DOI: 10.1057/9781137391452.0010

References

Abromeit, H. (1998) Democracy in Europe Legitimising Politics in Non-State Polity, New York, NY: Berghahn Books.

—— (2001) ‘The Constitutionalisation and Democratisation of the European Union: Political Science between Interpretation and Prescription’, in M. Haller (ed.), The Making of the European Union, Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer.

Adenauer, K. (1955) World Indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for All, London: Allen & Unwin.

Adorno, T. W. (1980) Negative Dialektik, in T. W. Adorno, Gesammelte Schriften Bd. 6, Frankfurt.

Alexy, R. (1989) A Theory of Legal Argumentation. The Theory of Rational Discourse as Theory of Legal Justification, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Alter, K. J. (2001) Establishing the Supremacy of European Law: The Making of an International Rule of Law in Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Anderson, E. (2006) ‘The Epistemology of Democracy’, Episteme 3(1–2): 8–22.

Anderson, P. (2009) The New Old World, London: Verso.Apel, K. O. (1998) Auseinandersetzungen in Erprobung

des transzendental-pragmatischen Ansatzes, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.

—— (2001) ‘On the Relationship between Ethics, International Law and Politico-Military Strategy in Our Time’, European Journal of Social Theory 4(1): 29–39.

DOI: 10.1057/9781137391452.0010

References

Archibugi, D. (1998) ‘Principles of Cosmpolitan Democracy’, in D. Archibugi, D. Held and M. Köhler (eds), Re imagining Political Community, Cambridge: Polity Press.

—— (2008) The Global Commonwealth of Citizens: Towards Cosmopolitan Democracy, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Arendt, H. (1969) On Violence, New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace & World.Avbelj, M. and J. Komárek (eds) (2012) Constitutional Pluralism in the

European Union and Beyond, Oxford: Hart Publishers.Axelrod, R. (1984) The Evolution of Cooperation, New York, NY: Basic

Books.Baier, A. (1986) ‘Trust and Anti-trust’, Ethics 96: 231–60.Baker, E. (1942) Reflections on Government, Oxford: Oxford University

Press.Barry, B. (1989) Theories of Justice: A Treatise on Social Justice, Vol. 1,

London: Harvester–Wheatsheaf.Bartolini, S. (2004) ‘Old and New Peripheries in the Processes of

European Territorial Integration’, in C. Ansell and G. Di Palma (eds), Restructuring Territoriality, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Beck, U. (2013) German Europe, Cambridge: Polity Press.Beck, U. and E. Grande (2007) Cosmopolitan Europe, Cambridge: Polity

Press.Beetham, D. and C. Lord (1998) Legitimacy and the European Union,

London: Longman.Bendix, R. (1960/1977) Max Weber: An Intellectual Portrait, [reprint]

Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Blichner, L. (2000) ‘The Anonymous Hand of Public Reason:

Interparliamentary Discourse and the Quest for Legitimacy’, in E. O. Eriksen and J. E. Fossum (eds), Democracy in the European Union: Integration through Deliberation? London: Routledge.

Boasson, E. L. and J. Wettestad (2013) EU Climate Policy: Industry, Policy Interaction and External Environment, Farnham: Ashgate.

Boerger-De Smedt, A. (2012) ‘Negotiating the Foundations of European Law, 1950–57: The Legal History of the Treaties of Paris and Rom’, Contemporary European History 21(3): 339–56.

Bohman, J. (2005) ‘Reflexive Constitution-Making and Transnational Governance’, in E. O. Eriksen (ed.), Making the European Polity: Reflexive Integration in the EU, London: Routledge.

—— (2007a) Democracy across Borders: From Dêmos to Dêmoi, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

References

DOI: 10.1057/9781137391452.0010

—— (2007b) ‘Democratizing the Transnational Polity: The European Union and the Presuppositions of Democracy’, in E. O. Eriksen (ed.), How to Reconstitute Democracy in Europe? Proceedings from the RECON Opening Conference, RECON Report No. 3, Oslo: ARENA.

Brunkhorst, H. (2005) Solidarity: From Civic Friendship to a Global Legal Community, Cambridge MA: MIT Press.

—— (2013) ‘The Beheading of the Legislative Power’, unpublished paper.Buchanan, A. (2002) ‘Political Legitimacy and Democracy’, Ethics 112(4):

689–719.Caney, S. (2005) Justice beyond Borders: A Global Political Theory, Oxford:

Oxford University Press.Chalmers, D., C. Hadjiemmanuil, G. Monti and A. Tomkins (2006)

European Union Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Cheneval, F. (2011) The Government of the Peoples: On the Idea and

Principles of Multilateral Democracy, New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

Coase, R. H. (1960) ‘The Problem of Social Cost’, Journal of Law and Economics 3: 1–44.

Cohen, J. (2012) Globalization and Sovereignty, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Cohen, J. and C. F. Sabel (1997) ‘Directly-Deliberative Polyarchy’, European Law Journal 3(4): 313–42.

—— (2003) ‘Sovereignty and Solidarity: EU and US’, in J. Zeitlin and D.M. Trubek (eds), Governing Work and Welfare in the New Economy: European and American Experiments, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Cohn-Bendit, D. and G. Verhofstadt (2012) Für Europa! Ein Manifest, Munich: Hanser Verlag.

Collignon, S. (2003) The European Republic, London: The Federal Trust, Bertelsmann Foundation.

Cooper, I. (2012) ‘A “Virtual Third Chamber” for the European Union? National Parliaments after the Treaty of Lisbon’, West European Politics 35(3): 441–65.

Crouch, C. (2008) Postdemokratie, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.Crum, B. and J. E. Fossum (2009) ‘The Multilevel Parliamentary Field:

A Framework for Theorising Representative Democracy in the EU’, European Political Science Review 1(02): 249–71.

—— (2012) ‘A Democratic Backbone for International Organisations: The Multilevel Parliamentary Field’, in T. Evas, U. Liebert and C. Lord

DOI: 10.1057/9781137391452.0010

References

(eds), Multilayered Representation in the European Union: Parliaments, Courts and the Public Sphere, Baden-Baden: Nomos.

Curtin, D. and M. Egeberg (2008) ‘Tradition and Innovation: Europe’s Accumulated Executive Order’, West European Politics 31(4): 639–61.

Dahl, R. A. (1971) Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

—— (1994) ‘A Democratic Dilemma: System Effectiveness versus Citizen Participation’, Political Science Quarterly 109(1): 23–34.

