellis, J.B. (1985) Water quality problems of urban areas. GeoJournalll, 265-75. Hall, M.J. & Hockin, D.L. (1980) Guide to the Design of Storage Ponds for Flood Control in

Partly Urbanised Catchments. Technical Note No. 100. London: Construction Industry Research and Information Association.

Hanks, R.J. & Ashcroft, G.L. (1980) Applied Soil Physics. Berlin: Springer. Hanrahan, E.T. eta/. (1989) Groundwater effects on geotechnical engineering. In Proceedings

of the Ninth European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. Rotterdam: Balkema.

Harbeck, G.E. ( 1962) A Practical Field Technique for Measuring Reservoir Evaporation Utilising Mass Transfer Theory. Professional Paper No. 272-E. US Geological Survey.

Harr, M.E. (1962) Groundwater and Seepage. New York: McGraw Hill. Hazen, A. (1893) Some physical properties of sands and gravels. 24th Annual Report.

Massachusetts State Board of Health. Helliwell, P. (Ed.) (1978) Urban Storm Drainage. Pentech Press. Hemphill, R.W. & Bramley, M.E. (1989) Protection of River and Canal Banks-a Guide to

Selection and Design. London: Butterworths for Construction Industry Research and Information Association.

Henderson, F.M. (1966) Open Channel Flow. New York: MacMillan. Herschy, R.W. (Ed.) (1978) Hydrometry, Principles and Practices. Chichester: Wiley. Hewlett, H. W.M., Boorman, L.A. & Bramley, M.E. ( 1987) Design of Reiriforced Grass Waterways.

Report 116. London: Construction Industry Research and Information Association. Hillel, D. ( 1980a) Fundamentals of Soil Physics. New York: Academic Press. Hillel, D. (1980b) Applications of Soil Physics. New York: Academic Press. Hillel, D. (1982) Introduction to Soil Physics. New York: Academic Press. HMSO (1974) The Health and Safety at Work Act. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Hogland, W. & Niemczynowicz, J. (1980) Kvantitativ och kvalitativ vatten omsiittningsbudget

for Lunds centralort; kompletterande miitningar och metodik. Reports of the Department of Water Resource Engineering 3038. Lund: Lund Institute of Technology, University of Lund.

Hooghoudt, S.B. (1940) Bijdragen tot de kennis van enige natuurkundige grootheden van de grond. 7. Algemeene beschouwing van het probleem van de detail ontwatering en de infiltratie door middel van parallel loopende drains, greppels, slooten en kanalen. Verslagen van Landbouwkundige Onderzoekingen 46, 515-707.

286 DRAINAGE DESIGN

Hove, D. ten & Wensveen, L.D.M. (1986) Rendement Randvoorzieningen Bergbezinkbassin (Efficiency of Stormwater Sedimentation Tanks). NWRW Investigation Theme 8.

Huber, W.C. & Dickinson, R.E. (1988) Storm Water Management Model User's Manual Version 4. EPA/600/3-88/0001a (PB88-236641/AS). Athens, GA: Environmental Protection Agency.

Hudson, N.W. (1981) Soil Conservation. London: Batsford. Hudson, N.W. (1987) Soil and Water Conservation in Semi-arid Areas. Soils Bulletin No. 57.

Rome: Food and Agriculture Organisation. Hundal, S.S., Schwab, G.O. & Taylor, G.S. (1976) Drainage system effects on physical properties

of a lakebed clay soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal 40, 300-05. Hutchinson, J.N. (1977) Assessment of the effectiveness of corrective measures in relation to

geological conditions and types of slope movement. Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geologists 16, 131-55.

Hvorslev, M.J. (1951) Time Lag and Soil Permeability in Groundwater Observations. Bulletin 36. Vicksburg, MS: Waterways Experimental Station, US Army Corps of Engineers.

Hynes, H.B.N. (1971) The Biology of Polluted Water. Liverpool University Press. Ibrahim, A.A. ( 1982) Analytical and Laboratory Study of Local Scour Round Bridge Piers. Glasgow

University MSc Thesis. ICE (1978) Floods and Reservoirs Safety: an Engineering Guide (prepared by Institution of Civil

Engineers). London: Institution of Civil Engineers. ICE (1981) Vertical drains: Symposium in print. Geotechnique 31, 1-90. ICE (1987) Specification for Ground Treatment and Notes for Guidance (prepared by Institution

of Civil Engineers). Thomas Telford Ltd. ICE (1989) Specification for Ground Investigation. Thomas Telford Ltd. Ingold, T.S. & Miller, K.S. (1988) Geotextiles Handbook. Thomas Telford Ltd. James, A. (Ed.) (1984) An Introduction to Water Quality Modelling. Chichester: Wiley. Jensen, S.J., Starup, J., S~rensen, B.E. & Jakobsen, C. (1985) Regnafstr~mningsprojekt i

M~lleasystemet; Supplerende malinger 1981-1983. Lyngby: Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark.

Karplus, W.J. (1958) Analog Simulation. New York: McGraw Hill. Kellerhals, R. (1967) Stable channels with gravel-paved beds. Journal of the Waterways and

Harbours Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers 93 (WWI), 62-84. Kiely, G.K. (1989) An Experimental Study of Overbank Flow in Straight and Meandering

Compound Channels. Ph.D. thesis. Department of Civil Engineering, University College Cork, Ireland.

Kidd, C.H.R. (Ed.) (1978) Rainfall-Runoff Processes over Urban Surfaces: Proceedings of an International Workshop. Report 53. Wallingford: Institute of Hydrology.

Kikkawa, H., Ikeda, S. & Kitagawa, A. (1976) Flow and bed topography in curved open channels. Journal of Hydraulics, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers 102, 1327-42.

