North Carolina Department of Public Instruction

Earth/ EnvironmEntal

SCiEnCESelected equations, formulas, physical data to be used as a reference for instruction and classroom assessment.

march 2003Please address questions or comments to Secondary Science Consultants: Eleanor Hasse eehasse@dpi.state.nc.us , Ragan Spain rspain@dpi.state.nc.us or Benita Tipton btipton@dpi.state.nc.us

Reference Tables for

North Carolina Department of Public Instruction

Earth/ EnvironmEntal

SCiEnCESelected equations, formulas, physical data to be used as a reference for instruction and classroom assessment.

march 2003Please address questions or comments to Secondary Science Consultants: Eleanor Hasse eehasse@dpi.state.nc.us , Ragan Spain rspain@dpi.state.nc.us or Benita Tipton btipton@dpi.state.nc.us

Reference Tables for

STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION

NC DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTIONJune St. Clair Atkinson, Ed.D., State Superintendent301 N. Wilmington Street : : Raleigh, North Carolina 27601-2825

In compliance with federal law, NC Public Schools administers all state-operated educational programs,employment activities and admissions without discrimination because of race, religion, national or ethnic origin,color, age, military service, disability, or gender, except where exemption is appropriate and allowed by law.

Inquiries or complaints regarding discrimination issues should be directed to:Robert Logan : : Office of Leadership for Innovation and Transformation6301 Mail Service Center : : Raleigh, NC 27699-6301 : : Telephone 919-807-3200 : : Fax 919-807-4065

Visit us on the Web:: www.ncpublicschools.org

HOWARD N. LEEChairman : : Raleigh

WAYNE MCDEVITTVice Chair : : Asheville

BEVERLY PERDUELieutenant Governor : : New Bern

RICHARD MOOREState Treasurer : : Kittrell

KATHY A. TAFTGreenville

KEVIN D. HOWELLRaleigh

SHIRLEY E. HARRISTroy

EULADA P. WATTCharlotte

ROBERT “TOM” SPEEDBoone

MELISSA E. BARTLETTRaleigh

JOHN A. TATE IIICharlotte

PATRICIA N. WILLOUGHBYRaleigh

GENERALIZED GEOLOGIC MAP OF NORTH CAROLINA

N

North Carolina Geological Survey1612 Mail Service Center

Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1612

Phone 919.733.2423Facsimile 919.733.0900

www.geology.enr.state.nc.us

State of North CarolinaMichael F. Easley, Governor

Department of Environment and Natural Resources

William G. Ross, Jr., Secretary

Division of Land ResourcesJim Simons

Acting Director and State Geologist

Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks

Sedimentary rocks – sandstone, dolomite, shale and siltstone.

Metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks of the KIngs Mountain belt – schist, phyllite, marble, metavolcanic rock, quartzite and gneiss.

Metamorphic rocks of the Inner Piedmont, Milton belt and Raleigh belt – gneiss, schist and amphibolite.

Metavolcanic rocks of the Carolina slate belt and eastern slate belt– felsic metavolcanic rock with mafic and intermediate volcanic rock.

Metasedimentary rocks of the Carolina slate belt and eastern slate belt – metamudstone, argillite and epiciastic rock.

Clastic and carbonate metasedimentary rocks of the murphy belt – schist, phyllite, quartzite, marble, slate and metasiltsonte.

Brevard fault zone – schist, marble and phyllonite.

Clastic metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks of the Ocoee Supergroup, Grandfather Mountain Formation. Mount Rogers Formation and quanzite and felsic metavolcanic rock.

Clastic metasedimentary rock and mafic and felsic metavolcanicrock of the Ashe Metamorphic Suite, Tallulah Falls Formation and Alligator Back Formation – gneiss, schist, metagraywacke, amphibolite and calc-silicate granofels.

Felsic gneiss derived from sedimentary and igneous rocks in the northern outcrop area: biotite gneiss in the southern outcrop area; locally mignatitic and mylonitic. Locally and variably interlayered with amphibolite, calc-silicate granofels and rare marble. Intruded by Late Proterozoic mafic and felsic plutons.

Intrusive Rocks

Granitic rocks – unfoliated to weakly foliated.

Syenite – Concord ring dike.

Metamorphosed gabbro and diorite – foliated to weakly foliated.

Metamorphosed granitic rocks – foliated to weakly foliated: locally migmantic.

Henderson Gneiss – uneven-grained monzonitic to granodioritic.

Meta-ultramafic rocks.