—— (1999) ‘Can International Organizations be Democratic? A Skeptic’s View’, in I. Shapiro and C. Hacker-Cordón (eds), Democracy’s Edges, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Dahl, R. A. and E. R. Tufte (1973) Size and Democracy, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

De Witte, B. (2013) ‘Using International Law in the Euro Crisis Causes and Consequences’, ARENA Working Paper 04/2013.

Delanty, G. and C. Rumford (2005) Rethinking Europe: Social Theory and the Implications of Europeanization, London: Routledge.

Dewey, J. (1927) The Public and Its Problems, Chicago, IL: Gateways Books.

Dryzek, J. (2006) Deliberative Global Politics, London: Polity Press.Duchêne, F. (1994) Jean Monnet: The First Statesman of Interdependence,

New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Co.Ebbinghausen, R. and S. Neckel (1989) Anatomie des politischen Skandals,

Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.Eberlein, B. and E. Grande (2005) ‘Beyond Delegation: Transnational

Regulatory Regimes and the EU Regulatory State’, Journal of European Public Policy 12(1): 88–112.

Elster, J. (1989/1995) The Cement of Society: A Survey of Social Order, [reprint] Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

—— (1998) ‘Deliberation and Constitution Making’, in J. Elster (ed.), Deliberative Democracy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

—— (2000) Ulysses Unbound, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.—— (2007) Explaining Social Behavior: More Nuts and Bolts for the Social

Sciences, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Eriksen, E. O. (2005) ‘An Emerging European Public Sphere’, European

Journal of Social Theory 8(4): 341–63.—— (2009) The Unfinished Democratization of Europe, Oxford: Oxford

University Press.

References

DOI: 10.1057/9781137391452.0010

—— (2013) ‘Reason-Based Decision-Making: On Deliberation and the Problem of Indeterminacy’, ARENA Working Paper 06/2013, Oslo: ARENA.

Eriksen, E. O. and J. E. Fossum (2004) ‘Europe in Search of Legitimacy: Strategies of Legitimation Assessed’, International Political Science Review 25(4): 435–59.

—— (2011) ‘Bringing European Democracy Back in – or How to Read the German Constitutional Court’s Lisbon Treaty Ruling’, European Law Journal 17(2): 153–71.

—— (2012a) ‘Representation through Deliberation – The European Case’, Constellations, 2: 325–43.

—— (2012b) ‘Europe’s Challenge: Reconstitution Europe or Reconfiguring Democracy?’ In E. O. Eriksen and J. E. Fossum (eds), Rethinking Democracy and the European Union, London: Routledge.

Eriksen, E. O., J. E. Fossum and A. J. Menéndez (eds) (2003) The Chartering of Europe: The Charter of Fundamental Rights and Its Constitutional Implications, Baden-Baden: Nomos.

Eriksen, E. O., J. E. Fossum and H. Sjursen (2005) ‘Widening or Reconstituting the EU?’ In E. O. Eriksen (ed.), Making the European Polity: Reflexive Integration in the EU, Abingdon: Routledge.

Fabbrini, S. (2010) Compound Democracies: Why the United States and Europe Are Becoming Similar, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Festinger, L. (1957) Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson and Company.

Fischer-Lescano, A. and G. Teubner (2006) Regime Kollisionen: Zur Fragmentierung des globalen Rechts, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.

Forst, R. (2007) ‘Cosmopolitan Republicanism or Republican Cosmopolitanism? Comment on James Bohman’, in E. O. Eriksen (ed.), How to Reconstitute Democracy in Europe? Proceedings from the RECON Opening Conference, RECON Report No. 3, Oslo: ARENA.

—— (2011a) The Right to Justification: Elements of a Constructivist Theory of Justice, New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

—— (2011b) ‘Transnational Justice and Democracy’, RECON Online Working Paper 2011/12, Oslo: ARENA.

Fossum, J. E. and A. J. Menéndez (2011a) The Constitution’s Gift: A Constitutional Theory for a Democratic European Union, London: Rowman and Littlefield.

—— (2011b) Law and Democracy in Neil MacCormick’s Legal and Political Theory: The Post-Sovereign Constellation, Dortrecht: Springer.

DOI: 10.1057/9781137391452.0010

References

Frankenberg, G. (1996) Die Verfassung der Republik - Autorität und Solidarität in der Zivilgesellschaft, Baden-Baden: Nomos.

—— (2000) ‘The Return of the Contract: Problems and Pitfalls of European Constitutionalism’, European Law Journal 6(3): 257–76.

Franzius, C. (2010) Europaishe Verfassungsrechtsdenken, Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.

Fukuyama, F. (1992) End of History and the Last Man, New York, NY: Avon Books.

—— (2011) The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution, London: Profile Books.

Garrett, G. (1992) ‘International Cooperation and Institutional Choice: The European Community’s Internal Market’, International Organization 46(2): 533–60.

Garrett, G. and G. Tsebelis (1996) ‘An Institutional Critique of Intergovernmentalism’, International Organization 50: 269–99.

Gehring, T. (1999) ‘Arguing, Bargaining and Functional Differentiation of Decision-making: The Role of Committees in European Environmental Process Regulation’, in C. Joerges and E. Vos (eds), EU Committees: Social Regulation, Law and Politics, Oxford: Hart.

Gerbet, P. (1983) La construction de l’Europe, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.Gerstenberg, O. (2002) ‘The New Europe: Part of the Problem – or Part

of the Solution to the Problem?’ Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 22(3): 563–71.

Greven, M. (2000) ‘Can the European Union Finally Become a Democracy?’ In M. Greven and L. Pauly (eds), Democracy beyond the State? Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Grimen, H., A. Molander and E. O. Eriksen (2012) ‘Professional Discretion and Accountability in the Welfare State’, Journal of Applied Philosophy 29(3): 214–30.

Grimm, D. (2004) ‘Treaty or Constitution? The Legal Basis of the European Union after Maastricht’, in E. O. Eriksen, J. E. Fossum and A. J. Menéndez (eds), Developing a Constitution for Europe, London: Routledge.

Grosser, A. (2009) ‘The Federal Constitutional Court’s Lisbon Case: Germany’s “Sonderweg” – An Outsider’s Perspective’, German Law Journal 10(8): 1263–6.

Guérot, U. and J. Hénard (2011) ‘What Does Germany Think About Europe?’ London: European Council on Foreign Relations, at http://

References

DOI: 10.1057/9781137391452.0010

ecfr.eu/content/entry/what_does_germany_think_about_europe (date accessed 6 September 2013).

Haas, E. B. (1958) The Uniting of Europe, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

—— (1961) ‘International Integration: The European and the Universal Process’, International Organization 15(3): 366–92.