Kirk, D.E. (1970) Optimal Control Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Kirkham, D. (1949) Flow of ponded water into drain tubes in soil overlying an impervious

layer. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 30, 369-85. Kirkham, D. & Powers, W.L. (1972) Advanced Soil Physics. New York: Wiley. Kirkus, A.M. (1959) The Records of the Commissioners of Sewers in the Parts of Holland,

1547-1603, Vol. I. Lincoln: Lincoln Record Society. Kirpich, Z.P. (1940) Time of concentration of small agricultural watersheds. Civil Engineer 10,

362. Klein, L. (1962) River Pollution. 2: Causes and Effects. London: Butterworths. Klute, A. (Ed.) (1986) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part I. Physical and Mineralogical Methods.

Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy. Knight, D.W. & Sellin R.H.J. (1990) The SERC flood channel facility. Journal of the Institution

of Water and Environment Management 1, 192-204. Knight, D.W. & Shiono, K. (1990) Turbulence measure measurements in a shear layer region

of a compound channel. Journal of Hydraulic Research (International Association for Hydraulic Research) 28, 175-196.

Krantz, B.A. (1981) Water conservation, management and utilisation in semi-arid lands. In Advances in Food Producing Systems for Arid and Semi-arid Lands, pp. 339-78. Davis, CA: University of California.

REFERENCES 287

Kruseman, G.P. & de Ridder, N.A. (1970) Analysis and Evaluation of Pumping Test Data. Bulletin 11. Wageningen: International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement.

La!, H. (1985) Animal drawn wheeled tool carrier: An appropriate mechanization for improved farming systems. Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America 16, 38-44.

Lacey, G. (1958) Flow in alluvial channels with sandy mobile beds. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 9, 145-64, 11, 219-51.

Lasdon, L.S. (1970) Optimization Theory for Large Systems. London: Macmillan. Laurenson, E.M. (1964) A catchment storage model for runoff routing. Journal of Hydrology

2, 141-63. Lewitt, E.H. (1958) Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics. London: Pitman. Leyton, L. & Yadav, J.S.P. (1960) Effect of drainage on certain physical properties of a heavy

clay soil. Journal of Soil Science 11, 305-12. LGORU (1973) The Economics of Flood Alleviation. Report C155. Reading: Local Government

Operational Research Unit. Linsley, R.K., Kohler, M.A. & Paulhus, J.L.H. (1988) Hydrology for Engineers, SI Metric Edition.

New York: McGraw Hill. Lovell, C.J. & Youngs, E.G. (1984) A comparison of steady-state land-drainage equations.

Agricultural Water Management 9, 1-21. Luthin, J.N. (Ed.) (1957) Drainage of Agricultural Lands. Monograph No. 7. Madison, WI:

American Society of Agronomy. Mcilveen, J.R.F. (1986) Basic Meteorology, a Physical Outline. Wokingham: Van Nostrand

Reinhold. Mclnairnie, E. ( 1988) The Geologists' Directory. Institution of Geologists. Maddaus, W.O. & Eagleson, P.S. ( 1969) A Distributed Linear Representation of Surface Runoff

Hydromechanics Laboratory Report No. 115. Cambridge, MA: MIT Department of Civil Engineering.

MAFF (1974) Arterial Drainage and Agriculture. Drainage Leaflet No. 16. London: Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.

MAFF (1983) The Design of Field Drainage Pipe Systems. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Reference Book No. 345. London: HMSO.

Mann, W.R. & Green, J.A. (1978) The Economics of Pumped Drainage. Report No C271. Reading: Local Government Operational Research Unit.

Marshall, T.J. & Holmes, J.W. (1979) Soil Physics. Cambridge University Press. Mason, C.F. (1981) Biology of Freshwater Pollution. London: Longman. Matkin, E.A. & Smart, P. (1987) A comparison of tests of soil structural stability. Journal of

Soil Science 38, 123-35. Meteorological Office (1964) Hydrological Memorandum No. 33. Meteorological Office (1969) Observers' Handbook, 3rd Edn. London: HMSO. Meyer, L.D. & Wischmeier, W.H. (1969) Mathematical simulation of the process of soil erosion

by water. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 12, 754-58, 762. Ministry of Housing (1970) Report of Technical Committee on Storm Overflows and the Treatment

()(Storm Sewage. Ministry of Housing and Local Government. London: HMSO. Morgan, R.P.C. (1986) Soil Erosion and Conservation. London: Longman. Morgan, R.P.C. (1989) Design of in-field shelter systems for wind erosion control. In U.

Schwertmann, R.J. Rickson & K. Auerswald (Eds.) Soil Erosion Protection Measures in Europe, pp. 15-23. Soil Technology Series I. Brussels: Commission of the European Communities.

Morisawa, M. (1985) Rivers-Form and Process. London: Longman. MOUSE (1989) MOUSE User's Guide and Documentation. Gentofte, Denmark: Mouse Service

Centre. Muska!, M. (1937) The Flow of Homogeneous Fluids Through Porous Media. New York:

McGraw Hill. Mutchler, C.K. & Young, R.A. (1975) Soil detachment by raindrops. In Present and Prospective

Technology for Predicting Sediment Yields and Sources, pp. 113-17. Agricultural Research Service Publication ARS-S-40. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture.

Myres, W.R.C. & Brennan, E. (1990) Flow resistance in compound channels. Journal of Hydraulic Research (International Association for Hydraulic Research) 28, 141-156.

Nash, J.E. (1960) A unit hydrograph study with particular reference to British catchments. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 17, 249-82.

288 DRAINAGE DESIGN

NCE (1990) Inflated ideas. New Civil Engineer 913, 34-38. Neill, C.R. (1973) Guide to Bridge Hydraulics. University of Toronto Press for Road and

Transport Association of Canada. NERC (1975) Flood Studies Report, five volumes. London: Natural Environment Research

Council. NERC (1978) Flood Studies Supplementary Report No. 6. London: Natural Environment

Research Council. Newbold, C., Purseglove, J. & Holmes, N. (1983). Nature Conservation and River Engineering.

