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Goriva 2002/Fuels 2002 Referat / Paper A1 F. FARINELLI, A. POLACCHI TECHNIP ITALY SPECIFIKACIJA GORIVA 2005: STUDIJA MODERNIZACIJE RAFINERIJE 2005 FUEL SPECIFICATION: A REFINERY UPGRADING STUDY Sažetak Specifikacije goriva 2005. godine predstavljaju veliki izazov za rafinerijsku preradu. Kvaliteta benzina i dizelskog goriva zahtijevati će velike adaptacije rafinerijskih shema u smislu implementacije novih procesnih jedinica (uglavnom HDT/HDS/HDA) i zahtjeva za vodikom, kako bi se zadovoljila potražnja za produktima i zahtjevi zaštite okoliša. Prikazani su metodologija i relevantni rezultati detaljne studije izvedivosti koju Technip Italy trenutačno radi za jednog klijenta iz područja Mediterana. Svrha studije je analiza i prijedlog modifikacije postojeće rafinerijske konfiguracije potrebne za postizanje specifikacija 2005., te usklađivanje s razvojnim programom klijenta koji je postavio sljedeće glavne ciljeve: Ograničiti / izbjeći sadašnji uvoz reducirane nafte i vakuum plinskog ulja. Povećati proizvodnju srednjih destilata (na tržište gdje je povećana potražnja za dizelskim gorivom). Promijeniti kvalitetu maziva koja se trenutačno proizvode. Projekt modernizacije je najmoderniji primjer studije izvedivosti temeljene na primjeni PIMS TM (Process Industry Modeling System) s glavnom namjerom rangirati različite moguće konfiguracije kao osnove za ekonomsku evaluaciju projekta rekonstrukcije. Konfiguracija studije je napravljena tako da simulira radne performanse: Postojeće konfiguracije rafinerije na osnovi podataka dobivenih od klijenta. Uključenje novih procesnih jedinica u rafineriju, što predstavlja opcije modernizacije. Posebno je modeliran slučaj bez modifikacija da se analizira utjecaj očekivanih EU specifikacija na postojeći rad rafinerije, bez bilo kakvog investiranja u postojeće procesne jedinice. Taj slučaj se smatrao temeljnim slučaemj za ekonomsku evaluaciju mogućih promjena konfiguracije u smislu troškova investiranja u dodatne procesne jedinice, porasta prihoda, dodatne potrošnje pomoćnih medija i relevantnih operativnih troškova. Za modernizaciju rafinerije razmatrane su sljedeće procesne opcije: Benzin - Rekonstrukcija postojeće HDT jedinice FCC benzina - TAME - Blagi hidrokreking FCC sirovine Destilati - Rekonstrukcija postojeće HDS jedinice - Nova jedinica za naknadnu obradu u seriji s postojećom - Nova HDS jedinica paralelna s postojećom - Blagi hidrokreking za FCC sirovinu - Snižavanje točke reza dizelske komponente atmosferske destilacije i lakog cikličkog ulja Nova kvaliteta ulja za podmazivanje

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Page 1: Referat A/1 - GOMA · Web viewLimit/avoid the present import of reduced crude and vacuum gas oil. Increase the production of middle distillates (in a market that is experiencing an

Goriva 2002/Fuels 2002

Referat / Paper A1F. FARINELLI, A. POLACCHITECHNIP ITALY

SPECIFIKACIJA GORIVA 2005: STUDIJA MODERNIZACIJE RAFINERIJE

2005 FUEL SPECIFICATION: A REFINERY UPGRADING STUDY

SažetakSpecifikacije goriva 2005. godine predstavljaju veliki izazov za rafinerijsku preradu. Kvaliteta benzina i dizelskog goriva zahtijevati će velike adaptacije rafinerijskih shema u smislu implementacije novih procesnih jedinica (uglavnom HDT/HDS/HDA) i zahtjeva za vodikom, kako bi se zadovoljila potražnja za produktima i zahtjevi zaštite okoliša. Prikazani su metodologija i relevantni rezultati detaljne studije izvedivosti koju Technip Italy trenutačno radi za jednog klijenta iz područja Mediterana. Svrha studije je analiza i prijedlog modifikacije postojeće rafinerijske konfiguracije potrebne za postizanje specifikacija 2005., te usklađivanje s razvojnim programom klijenta koji je postavio sljedeće glavne ciljeve:

Ograničiti / izbjeći sadašnji uvoz reducirane nafte i vakuum plinskog ulja. Povećati proizvodnju srednjih destilata (na tržište gdje je povećana potražnja za dizelskim

gorivom). Promijeniti kvalitetu maziva koja se trenutačno proizvode.