Habermas, J. (1984) Theory of Communicative Action Volume One: Reason and the Rationalization of Society, Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

—— (1996) Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

—— (1998) The Inclusion of the Other: Studies in Political Theory, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

—— (2001) The Postnational Constellation: Political Essays, Cambridge: Polity Press.

—— (2006) ‘Does the Constitutionalization of International Law Still Have a Chance?’ In J. Habermas, The Divided West, Cambridge: Polity Press.

—— (2012a) ‘The Crisis of the European Union in Light of a Constitutionalization of International Law – and Essay on the Constitution for Europe’, in J. Habermas, The Crisis of the European Union: A Response, Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.

—— (2012b) ‘The Concept of Human Dignity and the Realistic Utopia of Human Rights’, in J. Habermas, The Crisis of the European Union: A Response, Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.

—— (2012c) Nachmetaphysisches Denken II, Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag.—— (2013) Im Sog der Technokratie, Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag.Halberstam, D. and C. Möllers (2009) ‘The German Constitutional

Court says “Ja zu Deutschland!” ’, German Law Journal 10(8): 1241–58.Hegel, G. W. F. (1821/1967) Philosophy of Right, [reprint] Oxford: Oxford

University Press.Held, D. (1995) Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to

Cosmopolitan Governance, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.—— (2010) Cosmopolitanism: Ideals and Realities, Cambridge: Polity

Press.Hitchcock, W. I. (2003) The Struggle for Europe: The Turbulent History of a

Divided Continent 1945–2002, New York, NY: Doubleday.Hitzel-Cassagnes, T. (2012) Die Verfassung des Transnationalen: Reflexive

Ordnungsbildung jenseits des Staates, Baden-Baden: Nomos.

DOI: 10.1057/9781137391452.0010

References

Hobbes, T. (1651) Leviathan: or the Matter, Forme and Power of a Common Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civill, London: Andrew Crooke, Green Dragon, St. Paul’s Churchyard.

Höffe, O. (1999) Demokratie im Zeitalter der Globalisierung, Munich: C. H. Beck.

Hoffman, S. (1966) ‘Obstinate or Obsolete? The Fate of the Nation-State and the Case of Western Europe’, Daedalus 95(3): 862–915.

Holmes, M. (ed.) (1996) The Eurosceptical Reader, Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Hooghe, L. (ed.) (2007) ‘What Drives Euroskepticism? Party-Public Cueing, Ideology and Strategic Opportunity’, Special Issue, European Union Politics 8(1): 5–150.

Hooghe, L. and G. Marks (eds) (2003) ‘Unraveling the Central State, but How? Types of Multilevel Governance’, American Political Science Review 97(2): 233–43.

—— (2007) ‘Understanding Euroscepticism’, Special Issue, Acta Politica, 42(2/3): 119–351.

Hoskyns, C. and M. Newman (eds) (2000) Democratizing the European Union, Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Jackson, R. H. (1990) Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

—— (2000) The Global Covenant: Human Conduct in a World of States, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Joas, H. (2011) Die Sakralität der Person. Eine neue Genealogie der Menschenrechte, Berlin: Suhrkamp.

Joerges, C. (1996) Re-conceptualizing the Supremacy of European Law: A Plea for a New Supra-national Conflict of Laws’, in B. Kohler-Koch, B. Rittberger (eds), Debating the Democratic Legitimacy of the European Union, Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.

—— (2002) ‘ “Deliberative Supranationalism” – Two Defences’, European Law Journal 8(1): 133–51.

Joerges, C. and J. Neyer (1997) ‘Transforming Strategic Interaction into Deliberative Problem-Solving: European Comitology in the Foodstuffs Sector’, Journal of European Public Policy 4(4): 609–25.

Joerges, C., I.-J. Sand and G. Teubner (eds) (2004) Transnational Governance and Constitutionalism, Oxford: Hart Publishing.

Judt, T. (2005) Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945, London: Penguin Books.

References

DOI: 10.1057/9781137391452.0010

Kadelbach, S. and K. Günther (eds) (2011) Recht ohne Staat? Frankfurt: Campus.

Kant, I. (1785/1996) ‘Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals’, in M. Gregor (ed.), Practical Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kelsen, H. (1920) Das Problem der Souveränität und die Theorie des Völkerrechts. Beitrag zu einer reinen Rechtslehre, Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr.

—— (1944) Peace through Law, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina.

—— (1955) ‘Foundations of Democracy’, Ethics 66(1): 1–101.Kiiver, P. (2009) ‘German Participation in EU Decision-Making after

the Lisbon Case: A Comparative View on Domestic Parliamentary Clearance Procedures’, German Law Journal 10(8): 1287–96.

King, L. A. (2003) ‘Deliberation, Legitimacy, and Multilateral Democracy’, Governance 16(1): 23–50.

Korsgaard, C. M. (1996) The Sources of Normativity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Koskenniemi, M. (1991) ‘The Future of Statehood’, Harvard International Law Journal 32(2): 397–410.

—— (1989/2005) From Apology to Utopia: The Structure of International Legal Argument, [reprint] Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

—— (2006) ‘Constitutionalism as Mindset: Reflections on Kantian Theme about International Law and Globalization’, Theoretical Inquiries in Law 8(1): 9–36.

Kratochwil, F. V. (1995) Rules, Norms and Decisions: On the Conditions of Practical and Legal Reasoning in International Relations and Domestic Affairs, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Laden, A. S. (2005) ‘Evaluating Social Reasons, Hobbes versus Hegel’, The Journal of Philosophy 102(7): 327–56.

Lefort, C. (1988) Democracy and Political Theory, Cambridge: Polity Press.Leibfried, S. and K. van Elderen (2009) ‘ “And They Shall Beat Their

Swords into Plowshares” – the Dutch Genesis of a European Icon and the German Fate of the Treaty of Lisbon’, German Law Journal 10(8): 1297–308.

Lenaerts, K. and M. Desomer (2002) ‘New Models of Constitution-Making in Europe: The Quest for Legitimacy’, Common Market Law Review 39(6): 1217–53.

DOI: 10.1057/9781137391452.0010

References

Liebert, U., A. Gattig and T. Evas (2013) Democratising the EU from Below? Citizenship, Civil Society and the Public Sphere, Farnham: Ashgate.

Lindsay, A. D. (1947) The Modern Democratic State, Oxford University Press.Lord, C. (2007) ‘Parliamentary Representation in a Decentered Polity’,

in B. Kohler-Koch and B. Rittberger (eds), Debating the Democratic Legitimacy of the European Union, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

—— (2011) ‘Polecats, Lions and Foxes: Coasian Bargaining Theory and Attempts to Legitimate the Union as a Constrained form of Political Power’, European Political Science Review 3(1): 83–102.