Nature Conservancy Council. Nicholson, H.H. (1942) The Principles tJ{ Field Drainage. Cambridge University Press. NWC (1981) Design and Analysis of Urban Storm Drainage. The Wallingford Procedure, five

volumes. London: Department of the Environment and National Water Council. Oldenkamp, A. (1988) De maandelijkse waterbalans van een woonwijk en een parkeerterrein in

Lelystad ( 1968-1984 ). Lelystad: IJsselmeerpolders Development Authority. Palmer, R.S. (1964) The Influence of a Thin Water Layer on Waterdrov Impact Forces, pp. 141-48.

International Association of Scientific Hydrology, Publication No. 65. Parker, D.J., Green, C.H. & Thomson, P.M. (1988) Urban Flood Relief Benefits. Enfield: Flood

Hazard Research Centre, Middlesex Polytechnic. Pathak, P., Miranda, S.M. & El-Swaify, S.A. (1985) Improved rainfed farming for semi-arid

tropics-implications for soil and water conservation. In S.A. El-Swaify, W.C. Moldenhauer & A. Lo (Eds.) Soil Erosion and Conservation. pp. 338-54. Ankeny, lA: Soil Conservation Society of America.

Patrick Powers, J. (1981) Construction Dewatering, a Guide to Theory and Practice. Chichester: Wiley.

Pender, G. (1985) The Numerical Modelling of Tide and Flood Movement in Two-dimensional Space using Implicit Finite-difference Methods. Strathclyde University, PhD Thesis.

Penning-Rowsell, E.C. & Chatterton, J.B. (1977) The Benefits of Flood Allet>iation: A Manual of Assessment Techniques. Farnborough: Saxon House.

Philip, J.R. (1957) The theory of infiltration: 4. Sorptivity and algebraic infiltration equations. Soil Science 84, 257-64.

Pidgeon, J.D. & Soane, B.D. (1978) Soil structure and strength relations following tillage, zero tillage and wheel traffic in Scotland. In W.W. Emerson, R.D. Bond & A.R. Dexter (Eds.) Modification of Soil Structure, pp. 371-78. Chichester: Wiley.

Pilgrim, D.H. (Ed.) (1987) Australian Raif!fal/ and Runoff, a Guide to Flood Estimation. Barton, ACT: The Institution of Engineers of Australia.

Pitt, R. (1985) Characterizing and Controlling Urban Runoff Through Street and Sewage Cleaning. Report 600/2-85/038. US Environmental Protection Agency.

Polubarinova-Kochina, P.Ya. (1962) Theory tif. Groundwater Movement (J.M. Roger de Weist, Trans.). Princeton University Press.

Price, M. (1985) Introducing Groundwater. London: Allen & Unwin. Price, R.K.(1978) FLOUT-a River Catchment Flood Model. Report No. IT 168, 2nd impression.

Wallingford: Hydraulics Research Station. Price, R.K. (1980) FLOUT-a River Catchment Flood Model. Report No. IT 168 revised.

Wallingford: Hydraulics Research Ltd. Price, R.K. & Slade, J.E. (1982) A Model for the Design Analysis and Operation of Pumped

Drainage. Wallingford: Hydraulics Research Ltd. Purseglove, J. (1989) Taming the Flood: A History and Natural History of Rivers and Wetlands.

Oxford University Press with Channel 4 Television Company. Ree, W.O. (1949) Hydraulic characteristics of vegetation for vegetated waterways. Agricultural

Engineering 30, 184-87, 189. Richards, L.A. (1931) Capillary conduction of liquids through porous mediums. Physics I,

318-33. Rickson, R.J. (1990) The role of simulated vegetation in soil erosion control. In J. Thomes (Ed.)

Vegetation and Geomorphology, pp. 99-112. Chichester: Wiley. Rickson, R.J. & Morgan, R.P.C. (1988) Approaches to modelling the effects of vegetation on

soil erosion by water. In R.P.C. Morgan & R.J. Rickson (Eds.) Erosion Assessment and Modelling, pp. 237-54. Soil Technology Series I. Brussels: Commission of the European Communities.

REFERENCES

Rivet, A.L.F. (1964) Town and Country in Roman Britain. London: Hutchinson. Roache, P.J. (1972) Computational Fluid Dynamics. Albuquerque, NM: Hermosa.

289

Rodier, J.A. & Roche, M. (1984) World Catalogue of Maximum Observed Floods. Publication No. 143. Wallingford: International Association of Scientific Hydrology.

Roesner, L.A., Aldrich, J.A. & Dickinson, R.E. (1988). Storm Water Management Model User's Manual, Version 4: Addendum I, EXTRAN. EPA/600/3-84/00!b (NTIS PB88-236658/AS). Athens, GA: Environmental Protection Agency.

Royal Commission (1865-68) Royal Commission on River Pollution. Ist Commission, 1865-68. Royster, D.L. (1979) Some observations on the use of horizontal drains in the correction and

prevention of landslides. Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists 16, 301-52. Russam, K. (1969) The Hydraulic Efficiency and Spacing of Road Gullies. Laboratory Report

No. 277. Crowthorne, Berkshire: Transport and Road Research Laboratory. Rycroft, D.W. & Thorburn, A.A. (1974) Water stability tests on clay soils in relation to mole

drainage. Soil Science 107, 306-10. Samuels, P.G. (1989) The hydraulics of two-stage channels; review of current knowledge.

Institution of Water and Environmental Management, Conference on River Engineering. Loughborough University of Technology.

dos Santos Junior, A.G. & Youngs, E.G. (1969) A study of the specific yield in land-drainage situations. Journal of Hydrology 8, 59-81.

van Schilfgaarde, 1. (Ed.) (1974) Drainage for Agriculture. Monograph No. 17. Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy.

Schilling, W. et al. (1987) Real Time Control of Urban Drainage Systems: the State-of-the Art. Report of the lA WPRC/IAHR Taskgroup on RTCUDS.

Schwab, G.O., Frevert, R.K., Edminster, T.W. & Barnes, K.K. (1981) Soil and Water Conservation Engineering. New York: Wiley.

