References

CHAPTER 1

A. K. Bagchi, 'Notes towards a Theory of Underdevelopment', Economic and Political Weekly, annual number (January 1971).

J. R. Behrman, Supply Response in Underdeveloped Agriculture (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1968).

Ruth Benedict, Race, Science and Politics (New York: The Viking Press, 1959).

Sir George Clark, Early Modern Europe (London: Oxford Univer­sity Press, 1966).

A. Dasgupta, 'India's Cultural Values and Economic Develop­ment', in Economic Development and Cultural Change (October 1964) and references cited there.

Phyllis Deane, The First Industrial Revolution (Cambridge Univer­sity Press, 1967).

Irafan Habib, The Agrarian System of Moghul India (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1963).

E. Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution 1789-1848 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1962).

D. S. Landes, The Unbound Prometheus (Cambridge University Press, 1969).

P. Mathias, The First Industrial Nation (London: Methuen, 1969). Morris D. Morris, The Emergence of an Industrial Labour Force in

India (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1965).

J. Nef, The Conquest of the Material World (University of Chicago Press, 1964).

Victor Purcell, The Boxer Uprising (Cambridge University Press, 1963)

T. W. Schultz, Transforming Traditional Agriculture (Yale Univer­sity Press, 1964).

C. Singer, 'East and West in Retrospect', in A History of Tech­nology, ed. C. Singer et al. vol. II (London: Oxford University Press, 1956).

B. H. Slicher Van Bath, The Agrarian History of Western Europe, A. D. 500-1850 (London: Edward Arnold, 1963).

Sir John Spratt, The Expansion of Europe Into the Far East (London: Sylvan Press, 1947).

References 121

H. R. Trevor-Roper, Religion, the Reformation and Social Change (London: Macmillan, 1967).

H. R. Trevor-Roper, The European Witchcraze of the 16th and 17th Centuries (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969).

H. R. Trevor-Roper, Historical Essays (London: Harper & Row, 1970).

M. Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (London: Allen & Unwin, 1956).

Eric Williams, History of the People of Trinidad and Tobago (New York: Praeger, 1964).

Charles Wilson, England's Apprenticeship (London: Longmans, 1965).

CHAPTER 2

J. Bhagwati and S. Chakravarty, 'Contributior.s to Indian Economic Analysis: A Survey', American Economic Review (Sep 1969, Supplement).

J. P. Bhattacharjee, 'Unemployment among Indian Farmers: An Analysis of Its Nature and Extent, Based on Data for Bihar', Artha Vijnana (Sep 1961).

Meghnad Desai and Dipak Majumdai", 'A Test of the Hypothesis of Disguised Unemployment', Economica (Feb 1970).

Maurice Dobb, Some Aspects of Economic Development (Delhi: Ranjit Printers and Publishers, 1951).

R. S. Eckaus, 'The Factor Proportions Problem in Underdeveloped Areas', American Economic Review (Sep 1955).

M. Harwitz, 'The Significance of an Epidemic', Journal of Political Economy (Aug 1965).

D. W. Jorgenson, 'Testing Alternative Theories of the Develop­ment of a Dual Economy', in The Theory and Design of Economic Development, ed. I. Adelman and E. Thorbecke (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1966).

H. Leibenstein, 'The Theory of Underemployment in Backward Economies', Journal of Political Economy (Apr 1957).

W. A. Lewis, 'Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour', The Manchester School (May 1954).

S. Mehra, 'Surplus Labour in Indian Agriculture', Indian Economic Review (Apr 1966).

R. Minami, '''The Supply of Farm Labour" and the "Turning Point" in the Japanese Economy', Agriculture and Economic Growth: Japan's Experience, ed. K. Ohkawa, B. F. Johnsson and H. Kaneda (Princeton, and Tokyo University Press, 1970).

122 Economic Theory and the Developing Countries

Ragnar Nurkse, Problems of Capital Formation in Underdeveloped Countries and Patterns of Trade and Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967).

T. W. Schultz, Transforming Traditional Agriculture (Yale Univer­sity Press, 1964).

A. K. Sen, 'Peasants and Dualism with or without Surplus Labour', Journal of Political Economy (Oct 1966).

J. Viner, 'Some Reflections on the Concept of "Disguised" Unem­ployment' in Contribuicoes a Analise de Desenvolviment Economico (Rio de Janeiro, 1957).