Sedimentary Rocks

Surficial deposits, undivided – sand, clay and gravel,(Shown only below 25 feet of elevation.)

Pinehurst Formation – unconsolidated sand.

Terrace deposits and upland sediment – gravel, clayey sand and sand.

Waccamaw Formation – fossiliferous sand with silt and clay.

Yorktown Formation and Duplin Formation, undivided – Yorktown Formation – fossiliferous clay and sand.

Duplin Formation – shelly sand, sandy mud and limestone.

Belgrade Formation, undivided – Pollocksville Member – oyster-shell mounds in sand matrix. Haywood Landing Member – fossiliferous clayey sand.

River Bend Formation – sandy, molluscan-mold limestone.

Castle Hayne Formation –

Spring Garden Member – molluscan-mold limestone.

Comfort Member and New Hanover Member, undivided – Comfort Member – limestone with bryozoan and echinoid skeletons.

New Hanover Member – phosphate-pebble congiomerate.

Beaufort Formation, undivided –

Unnamed upper member – glanconitic, fossiliferous sand and siltyclay.

Jericho Run Member – siliceous mudstone with sandstone lenses.

Peedee Formation – marine sand, clayey sand and clay.

Black Creek Formation – lignitic sand and clay.

Middenforf Formation – sand, sandstone and clay.

Cape Fear Formation – sandstone and sandy mudstone.

Dan River Group, undivided – Stoneville Formation – conglomerate, sandstone and mudstone. Cow Branch Formation – mudstone.

Pine Hall Formation – sandstone, mudstone and conglomerate.

Chatham Group, undivided – Sanford Formation – conglomerate, sandstone and mudstone.

Cumnock Formation – sandstone and mudstone.

Pekin Formation – conglomerate, sandstone and mudstone.

Modified from 1991 Generalized Geologic Map, reprinted 1996Digital representation by M. A. Medina and R. H. Carpenter

2003

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Blue Ridge belt

This mountainous region is composed of rocks fromover about 500 million to over one billion years old. This complex mixture of igneous, sedimentary andmetamorphic rock has repeatedly been squeezed, fractured, faulted and twisted into folds. The Blue Ridgebelt is well known for its deposits of feldspar, mica and quartz – basic materials used in the ceramic, paintand electronic industries. Olivine is mined for use as refractory material and foundry molding sand.Dimension stone is also quarried for buildingconstruction and monuments.

Murphy belt

This belt contains rocks that were originally sedimentsdeposited in a warm, shallow sea over 500 million years ago. Later, these sediments were changed intometamorphic rocks including marble, which was usedfor building and road construction.

Inner Piedmont belt

The Inner Piedmont belt is the most intensely deformedand metamorphosed segment of the Piedmont. Themetamorphic rocks range from 500-750 million yearsold. They include gneiss and schist that have beenintruded by younger granitic rocks. The northeast-trending Brevard fault zone forms much of the boundary between the Blue Ridge and Inner Piedmontbelts. Although this zone of strongly deformed rocks is one of the major structural features in the southernAppalachians, its origin is poorly understood. Crushedstone for road aggregate and building construction isthe principal commodity produced.

Kings Mountain belt

This belt consists of moderately deformed andmetamorphosed volcanic and sedimentary rocks. The rocks are about 400-500 million years old. Lithiumdeposits were once mined here. Now imported lithiumore is processed here to provide raw materials forchemical compounds, ceramics, glass, greases, batteries and TV glass.

Milton belt

This belt consist of gneiss, schist and metamorphosedintrusive rocks. The principal mineral resource is crushedstone for road aggregate and for building construction.

Charlotte belt

This belt consists mostly of igneous rocks such as granite,diorite and gabbro. These are 300-500 million years old.The igneous rocks are good sources for crushed anddimension stone for road aggregate and buildings.

Carolina slate belt

This belt consists of slightly metamorphosed volcanicand sedimentary rocks. It was the site of a series ofoceanic volcanic islands about 550-650 million yearsago. This belt is known for its numerous abandonedgold mines and prospects.

North Carolina led the nation in gold production beforethe California Gold Rush of 1849. In recent decades,mining companies have prospected for gold in the area. Interest in recreational gold panning remains high. Mineral production includes crushed stone forroad aggregate and pyrophyllite for refractories,ceramics, filler, paint and insecticide carriers.

Triassic basins

The basins are filled with sedimentary rocks thatformed about 190-240 million years ago. Streams carried mud, silt, sand and gravel from adjacent highlands into rift valleys similar to those of east Africa today. The mudstones are mined and processedto make brick, sewer pipe, structural tile and drain tile.