Sellars, W.O. (1965) Physical Climatology. University of Chicago Press. Sellin, R.H.J. & Giles, A. (1988) Two Stage Channel Flow. University of Bristol, Department of

Civil Engineering. Sellin R.H.J. & Searle, D.J. (1987) Modelling channel roughness caused by flood plain vegetation.

Proceedings of the XXII Congress of the International Association for Hydraulic Research, Lausanne.

Severn-Trent Water (1988) Water Quality 1987/88. Birmingham: Severn-Trent Water Authority. Sevruk, B. & Geiger, H. (t981) Selection of Distribution Types for Extremes of Precipitation.

Operational Hydrology Report No. 15, WMO-no. 560. Geneve. Sharpe, D.E. & Kirkbride, T.W. (1959) Storm water overflows, the operation and design of a

stilling pond. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 13, 445-66. Shaw, E.M. (1988) Hydrology in Practice, 2nd Edn. London: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Shen, H.W., Schneider, V.R. & Karaki, S.S. (1966) Mechanics of Local Scour. Report No.

CER66HWS22. Colorado State University. Shen, H.W., Schneider, V.R. & Karaki, S. (1969) Local scour around bridge piers. Journal of the

Hydraulics Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers 95 (HY6), 1919-1940.

Shuttleworth, W.J. (1979) Evaporation. Report No. 56. Wallingford: Institute of Hydrology, Natural Environment Research Council.

Simpson, B., Blower, T., Craig, R.N. & Wilkinson, W.B. (1989) The Engineering Implications of Rising Groundwater Levels in the Deep Aquifer Beneath London. Special Publication No. 69. London: Construction Industry Research and Information Association.

Simpson, R.W. & Thorpe, G.R. (1982) Use of a generalised computer program for resource systems optimisation in developing countries. In Exeter Symposium, pp. 285-98. Publication No. 135. Wallingford: International Association of Scientific Hydrology.

Singleton, J.A. & Guppy, A.W. (1972) Starting a Pump. Bedford: NEI Allen Ltd. Slade, J.E. (1985) Simulation of the Operation of Pumped Drainage Systems in Low Lying

Catchments. Wallingford: Hydraulics Research Ltd. Smedema, L.K. & Rycroft, D.W. (1983) Land Drainage: Planning and Design of Agricultural

Drainage Systems. London: Batsford. Smith, K.A. & Mullins, C.E. (Eds.) (1991) Soil Analysis: Physical Methods. New York: Marcel

Dekker.

290 DRAINAGE DESIGN

Snyder, F.F. (1938) Synthetic unitgraphs. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 19(1),

447-54. Somerville, S.H. (1986) Control of Ground Water for Temporary Works. Report No. 113. London:

Construction Industry Research and Information Association. Sprague, M.A. & Triplett, G.B. (1986) No Tillage and Surface Tillage Agriculture. New York:

Wiley. Stein, C.J. & Rouve, G. (1988) 2D-LDV-Technique for measuring flow in a meandering channel

with wetted flood plains, a new application and first results. Proceedings of the International Conference on Fluvial Hydraulics, Budapest.

Stein, C.J. & Rouve, G. (1989) 2D Depth averaged numerical predictions of the flow m a meandering channel with compound cross section. Hydrosoft Journal 2.

Sumner, G.N. (1988) Precipitation. Process and Analysis. Chichester: Wiley. Sutcliffe, J.V. (1978) Methods of Flood Estimation. a Guide to the Flood Studies Report. Report

No. 49. Wallingford: Institute of Hydrology. Symons, I.F. (1976) Assessment and Control of Stability for Road Embankments Constructed on

Soft Subsoils. Laboratory Report No. 711. Crowthorne, Berkshire: Transport and Road Research Laboratory.

Tatham, E. (1989) The Causes and Control ofTramline Erosion. Cranfield Institute of Technology (Silsoe College) MSc Thesis.

Tebbutt, T.H.Y. (1971, 1987) Principles of Water Quality Control. Oxford: Pergamon. Terry, J.B. (undated) Pumps for Land Drainage and Irrigation. Bedford: NEI Allen Ltd. Theis, C.V. (1935) The lowering of the piezometric surface and the rate and discharge of a well

using ground-water storage. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 16, 519-24. Thompson, D.M. & Shuttler, R.M. ( 1976) Design of Riprap Slope Protection against Wind Waves.

Report No. 61. London: Construction Industry Research and Information Association. Thompson, G. & Rippin, K.G. (1985) Rural flood plain management. In Proceedings of the

Second International Conference on Floods and Flood Control. British Hydrodynamics Research Association.

Toebes, G.H. & Sooky, A.A. (1967) Hydraulics of meandering rivers with flood plains. Publications of the American Society of Civil Engineers. Journal of Waterways and Harbours Division 93, 213-226.

Torri, D. & Sfalanga M. (1984) Some problems of soil erosion modelling. In A. Giorgini & F. Zingales (Eds.) Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution: Model Selection and Application, pp. 161-72. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

T6th, 1. (1963) A theoretical analysis of groundwater flow in small drainage basins. Journal of Geophysical Research 68, 4795-812.

Towner, G.D. (1989) The application of classical physics transport theory to water movement in soil: Development and deficiencies. Journal of Soil Science 40, 251-60.

Triplett Jr, G.B. & Van Doren, D.M. (1977) Agriculture without tillage. Scientific American 236(1 ), 28-33.

US Army Corps of Engineers (1956) Hydraulic Capacity of Meandering Channels in Straight

Floodways. Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Technical memo (2-429). Van Dam, C.H. & Schotkamp, 1. (1983). Infiltratie in Bestrating (Infiltration in Pavement).

RIJP-report 1983-38 Abw. Lelystad: IJsselmeerpolders Development Authority. Van de Yen, F.H.M. (1985) From rainfall to sewer inflow: a process with consequences. In J.C.

Hooghart (Ed.) Water in Urban Areas: Proceedings of Technical Meeting 42. Proceedings and Information/TNO Committee on Hydrological Research No. 33. The Hague.