P. Zarembka, Toward a Theory of Economic Development (San Francisco: Holden-Day, 1972).

CHAPTER 3

Ajit Dasgupta, 'Study of the Historical Demography of India', Population and Social Change, ed. D. V. Glass and R. Revelle (London: Edward Arnold, 1972).

J. R. Hicks, Value and Capital (London: Oxford University Press, 1957).

E. J. Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968).

Simon Kuznets, 'Underdeveloped Countries and the Pre-Industrial Phase in the Advanced Countries', in United Nations, Proceed­ings of the World Population Conference, vol. v (New York, 1954).

T. R. Malthus, First Essay on Population (1798, Royal Economic Society Reprint, London, 1926).

E. A. Wrigley, Population and History (London: World University Library, 1969).

CHAPTER 4

Albert Ando and Franco Modigliani, 'The Life-Cycle Hypothesis of Saving: Aggregate Implications and Tests', American Economic Review (Mar 1963).

James S. Duesenberry, Income Saving and the Theory of Consumer Behavior (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1949).

Milton Friedman, A Theory of the Consumption Function (Prince­ton University Press, 1957).

H. S. Houthakker, 'On some Determinants of Saving in Developed and Underdeveloped Countries', Problems in Economic De­velopment, ed E. A. G. Robinson (New York: Macmillan, 1965).

References 123

D. W. Johnson and J. S. Y. Chiu, 'The Saving-Income Relation in Underdeveloped and Developed Countries', Economic Journal (June 1968).

J. M. Keynes, The General Theory of Employment Interest and Money (London: Macmillan, 1935).

W. Arthur Lewis, 'Economic Development with Unlimited Sup­plies of Labour', The Manchester School (May 1954).

Raymond F. Mikesell and James E. Zinser, 'The Nature of the Savings Function in Developing Countries: A Survey of the Theoretical and Empirical Literature', Journal of Economic Literature (Mar 1973) and references cited there.

A. K. Sen, 'On Optimising the Rate of Saving', Economic Journal (Sep 1961).

Balvir Singh and Helmer Drost, 'An Alternative Econometric Approach to the Permanent Income Hypothesis: An Interna­tional Comparison', The Review of Economics and Statistics (N ov 1971).

U Tun Wai, Financial Intermediaries and National Savings in Developing Countries (New York: Praeger, 1972).

Jeffery G. Williamson, 'Personal Saving in Developing Countries: An Intertemporal Cross-Section from Asia', The Economic Record (June 1968).

CHAPTER 5

K. J. Arrow, Social Choice and Individual Values, rev. ed. (New York: Wiley, 1964).

S. Chakravarty, 'The Existence of an Optimum Savings Pro­gramme', Econometrica (Jan 1962).

Sukhamoy Chakravarty, Capital and Development Planning (Cam­bridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1969).

S. Chakravarty and R. S. Eckaus, 'Choice Elements in Intertem­poral Planning', in Capital Formation and Economic Develop­ment, ed. P. N. Rosenstein, Rodan (London: Allen & Unwin, 1964).

A. Dasgupta, 'A Note on Optimum Saving', Econometrica (July 1964).

Ajit K. Dasgupta and A. J. Hagger, The Objectives of Macro­Economic Policy (London: Macmillan, 1971).

Ajit K. Dasgupta and D. W. Pearce, Cost-Benefit Analysis: Theory and Practice (London: Macmillan, 1972).

M. H. Dobb, An Essay on Economic Growth and Planning (Lon­don: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1960).

124 Economic Theory and the Developing Countries

O. Eckstein, 'Investment Criteria for Economic Development and the Theory of International Welfare Economics', Quarterly Journal of Economics (Feb 1957).

Ragnar Frisch, 'Numerical Determination of a Quadratic Prefer­ence Function for Use in Macro-economic Programming', Memorandum, Institute of Economics, University of Oslo (1957).

Leif Johansen, 'An Examination of the Relevance of Kenneth Arrow's General Possibility Theorem for Economic Planning', Economics of Planning, IX, 1-2 (1969).

T. C. Koopmans, 'Stationary Ordinal Utility and Impatience', Econometrica (Apr 1960).

A. C. Pigou, Economics of Welfare (London: Macmillan, 1952). F. P. Ramsey, 'A Mathematical Theory of Saving', Economic

Journal (Dec 1928). Amartya K. Sen, Collective Choice and Social Welfare (London:

Holden Day, 1970). U.N., Macro-Economic Models for Planning and Policy-Making

(Geneva: Economic Commission for Europe, 1967). C. C. von Weizsacker, 'Existence of Optimal Programs of Accumu­

lation for an Infinite Time Horizon', Review of Economic Studies (Apr 1965).