Raleigh belt

The Raleigh belt contains granite, gneiss and schist. In the 19th century, there were a number of smallbuilding stone quarries in the region, but today themain mineral product is crushed stone for construction and road aggregate.

Eastern slate belt

This belt contains slightly metamorphosed volcanic and sedimentary rocks similar to those of the Carolinaslate belt. The rocks are poorly exposed and partiallycovered by Coastal Plain sediments. The metamorphicrocks, 500-600 million years old, are intruded byyounger, approximately 300 million-year-old, graniticbodies. Gold was once mined in the belt, and smalloccurrences of molybdenite, a molybdenum ore,havebeen prospected here. Crushed stone is currentlymined in this belt.

Coastal Plain

The Coastal Plain is a wedge of mostly marine sedimentary rocks that gradually thickens to the east.The Coastal Plain is the largest geologic belt in the state.The most common sediment types are sand and clay,although a significant amount of limestone occurs in the southern part of the Coastal Plain. One of the largestdeposits of phosphate in the world, an importantfertilizer component, is mined in Beaufort County.Industrial sand is mined in the Sand Hills area. The sandis used to make container and flat glass, and ferrosilicon(used for filtration and sandblasting).

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MINERALS WITH NON-METALLIC LUSTER

Streak Plate(7.0)

Streak Plate(7.0)

Fingernail(2.2)

Glass plate,steel nail (6.0)

Glass plate(5.5)

6.5-7.5

7

6.5-7

6-6.5

6-6.5

6

6

2

1-1.5

5.5-6.5

5.5-6.5

5-5.5

Yellowish-green,dark red to black

Clear, milky, purple, rose

Green, black, oryellow

White to pink

White to dark gray

Dark green to black or brown

Dark green to black

Clear may be yellow

Silvery, white orgreenish white

Red to dark gray,may be silvery gray flakes

Black

Brownish yellow,Ocher-yellow

None (harder thanstreak plate)

None (harder thanstreak plate)

None (harder thanstreak plate)

White

White

White to pale green

White to pale green

White

White

ReddishBrown

Black

Yellow brown

Used for jewelry and abrasives Crystals may be visible

Crystal faces common;concholdal fracture Glass,jewelry, and electronics

Crystals with slightlyconchoidal fracture Jewelry,ore of magnesium metal

2 cleavages at 90º Ceramics and glass

2 cleavages at near 90º;some crystal faces mayshow striations Ceramicsand glass

2 cleavages at 60º and 120º,May be splintery or fibrous,thin crystals Automotivebrakes, tiles

2 cleavages at near 90º,blocky No commercialapplication

Glassy transparent plates orsatin-white rods Plaster ofParis, wall board (sheet rock)

Massive or foliated, Greasyor soapy feel, Talcumpowder, paint – additive and soapstone

Earthy appearanceOre of iron, pigment in paint and cosmetics.S.G, 4.9-5.3

Magnetic; crystal Faces rare; S.G., 5.2Ore of Iron

Earthy appearance; S.G., 4.0-4.4Ore of Iron

GARNETComplex silicate

QUARTZSiO2Silicon dioxide

OLIVINEFerromagneisan silicate

POTASSIUM FELDSPAR(Orthoclase)Potassium aluminum silicate

PLAGIOCLASEFELDSPARCalcium-sodiumaluminum silicate

AMPHIBOLE(Hornblende)calcium ferromagneisanaluminum silicate

PYROXENE (Augite)calcium ferromagneisan silicate

GYPSUMCaSO4 • 2H2Calcium sulfate

TALCMg3Si4O10(OH)2Hydrous magnesiansilicate

HEMATITEFe2O3Iron Oxide

MAGNETITEFe3O4Iron Oxide

LIMONITEFe2O3 nH2OHydrous iron oxide

HARDNESS MINERAL MINERAL STREAK OTHER PROPERTIES MINERAL NAME & TEST HARDNESS COLOR COLOR USES COMPOSITION

Steel nail(5.0)

Copper penny (3.2)

3.5-4

3

2.5-3

2-3

2.5

1.5-2.5

Clear, yellow,gray, pink

Clear, yellow,white

Brown to black

Clear to yellow

Clear to dark gray

Yellow to red

White

White

Black

White

White

Pale yellow

Glassy; rhombic crystalsand cleavage; some crystals curved; fizzes inhydrochloric acid when inpowdered formSource of magnesium