—— (2012) On the Legitimacy of Monetary Union, SIEPS Report No. 3, Stockholm: Swedish Institute for European Policy Studies.

Lord, C. and J. Pollak (2012) ‘Unequal Representation in the European Parliament. A Comment on the Ruling by the German Constitutional Court on the Lisbon Treaty’, in T. Evas, U. Liebert and C. Lord (eds), Multilayered Representation in the European Union: Parliaments, Courts and the Public Sphere, Baden-Baden: Nomos.

Luhmann, N. (1995) Das Recht der Gesellschaft, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.—— (1999) Grundrechte als Institution: Ein Beitrag zur politischen

Soziologie, Berlin: Duncker und Humbolt.—— (2000) Die Politik der Gesellschaft, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.Lutz-Bachman, M. (1995) ‘Europa im Übergang: Zwischen altem

“Nationalstaat” un neuer “Kontinentalstaatlichkeit” ’, in M. Delgado and M. Lutz-Bachman (eds), Herausforderung Europa: Wege zu einer europäischen Identität, Munich: C. H. Beck.

Macedo, S. (2004) ‘What Self-governing Peoples Owe to One Another: Universalism, Diversity, and the Law of the Peoples’, Fordham Law Review 72(5): 1721–38.

MacIntyre, A. (1984) After Virtue, Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.

MacIver, R. M. (1928/1964) The Modern State, [reprint] London: Oxford University Press.

Majone, G. (1996) ‘Introduction’, in G. Majone (ed.), Regulating Europe, London: Routledge.

—— (1998) ‘Europe’s “Democratic Deficit”: The Question of Standards’, European Law Journal 4(1): 5–28.

—— (2005) Dilemmas of European Integration: The Ambiguities and Pitfalls of Integration by Stealth, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

References

DOI: 10.1057/9781137391452.0010

—— (2013) ‘The General Crisis of the European Union: A Genetic Approach’, paper presented at the conference ‘Europe in Crises, Europe as the Crisis?’, Oslo, 14–15 March 2013.

Mancini, G. F. (1998) ‘Europe: The Case for Statehood’, European Law Journal 4(1): 29–42.

Manin, B. (1997) The Principles of Representative Government, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Marchetti, R. (2006) ‘Global Governance or World Federalism? A Cosmopolitan Dispute on Institutional Models’, Global Society 20(3): 287–305.

Margalit, A. (1996) The Decent Society, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Maus, I. (2006) ‘From Nation-State to Global State, or the Decline of Democracy’, Constellations 13(4): 465–84.

McCormick, J. (2012) ‘Crisis and the Future of Europe’, Cicero Foundation Great Debate Paper no.12/06, Paris/Maastricht: The Cicero Foundation.

Menéndez, A. J. (2003) ‘Rights to Solidarity’, in E. O. Eriksen, J. E. Fossum and A. J. Menéndez (eds), The Chartering of Europe: The Charter of Fundamental Rights and Its Constitutional Implications, Baden-Baden: Nomos.

—— (2013) ‘The Existential Crisis of the European Union’, German Law Journal 14(5): 453–525.

Meyer, J. (2003) Kommentar zur Charta der Grundrechte der Europäischen Union, Baden-Baden: Nomos.

Michelman, F. I. (1997) ‘How Can the People Ever Make the Laws? A Critique of Deliberative Democracy’, in J. Bohman and W. Regh (eds), Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics, Cambridge: MIT Press.

Mikalsen, K. K. (2012) Justice among States: Four Essays, PhD Dissertation, Department of Philosophy, Norwegian University of Science and Technology.

Mill, J. (1861/1984) Considerations on Representative Government, [reprint] London: Dent.

Miller, D. (1995) On Nationality, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Milward, A. (1984) The Reconstruction of Western Europe 1945–51, London:

Methuen.—— (1992) The European Rescue of the Nation State, London: Routledge.

DOI: 10.1057/9781137391452.0010

References

Mirandola, P. della (2012) Pico della Mirandola: Oration on the Dignity of Man: A New Translation and Commentary, edited by F. Borghesi, M. Papio and M. Riva, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Mitrany, D. (1933) The Progress of International Government, London: George Allen & Unwin.

Monnet, J. (1979) Memoirs, Garden City, NY: Doubleday.Moravcsik, A. (1994) ‘Why the European Community Strengthens

the State: Domestic Politics and International Cooperation’, paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, New York, 1–4 September 1994.

—— (1998) The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht, London: UCL Press.

—— (2002) ‘In Defence of the “Democratic Deficit”: Reassessing Legitimacy in the European Union’, Journal of Common Market Studies 40(4): 603–24.

Morgan, G. (2005) The Idea of a European Superstate: Public Justification and European Integration, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Morgenthau, H. J. and K. W. Thompson (1993) Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, New York, NY: Mc-Graw-Hill.

Müller, J.-W. (2011) Contesting Democracy: Political Ideas in Twentieth-Century Europe, New Haven/London: Yale University Press.

Münkler, H. (2005) Imperien, Berlin: Rowohlt.Nagel, T. (2005) ‘The Problem of Global Justice’, Philosophy & Public

Affairs 33(2): 113–47.Nardin, T. (2006) ‘International Political Theory and the Question of

Justice’, International Affairs 82(3): 449–65.Niederberger, A. (2009) Demokratie unter Bedingungen der

Weltgesellschaft, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Niedobitek, M. (2009) ‘The Lisbon Case of 30 June 2009: A Comment

from the European Law Perspective’, German Law Journal 10(8): 1267–76.

Niesen, P. (2012) ‘Kosmopolitismus in einem Land’, in P. Niesen (ed.), Transnationale Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie, Frankfurt am Main: Campus.

Niesen, P. and B. Herborth (eds) (2007) Anarchie der kommunikativen Freiheit. Jürgen Habermas und die Theorie der internationalen Politik, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.

References

DOI: 10.1057/9781137391452.0010

Nussbaum, M. C. (1996) ‘Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism’, in J. Cohen (ed.), For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism, Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

Offe, C. (1998) ‘ “Homogeneity” and Constitutional Democracy: Coping with Identity Conflicts through Group Rights’, Journal of Political Philosophy 6(2): 113–41.

—— (2013) ‘Europe Entrapped: Does the EU Have the Political Capacity to Overcome Its Current Crisis?’ European Law Journal 19(5): 595–611.

Offe, C. and U. K. Preuss (2007) ‘The Problem of Legitimacy in the European Polity: Is Democratization the Answer?’ In C. Crouch and W. Streek (eds), The Diversity of Democracy: Corporatism, Social Order and Political Conflict, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

Olsen, E. D. H. (2012) Transnational Citizenship in the European Union, London: Continuum.