Projekt modernizacije je najmoderniji primjer studije izvedivosti temeljene na primjeni PIMSTM (Process Industry Modeling System) s glavnom namjerom rangirati različite moguće konfiguracije kao osnove za ekonomsku evaluaciju projekta rekonstrukcije. Konfiguracija studije je napravljena tako da simulira radne performanse:

Postojeće konfiguracije rafinerije na osnovi podataka dobivenih od klijenta. Uključenje novih procesnih jedinica u rafineriju, što predstavlja opcije modernizacije.

Posebno je modeliran slučaj bez modifikacija da se analizira utjecaj očekivanih EU specifikacija na postojeći rad rafinerije, bez bilo kakvog investiranja u postojeće procesne jedinice. Taj slučaj se smatrao temeljnim slučaemj za ekonomsku evaluaciju mogućih promjena konfiguracije u smislu troškova investiranja u dodatne procesne jedinice, porasta prihoda, dodatne potrošnje pomoćnih medija i relevantnih operativnih troškova. Za modernizaciju rafinerije razmatrane su sljedeće procesne opcije:Benzin

- Rekonstrukcija postojeće HDT jedinice FCC benzina- TAME- Blagi hidrokreking FCC sirovine

Destilati- Rekonstrukcija postojeće HDS jedinice- Nova jedinica za naknadnu obradu u seriji s postojećom- Nova HDS jedinica paralelna s postojećom- Blagi hidrokreking za FCC sirovinu- Snižavanje točke reza dizelske komponente atmosferske destilacije i lakog cikličkog ulja

Nova kvaliteta ulja za podmazivanje- Visokotlačni hidrokreker plus katalitičko uklanjanje parafina i obrada vodikom.

U radu je opisana svaka od navedenih procesnih opcija s odgovarajućim značajkama, procjena investicije, te ekonomska evaluacija.

AbstractThis year 2005 fuel specifications represent a major challenge for the refining industry. Gasoline and diesel quality will require major adaptations in refinery schemes in terms of implementation of new process units (mainly HDT/HDS/HDA) and hydrogen requirements, in order to comply with product demand and environmental contraints.In the paper the methodology and the relevant outcomes of a detailed feasibility study that Technip Italy recently performed for one of its clients in the Mediterranean area will be reported.Scope of the study was to analyze and propose the modifications to the present refinery configuration necessary to comply with the upcoming 2005 specifications and with the client’s development program oriented towards the other following major targets: Limit/avoid the present import of reduced crude and vacuum gas oil. Increase the production of middle distillates (in a market that is experiencing an increasing demand of

diesel). Diversifying the quality of lubes presently produced.The upgrading project presented is the most recent example of a feasibility study based on extensive PIMS (Process Industry Modeling System) application with the main objective of ranking different possible configurations as basis fot the economic evaluation of the revamping project.

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The configuration study has been carried out simulating the operating performance of: The existing refinery configuration on the basis of data obtained from the client. The refinery incorporating new units representing future upgrading options.In particular a “Do nothing” case has been modeled to assess the impact of expected EU spec.’s on the present refinery operation, without any investment on the existing processing units.This case has been assumed as reference case for the economic evaluation of the possible upgrading configurations on terms of additional processing units and related investment costs, incremental revenues, additional consumption and relevant operating costs.The following processing options have been considered for the refinery upgrading:Naphtha Revamping of the existing FCC gasoline HDT unit TAME Mild hydrocracker on the FCC feedDistillates Revamping of the existing HDS unit New post-treatment unit in series with to the existing one New HDS unit in parallel to the existing one Mild hydrocracker on the FCC feed Reduction of cut point of straight run diesel and light cycle oilNew quality lube oil production High pressure hydrocracker plus catalytic dewaxing and hydrofinishing.A description of each of the above processing options with its relevant features, investment cost estimate and economic evaluation are reported in the paper.

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Referat / Paper A2LJ. BJELANOVIĆ1, M. IŠTUK1, K. KALUĐER KAMČEV1, B. PASTUOVIĆ2, I. IVANIŠ2, J. MOŠE2,N. KUKIĆ2

1INA SSRII ZAGREB, 2INA RAFINERIJA NAFTE SISAK

EFEKTI PROIZVODNJE MOTORNIH BENZINA U 2005. GODINI UKLJUČIVANJEM POSTROJENJA ZA C5/C6 IZOMERIZACIJU U RAFINERIJI NAFTE SISAK