Glassy; rhombic cleavage;fizzes in hydrochloric acidCement, antacid tablets,fertilizer

One perfect cleavage,flexible in thin sheetsElectrical insulator

One perfect cleavage,transparent in this sheetsElectrical insulator, computer chips

Glassy; cubic crystals; 3cleavages at 90º producecubic fragments; saltytaste Table salt, watersoftners & ice melting

Yellow to red, crystals orearthy appearance, nocleavage or may showconchoidal fracture; SG 2.1Sulfuric acid, explosives,drugs, & fertilizers

DOLOMITECaMg(CO3)2Magnesian calcium carbonate

CALCITECaCo3Calcium carbonate

BIOTITEFeromagnesian potassium,hydrous aluminum silicate

MUSCOVITEPotassium hydrousaluminum silicate

HALITENaClSodium chloride

SULFUR SSulfur

Steak Plate(7.0)

Glass Plate(5.5)

Copper penny (3.2)

Fingernail(2.2)

6-6.5

5.5-6.5

5-5.5

2.5

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Brass yellow tarnishes to brown

Dark gray to black

Yellow-brown tobrown

Silver gray tarnishes to gray

Pencil-lead gray

Greenish black,dark gray

Black

Yellowish brown

Gray

Dark gray toblack

Cubic scrystals common;uneven fracture; SG 5.0Ore of Sulfur

Magnetic; crystal facesrare; SG 5.1; some rust Oreof Iron

Amorphous; yellowish rustvery common SG 3.6-4.4Paint pigment

Cubic crystals; 3 cleavagesproduce cubic fragments;SG 7.4 Ore of Lead

Finely crystalline; cleavageindicated by luster; feelsgreasy; SG 2.3 Pencil lead,lubricants

PYRITE (Fool’s Gold)FeS2

MAGNETITEFe3O4

LIMONITEFe2O3 • H2O

GALENAPbS

GRAPHITEC (carbon)

MINERALS WITH METALLIC LUSTER

HARDNESS MINERAL MINERAL STREAK OTHER PROPERTIES MINERAL NAME & TEST HARDNESS COLOR COLOR USES COMPOSITION

HARDNESS MINERAL MINERAL STREAK OTHER PROPERTIES MINERAL NAME & TEST HARDNESS COLOR COLOR USES COMPOSITION

CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

MINERALS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ROCK NAMES

COMPOSITION PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ROCK NAMES

PARTICAL SIZE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ROCK NAMES

Abraded (rounded) pebbles; looks like concrete CONGLOMERATE

Angular fragments show no signs of abrasion BRECCIA

Coarse (>2mm) pebblesand cobbles

Medium (0.06-2mm)sand

Fine (0.004-0.6mm) silt

Very fine (<0.004mm)grains

Calcite shell fragments

Plant material

Halite

Gypsum

Dolomite

Quartz

SA

ND

STO

NE

Mostly quartz, granular felspar; dark colored fragments of clay QUARTZ SANDSTONE

SILTSTONE

SHALE

Gritty; grains just visible

Smooth to very slightly gritty; grains not visible; compact splits easily

LIM

ES

TON

ES Shells, shell fragments; packed and well cemented with calcite

Shells, shell fragments; poorly cemented with calcite

Shells vot visible to the unaided eye; chalky or powdery; white tolight gray color

FOSSIL LIMESTONE

COQUINA

CHALK

COAL / BITUMINOUS

ROCK SALT

ROCK GYPSUM

DOLOSTONE

CHERT

Black to brown; typically may include plant fragments

EV

AP

OR

AT

ES

Texture ranges from that of mudstone to that of travertine

Extremely finely crystalline quartz (hardness 7); conchoidal fracture, very sharp edges

NO

N-C

LAS

TIC

OR

GA

NIC

CLA

ST

IC

Cubic srystals and cubic cleavage; hardness 2.5; salty taste

Soft (hardness 2); very fine crystals; usually white or pink

TEXTURE GRAIN COMPOSITION TYPE OF COMMENTS ROCK SIZE METAMORPHISM NAMES

Variable

Quartz

Calcite and/ordolomite

Various minerals inparticles and matrix

SLATE

PHYLLITE

SCHIST

GNEISS

HORNFELS

QUARTZITE

MARBLE

METACONGLOMERATE

CLASSIFICATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS

Low-grade metamorphismof shale

Folation surfaces shinyfrom microscopic miacrystals

Platy mica crystals visiblefrom metamorphism ofclay or feldspars

High-grademetamorphism; somemica changed to feldspar;segregated by mineraltype into bands