Olson, M. (1965) The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Parsons, C. (2002) ‘Showing Ideas as Causes: The Origins of the European Union’, International Organization 56(1): 47–84.

Pernice, I. (2009) ‘The Treaty of Lisbon: Multilevel Constitutionalism in Action’, Journal of European Law 15(3): 349–407.

Peters, A. (2001) Elemente einer Theorie der Verfassung Europas, Berlin: Dunker & Humblot.

Peters, B. (2005) ‘Public Discourse, Identity and the Problem of Democratic Legitimacy’, in E. O. Eriksen (ed.), Making the European Polity: Reflexive Integration in the EU, London: Routledge.

Pettit, P. (1999) Republicanism: Theory of Freedom and Government, Oxford: University Press.

Pogge, T. (1994) ‘Cosmopolitanism and Sovereignty’, in C. Brown (ed.), Political Restructuring in Europe: Ethical Perspectives, London: Routledge.

Pollack, M. A. (2003) ‘Control Mechanism or Deliberative Democracy? Two Images of Comitology’, Comparative Political Studies 36(1–2): 125–55.

Preuss, U. (1998) ‘Citizenship in the European Union: A Paradigm for Transnational Democracy?’ In D. Archibugi, D. Held and M. Köhler (eds), Re-imagining Political Community, Cambridge: Polity Press.

Rasmussen, M. (2010) ‘Constructing and Deconstructing “Constitutional” European law: Some Reflections on How to Study

DOI: 10.1057/9781137391452.0010

References

the History of European Law’, in H. Koch, K. Hagel-Sørensen, U. Haltern and J. Weiler (eds), Europe: The New Legal Realism: Essays in Honour of Hjalte Rasmussen, Aarhus: DJOEF Publishing.

Rawls, J. (1971) A Theory of Justice, Oxford: Oxford University Press.—— (1999) The Law of Peoples: With ‘the Idea of Public Reason Revisited’,

Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Reif, K.-H. and H. Schmitt (1980) ‘Nine Second-Order National

Elections, a Conceptual Framework for the Analysis of European Election Results’, European Journal of Political Research 8(1): 3–45.

Richardson, H. (2002) Democratic Autonomy, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Ripstein, A. (2009) Force and Freedom, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Rittberger, B. (2005) Building Europe’s Parliament, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Rodrik, D. (2011) The Globalization Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy, New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Co.

Rosen, M. (2012) Dignity: Its History and Meaning, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Ruggie, J. G. (1993) ‘Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations’, International Organization 47(1): 139–74.

Sabel, C. F. and J. Zeitlin (2010) Experimentalist Governance in the European Union, Oxford University Press.

Sadurski, W. (2008) ‘ “Solange, Chapter 3”: Constitutional Courts in Central Europe – Democracy – European Union’, European Law Journal 14(1): 1–35.

Saltnes, J. D. (2013) ‘The EU’s Human Rights Policy: Unpacking the Literature on the EU’s Implementation of Aid Conditionality’, ARENA Working Paper 02/2013, Oslo: ARENA.

Sandholz, W. and A. Stone Sweet (eds) (1998) European Integration and Supranational Governance, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Schäfer, A. and W. Streeck (eds) (2013) Politics in the Age of Austerity, Cambridge: Polity Press.

Scharpf, F. W. (1988) ‘The Joint-decision Trap: Lessons from German Federalism and European Integration’, Public Administration 66(3): 239–78.

—— (1999) Governing in Europe: Effective and Democratic? Oxford: Oxford University Press.

References

DOI: 10.1057/9781137391452.0010

—— (2010) ‘The Asymmetry of European Integration, or Why the EU Cannot Be a “Social Market Economy” ’, Socio-Economic Review 8(2): 211–50.

Scheuermanf Komárek, W. E. (2008) ‘Postnational Democracies without Postnational States? Some Skeptical Reflections?’ In R. Forst and R. Schmalz-Bruns (eds), Political Legitimacy and Democracy in Transnational Perspective, RECON Report No. 13, Oslo: ARENA.

Schink, P. (2013) ‘Freedom, Control and the State’, in A. Niederberger and P.Schink (eds), Republican Democracy, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Schmalz-Bruns, R. (1999) ‘Deliberative Supranationalism: Demokratisches Regieren jenseits des Nationalstaates’, Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen 6(2): 185–244.

Schmid, C. (2011) ‘The Thesis of the Instrumentalisation of Private Law by the EU in a Nutshell’, in C. Joerges and T. Ralli (eds), European Constitutionalism without Private Law – Private Law without Democracy, RECON Report No. 14, Oslo: ARENA.

Schmitt, C. (1926/1992) The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy, [reprint] Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Schmitter, P. C. (1996) ‘Imagining the Future of the Euro-Polity with the Help of New Concepts’, in G. Marks, F. W. Scharpf, P. C. Schmitter and W. Streeck (eds), Governance in the European Union, London: Sage.

—— (2000) How to Democratize the European Union – and Why Bother? Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

—— (2012) ‘European Disintegration? A Way Forward?’ Journal of Democracy 23(4): 39–46.

Schönberger, C. (2009) ‘Lisbon in Karlsruhe: Maastricht’s Epigones at Sea’, German Law Journal 10(8): 1201–18.

Schorkopf, F. (2009) ‘The European Union as an Association of Sovereign States: Karlsruhe’s Ruling on the Treaty of Lisbon’, German Law Journal 10(8): 1219–40.

Schulz, M. (2013) Der gefesselte Riese: Europas letzte Chance, Berlin: von Rowohlt.

Schulz–Forberg, H. and B. Stråth (2010) The Political History of European Integration: The Hypocrisy of Democracy-Through-Market, Abingdon: Routledge.

Sen, A. K. (1999) ‘Democracy as a Universal Value’, Journal of Democracy 10(3): 3–17.

DOI: 10.1057/9781137391452.0010

References

Shapiro, I. (2012) ‘On Non-domination’, University of Toronto Law Journal 62(3): 293–336.

Shapiro, M. (2002) ‘The Giving Reasons Requirement’, in M. Shapiro and A. Stone Sweet (eds), On Law, Politics and Judicialization, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Siedentop, L. (2000) Democracy in Europe, London: Penguin.Sjursen, H. (2006) ‘The European Union between Values and Rights’,

in H. Sjursen (ed.), Questioning EU Enlargement: Europe in Search of Identity, London: Routledge.

—— (ed.) (2007) Civilian or Military Power? European Foreign Policy in Perspective, London: Routledge.