EFFECT OF MOTOR GASOLINE PRODUCTION IN THE YEAR 2005 BY INCLUSION OF THE C5/C6 ISOMERIZATION UNIT AT SISAK OIL REFINERY

SažetakBuduće europske specifikacije zahtjevaju smanjenje aromata u motornim benzinima s 42 vol% na 35 vol%, što ima veliki utjecaj na promjenu proizvodnje benzinskih komponenata u rafineriji Sisak. Ove specifikacije zahtjevaju uključivanje procesa za C5/C6 izomerizaciju s ciljem proizvodnje benzinske komponente s visokim oktanskim brojem bez aromata. Cilj rada je analizirati efekate proizvodnje motornih benzina u Rafineriji nafte Sisak u 2005. godini uključivanjem procesa za C5/C6 izomerizaciju. U tu svrhu je, za nivo prerade od 3.2 mil. tona godišnje razrađeno, počevši od trenutne rafinerijske konfiguracije, niz tehnoloških opcija s obzirom na izdvajanje aromatskih spojeva iz benzinskih komponenata te uz izomerizat kao novu komponentu, koje ukazuju na mogućnost proizvodnje motornih benzina sukladno zahtjevima kvalitete EU 2005. godine. Upotrebom matematičkog LP-modela za namješavanje motornih benzina načinjeno je oko 80 formulacija motornih benzina varirajući količine benzinskih komponenata, njihova svojstva te specifikacije motornih benzina. Da bi se dobio odgovor o maksimalnom kapacitetu procesa za C5/C6 izomerizaciju, namješavanje motornih benzina vođeno je tako da se u njih maksimalno namješa izomerizat uz zadovoljenje specifikacija za motorne benzine EU 2005. godine.Primjenom KBC LP-modela i LP- modela za namješavanje motornih benzina iskazan je ekonomski efekat koji je moguće postići kada se u rafinerijsku konfiguraciju uključi proces za C5/C6 izomerizaciju. Nadalje je, primjenom matematičkog LP-modela za namješavanje motornih benzina prikazan utjecaj kvalitete i cijene komponenata na mogućnost proizvodnje motornih benzina te na promjenu optimuma namješavanja motornih benzina.

AbstractThe future European specifications require the reduction of the motor gasoline aromatic content from 42 vol% to 35 vol%, which bears a considerable impact on the change of the gasoline components production at the Sisak Refinery. These specifications require the inclusion of the C5/C6 isomerization plant with the purpose of producing high octane number aromatic free gasoline component.The purpose of the paper is to analyze the effects of motor gasoline production at the Sisak Oil Refinery in 2005 by including the C5/C6 isomerization plant. A number of technological options have been elaborated for the purpose, based on the existing refinery configuration, for the processing level of 3.2 mil. tons annually, given the isolation of aromatic compounds from gasoline components and with isomerizates as a new component, pointing to the possibility of producing motor gasoline in keeping with the EU 2005 quality requirements. By using the mathematical LP-model for blending motor gasoline, around 80 motor gasoline formulations were made by varying gasoline component volumes, their properties, and motor gasoline specifications. In order to come up with the answer for the maximum capacity of the C5/C6 isomerization process, the blending of motor gasoline was conducted by maximally blending in the isomerizate, while meeting the EU 2005 motor gasoline specifications. By applying the KBC LP-model and LP- model for the blending of motor gasoline, the economic effect was shown possible to achieve when the C5/C6 isomerization process is included into the refinery configuration. Furthermore, by applying the mathematical LP-model for the blending of motor gasoline, the impact of component quality and price on the possibility of producing motor gasoline and on the change of optimal motor gasoline blending was shown.

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Referat / Paper A3I. ŠEPIĆ, S. BARIĆ, S. JAKOVAC ŠEPIĆINA RAFINERIJA NAFTE RIJEKA