CHAPTER 6

Pranab K. Bardhan, Economic Growth, Development and Foreign Trade (New York: Wiley Interscience, 1970).

Sukhamoy Chakravarty, Capital and Development Planning (Cam­bridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1969).

Sipra Dasgupta, Agriculture, Producer's Rationality and Technical Change (Bombay: .Asia Publishing House, 1970).

A. K. Dixit, 'Optimal Development in the Labour Surplus Economy', Review of Economic Studies (Jan 1968).

M. H. Dobb, Studies in the Development of Capitalism (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1946).

CHAPTER 7

A. P. Carter and A. Brody (eds), Applications of Input-Output Analysis vols. I & II (Amsterdam & London: North-Holland, 1970).

Sukhamoy Chakravarty, Capital and Development Planning (Cam­bridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1969).

References 125

Hollis B. Chenery and Paul G. Clark, Inter-industry Economics (New York: John Wiley, 1962).

Ajit K. Dasgupta and A. J. Hagger, The Objectives of Macro­Economic Policy (London: Macmillan, 1971).

D. Hawkins and H. A. Simon, 'Note: Some Conditions of Macro­Economic Stability', Econometrica (July-Oct 1949).

CHAPTER 8

Ramesh K. Bhatia, 'Investment Planning for Petroleum and Pet­rochemical Industries: An Inter-regional Programming Model for India', Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi (1973).

Sipra Dasgupta, Agriculture: Producer's Rationality and Technical Change (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1970).

Robert Dorfman, Paul A. Samuelson and Robert M. Solow, Linear Programming and Economic Analysis (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1958).

P. S. Gosai, 'Regional Power Planning - A Linear Programming Approach', A Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Technology to the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur (July 1973).

John R. Meyer (ed.), Techniques of Transport Planning, vol. I

(Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1971).

CHAPTER 9

Ajit K. Dasgupta, 'Some Problems of Estimating the Long-Run Marginal Costs of Electricity, A Vintage Capital Approach', Economics of Planning, x, 3 (1970).

Ajit K. Dasgupta and D. W. Pearce, Cost-Benefit Analysis: Theory and Practice (London: Macmillan, 1972).

S. A. Marglin, Public Investment Criteria (London: Allen & Unwin, 1967).

CHAPTER 10

S. Bowles, 'The Efficient Allocation of Resources in Education', Quarterly Journal of Economics (May 1967).

H. Correa and J. Tinbergen, 'Quantitative Adaptation of Education to Accelerated Growth', Kyklos, xv, 4 (1962).

126 Economic Theory and the Developing Countries

Richard Layard, 'Economic Theories of Educational Planning', in Maurice Peston and Bernard Corry (eds), Essays in Honour of Lord Robbins (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1972).

E. Lundberg, J. Robinson and J. E. Vaizey (eds), The Economics of Education, Proceedings of a conference held by the International Economic Association (London: Macmillan; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1966).

H. Myint, 'Investment in Social Infrastructure', reprinted in Lead­ing Issues in Development Economics, ed. Gerald M. Meier (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964).

CHAPTER 11

Jagdish N. Bhagwati and Padma Desai, India: Planning for Indus­trialisation, O.E.C.D. (London: Oxford University Press, 1970).

H. B. Chenery, 'Objectives and Criteria of Foreign Assistance', in The u.s. and the Developing Economies, ed. G. Ranis (New York: Norton, 1964).

K. B. Griffin and J. L. Enos, 'Foreign Assistance: Objectives and Consequences', Economic Development and Cultural Change (Apr 1970).

C. P. Kindleberger, The Terms of Trade: A European Case-Study (Cambridge, Mass.: M.LT. Press; New York: John Wiley, 1956).

Hal B. Lary, Imports of Manufactures from Less Developed Coun­tries (N ew York : National Bureau of Economic Research, 1968).

R. McKinnon, 'Foreign Exchange Constraints in Economic De­velopment and Efficient Aid Allocation', Economic Journal (June 1964).

A. Martens, 'The Two-Gap Theory of Development Reconsidered with Special Reference to Turkey', Sir George Williams Univer­sity, Montreal (1969).

B. S. Minhas, An International Comparison of Factor Costs and Factor Use (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963).

Raul Pn!bisch, 'The Economic Development of Latin America and Its Principal Problems', Economic Bulletin for Latin America (Feb 1962).