Slaughter, A. M. (2004) A New World Order, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Smith, D. (2013) ‘What Kind of Crisis in Europe? Debt, Disequilibrium and Displacement’, paper presented at the conference ‘Europe in Crises, Europe as the Crisis?’, Oslo, 14–15 March 2013.

Spinelli, A. (2007) ‘From Ventotene to the European Constitution’, in A. J. Menéndez (ed.), RECON Report No. 1, Oslo: ARENA.

Statham, P. and H.-J. Trenz (2012) The Politicization of Europe: Contesting the Constitution in the Mass Media, London: Routledge.

Stein, E. (1981) ‘Lawyers, Judges and the Making of a Transnational Constitution’, American Journal of International Law 75(1): 1–27.

Steinvorth, U. (1998) ‘Kann Solidarität erzwingbar sein?’ In K. Bayertz (ed.), Solidarität – Begriff und Problem, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.

Stemmer, P. (2008) Normativität: Eine ontologische Untersuchung, Berlin: de Gruyter.

Stone Sweet, A. (2004) The Judicial Construction of Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Streeck, W. (2000) ‘Competitive Solidarity: Rethinking the “European Social Model” ’, in K. Hinrichs, H. Kitchelt and H. Wisenthal (eds), Kontingenz und Krise, Frankfurt: Campus.

—— (2011) ‘Crises of Democratic Capitalism’, New Left Review 71(September–October): 5–29.

—— (2013) Gekaufte Zeit: Die vertagte Krise des demokratischen Kapitalismus, Berlin: Suhrkamp.

Streit, C. K. (1940) Union Now: The Proposal for Inter-Democracy Federal Union, New York, NY: Harper & Brothers Publishers.

Tomuschat, C. (2009) ‘The Ruling of the German Constitutional Court on the Treaty of Lisbon’, German Law Journal 10(8): 1259–62.

References

DOI: 10.1057/9781137391452.0010

Trenz, H.-J. and K. Eder (2004) ‘The Democratizing Dynamics of a European Public Sphere’, European Journal of Social Theory 7(1): 5–25.

Tsebelis, G. (2002) Veto Players: How Political Institutions Work, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Tuori, K. (2012) ‘The European Financial Crisis – Constitutional Aspects and Implications’, EUI Working Papers, LAW 2012/28, Florence: European University Institute.

Verdun, A. (2000) European Responses to Globalization and Financial Market Integration: Perceptions of Economic and Monetary Union in Britain, France and Germany, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan.

Verhofstadt, G. (2006) The United States of Europe, London: Federal Trust.

Verney, S. (2006) ‘Justifying the Second Enlargement: Promoting Interests, Consolidating Democracy or Returning to the Roots?’ In H. Sjursen (ed.), Questioning EU Enlargement: Europe in Search of Identity, London: Routledge.

Vogl, J. (2010) Das Gespenst des Kapitals, Zürich: Diaphanes Verlag.Von Bogdandy, A. (2006) ‘Constitutional principles’, in A. Von

Bogdandy and J. Bast (eds), Principles of European Constitutional Law, Oxford: Hart Publishing.

Von Bogdandy, A. and J. Bast (eds) (2006) Principles of European Constitutional Law, Oxford: Hart Publishing.

Von Bogdandy, A., M. Kottmann, C. Antpöhler, J. Dickschen, S. Hentrei and M. Smrkolj (2012) ‘Reverse Solange – Protecting the Essence of Fundamental Rights against EU Member States’, Common Market Law Review 49(2): 489–520.

Waldron, J. (1999) ‘Text and Polyphony’, in J. Waldron, Law and Disagreement, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Walker, N. (2010) ‘Constitutionalism and Pluralism in Global Context’, RECON Online Working Paper 2010/03, Oslo: ARENA.

Wallace, W. (1990) The Dynamics of European Integration, London: Pinter Publishers.

—— (1994) Regional Integration: The West European Experience, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.

Walzer, M. (1983) Spheres of Justice: A Defense Of Pluralism and Equality, New York, NY: Basic Books.

Weber, M. (1921/1978) Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretative Sociology, [reprint] Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

DOI: 10.1057/9781137391452.0010

References

—— (1958) ‘Social Psychology of the World Religions’, in H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (eds), From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Weiler, J. H. H. (1982) ‘Community, Member States and European Integration: Is the Law Relevant?’ Journal of Common Market Studies 21(1): 39–56.

—— (1991) ‘The Transformation of Europe’, Yale Law Journal 100: 2403–83.

—— (1994) ‘A Quiet Revolution: The European Court of Justice and Its Interlocutors’, Comparative Political Studies 26(4): 510–34.

—— (1999a) The Constitution of Europe: ‘Do the New Clothes Have an Emperor?’ and Other Essays, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

—— (1999b) ‘Epilogue: “Comitology” as Revolution – Infranationalism, Constitutionalism and Democracy’, in C. Joerges and E. Vos (eds), EU Committees: Social Regulation, Law and Politics, Oxford: Hart Publishing.

—— (2001a) ‘European Democracy and the Principle of Toleration: The Soul of Europe’, in F. Cerutti and E. Rudolph (eds), A Soul for Europe. On the Political and Cultural Identity of the Europeans, vol. 1: A Reader, Leuven: Peeters.

—— (2001b) ‘Federalism without Constitutionalism: Europe’s Sonderweg’, in K. Nicolaïdis and R. Howse (eds), The Federal Vision, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Weiler, J. H. H., U. Haltern and F. Mayer (1995) ‘European Democracy and Its Critique’, in J. Hayward (ed.), The Crisis of Representation in Europe, London: Frank Cass.

Wenar, L. (2002) ‘The Legitimacy of Peoples’, in P. De Greiff, P. and C. Cronin (eds), Global Justice and Transnational Politics: Essays on the Moral and Political Challenges of Globalization, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Wendt, A. (2003) ‘Why a World State Is Inevitable’, European Journal of International Relations 9(4): 491–542.

Wohlfahrt, C. (2009) ‘The Lisbon Case: A Critical Summary’, German Law Journal 10(8): 1277–86.

Zaru, D. (2011) ‘EU Reactions to Violations of Human Rights Norms by Third States’, European Yearbook on Human Rights 2011.

Zeitlin, J. and D. M. Trubek (eds) (2003) Governing Work and Welfare in a New Economy, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

References

DOI: 10.1057/9781137391452.0010

Zürn, M. (1998) Regieren jenseits des Nationalstaates. Globalisierung und Denationalisierung als Chance, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.