PROIZVODNJA BENZINA I DIZELSKIH GORIVA PO EU NORMAMA SA SADAŠNJIM TEHNOLOŠKIM MOGUĆNOSTIMA U RAFINERIJI NAFTE RIJEKA

EUROPEAN STANDARD GASOLINE AND DIESEL FUEL PRODUCTION WITH ACTUAL TECHNOLOGY AT RIJEKA OIL REFINERY

SažetakRafinerija nafte Rijeka od početka 2000. godine proizvodi bezolovni motorni benzin (BMB 95) i dizelsko gorivo po europskim normama, EN 228 za benzine odnosno EN 590 za dizelska goriva, za potrebe izvoza. Iste je godine RNR započela i proizvodnju dizelskog goriva po EN 590 i za domaće, hrvatsko tržište. Povećanje zahtjeva tržišta za tim proizvodima dovelo je do potrebe za studijom tehnološke, manipulativne, logističke i ekonomske isplativosti i mogućnosti veće proizvodnje ovih derivata od dosadašnje. Povećanje zahtjeva tržišta odnosi se prvenstveno na potrebe domaćeg tržišta za benzinima i dizelima proizvedenim po europskim normama, te na veću potražnju nekih izvoznih tržišta za ovim proizvodima.Uporabom LP matematičkog modela za planiranje i optimizaciju rada Rafinerije nafte Rijeka, te analizom i prilagodbom rezultata optimiranja na dinamiku manipulativnih i logističkih aktivnosti, sagledavaju se tehnološki i ekonomski aspekti povećanja količina traženih proizvoda. U studiji se koristi postojeća tehnologija RNR uz manje preinake bez dodatnih investicija i ulaganja u nove tehnologije. Ispitivanje proizvodnje benzina i dizelskog goriva po europskim normama provodi se u dva osnovna pristupa: zadovoljenje količina do tehnoloških ograničenja RNR; zadovoljenje količina do maksimalne ekonomske isplativosti.Uz ova osnovna načela pristupa ispitivanju sagledava se i kvaliteta proizvodnje, jer proizvodnja derivata strože kvalitete ne povećava rafinerijsku maržu, ali predstavlja jedinu mogućnost opstanka rafinerije na tržištu. Proizvodnja novog derivata strože kvalitete predstavlja poboljšanje palete proizvoda i ključ je uspjeha u tržišnoj utakmici sa sve prisutnijom konkurencijom, posebno na domaćem tržištu. Zbog toga ova studija pokazuje velike mogućnosti RNR u proizvodnji benzina i dizelskih goriva po europskim normama, bilo za koje tržište. Ujedno treba naglasiti da je u svakom od slučajeva prikazan i utjecaj povećane proizvodnje traženih derivata na ostalu proizvodnju, a uzeti su u obzir svi zahtjevi tržišta za derivatima koji se uobičajeno proizvode u RNR.

AbstractThe Rijeka Oil Refinery (RNR) has since the beginning of 2000 been producing unleaded motor gasoline (BMB 95) and diesel fuel according to European standards: EN 228 for gasoline i.e. EN 590 for diesel fuel, for the export market needs. That same year, ROR has initiated also the production of diesel fuel according to EN 590 for the local, Croatian market. Increased market demand for these products has lead to the need for studying the technological, manipulative, logistic aspects, cost effectiveness and the possibility for a higher production of these oil products than has been the case so far. Increased market demand concerns primarily the needs of the local market for gasoline and diesel fuel produced according to European standards, as well as increased demand of some export markets for the said products.By using the LP mathematical model for planning and optimizing operation of the Rijeka Oil Refinery, as well as by analyzing and adapting optimization results to the dynamics of manipulative and logistic activities, we were able to consider the technological and economic aspects of increasing the volume of required products. The study uses the existing technology of RNR with minor alterations without additional investments into new technologies. Testing the production of gasoline and diesel fuel according to European standards proceeds in the following two basic approaches: meeting volumes up to the Refinery’s technological limitations; meeting volumes up to maximal cost effectiveness.Apart from these two basic approaches to the testing, we have also been considering production quality, because the production of oil products meeting more stringent quality requirements does not increase refinery margin, but constitutes the only possibility of the Refinery’s market survival. Production of the new oil product meeting more stringent quality requirements leads to improved product assortment and hence constitutes the key for success given the growing market competition, especially on the local market. That is why the present study shows ROR’s great possibilities in the production of gasoline and diesel fuel according to European standards, for any market. We should also stress that in each case we have shown the impact of increased production of the required oil products on the rest of production, while we have also taken into account market requirements for the oil products customarily produced at RNR.

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Referat / Paper A4K. KALUĐER KAMČEV1, LJ. BJELANOVIĆ]1, M. IŠTUK1, F. MARTINIS2, I. ŠEPIĆ3, A. PETROVIĆ3