Various rocks changed byheat from nearbymagma/lava

Metamorphism of quartzsandstone

Metamorphism oflimestone or dolostone

Pebbles may e distorted orstretched

FOLI

AT

ED

Fine

Fine tomedium

Mediumto coarse

Fine

Fine tocoarse

Coarse

NO

NFO

LIA

TE

DB

AN

DIN

G

M

INE

RA

L A

LIG

NM

EN

T

MIC

A

QU

AR

TZ

FELD

SPA

R

AM

PH

IBO

LE

GA

RN

ET

PY

RO

XE

NE

Regional

(Heat and presure increase

with depth)

Contact (Heat)

Regional

or

Contact

EX

TR

US

IVE

(Vo

lcan

ic)

INT

RU

SIV

E(P

luto

nic

)

Granite Diorite Gabbro Peridotite

Pegmatite

Rhyolite Andesite Scoria/ RareVescular Basalt

Pumice Basaltic Glass Rare

Obsidian Balsaltic Glass Rare(Obsidian may appear black)

Du

nite

Rar

eR

are

Rar

e

Coarse

VeryCoarse

Fine

Glassy

CLASSIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

LIGHT

LOW

FELSIC (AI)

DARK

HIGH

MAFIC (FeMg)

COLOR

DENSITY

COMPOSITION

100%

75%

50%

25%

0%

100%

75%

50%

25%

0%

Potassium feldspar

(pink to white)

Quartz (clear to white)

Plagioclase feldspar(white to grey)

Hornblende (black)

Biotite (black)

Pyroxene (green)

Olivine (green)

Note: The intrusive rocks can also occur as exceptionally coarse-grained rock, Pegmatite.

GRAIN TEXTURESIZE

EN

VIR

ON

ME

NT

OF

FOR

MA

TIO

NC

HA

RA

CT

ER

IST

ICS

MIN

ER

AL

CO

MP

OS

ITIO

N(R

elat

ive

by

Volu

me)

1mm or 10 mm

10 mm or larger

lessthan1mm

Non-crystalline

Wea

ther

ing

Tran

spo

rtat

ion

Dep

osi

tio

n

SE

DIM

EN

TS

Lith

ific

atio

n(C

om

pac

tio

n a

nd

ce

men

tati

on

)

AT

MO

SP

HE

RE

Volc

anic

act

ivity

is t

he

prob

able

sou

rce

of a

eros

ols,

wat

er,

carb

on d

ioxi

de, o

xyge

n an

d

othe

r ga

ses.

WA

TE

RC

AR

BO

N C

YC

LEO

XY

GE

N F

RO

M A

TM

OS

PH

ER

E

MA

GM

A

Cry

stal

lizat

ion

Co

mp

acti

on

ME

TA

MO

RP

HIC

RO

CK

S

Mel

tin

g

SE

DIM

EN

TA

RY

RO

CK

S

Met

amo

rph

ism

Up

lift

and

exp

osu

re

IGN

EO

US

RO

CK

S

(IN

TR

US

IVE

)

IGN

EO

US

RO

CK

S

(EX

TR

US

IVE

)

TH

ER

OC

KC

YC

LE

BOULDERS

COBBLES

PEBBLES

SAND

SILT

CLAY

RELATIONSHIP OF TRANSPORTED PARTICLE SIZE TO WATER VELOCITY*

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

100.0

10.0

1.0

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

Pa

rtic

le D

iam

ete

r (c

m)

Stream Velocity (cm/sec)

* This generalized graph shows the water velocity needed to maintain, but not startmovement. Variations occur due to differences in particle density and shape.

25.6 cm

6.4 cm

0.2 cm

0.006 cm

0.0004 cm

Tra

ve

l Tim

e (

min

ute

s)EARTHQUAKE S-WAVE & P-WAVE TIME TRAVEL GRAPH

(at Normal Depth)

24

23

22

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

S

P

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Epicenter Distance (x10 3 km)

OBJECT MEAN DISTANCE PERIOD PERIOD ECCENTRICITY EQUATORIAL MASS DENSITY NUMBERFROM SUN OF REVOLUTION OF OF ORBIT DIAMETER (Earth=1) (g/cm3) OF

(millions of km) ROTATION (km) MOONS

LUMINOSITY AND TEMPERATURE OF STARS(Name in italics refers to star shown by a )+

1,000,000massive stars

10,000

100

1

0.01

small stars0.0001

20,000 10,000 5,000 2,500

Temperature (ºC)Blue Stars White Stars Yellow Stars Red Stars

Color

Luminosity is thebrightness of starscompared to thebrightness of our Sunas seen fron the samedistance from theobserver.