Zürn, M. and C. Joerges (eds) (2005) Law and Governance in Postnational Europe: Compliance beyond the Nation-State, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

DOI: 10.1057/9781137391452.0011

accountability, 17, 18, 36, 62, 65, 68, 89, 94, 103, 107, 109, 115

Adenauer, Konrad, 49, 121–2Adorno, Theodore, 106agency, 108agency drift, 65Amsterdam Treaty, 46, 48, 97Archibugi, Daniele, 12audit democracy, 62, 65–8austerity policies, 2, 6, 101authorised government, 86–7autonomy, 17–18, 26, 36, 43n15,

62, 68, 72, 89, 94, 103, 109, 112n3, 115, 118, 119

Blanguernon, Guy, 69, 83n6Bohman, James, 79, 82borders, 109, 110Bretton Woods system, 3, 21n8

categorical imperative, 12Charter of Fundamental

Rights of the European Union, 13, 38, 47, 59n3, 92, 103, 105

citizenship, 41, 46, 48, 49, 63, 68, 88

equal, 88European, 14, 41, 46, 48,

49, 68civic-republicanism, 31–2civilisation process, 20, 115civil society, 33, 79, 89, 99

see also public sphere

Coase, Ronald, 29Coase theorem, 29Costa, 42n4, 43n11, 59n4co-determination, 20, 101,

102, 188cognitive dissonance, 55–6Cohen, Joshua, 79co-legislation, 104, 106–8collective-action problem,

30–4collective identity, 64, 89, 120co-membership, 20, 101, 188Comitology system, 35–6committees, 36Common Market, 46, 63communitarianism, 31–2, 109conferral, principle of, 76,

83n4, 84n14constituting subject, 101–3Constitutional Crisis, 101constitutional democracy, 96,

115, 121constitutional fusion, 20, 87,

90–1, 115constitutionalisation, 13–14,

42constitutionalism, 17, 23n29, 79

transnational, 79constitutional revolution, 70Constitutional Treaty, 47–8, 92constitution-making power,

92, 93contestation, 52–4convention, 48, 100

Index

Index

DOI: 10.1057/9781137391452.0011

cooperation, 9, 33, 61, 89, 118inter-parliamentary, 97–8locked-in, 9social, 33, 69, 87, 111n1

Copenhagen Declaration, 51cosmopolitanism, 6, 12, 13, 17, 19, 41, 61,

85–113regional, 110–11

Council, 28, 37, 46–7, 92, 100European, 28, 47, 92of Ministers, 9, 59n7

Dahl, Robert A., 71De Gasperi, Alcide, 49delegated democracy, 62–5deliberation, 8, 16, 18–19, 30, 33–4, 38,

40, 54–7, 81, 100deliberative democracy, 15, 34, 50,

80, 108deliberative supranationalism, 35–6, 61deliberative theory, 15–16, 27, 54, 55, 58democracy, 4–6, 11–12, 14–17, 56, 88

alternatives for, 60–84audit, 62, 65–8constitutional, 96delegated, 62–5deliberative, 15, 34, 50, 80, 108direct, 46European, 44–59federal model of, 72–4global, 12human rights and, 13–14national, 68–70, 104parliamentary, 19, 42, 44, 55–8participatory, 46peace and, 12post-national, 14, 19, 42, 49–50, 58,

61, 99, 109representative, 46, 57–8, 71, 74, 77transnational, 62, 78–80

democratic innovations, 15–16, 19–20, 87, 89–113, 115

democratic Rechtsstaat, 11, 19democratisation, 17–18, 46–9, 52–4demos, 18, 27, 59n12, 74, 96Deutsch, Karl, 42n3

Dewey, John, 34dignity, 12–14, 17, 103–9direct democracy, 46direct legitimacy, 61dominance, 19, 107, 119

executive, 65domination, 15, 17, 24n38, 65, 80, 93,

107, 118see also non-dominationarbitrary, 14, 60, 81, 115, 118non-arbitrary, 78

Dryzek, John, 82

elections, 19, 61–2, 79European, 48, 61–2

empire, 61erga omnes obligations, 69Essevi, 70, 83n6Euratom, 9EU law, 4, 13, 38–41, 49, 70, 91–2, 102European Central Bank (ECB), 3, 4, 120European Charter of Fundamental

Rights, see Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), 9, 91

European Commission, 4, 46–8, 100European Community (EC), 9, 49European Convention on Human

Rights (ECHR), 13, 17, 54–5European Court of Justice (ECJ), 10,

28, 37, 47, 61, 70, 90European Economic Community

(EEC), 9, 20n1, 37European Financial Stability Facility

(EFSF), 21n10European identity, 27, 74, 94, 120European institutions, 28–9, 100, 120European integration, 5–6

democratic alternatives for, 60–84ethos of, 11–14idea of, 11locked-in mechanisms for, 9–11musts of, 1–24, 116–18presuppositions for, 16

DOI: 10.1057/9781137391452.0011

Index

European integration – continuedreconstruction of, 16–18rolling back of, 72terms for, 51–2voluntary nature of, 25–43

European Monetary Union (EMU), 3–4

European Parliament (EP), 46-8, 61, 66, 97, 100

European Stability Mechanism (ESM), 4, 21n10

European Union (EU), 2conditions for membership in,

51–2criticism of, 2–3expansion of, 51

Eurozone crisis, 2–4, 6, 10, 114–22exclusion, 31, 41, 43n7, 118, 119

decisional, 72

federalism, 2, 19, 49, 72–4, 78, 94federation, 62, 92, 93, 120

quasi-, 86–7financial crisis, 2–4, 6, 10, 114–22Fiscal Pact, 4, 21n10, 22n12Fisher, Joschka, 49Fossum, John Erik, 90fraternity, 114–22

see also solidarityfree movement, 13, 19, 39, 40–1freestanding standards, 17French Revolution, 6, 115Fukuyama, Francis, 5

Garrett, Geoffrey, 42German Constitutional Court, 77,

83n13, 91, 103Germany, 6, 8, 45, 77global democracy, 12globalisation, 71, 72, 89governance, 22n13, 60–62, 76, 78, 81

deliberative, 80, democratic, 14, 79,multilevel, 19, 61, 84n17network, 19, 60transnational, 19, 81, 82

Grzelczyk, Rudy, 43n16ground norm, 105–6group identity, 41, 96Guizot, François, 56

Habermas, Jürgen, 13, 15, 16, 19, 20n6, 91, 92, 93, 112n17

heterogeneity, 74–6heteronomy, 81, 119Hobbes, Thomas, 106human rights, 10, 12–14, 19, 29, 50, 52,