1INA SSRI ZAGREB, 2INA ZAGREB, 3INA RAFINERIJA NAFTE RIJEKA

PRIMJENA RAFINERIJSKIH LP MODELA – OPTIMIRANJE IZVOZA PROIZVODA NA SLOBODNO TRŽIŠTE

APPLICATION OF REFINERY LP MODELS – OPTIMIZATION OF PRODUCT EXPORTS TO FREE MARKET

SažetakLP modeli za optimiranje prerade nafte i transporta imaju široku primjenu na područjima operativnog planiranja prerade, planiranju razvoja i u svim procesima donošenja odluka vezanih uz djelatost nabavke sirovina, preradu, kvalitetu, količine i cijene proizvoda i sirovina te njihove distribucije, plasmana i organizacije prodajne mreže. Rezultati optimiranja rafinerijskih LP modela predstavljaju korisnu pomoć prilikom procjena isplativosti i donošenja odluka vezanih za unaprjeđenje rafinerijske marže jer omogućuju optimiranje proizvodnje prema zahtjevima tržišta uz respektiranje tehnoloških resursa, a s ciljem postizanja maksimalne rafinerijske marže i minimalnih troškova. Optimiranje proizvodnje naftnih produkata podrazamijeva zadovoljavanje tržišnih zahtjeva kvalitete i količina u skladu s tehnološkim mogućnostima rafinerije, odabranim sirovinama i odnosima cijena. Pošto se zadovoljavanje potražnje na domaćem i ugovorenim izvoznim tržištima odnosi na fiksne količine proizvoda, optimiranje proizvodnje viškova proizvoda za plasman na slobodnom tržištu predstavlja put daljnjeg unapređenja rafinerijske marže.Cilj ovog rada je prikaz mogućnosti LP modela kao alata za procjenu plasmana proizvoda na slobodnom tržištu u ovisnosti o potražnji i mogućnostima proizvodnje, odnosno ispitivanje fleksibilnosti rafinerije na promjenljivost tržišta s obzirom na ponudu i potražnju. RN Rijeka lokacijski predstavlja dobar položaj za pristup tržištu Mediterana, što joj omogućuje maksimalnu fleksibilnost u ponudi i pristupu slobodnom tržištu te predstavlja dobar primjer prikaza primjene LP modela u ove svrhe. Rad je temeljen na primjeru optimiranja rada RN Rijeka i strukturi mediteranskog tržišta.Optimiranje mogućnosti izvoza RN Rijeka u ovisnosti o potražnji na slobodnom tržištu Mediterana provedeno je na osnovi analize ponude i potražnje tog tržišta. Optimirana je proizvodnja naftnih produkata u kvotama fiksne potražnje na domaćem i ugovorenim izvoznim tržištima uz otvorene mogućnosti izvoza na slobodno tržište. Kako je odnos cijena i potražnje na tržištu Mediterana promjenjiv, učinjena je i analiza odnosa potražnje i ponude te u skladu s time optimiran mogući plasman proizvoda RN Rijeka.

AbstractLP models for optimization of oil processing and transportation have an extensive application in the fields of operative planning of refining, planning of development, and all decision-making processes regarding the activities of crude oil purchases and processing, quality, quantity and prices of products and feedstocks, as well as their distribution, marketing and organization of sales network. The refinery LP models optimization results represent a useful assistance in evaluation of cost-effectiveness and in decision-making on improvement of refinery margin, because they enable optimization of production according to market requirements taking into consideration technological resources, for the purpose of achieving the maximum refinery margin with minimum costs.Optimizing the production of oil products imply the fullfilment of market quality requirements as well as quantities in line with the refinery technological capabilities, selected feedstock and price relations. Since meeting the demands on domestic and contracted export markets regards fixed product quantities, optimization of production of surplus products for sale on the free market represents the way of the further improvement of refinery margin.The aim of this paper is to show the possibilities of LP models as tools for evaluating possible sales of products on the free market depending upon demand and capabilities of production, i.e. testing the refinery´s flexibility in respect of market changes taking into account the supply and demand. Since INA Rijeka Oil Refinery has an advantageous location for accessing the Mediterranean market, enabling the maximum flexibility of supply and access to the free market, and representing a good example for showing the application of LP models for such purposes, this paper has been based on the example of optimizing the Rijeka Oil Refinery operations and on the structure of Mediterranean market.Optimization of the Rijeka Oil Refinery export possibilities depending upon the free Mediterranean market demand has been carried out on the basis of analyzing this market´s supply and demand. Production of oil products has been optimized in fixed demand quotes on domestic and contracted export markets, with open possibilities of exports to the free market. As the relation of prices and demand on the Mediterraean market is variable, there has also been made an analysis of supply and demand relation, and accordingly, possible sale of the Rijeka Oil Refinery products has been optimized.

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Referat / Paper A5U.K. MUKHERJEE, A.J. DAHLBERG, L. DE BRUYNCHEVRON LUMMUS GLOBAL LLC

MOGUĆNOSTI OBRADE VODIKOM UZ NISKU CIJENU ZA DOBIVANJE GORIVA S NISKIM SADRŽAJEM SUMPORA

LOW COST HYDROPROCESSING OPTIONS, LOW SULFUR FUELS RESULTS

SažetakChevron Texaco je jedna od velikih kompanija sa svjetskim rafinerijskim i marketinškim poslovanjem koja je, djelomično zbog svoga kalifornijskog porijekla, postigla vodeću ulogu u tehnologiji obrade vodikom. Sa specifikacijama goriva visoke kvalitete ova je tehnologija postala posebno upotrebljiva u čitavom svijetu. Chevron Lummus Global LLC (CLG) kreirao je korisne novosti za tehnologiju hidroobrade i odgovarajuće katalizatore, posebno s obzirom na dinamiku europskog tržišta. Rad predstavlja poneke novije primjenjive pronalaske CLG-ove tehnologije, a to su:

Obnavljanje postojećeg blagog hidrokrekinga za poboljšanje dizelskog goriva u skladu s europskim kvalitetnim gorivima.

Projektiranje postrojenja za proizvodnju maziva obradom vodikom s vlastitim krugom vodika visokog tlaka.

Povezivanje hidrokrekera i hidrotritera smanjuje kapitalne i pogonske troškove.Zahvaljujući iskustvu postignutom modernizacijom svojih rafinerija za zadovoljenje u svijetu najstrožih specifikacija proizvoda u Kaliforniji, ChevronTexaco (i Chevron Lummus Global) uvjereni su da ova rješenja mogu europskim rafinerijama osigurati izraženu konkurentnu prednost.