Van de Yen, F.M.H. (1988) Urban hydrological cycle. In Hydrological Processes and Water Management in Urban Areas: Urban Water 88: Invited Lectures. Koblenz: IHP/OHP Sekretariat, Bundesanstalt fiir Gewasserkunde.

Van de Yen, F.H.M. (l989a) Van Neerslag tot Rioolinloop in Vlak Gebied (From Rainfall to Sewer Inflow in Flatlands). VanZee tot Land 57. Lelystad: Rijkswaterstaat, Directie Flevoland.

Van de Yen, F.H.M. (l989b). Van Neerslag tot Rioolinloop in Vlak Gebied (From Rainfall to Sewer Inflow in Flat Areas). Delft University of Technology PhD Thesis.

Van den Berg, J.A. (1978) Quick and Slow Response to Raitifall by an Urban Area. RIJP-report 1978-1. Lelystad: IJsselmeerpolder Development Authority.

Vardy, A. E. (1976) On the use of the method of characteristics for the solution of unsteady flow in networks. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Pressure Surges.

Cranfield: British Hydrodyna!Ilics Research Association.

REFERENCES 291

Varnes, D.J. (1958) Landslide types and processes. In E.B. Eckel (Ed.) Landslides and Engineering Practice. Special Publication No. 29; NAS-NRC Publication No. 544. Washington, DC: Highway Research Board.

Verruijt, A. (1970) Theory of Groundwater Flow. London: Macmillan. Wakelin, M.J., Walker, T.G. & Wilson, D. (1987) Lincoln flood alleviation scheme. Proceedings

of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Part I Design and Construction 82, 755-76. Wark, J.B., Samuels, P.G. & Ervine, D.A. (1990) A practical method of estimating velocity and

discharge in compound channels. Proceedings of the International Coriference on River Flood Hydraulics, Wallingford, UK, pp. 163-172.

Watkins, L.H. (1962) The Design of Urban Sewer Systems. Research into the Relation Between the Rate of Rairifall and the Rate of Flow in Sewers. Road Research Technical Paper No. 55. HMSO.

Weltman, A.J. & Head, J.M. (1983) Site Investigation Manual. Special Publication No. 25. London: Construction Industry Research and Information Association.

Whiffin, A.C. & Young, C.P. (1973) Drainage of Level or Nearly Level Roads. Laboratory Report No. 602. Crowthorne, Berkshire: Transport and Road Research Laboratory.

White, J.B. (1987) Wastewater Engineering. London: Edward Arnold. White, R.E. (1987) Introduction to the Principles and Practice of Soil Science. Oxford: Blackwell

Scientific Publications. White, W.R. et al. (1989) River structures. In T.W. Brandon (Ed.) River Engineering. Part 2.

Structures and Coastal Defence Works, pp. 87-156. Water Practice Manual Book 8. London: Institution of Water and Environmental Management.

Wild, A. (Ed.) ( 1988) Russell's Soil Conditions and Plant Growth, II th Edn. Harlow: Longman. Willetts, P.J. & Hardwick, R. (1990) Proceedings of the International Conference on River

Flood Hydraulics, Wallingford, UK, pp. 197-205. Wilson, E.M. (1983) Engineering Hydrology. London: Macmillan. Wischmeier, W.H. & Smith, D.D. (1978) Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses. Agricultural Research

Service Handbook No. 537. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture. Wormleaton, P.R. & Merrett, D. (1990) Discharge calculation methods in compound channels.

Journal of Hydraulic Research (International Association for H ydrau/ic Research) 28, !57 -174. Wylie, E. B. ( 1980) Inaccuracies in the characteristics method. In Computer and Physical Mode/ling

in H ydrau/ic Engineering, pp. 165-76. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers. Yevjevich, V. (1984) Extremes in hydrology. In T. de Oliveira (Ed.) Statistical Extremes and

Applications. Dordrecht: Reidel. Youngs, E.G. ( 1965) Horizontal seepage through unconfined aquifers with hydraulic conductivity

varying with depth. Journal of Hydrology 3, 283-96. Youngs, E.G. ( 1980) The analysis of groundwater seepage in heterogeneous aquifers. Hydrological

Sciences Bulletin 25, 155-65. Youngs, E.G. (1982) Calculation of ponded water drainage for flow regions of various

geometries to demonstrate effect of disturbed soil-zone shape on drain performance. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 27, 441-54.

Youngs, E.G. (1983) The contribution of physics to land drainage. Journal ofSoil Science 34, 1-21. Youngs, E.G. (1984) Developments in the physics of land drainage. Journal of Agricultural

Engineering Research 29, 167-75. Youngs, E.G. (1985) A simple drainage equation for predicting water-table drawdowns. Journal

of Agricultural Engineering Research 31, 321-28. Youngs, E.G. (1986a) Water-table heights and discharge rates with artesian flow to interceptor

drains. Journal of Hydrology 86, 255-66. Youngs, E.G. (1986b) Water-table heights in drained anisotropic soils. Agricultural Water

Management 11, 1-11. Youngs, E.G. (1988) Soil physics and hydrology. Journal of Hydrology 100, 411-31. Youngs, E.G. (1990) An examination of computed steady-state water-table heights in unconfined

aquifers: Dupuit-Forchheimer estimates and exact analytical results. Journal of Hydrology, 119, 201-214.

Youngs, E.G. & Leeds-Harrison, P.B. (1990) Aspects of transport processes in aggregated soils. Journal of Soil Science 41, 665-675.

Youngs, E.G., Leeds-Harrison, P.B. & Chapman, J.M. (1989) Modelling water-table movement in flat low-lying lands. Hydrological Processes 3, 301-15.

Zanchi, C. (1989) Drainage as a sojl conservation and soil stabilizing practice on hilly slopes.

292 DRAINAGE DESIGN

In U. Schwertmann, R.J. Rickson, & K. Auerswald (Eds.) Soil Erosion Protection Measures in Europe, pp. 73-82. Soil Technology Series I. Brussels: Commission of the European Communities.