54–5, 90, 94, 102–3, 105–10humiliation, 118–19

impartiality, 17, 19, 31, 39–40, 41, 43n15, 58, 69

see also justice as impartialityimperative, 8, 12, 15, 121

see also mustindeterminacy, 32–3innovation, see democratic innovationsintegration

see also European integrationdefinition, 26, 42n3political, 27–8, 49, 70–1

Intergovernmental Conferences (IGCs), 26

intergovernmentalism, 26–7, 50, 66, 72, 76, 77, 78, 118

internal market, 9international law, 7, 13–14, 17, 28–9, 69,

109–10International Monetary Fund (IMF), 4international relations, 5, 7, 13, 69inter-parliamentary coordination,

97–9

jointly made law, 36–8judicial system, 39–40justice, 13, 15, 19, 31, 38, 63, 88, 115, 117justice as impartiality, 19, 31, 39–41,

69, 116

Kant, Immanuel, 12, 103–4, 117, 121Kelsen, Hans, 17Koskenniemi, Martti, 115

Index

DOI: 10.1057/9781137391452.0011

Laeken, 22n16, 48, 53language codes, 19, 44, 50law, 5–7, 9–10, 52, 81

deliberation and, 30EU, 4, 13, 38–41, 49, 70, 91–2, 102international, 7, 13–14, 17, 28–9, 69,

109–10jointly made, 36–8national, 29, 102as reflexive medium, 5–6rule of, 19, 50, 89, 115

layered public sphere, 20, 87, 94, 99–101, 115

legal rights, 14, 107legal structure, 28, 35, 36–40, 50–1,

64, 102legitimacy, 32, 52, 61, 63, 64, 68, 76, 81,

86, 93, 97direct, 61

Lisbon Treaty, 4, 12, 16, 21n9, 43n12, 46–9, 76, 77, 97, 105, 112n12

locked-in mechanisms, 9–11, 23n23, 50–1, 52

Luhmann, Niklas, 6, 107

Maastricht Treaty, 10, 20n1, 46, 47, 48, 49, 52–3, 97

MacIver, Robert M., 95Majone, Giandomenico, 67, 120majority rule, 32, 47media, 99, 100Menéndez, Agustín José, 90Merkel, Angela, 2Messina Conference, 9minorities, protection of, 51, 93Monnet, Jean, 6–7, 49, 122moral norms, 40moral principles, 106–8Moravcsik, Andrew, 83n3Morgan, Glyn, 106Müller, Jan Werner, 2multilevel governance, 19, 61must, 18, 40, 42, 45, 50, 57, 58,

116, 119 see also imperative

mutual advantage, 26, 31, 64, 117

Nagel, Thomas, 31, 78, 87national democracy, 68–70, 104nationalism, 2, 6, 96, 106nationality, 41, 96national law, 29, 102national parliaments, 97–8nation states, 19, 62–3, 70–1, 80, 88,

94, 109negative externalities, 29, 32, 104neoliberalism, 3, 48, 71non-compliance, 31, 41non-discrimination, 13, 19, 39–41non-domination, 15, 17, 24n37

see also dominationnon-exclusion, 40–2nongovernmental organizations

(NGOs), 79non-interference, 30, 105normativity, 8–9, 116, 121norms, 32, 40, 55, 90, 102, 105–6

social, 32, 55

Offe, Claus, 118–19

Pareto efficiency, 67Pareto improvement, 29, 42Pareto optimality, 64Paris Treaty, 37parliamentary democracy, 19, 42, 44,

55–8parliamentary interweaving, 20, 87, 94,

97–9, 115Parsons, Craig, 121participation

political, 89participatory democracy, 46peace, 5, 6, 11, 12, 17, 45political integration, 27–8, 49, 70–1political universitas, 104–6pooled sovereignty, 26, 70, 101popular sovereignty, 88–9, 92, 99post-democratic executive

federalism, 2post-humiliation society, 6, 20, 115post-national democracy, 14, 19, 42,

49–50, 58, 61, 99, 109

DOI: 10.1057/9781137391452.0011

Index

public goods, 30public sphere

see also civil societyintermediary, 98layered, 20, 87, 94, 99–101, 115

publics, 99–100general, 99strong, 100transnational, 100

rational choice, 26–7Rawls, John, 63, 78, 111n1Reagan, Ronald, 3reciprocity, 29, 70, 87, 117–18redistribution, 6, 43n13regional cosmopolitanism, 110–11regulatory regime, 66representative democracy, 46, 57–8, 71,

74, 77rightful assurance, 32Rome Treaty, 3, 9, 29, 37, 53Ruggie, John, 78rule of law, 19, 50, 51, 89, 105, 115

Sabel, Charles, 79Scharpf, Fritz, 43n7Schulz, Martin, 22n20Schuman, Robert, 11, 49Schuman plan, 6, 49, 121–2security, 87–8, 106self-determination, 20, 94, 107, 109self-given laws, 12, 103, 104self-help international system, 26, 29,

30, 69, 87self-rule, 4, 92, 94, 96Sen, Amartya, 4, 14, 22n13shared sovereignty, 20, 70, 87, 92, 115Single European Act (SEA), 9Single Market, 10social justice, 115socio-economic justice, 3, 31, 39, 43n13,

63, 116, 117Solange, 77, 112n5

reversed 102–3

solidarity, 10, 20, 27, 28, 41, 71, 114–22see also fraternity

sovereignty, 9, 26, 30, 62, 63, 73, 77–9, 87, 94, 99, 101

citizens’, 108popular, 88–9, 92, 99pooled, 26, 70, 101shared, 20, 70, 87, 92, 115state, 88–9, 92, 108voluntary surrender of, 11, 18

Spinelli, Altiero, 49Stability and Growth Pact (SGP), 4,

21n10state-less government, 20, 87, 94, 95–7,

101, 115state sovereignty, 88–9, 92, 108supranationalism, 25–43, 96

deliberative, 35–6, 61rebuttal of, 76–8voluntary, 25–43

technocracy, 65territorial control, 82, 116Thatcher, Margaret, 3transnational communicative

spaces, 79transnational constitutionalism, 79transnational democracy, 62, 78–80transnational governance, 19, 81, 82transnational publics, 100–1

see also publicstransnational resonance, 100Treaty on European Union (TEU), 4Treaty on Stability, Coordination and

Governance in the Economic and Monetary Union (TSCG), 4, 21n10, 22n12

United Nations, 17, 77United States, 8, 106

Van Gend en Loos, 43n11, 59n4, Ventotene Manifesto, 49Versailles Treaty, 6

Index

DOI: 10.1057/9781137391452.0011

voluntary supranationalism, 25–43Von Bogdandy, Armin, 102–3

Weber, Max, 11, 27, 95, 121Weiler, J. H. H., 90–1

Weimar Republic, 45welfare state, 71, 72Westphalian system, 78, 108Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 33World War II, 29, 45, 54