AbstractChevronTexaco is a major oil company with worldwide refining and marketing operations, and partly because of its California origins, has developed leading edge Hydroprocessing Technology. With the tightening of fuel specifications world-wide this technology has become particularly useful. Chevron Lummus Global LLC (“CLG”) has created useful innovations in Hydroprocessing technology and catalysts, specifically in response to the dynamics of the European market.The paper presents some recent innovative applications of CLG’s technologies, such as:

Revamp of an existing Mild Hydrocracker to diesel upgrading service to produce European quality fuels.

Design of a Lubes Hydrotreater without its own high pressure Hydrogen loop. Integration of a Hydrocracker and Hydrotreater, reducing capital and operating costs.

Based on the experience in upgrading its own refineries to meet the world’s most stringent product specifications in California, ChevronTexaco (and Chevron Lummus Global) are convinced that such solutions can provide the European Refiner with a strong competitive advantage.

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Referat / Paper A6B. PROHASKA1, J. ROMANO2, J. MOŠE3, M. ZAIĆ-KUBATOVIĆ3, M. RADOŠEVIĆ2

1 GOMA, 2 INA SSRII ZAGREB, 3 INA - RAFINERIJA NAFTE SISAK

RAFINACIJA DIZELSKOG GORIVA TEKUĆINSKOM EKSTRAKCIJOM

DIESEL FUEL REFINING BY FLUID EXTRACTION

SažetakRad prikazuje eksperimentalne (preliminarne) rezultate ekstrakcije frakcija namijenjenih za proizvodnju dizelskog goriva.Među ograničenjima u EU normi za proizvodnju dizelskog goriva posebno se kritična količina sumpora i policikličkih aromatskih ugljikovodika. Tako norma EN 590:1999 ograničava količinu sumpora na max. 350 mg/kg i sadržaj policikličkih aromatskih ugljikovodika na max. 11% m/m. U bližoj budućnosti predviđaju se postupno daljna sniženja navedenih veličina, kao i ograničenje ukupnih aromatskih ugljikovodika.U proizvodnji dizelskih goriva, za smanjenje količina sumpora iz frakcija nafte, primjenjuju se postupci hidrodesulfurizacije (HDS). Iz frakcija nafte dobivenih atmosferskom destilacijom, za većinu tipova nafte, moguće je HDS-om ukloniti znatnu količinu sumpora. Kod sekundarnih frakcija, kao što su laka i teška plinska ulja kokinga, dio sumpora je vezan u cikličkim spojevima, kao što su tiofeni. Primjenom HDS nije moguće ukloniti tako sadržani sumpor. Isto tako HDS ne može osjetno smanjiti sadžaj policikličkih aromata.Za uklanjanje ciklički vezanog sumpora i aromatskih ugljikovodika nužni su procesi hidrokrekiranja. Takvi procesi radi procesnih uvjeta (visoki tlakovi, visoke temperature, velike količine vodika visoke čistoće) imaju visoke investicijske i operativne troškove, pa su opravdani kod prerade težih i zbog toga jeftinijih nafti. Stoga su provedena laboratorijska ispitivanja s ciljem uklanjanja cikličkih spojeva (vezani sumpor i aromatski ugljikovodici) primjenom postupka kapljevinske ekstrakcije.Ispitana je koekstrakcija aromatskih ugljikovodika i sumpornih spojeva iz različitih frakcija nafte (petrolej, dizelsko gorivo i lako plinsko ulje) sa sulfolanom (C4H8O2S) kao ekstrakcijskim sredstvom. Ekstrakcijska ispitivanja provedena su šaržnim postupkom u staklenom baždarenom duplikatoru, koji je opskrbljen sa elektromotorom s mogućnošću promjene broja okretaja, turbinskim mješalom, termometrom, hladilom i "odbojnicima". Kao toplinski medij korišten je termanol koji se recirkulira pomoću termostata. Ispitani su utjecaj temperature, vremena kontakta faza i omjera rafinatne i ekstraktne faze. Također je praćena i brzina razdvajanja faza. Analitičkim i grafičkim metodama određen je broj optimalnih ekstrakcijskih stupnjeva.Za određivanje koncentracijskog profila rafinatne faze korišteni su NMR spektrometar i tekućinski kromatograf (HPLC) za određivanje aromatskih ugljikovodika i X-ray spektrometar za određivanje sadržaja sumpora. Određivanja koncentracije sumpora zahtjeva uklanjanje dispergiranog sulfolana u rafinatnoj fazi ispiranjem destiliranom vodom. Ova se voda koristi kod regeneracije sulfolana destilacijom iz ekstraktne faze.Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na sljedeće: Efikasnost ekstrakcije se povećava porastom reakcijske temperature i porastom omjera ekstraktanta,

dok je utjecaj vremena kontakta faza manji. Brzina razdvajanja faza opada od lakših prema težim frakcijama, a raste porastom temperature i

porastom udjela ekstraktanta. Utvđen je problem težeg razdvajanja faza u višim ekstrakcijskim stupnjevima, kao i emulzija u sustavu

destilirana voda i rafinatna faza.