Zaruba, Q. & Mend. V. (1969) Landslides and their Control. New York: Elsevier. Zienkiewicz, O.C. (1971) The Finite Element Method in Engineering Science. London:

McGraw Hill.

Index

accessibility 118 acid sulphate soil 87, 265 advection equation 165 advection-dispersion equation 168 aeration 167, 202 aesthetics 118 agriculture 1, 17, 18, 61, 90, 212, 219 ammonia 152, 153, 154, 157, 165 analogue 42, 250 anisotropy 58, 243 aquiclude 85

surface 67, 74, 81 aquifer 84, 85, 127, 242

confined 250 properties 243, 244, 249 surface 67, 74, 83 unconfined 250

aquitard 255 arterial channel 73ff artesian flow 52, 243 artesian spring 71, 86 attenuation 193 available water 66

baffle block 217 baseflow 254 bearing capacity 118 bed and bank protection 77, 200, 202,

215, 234 see also erosion, scour bend 179ff berm 205 biological oxygen demand see BOD Blaney-Criddle formula 8 BOD 152, 153, 154, 157, 164, 168 borehole 242, 257, 258ff

loss 246 partial penetration 250

boundary conditions 34, 173, 177, 254, 255 Boussinesq's equation 54 bridge 185 brine 127, 244

canal 74ff irrigation 90

capillary effects 40, 94 capping 69, 106 carrier ditch 75 carrier drain 76 catchment 1

discharge 226 model 12, 13

channel I alteration 194 constriction 193 improvement 193 open 73, 74, 109 two-stage 204, 205

characteristic equations 171 check dam 196 chemical oxygen demand see COD Chezy equation 123, 133, 141 cistern 145 climate 1, 83, 98

non-temperate 90 temperate 61, 119

COD 152, 154, 164 Colebrook-White equation 133, 134, 226 collector ditch 75 collector drain 76, 79, 81 compaction 62, 65, 69 compressed· air 257, 273, 274 computational hydraulics 169 computational mesh 173 concentration loss 85 confined space see safety construction 61, 83, 234, 266

staged 276 contiguous piles 257, 275 continuity equation 138, 170, 238 continuous succession of steady states 55 contract 261 control 146, 150, 213, 239 see also flood control

control section 185 conveyance efficiency 93 cost-benefit analysis see investment appraisal

crawl space 128

294

crop 18, 98 crop requirement see irrigation requirement

crusting see capping cut 74ff cut-off 200, 202, 275 cut-off channel 197, 199

dam 196, 222, 266 inflatable 203

Darcy's law 29, 125, 243, 253, 255 Darcy-Weisbach formula 133 data synthesis 15 deep drainage 242, 280 deep percolation loss 98 deep seepage 65, 84 degree of saturation see saturation, degree of

depression storage 120 design drainage rate 84 design rainfall rate 84, 86, 134 design storm 131, 135, 136, 137 detention 145, 161 dewatering 266

embankments 275 permanent 279

diaphram wall 257, 275 diffusion approximation 138 dispersion equation 166 dissipation 200, 217 ditch 73, 74, 76, 77, 267 ditch design 85 diversion drain 108 drain 74ff

depth 84ff spacing 84, 96ff

drain channel, nature of 57 drainable porosity 36 drainage aggregate see permeable fill drainage

blanket 276, 279 coefficient 226 design rainfall 18 equations 50, 97 gallery see gallery interval 96 need 67 problem 83ff requirement 95 system 82

drilling contract see contract DUFLOW 142 Dumm's equation 97, 99 Dupuit- Forchheimer analysis 42 Durbach method 108 dye 257 dyke 74 dynamic equation 170

INDEX

eductor 270 effect of poor drainage see drainage need

electrical conductivity 95 electro-osmosis 267, 272 embankment 188, 190, 193, 213, 275 energy dissipation see dissipation entrance resistance 58, 85 environment 118, 158, 159, 204 equivalent roughness height 178 erosion 104, 107, 200, 214, 225, 229, 234

causes 104 control 90, 116 by drainage 105, 107

effects 104 evaporation see evapotranspiration evaporation loss 121, 124 evapotranspiration 2, 5, 90, 94, 118, 119,

255 formulae 7

exclusion 255, 257, 267, 272 problems 275

explicit solution 174, 177 EXTRAN 140 extreme event 9, 10, 13, 125

feasibility 211 fen layout 76, 84, 87 field

application efficiency 92 capacity 38, 66 drain 84ff drainage 90 drainage system 73, 76, 77, 107, 108

filter 82, 258, 270 filter well 267, 270 financial return see investment appraisal finite difference equation 177 fissure 243, 263

flow 243, 244, 249, 250 flap valve 190, 223, 240 flap-controlled gravity outlet 240 flood 1, 10, 118, 186, 187, 194, 203, 204

alleviation 191 control 191 embankment see embankment estimation 130 flow 9 forecasting 213 fringe 191 hydrograph 13 level 233 plain 71, 72, 86, 179, 181, 187, 189,

190, 197, 204 protection 146 routing 131, 137, 138 storage 213 wall 193

warning 192 wave 174

flooding 20 floodway 191 flow

in pipes 132 in unsaturated soil 31, 3 7, 38 of groundwater 29, 42, 44 region 35

flowmeter 249 flownet 101, 200, 253 forest 1, 75 formation loss 246 freezing see ground freezing French drain 76, 279

gallery 257, 281 garland drain 267 gate 193 Gaussian elimination 178 general scour see scour geology 83 geophysics 245, 258 geotextiles 280 golf course 8lff government grant 83 grassed waterway 108, llO gravel

slotting 81 tunnel drain 80

gravelled mole 80 gravity

discharge 221 outlet 240 spring 71, 86

grid layout 84 Gringorten plotting 14 grip 74 ground freezing 257, 263, 274

investigation see site investigation groundwater ll8, 119, 125, 242, 266

drainage ll9ff flow 65, 71, 74, 85, 86, 250, 253, 257 level 265 recharge 264 rise 265

grout 257, 263, 272, 275 membrane 257

gullypot 122 Gumbel distribution 14, 15, 132 GURVIL 140

Harbeck's formula 7 Hazen 245 head loss 178ff health see safety herringbone layout 77, 84, 279 heterogeneity 59