Richard S. Weckstein (ed.), Expansion of World Trade and the Growth of National Economies (New York: Harper & Row, 1968).

Notes on Further Reading

The following books can be used to supplement the references given in the text:

CHAPTER 1 For an understanding of the early historical background, J. S. Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, vols 1-4 (Cambridge University Press, 1954, is indispensable. For later periods, Lynn White Jr, Medieval Technology and Social Change (London: Ox­ford University Press, 1962) and Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective (New York and London: Praeger, 1965) are useful. A recent study by A. K. Bagchi, Private Investment in India 1900-1939 (Cambridge University Press, 1972) is also highly relevant.

CHAPTER 2

'Disguised Unemployment in Agriculture: A Survey', by Charles H. C. Kao, Kurt R. Anschel and Carl K. Eicher in Agriculture in Economic Development ed. Carl Eicher and Lawrence Witt (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), gives a good summary of the literature available at that time.

CHAPTER 3

A historical perspective can be gained from Population in History, ed. by D. V. Glass and D. E. C. Eversley (London: Edward Arnold, 1965). Population Growth ar:td Economic Development in Africa by St H. Ominde and C. N. Ejiogu (London/Nairobi: Heinemann, 1972), contains much valuable information.

CHAPTER 4

Demographic Factors and Savings by W. Eizenga (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1961) especially chs I-IV, contains a good discus­sion of various theories of Savings Behaviour, although it does not specifically deal with the developing countries.

CHAPTERS 5 & 6

J. Tinbergen, Development Planning (New York: World University Library, McGraw-Hill, 1967), gives a lucid and highly readable

128 Economic Theory and the Developing Countries

account. So does A. Qayum, Numerical Models of Economic Development (Rotterdam University Press, 1966). W. B. Redda­way, The Development of the Indian Economy (London: Allen & Unwin, 1962) is still useful. A constructive critique of the optimis­ing approach is given in J. Kornai, Anti-Equilibrium (Amsterdam: North-Holland,1971).

CHAPTERS 7 & 8

Harry W. Richardson, Input-Output and Regional Economics (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1972) describes Input-Output and Linear Programming models as applied to regional economic planning. A. Ghosh, Planning, Programming and Input-Output Models (Cambridge University Press, 1968) describes some appli­cations of both these techniques to Indian planning problems.

CHAPTER 9

I. M. O. Little and J. A. Mirrlees, Manual of Industrial Project Analysis in Developing Countries, vol. II, Social Cost-Benefit Analysis (O.E.C.O., Paris 1969), and U.N., Guidelines for Project Evaluation (Geneva, 1972) discuss the application of Cost-Benefit Analysis to the developing countries. S. Reutlinger describes Techniques for Project Appraisal under Uncertainty, World Bank Staff Paper No. 10 (Washington D.C., 1970).

CHAPTER 10

The two volumes on Economics of Education, ed. M. Blaug (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968), cover the subject well. A subse­quent book by Blaug, An Introduction to the Economics of Educa­tion (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972) is also useful.

CHAPTER 11

B. Balassa's Trade Prospects for Developing Countries (Homew')od Ill.: Irwin, 1964) has a good discussion of trade policies. I. M. o. Little and G. Clifford, International Aid (London: Allen & Unwin, 1965), describes the 'received doctrine' on foreign aid.

Monetary and fiscal issues were neglected in our discussion. The necessary corrective can be provided by reading L. Johansen, Public Economics (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1965); and Robert B. Bangs, Financing Economic Development (Chicago University Press, 1968) and the relevant sections of Gerald M. Meier, Leading Issues in Development Economics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964).

Index

Ando, A., life-cycle hypothesis 38 Arrow, K. 1., possibility theorem on

social ordering of alternatives 51

Bagchi, A. K., consequence of foreign rule on native emergence 13

Bardhan, P. K., marketable surplus problem 61-2

Behrman, 1. R., supply behaviour of farmers in underdeveloped agri­culture 5

Benedict, R., dependence of the West on Asian inventions 6

Bhagwati, 1., import substitution and balance of payments 115; surplus labour theory 21

Bhatia, R. K., linear programming 86 Bhattacharjee, 1. P., seasonal variations

in labour requirements 21 Bowles, S., linear programming

model 107-8 Brody, A., input-output analysis 74,

78

Carter, A. P., input-output analysis 74, 78

Chakravarty, S., input-output analy­sis 76; investment allocation 59; planning horizon problems 54-5; surplus labour theory 21; time preference and the social welfare function 57