Lu

min

osit

y (

Rel

ativ

e to

th

e S

un

) Blue Supergiants

Supergiants

Red Giants

White DwarfsRed Dwarfs

Rigel Betelgeuse

Sirius Alfa Centauri

AldebaranPolaris

Procyon B

Barnard’s Star

+

+

+

++

++

+

Sun

SUN ––– ––– 27 days –– 1,392,000 333,000.00 1.4 ––

MERCURY 57.9 88 days 59 days 0.206 4,880 0.0553 5.4 0

VENUS 108.2 224.7 days 243 days 0.007 12,104 0.815 5.2 0

EARTH 149.6 365.26 days 23 hr 0.017 12,756 1.00 5.5 156 min 56 min

4 sec 4 sec

MARS 227.9 687 days 24 hr 0.093 6,787 0.1074 3.9 237 min 37 min23 sec 23 sec

JUPITER 778.3 11.86 years 9 hr 0.048 142,800 317.896 1.3 3950 min 50 min30 sec 30 sec

SATURN 1,427 29.46 years 10 hr 0.056 120,000 95.185 0.7 3014 min 14 min

URANUS 2,869 84.0 years 17 hr 0.047 51,800 14.537 1.2 2114 min 14 min

NEPTUNE 4,496 164.8 years 16 hr 0.009 49,500 17.151 1.7 8

PLUTO 5,900 247.7 years 6 days 0.250 2,300 0.0025 2.0 19 hr

EARTH’S 149.6 27.3 days 27 days 0.055 3,476 0.0123 3.3 ––MOON (.0386 from earth) 8 hr

SOLAR SYSTEM DATA

+

TOPOGRAPHIC MAP SYMBOLS(A more complete chart may be obtained from the US Geological Survey.)

Elevation markers BMA 3938 3938 BMx945 x890

BOUNDARIES

National

State

County, parish, municipal

Civil township, precinct, town, barrio

Incorporated city, village, town, hamlet

Reservation, national or state park

Small park, cemetery, airport, etc.

ROADS AND RELATED FEATURES

Hard surface, heavy duty road (RED)

Hard surfface, mudium duty road (RED)

Improved light duty road

Unimproved dirt road – Trail

Dual highway

Road under construction

Railroad: single track – multiple track

Bridge: road

Drawbridge: road

Tunnel: road

BUILDINGS AND RELATED FEATURES

Building

School – Church – Cemeteries

Power transmission line

Wells other than water (labeled as to type)

Tanks; oil, water, etc. (labeled as to type)

Located or landmark object – Windmill

Campground; picnic area

Open pit, mine, or quarry – Prospect

Shaft – Tunnel entrance

VEGETATION (PRINTED GREEN)

Woods

Scrub

RELIEF AND SURFACE (PRINTED BROWN)

Index contour

Intermediate contour

Supplementary contour

Depression contours

Levee

Sand area

WATER (PRINTED BLUE)

Water elevation

Depth curve

Perennial streams - river

Intermittent streams

Intermittent river

Perennial lake: Intermittent lake

Canal, flume, aquaduct

Water well – Spring

Disappearing stream

Small rapids

Small falls

Large rapids

Large falls

Small masonry or earth dam

Dam with lock

Canal with lock

Marsh (swamp)

Submerged marsh or swamp

Wooded marsh or swamp

Foreshore flat

Rock or coral reef

Rock, bare or awash

Glacier or permanent snowfield

Levee

870

Sand

U. C.

Mud

Reef

*

EQUATIONS

Difference from accepted valueaccepted value X 100

massvolume

Density=

distancetime

Speed=

change in elevationchange in distance

Gradient=

10-13

10-12

10-11

10-10

10-9

10-8

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

104

105

0.00

0000

0000

0001

0.00

0000

0000

001

0.00

0000

0000

01

0.00

0000

0000

1

0.00

0000

0001

0.00

0000

001

0.00

0000

01

0.00

0000

1

0.00

0001

0.00

001

0.00

01

0.00

1

0.01

1.0

10 100

1,00

0

10,0

00

100,

000

(m)

UV IR

MICROWAVES

RADIOWAVES

GAMMA RAY X RAY

VIS

IBLE

VIOLET BLUE GREEN YELLOW ORANGE RED

Shorter Wavelength

Longer Wavelength

(m)