INDEX

high groundwater 70, 125, 128 hill drain 74 historical storm 131 homogeneity 250 Hooghoudt's equation 49, 97, 99 Horton equation 124 Hvorslev 258 hydraulic

conductivity 30, 94, 243, 245, 249, 254, 257, 258

head 27 model 163 potential 27 radius 179 routing 138

295

hydrograph ll, 55, 122, 125, 130, 131, 137, 191, 193, 227

hydrological routing see flood routing hydrology Iff HYSTED 129 HYSTEM- EXTRAN 140

I-D-F method 131, 132, 134, 136, 226 image well 126 impermeability 69, 71, 76, 78 impermeable barrier or layer 46, 48, 97, 243 impervious area see paved area impervious surface 1 implicit solution 174, 176 in-pipe deposit 154ff induration 65, 69, 85 infiltration 41, 106, ll9, 121, 124, 254

equations 41 rate 65

inflatable dam see dam inflow 71 initial loss 121, 124 interception 74, 75, 76, 86, ll9

drainage 51, 255, 257 interference 250 interflow 65, 74, 86 intergranular permeability see permeability

intrinsic permeability 244 investment appraisal 68, 74, 75, 88, 113,

130, 210, 2ll, 212, 219 iron ochre 87 irregular layout 84 irrigation 90, 119

efficiency 91, 98 interval 93, 98 quantity 98 requirement 8 simulation of whole season 100

jet grouting 27 5

kinematic wave approximation 138

296

lake 155 land use 83 landslide 280 Laplace equation 30 Laplace--Young equation 27 lateral drain 76, 77 lawn 80 leaching requirement of salt 92, 95, 98 leader drain 76, 77 leakage see seepage legislation 118, 150, 158, 195 local scour see scour losses and surface runoff 132 Lugeon test 248

main drain 76 maintenance 74, 75, 76, 84, 87, 88, 113,

116, 142, 160, 210, 225, 234, 238 management 209

for erosion control 116 Manning coefficient Ill see also Manning equation

Manning equation 9, 110, 113, 114, 133, 134, 141, 225, 226, 238

Manning- Strickler equation see Manning equation

materials for drainage 103 ff matric

potential 27 suction 27

mean annual flood 227 meander 179, 181, 205 measurement 4, 6, 9, 28, 30, 244, 249 MicroWASSP 139 Micro-Fern 127 MicroRAT 139 mine 242, 263 mineral matter 63 mini-moling 80 minor drain 76 model 162, 179, 217

analytical 126 calibration of 130 catchment see catchment model computer 126, 139 design 163 deterministic 162, 165 dynamic see non-steady-state finite difference 126 finite element 126, 127 numerical 170, 182, 188, 190, 194, 218 physical 208, 209, 217, 234 simulation 163 stochastic 162, 165 use of 163

mole drain 18, 78, 79, 85 momentum equation 138 moorland grip 74

INDEX

MOSQilD 140 motive power see pump mountain torrent 196 MOUSE 140 Muskingum method 137

Nash model 122, 137 natural layout 84 navigation 200 NEMOSYS 140 non-steady state

analysis, irrigation 97, 99, 100 drainage 40, 54, 264 model 163

non-steady variation of flow 169 non-steady variation of gradient 182 non-structural measures 161, 194 numerical instability 182 numerical model see model

open channel see channel, open open drain 118 open waterway 141 open-channel flow 170; 178 organic matter 63, 66 outfall 74, 76, 77, 83, 102 outlet see outfall

channel 84 ditch 85

overbank flow 179, 181, 188, 189 overbank storage 186, 187, 188, 192 oxygen 151, 167 see also BOD and COD

packer test 248, 249 pan 65, 69 pasture land 80, 81ff paved area 13, 118, 119, 120 peak discharge 13 peat 86 ped 65 Penman's formulae 7 Penman- Monteith formula 7 perched water table 65, 70, 85 percolation rate 65 permeability 84, 127, 245, 249

intrinsic see intrinsic permeability permeable fill 78, 79, 81, 85, 279 permeameter 245 photosynthesis 62 phreatic surface 29 piezometer 27, 258, 276 pile see contiguous piles and sheet piles pipe drainage see underdrainage pipe outlet 113 pipe rugosity 85 pipeflow see flow in pipes pit 263

INDEX 297

polder 222ff pollution 87, 118, 127, 140, 141, 151, 154, 157 agricultural 154 effects of 155 industrial 154 mechanism 151 nature 151 runoff 153, 154, 157 source 151 source control 160

pond 141, 193 ponded see surface ponding porosity 245, 249 postconstruction appraisal 212 potential theory 42 precipitation see rainfall, snowmelt preconsolidation 276, 277 preconstruction appraisal see investment appraisal

Preissman scheme 176 pressure potential 27 priming 203, 228, 235 provenance 254 public water supply 118, 119 pump 225

motive power 232 selection 227

pumped drainage 74, 83, 199, 219, 222, 225, 239, 240

pumping 257, 266 head 223, 224 problems 272 simple 267 station 192, 233, 236, 237 test 245, 254

rainfall I, 2, 4, 5, 65, 90, 119, 120, 131, 169, 254, 255 and irrigation 98, 101 disposal of 70

raised water course 198 rating curve 178 rational formula 13 rational method 131, 133, 134, 226 real-time control see control recharge of groundwater 257 reclamation 75 regional growth curve 15, 16 reinstatment of field drains 88 relief wells 280 remote sensing see telemetry report 222 representative elementary volume 31 reservoir 74, 193

in-line 145 method 137 model 123ff

off-line 145 open-surface 146 underground 146

resistance gradient 182, 183 respiration 62 response time 191 retention 145, 193, 194 return frequency see return period return period 84, 86, 130, 203, 212, 221 revetment 200 Richards' equation 31 ridge and furrow drainage 82 rising groundwater see watertable, rising river 73, 120, 155ff

cross-section 171, 184, 185, 187, 205, 206 derived 9 engineering 195 flow 9 model 170 network 183, 184 quality model 166 system 169

road drainage 142 roof 119, 120 roughness 178, 204 see also Manning runoff 5, 11, 41, 84, 90, 103, 108, 109,