Chenery, H. B., foreign assistance 119; non-substitution theorem 71

Chiu, 1. S. Y., current income hypothesis 37

Clark, G., civilisation in China and India 7

Clark, P. G., non-substitution theorem 71

Cockburn, C. 12 Correa, H., Tinbergen-Correa model

106-7

cost-benefit analysis: commercial profitability 87-9 education, investment in 98-103 manpower planning 102-6 social profitability - decision criteria,

types of choice 95-7; Net Pres­ent Value rule 95-6; objective function 88-9; prices 89-93; criticism of shadow prices 94

Dasgupta, A. K., Arrow theorem im­passe, escape route from 51; elec­tricity costs, treatment of in cost-benefit analysis 92; input­output analysis 73-5; planning horizon problem 54; rate of dis­count in project-evaluation 94

Dasgupta, S., choice of techniques 66; linear programming 86

Deane, P., myths about Industrial Revolution debunked 12

Desai, M., seasonal variations in labour requirements 21

Desai, P., import substitution and bal­ance of payments 115

Dixit, A. K., marketable surplus problem 62

Dobb, M., Britain's pre-Industrial Revolution accumulation of resources 66; individuals' choice over time 57; surplus labour theory exemplified 22

Dorfman, R., linear programming 81 Drost, H., saving behaviour, empirical

testing of hypothesis 40 Duesenberry, 1. S., relative income

hypothesis 38

Eckaus, R. S., planning horizon problems 55; unemployment in underdeveloped countries, tech­nological explanation 19

Eckstein, 0., social welfare func­tion 56

130

economic and technological dualism of ex-colonial countries, backward and advanced sectors 14

education: cost-benefit analysis 98-103 linear programming approach 107-8 manpower planning 102-6 Tinbergen-Correa model 106-7

Enos, J. L., foreign assistance 118

Friedman, M., permanent income hypothesis 39

Frisch, R., establishment of social welfare function 53

Gosai, P. S., linear programming 86

Griffin, K. B., foreign assistance 118

Habib, I., agricultural productivity in India 6

Hagger, A. J., input-output analysis 73-5; planning horizon problem 54

Harwitz, M., surplus labour hypo­thesis 20

Hawkins, D., Hawkins-Simon condi­tions 72

Heckscher-Ohlin theory of comparative costs 113-14

Hicks, J. R., Industrial Revolution and rise in population 26-7

Hobsbawm, E., Industrial Revolution, attitude of British employees described 3; shortages and famines, abolition of 32

Houthakker, H. S., current income hypothesis 37

Industrial Revolution: investible resources, earlier accumul-

ation of 66 population effects 27, 28, 31 Puritanical ethic, made possible by, Weber thesis 7-10

input-output: basic elements 70-2 coefficients 72-3; input-output

analysis depends on reliability of 76-8; models - what they explain 70; 'closed' and 'open', distinction between 72; 'dy­namic'version 75-6

Index

input-output: cont. national economic planning, impact

on 73-4 tables, example of 68-70, 72-3

international trade: foreign aid loans 117-19; conflict in

objectives between donor and recipient countries, conse­quences of 119

free trade, virtues and limitations 110-11

import and export, choice of goods for 113-14; methods of con­trol 114-17

inequality in poorer countries, does it lead to more? 111-12

terms of trade, decline not always harmful to country 112-13

Johansen, L., Arrow theorem 51-2 Johnson, D. W., current income

hypothesis 37 Jorgenson, D. W., criticism of theory of

unlimited supply of labour 16, 21

Keynes, J. M., current income hypothesis 37

Khaldun, Ibn, 'climatic' theory of development 2

Kindleberger, C. P., British terms of trade not representative of all industrial countries 112

Koopmans, T. c., time preference and the social welfare function 57

Kuznets, S., demographic character­istics of developing countries com­pared with Europe 29

labour: discipline, dependent on employer

policy 3 excess, the Lewis model in a dual

economy 15-18,41 labour-intensive techniques of pro­

duction 63-6 surplus, capital formation theory

22-4; due to low consumption levels of families, hypothesis examined 19-22

Lary, H. B., goods for export 113 Layard, R., educational planning 106

Index

Leibenstein, H., low agricultural productivity and poor consumption levels 19

Lewis, W. A., concept of excess labour 15-16,41

linear programming: 'choice variables' 79-86 constraints 79-86 duality properties 83-6 education, applied to 107-8 objective function 79-86