AbstractThe paper presents experimental (preliminary) extraction results of fractions intended for diesel fuel production.Among limitations in the EU diesel fuel production standard, especially critical is the content of sulphur and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Thus the EN 590:1999 standard limits sulphur content to the maximum of 350 mg/kg and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content to the maximum of 11% m/m. In the near future, further gradual reductions of the said volumes are expected, as well as the limitation of total aromatic hydrocarbons.In the production of diesel fuel, hydrodesulphurization (HDS) procedures are used for reducing sulphur content from oil fractions. From the oil fractions obtained by atmospheric distillation, for most oil types it is possible to remove a considerable amount of sulphur using HDS. When it comes to secondary fractions, such as light and heavy coking gas oils, a part of the sulphur is bonded in cyclic compounds, such as tiophenes. By applying HDS, it is not possible to remove thus contained sulphur. Also, HDS cannot considerably reduce the polycyclic aromatics content.Removal of cyclically bonded sulphur and aromatic hydrocarbons requires hydrocracking procedures. Such processes have high investment and operational costs due to processing conditions (high pressures, high temperatures, large volumes of highly pure hydrogen), which is why they are justifiable only in the processing

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of heavier and hence less costly crudes. That is the reason why laboratory tests were performed in order to remove the cyclic compounds (bonded sulphur and aromatic hydrocarbons), by applying the fluid extraction procedure.The coextraction of aromatic hydrocarbons and sulphur compounds from various oil fractions (naphta, diesel fuel, and light gas oil) with sulpholan (C4H8O2S) as extraction agent has been tested. Extraction tests were performed using the charging procedure in a gauged glass duplicator, equipped with an electric motor with the possibility of varying speed, turbine mixer, thermometer, cooler, and “bumpers”. As a heat media, we have used heat transfer oil, which is being recirculated using thermostat. Tested were temperature impact, phase contact times, and ratio between refined and extraction phase. The phase separation velocity was also monitored. Using analytical and graphic methods, we have determined the number of optimal extraction steps.To determine the refined phase concentration profile, we have used the NMR spectrometer and fluid chromatograph (HPLC) for determining aromatic hydrocarbons, and x-ray spectrometer for determining the sulphur content. Determination of sulphur concentration requires the removal of dispersed sulpholan in the refined phase through distillate water rinsing. The water is used in sulpholan regeneration through distillation from the extraction phase.The results obtained point to the following: Extraction efficiency is increased by reaction temperature increase, as well as the increase of the

extracted phases ratio, while the phase contact time impact is lower. The phase separation velocity is reduced going from lighter to heavier fractions, while it increases

through the increase of temperature and of the extracted phases share. The problem of heavier phase separation in higher extraction steps has been identified, along with

emulsion presence in the distilled water-refined phase system.

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Referat / Paper A7Z. GRGURAČ, D. PRPIĆINA RAFINERIJA NAFTE SISAK

METODOLOGIJA PROCJENE VRIJEDNOSTI NAFTNE KOMPANIJE

VALUATION OF AN OIL COMPANY

SažetakProcjena vrijednosti poslovnog poduhvata je jedan od najvažnijih alata kod donošenja strateških poslovnih odluka. Cilj ovog rada je opisati najčešće metodologije procjene vrijednosti naftnih kompanija koje primjenjuju investicijske banke te konzultantske kompanije koje pripadaju takozvanoj Velikoj petorici.Discounted Cash flow (DCF), Comparable Companies Multiples, Comparable Transaction Multiples, Expected Monetary Value (EMV), i druge opisane metode financijske analize se smatraju standardnim tehnikama procjene vrijednosti u industriji nafte i prirodnog plina. Od presudne važnosti za točnost procjene vrijednosti korištenjem ovih metoda je priroda i kvaliteta informacija koje se prikupljaju o kompaniji koja je predmet analize, pri čemu je veoma bitno poznavati utjecaj ulaznih tehničko-tehnoloških i financijskih pokazatelja na konačni rezultat analize – tržišnu vrijednost kompanije.Pored rigoroznih empirijskih analiza potencijalni investitori sve veću važnost daju n-financijskim pokazateljima poslovanja koji se koriste kao važni indikatori budućih poslovnih rezultata analizirane kompanije.