118, 120, 125, 144, 153 runoff coefficient 13, 134 runoff control 144 runoff-routing method 13 runon 84

safe runoff velocity 108, 109 safety 74, 194, 200, 210, 213, 216, 217,

234 Saint Venant equations 138, 141 salinity 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 salt concentration see salinity saltwater see brine saturated zone 129ff saturation 65

degree of 13 scour 207, 225, 229

general 207 local 208, 209

seasonal difference Iff secant-bored piles see contiguous secondary drainage treatment 73, 78 secondary flow 205 sediment load 191 sedimentation 104, 146 see also siltation seepage 5, 71, 73, 90, 101, 102

analysis 43 path 200 potential 43 upward 119

self-cleansing 155 self-purification 156

298

separation of sewers 160 see also sewer, combined

sewage 151, 152, 153 treatment 118, 156 treatment works model 166

sewer 119 combined 120, 153, 155, 157, 159, 160 foul 153 inflow 122 separated 120 stormwater 119, 120, 130, 153 surface see sewer, stormwater wastewater see sewer, foul

sewerage quality model 164, 165 shallow drains 279 see also all agricultural drainage

sheep drain 74 sheet piles 202, 214, 216, 234, 257, 275 siltation 75, 82, 84, 85 see also sedimentation

sinuosity 204 site investigation 83, 130, 200, 222, 253, 262, 266

slaking see soil structural instability slope stabilisation 116 slopes 266, 279, 280 slug test 248 sluice 190, 201, 203, 223, 240 slurry trench 257, 275 snowmelt I, 120, 125, 169 soil

aggregation 60, 95 air 62, 63 composition 63 instability 60, 71 see also soil structural instability

moisture characteristic 27 moisture deficit 66 moisture tension 66 pores 66, 85ff productivity 61, 62 properties 57, 62, 98 saturation 62, 68 structural instability 60, 80, 82, 86, 87 structure 30, 60, 64, 69, 84, 95, 243 texture 64, 66, 84, 94, 95, 245, 267, 269, 273

treatment 73, 78 type I water 25, 63, 65 water deficit 38 water pressure 26 water profile 38 water retention curve 28

sorption 26, 65, 243 sorptivity 41 specific capacity 255, 256 specific yield 36, 243, 244, 249, 255

INDEX

SPIDA 140 spillage 154 sports field 70, 80, 81 spring seepage 86 SAMBA 141 standard penetration test 245 statistical analysis 14 steel sheet piles see sheet piles step discharge test 246 stilling basin 200, 217 stilling pond overflow 161 storage 5, 186, 192

basin 119 facility 145 overflow 161 volume 225

storativity 245, 249, 254, 257 storm overflow 161, 167ff storm sewer see sewer, stormwater Storm Water Management Model 140 stormwater sewer see sewer, stormwater strategy for field drainage 70 stream flow 255 structural control 142 subleader drain 76 submain drain 76 subsoiling 80, 81, 85, 87 subsurface tube drain see underdrainage sump 242, 257, 267 sump, stone-filled 86 surface I

aquiclude see aquiclude aquifer see aquifer characteristics 13 ff drain 90 flow 65, 74, 86 ponding 70, 106 tension 27, 243 water 119, 141 water discharge 157 see also runoff water sewer see sewer, stormwater

surge-excluding barrier see tidal barrier SWMM 140 syphon 203, 224, 233, 235 systematic design 17, 83, 98, 125, 212, 221

telemetry 194, 213, 214 temperate climate 61 temporary works 266 tensiometer 27 terrace channel 113, 114, 115 terrace system 108, 112 three-dimensional 50, 250 throughflow 254, 255 tidal barrier 201, 204 tide 203, 240, 241 time of concentration 134, 227 time series 131

INDEX 299

time-area method 135, 136 time-dependent effect see non-steady topography l, 70, 83 tracer 257 transient-state see non-steady-state transmissivity 128, 244, 245, 255 transport equation 166 trenches 242ff tropical climate 90 tunnel 263 two-stage channel 179, 190 typical storm method see design storm

unavailable water 66 underdrainage 73, 74, 75, 82, 90, 223 unit hydrograph 11, 13

method 131, 137 universal soil loss equation 107 unpaved area 119, 123 unsaturated soil 27, 29, 31, 35, 94 unsaturated zone 119 unstable soil see soil structural stability unsteady-state pumping test 248 upland water course 197 upward seepage see seepage urban channel 197, 198 urban drainage l, 13, 19, 118, 164, 212, 219 urban drainage model 130, 131 urban hydrogeology 264 urban hydrological system 119

vegetation l vertical drains 276, 278 viscosity 244

Wallingford procedure 19, 139 WALLRUS 139 washland see flood plain

WASSP 139 wastewater 118

treatment see sewage treatment water course 196, 197, 198

irrigation 90 water quality 130

control 160 model 151, 159, 162, 164, 165, 166 standard 158

water table 29, 65, 253 drainage 46 lowering 125, 127 rise during irrigation 95 rising 91, 264, 281

water-holding capacity 66 waterlogging 68, 90 water table 90 waterway see grassed waterway wave action 214 weather forecasting 21 weather radar 21, 22 weir 167, 185, 186, 193, 200 well 86, 127, 242, 250, 257, 258, 270, 280

well drainage 51 wellpoint 242, 257, 258, 260, 267, 268, 270

wetting loss 120 wetting up 65 wildlife 73 see also environment wilting point 66 wingwall 200 wooden piles 125 workmanship 83, 88

Young's equation 97

zero-flux plane 30