4.0x

10-7

4.2x

10-7

4.9x

10-7

5.7x

10-7

5.9x

10-7

6.5x

10-7

7.0x

10-7

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

%Error=

VISIBLE LIGHT

Dry-Bulb

Temperature

(Cº)

Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (Cº)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

-20

-18

-16

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

-33

-28

-24

-21

-18

-14

-12

-10

-7

-5

-3

-1

1

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

19

21

23

25

27

29

-36

-28

-22

-18

-14

-12

-8

-6

-3

-1

1

3

6

8

11

13

15

17

19

21

23

25

27

-29

-22

-17

-13

-9

-6

-4

-1

1

4

6

9

11

13

15

17

20

22

24

26

-29

-20

-15

-11

-7

-4

-2

1

4

6

9

11

14

16

18

20

22

24

-24

-17

-11

-7

-5

-2

1

4

7

9

12

14

16

18

21

23

-19

-13

-9

-5

-2

1

4

7

10

12

14

17

19

21

-21

-14

-9

-5

-2

1

4

7

10

12

15

17

19

-14

-9

-5

-1

2

4

8

10

13

16

18

-28

-16

-10

-6

-2

2

5

8

11

14

16

-17

-10

-5

-2

3

6

9

11

14

-17

-10

-5

-1

2

6

9

12

-19

-10

-5

-1

3

7

10

-19

-10

-5

0

4

8

-19

-10

-4

1

5

-18

-9

-3

1

DEWPOINT TEMPERATURES

-20

-18

-16

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

28

40

48

55

61

66

71

73

77

79

81

83

85

86

87

88

88

89

90

91

91

92

92

92

93

93

0

11

23

33

41

48

54

58

63

67

70

72

74

76

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

86

0

13

20

32

37

45

51

56

59

62

65

67

69

71

72

74

75

76

77

78

79

0

11

20

28

36

42

46

51

54

57

60

62

64

66

68

69

70

71

72

1

11

20

27

35

39

43

48

50

54

56

58

60

62

64

65

66

6

14

22

28

33

38

41

45

48

51

53

55

57

59

61

10

17

24

28

33

37

40

44

46

49

51

53

55

0

6

13

19

25

29

33

36

40

42

45

47

49

4

10

16

21

26

30

33

36

39

42

44

2

8

14

19

23

27

30

34

36

39

1

7

12

17

21

25

28

31

34

1

6

11

15

20

23

25

29

0

5

10

14

18

21

25

0

4

9

13

17

20

0

4

9

12

16

RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%)

Dry-Bulb

Temperature

(Cº)

Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (Cº)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

-20

-18

-16

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

220

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

-20

-40

-60

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

380

370

360

350

340

330

320

310

300

290

280

270

260

250

240

230

220

Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin

Water boils

Human body temperature

Room temperature

Water freezes

Fº = - (Fº + 32)95

Cº = - (Fº - 32)59

-10 0 10 20 30 40

4

3

2

1

0

LAPSE RATEA

ltit

ud

e (

km)

Temperature (Cº)

196

+19/

.25

27

28

*2–1

Temperature (ºF)

Present weather

Visibility (mi)

Dewpoint (ºF)

Wind speed

Amount of cloud cover(approx. 3/4 covered)

Barometric Pressure(1019.6 mb)

Barometric Trend ( a steady 1.9 mb risethe past 3 hours)

Precipitation (inches past 6 hours)

Wind direction (from the southwest)

(1 knot = 1.85 km/hr)

whole feather = 10 knotshalf feather = 5 knots

total = 15 knots

Station Model

*

DRIZZLE RAIN SHOWERS HAIL

Present Weather Symbols

∞

❛

SNOW SLEET

•FOG HAZE

THUNDER-STORM

FREEZINGRAIN

Air masses Front Symbols

cP Continental polarcT Continental tropicalmT Maritime tropicalmP Maritime polar

▲

◗

▲ ▲ ▲

▲ ◗ ▲ ◗

◗ ◗ ◗

▲

▲ ◗ ▲ ◗ ▲

ColdWarmStationaryOccluded

•

TEMPERATURE

WEATHER MAP INFORMATION

4

3

2

1

0

Dry A

djabatic Lapse Rate 10 Cº/kmD

ewp

oin

t Lapse R

ate 2 Cº/km

-100º

0

50

100

75

25

150

-90º -55º 0º

15º 100º 010-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 20 40

THERMOSPHERE

MESOPAUSE

MESOSPHERE

STRATOPAUSE

STRATOSPHERE

TROPOPAUSETROPSHERE

50

SELECTED PROPERTIES OF EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE

Temperature ZonesAtmospheric Pressure

Water Vapor

Temperature (ºC) Pressure (atm) Concentration (g/m3)

km mi

Alt

itu

de

(ºC

)