Lundberg, E., adverse effects of edu­cation 101

McKinnon, R., two-gap theory of development 117

Majumdar, D., seasonal variations in labour requirements 21

Malthus, T. R., the population problem 26

manpower planning 102-6 Marglin, S. A., diminishing social

marginal welfare 93 Martens, A., two-gap theory of

development 117 Mathias, P., enterprise and theologies

10 Mehra, S., seasonal variations in labour

requirements 21 Meyer, J. R., linear programming 86 Mikesell, R. F., saving behaviour,

empirical testing of hypothesis 40 Minami, R., Lewis theory of excess

labour supported 16 Minhas, B. S., factor intensity

reversal 114 Modigliani, Franco, life-cycle hypo­

thesis 38 Morris, Morris D., labour discipline in

Bombay industry 3 Myint, H., 'dynamic benefits' of

education 101

Nef, J., Christ and capitalist growth 8 Nurkse, R., capital formation 23-4

Pearce, D. W., Arrow theorem impasse, escape route from 51; rate of discount in project­evaluation 94

Pigou, A. C, future welfare, rejection of arguments for discounting 57

131

planning: capital accumulation, relationship

with 45-7 constraints 57-8, 63 investment - allocation between in­

dustry and agriculture in dual economy 59-62; ratios and economic growth, table 49

national economic planning, impact of input-output analysis 73-4

objectives in developing countries 45

optimum growth concept, theory and assumptions 47-50

production techniques, choice of 62-7

social welfare .function, Arrow's theorem on social ordering of alternatives 50--3

time-horizon of planning 53-5 time preference 56-7

population: demographic transition and char­

acteristics 28-32 fertility decline in developing

countries 33-4 increase in, its effects on the

economy 27-8 Malthusian theory 26-7 planning, influences on - birth control

and abortion 33-4; education 33; urbanisation 33

Prebisch, R., international tradp. and inequality 111-12

Purcell, V., Christian faith and the Chinese spirit 10

Ramsey, F. P., national income investment 47; welfare, rejection of arguments for discounting future 57

Richardson, H. W., input-output analysis 74

Samuelson, P. A., linear program­ming 81

savings and capital formation: capital accumulation in planning

66-7 capital and labour as production

techniques 63-6 'current income' hypothesis 37-8

132

savings and capital formation: cont. determinants of rate of saving 37 household savings in developing

countries, frequency distribu­tion of 44

investment planning, no magic key 67

life-cycle hypothesis 38 permanent income hypothesis

39-40 ratios in developing countries 36; of

different sectors 40-3 relative income hypothesis 38-9 role of, in modernisation of dual

economy 35-6 Schultz, T. W., surplus labour theory,

effect on of influenza epidemi~ 19-21; traditional farmers and profitable innovations 4-5

Sen, A. K., marginal product of effOft 17; individual and social pr6ferences 51; savings ratio 42

Simon, H. A., Hawkins-Simon conditions 72

Singer, c., advanced technology of the East 5

Singh, B., saving behaviour, empirical testing of hypothesis 40

Slicher Van Bath, B. H., agricultural productivity in Western Europe 6

Solow, R. M., linear programming 81 Spratt, J., mathematics, Asia's contri­

bution 7

technology: diffusion of technology from China to

the West 5-6 Eastern civilisations, superior in­

ventiveness of 5-7 transfer of Western technology to the

colonies 11 Tinbergen, J., Tinbergen-Correa model

106-7

Index

Trevor-Roper, H. R., Calvinism and the Weber thesis 9

underdevelopment, explanations of: climatic 2 sociological-colonial history 10-13,

non-economic behaviour 3-4, Puritanical ethic 7-10, technical change 4-5, technological dyna­mism and inventiveness, lack of 5

unemployment and under-employment, in underdeveloped countries, tech­nological explanation 19

U Tun Wai, frequency distribution of savings of households in developing countries 44; life-cycle hypothesis 38

Viner, J., labour and agriculture, in­creased inputs and outputs 17

Weber, M., Puritanism and Western capitalism 7-10

Weckstein, R. S., trade policy in de­veloping countries 110

Weizsiicker, C. C. von, planning horiron problell) 54

Williams, E., disunity of West Indian colonial system 13

Williamson, J. G., current income hypothesis 37

Wilson, c., historical basis of rise of British economy 12

Wrigley, E. A., death ratios in local populations 30

Zarembka, P., surplus labour theories 19

Zinser, J. E., saving behaviour, em­pirical testing of hypothesis 40