HORSE LATITUDESDRY 30º S

0º

30º S DRY

0º WETEQUATORIAL DOLDRUMSWET

WET60º S60º S

WET

DRY 30º N30º N DRY

60º N60º N

EASTERLIES

WESTERLIES

NE TRADE WINDS

SE TRADE WINDS

WESTERLIES

EASTERLIES

HORSE LATITUDES

Mean position of polar jet

Mean position of polar jet

Mean positions of subtropical jets

Mean positions of subtropical jets

The drawing shows the locations of the belts near the time of an equinox. The locations shift somewhat with the changinglatitude of the Sun’s vertical ray. In the Northern Hemisphere the belts shift northward in summer and southward in winter.

PLANETARY WIND AND MOISTURE BELTS IN THE TROPOSPHERE

APPARENT PATHS OF SUN AT 36º N. LATITUDE

A

AA

B

B

C

C

NOON SUN

NOON SUN

NOON SUN

SUNRISE

SUNRISESUNRISE

CB

EAST

WEST

Altitude of Sun at Noon

Observer

SUNSET

NORTH

Horizon

JUNE 21(Summer Solistice)

DECEMBER 21(Winter Solistice)

SEPTEMBER 23MARCH 21(equinoxes)

Zenith

SOUTH

TE

CT

ON

IC P

LA

TE

S Mid-Atlantic

Ridge

Ale

uti

anTr

ench

Mar

iana

Tren

ch

Tonga Trench

EastPacificRidge

Peru -ChileTrench

Mid-AtlanticRidge

Mid

-Indian Ridge

Sout

hwes

tInd

ian

Ridge

Southea

st

In

dian

Ridg

e

Haw

aii H

ot S

pot

Yello

wst

one

Hot

Spo

t

Gal

apag

osH

ot S

pot

Icel

and

Hot

Spo

t

Can

ary

Isla

nds

Hot

Spo

t

Hot

Spo

t

NO

TE: N

ot a

ll pl

ates

and

bou

ndar

ies

are

show

n.

CO

CO

SP

LAT

E

JUA

ND

E F

UC

AP

LAT

E

EU

RA

SIA

N

PL

AT

E

NO

RT

H

AM

ER

ICA

N

PL

AT

E

SO

UT

H

AM

ER

ICA

N

PL

AT

E

PA

CIF

IC

PL

AT

E

AN

TA

RT

IC

PL

AT

E

IND

IAN

-

AU

ST

RA

LIA

N

PL

AT

E

AN

TA

RT

IC

PL

AT

E

AFR

ICA

N

PL

AT

E

SC

OT

IAP

LA

TE

NA

ZC

AP

LA

TE

PH

ILIP

PIN

EP

LA

TE

CA

RIB

BE

AN

PLA

TE

ARA

BIA

NPLA

TE

EU

RA

SIA

N

PL

AT

E

FIJI

PLA

TE

EA

ST

AFR

ICA

NR

IFT

SA

NA

ND

RE

AS

FAU

LT

over

rid

ing

pla

te

sub

du

ctin

gp

late

Div

erg

en

t P

late

Bo

un

da

ry

(bro

ken

by

tran

form

fa

ult

s al

on

g

mid

-oce

an r

idg

es)

Mid

-Ocean

Rid

ge

Co

nverg

en

t P

late

Bo

un

dary

(S

ub

du

ctio

n Z

on

e)

Tra

nsfo

rm P

late

Bo

un

dary

(T

ran

sfo

rm F

ault

)

Co

mp

lex

or

Un

cert

ain

Pla

te B

ou

nd

ary

Rela

tive M

oti

on

at

Pla

te B

ou

nd

ary

Sele

cte

d H

ot

Sp

ot

120º

140

º

16

0º

18

0º

1

60º

140º

120

º

10

0º

8

0º

60º

40º

20

º

0º

20º

40º

60

º

120º

140

º

16

0º

18

0º

1

60º

140º

120

º

10

0º

8

0º

60º

40º

20

º

0º

20º

40º

60

º

70º

60º

50º

40º

30º

20º

10º 0º 10º

20º

30º

40º

50º

60º

70º

70º

60º

50º

40º

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20º

10º 0º 10º

20º

30º

40º

50º

60º

70º

KEY