AbstractBusiness valuation is one of the most important tools in strategic decision-making. The objective of the paper is to describe the principal valuation methodologies applied by investment banks and «Big five» consultants in valuation of Oil and Gas companies.Discounted Cash Flow analysis (DCF), Comparable Companies Multiples, Comparable Transaction Multiples, Expected Monetary Value (EMV), and other described methods of financial analysis are considered to be standard valuation techniques in the Oil and Gas industry. The quality of the financial, operating and capital expenditure data of the targeted company have the crucial inpact on valuation accuracy. It is of utmost importance to know how input data are influencing the final result of valuation – equity value of the target company.Apart from results of rigorous empirical analysis, potential investors consider non- financial business indices as a very important indicators of future business performance of the targeted company.

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Referat / Paper A8P. MANGNUS1, J. JAKOPOVIĆ2, M. ĐUKIĆ3

1AKZO NOBEL CATALYSTS, 2INA RAFINERIJA NAFTE RIJEKA, 3INA RAFINERIJA NAFTE SISAK

ININE RAFINERIJE POSTIŽU REZULTATE SMANJENJA SUMPORAU FCC BENZINU

INA REFINERIES SUCCESSFULLY REDUCE FCC NAPHTHA SULFUR LEVELS

SažetakOsnovni zahtjevi koji se u Inininim rafinerijama u Rijeci i Sisku postavljaju pri upotrebi FCC katalizatora jesu smanjenje sumpora u benzinu i povećanje oktanskog broja, naročito motornog. S ciljem smanjenja sadržaja sumpora u benzinu u obje je rafinerije uspješno primijenjen katalizator tvrtke Akzo Nobel, u smjesi s aditivom za smanjenje sumpora RESOLVE 700.Prerađivanjem ostataka blagog hidrokrekinga (BHK) na FCC procesu Rafinerija nafte Rijeka u mogućnosti je proizvesti motorni benzin u skladu sa zahtjevima EU norme EN 228. U radu su opisani rezultati suradnje između INE i tvrtke Akzo Nobel

AbstractThe focus in INA refineries in Sisak and Rijeka has been on the reduction of sulfur in FCC gasoline while maximizing octane, especially MON. To reduce the sulfur content in FCC gasoline both refineries have been successfully using Akzo Nobel’s Conquest catalyst in combination with the RESOLVE 700 sulfur reduction additive.In order to produce gasoline that meets European Union specifications, INA Rijeka has been pretreating their SR-VGO. Results of the cooperation between INA and Akzo Nobel are described in this paper.

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Referat / Paper A9M. DORBONAXENS, FRANCE

VISOKOUČINSKA OBRADA VODIKOM UZ AXENS HR 400 KATALIZATORE ZA HIDROOBRADU

PREMIUM PERFORMANCE HYDROTREATING WITH AXENS HR 400 SERIES HYDROTREATING CATALYSTS

SažetakProizvodnja dizelskog goriva s ultraniskim sadržajem sumpora (ULSD ) najvažniji je cilj rafinerija u SAD, radi postizanja zahtijevanih 15 ppm sumpora do 2006., a u Evropi, do 50 i 10 ppm s prekretnicama u 2005. odnosno 2008. godini. Glavni izazov bit će ULSD proizvodnja s minimalnim ulaganjem i minimalnom potrošnjom vodika. Axens je nedavno stavio na tržište seriju novih katalizatora za hidroobradu, HR 400, nastalih kao rezultat kontinuiranog istraživanja (R&D) i nove opreme. Glavna značajka HR 400 je veći aktivitet uz održavanje već poznate izvrsne stabilnosti. Kombinacija aktiviteta i stabilnosti omogućuje maksimizaciju ciklusa kod vođenja ULSD proizvodnje. Serija HR 400, kompletan set katalizatora za hidrodesulfurizaciju (HDT), odgovara specifičnim zahtjevima svake rafinerije. S gledišta kemičara i katalitičara, proizvodnja dizelskog goriva s 15 ili 10 ppm sumpora je bitno različita od sadašnje proizvodnje dizelskog goriva s 500 ili 300 ppm sumpora. Kao pionir ultraduboke desulfurizacije, Axens je razvio vlastite “alate” pristupa, koji se jako dobro slažu sa stvarnim komercijalnim operacijama.Unapređenje procesa hidrodesulfuruzacije (HDT) vakuum plinskog ulja (VGO) ili predobrade FCC jedinice također su pitanja od važnog interesa, zbog strogih specifikacija benzina glede sadržaja sumpora. HR 400 katalizatori za hidroobradu, koji već imaju dobar komercijalni status u području predobrade, pružaju zanimljiva rješenja.S obzirom da je cilj rafinerija proizvodnja ULSD pod najekonomičnijim uvjetima, razrađene su i neke dodatne mogućnosti (servisi) kako bi se izvuklo najviše iz HR 400 hidroobrade. Ti servisi uključuju vrste materijala gornjeg sloja katalizatora zbog kontrole pada tlaka i EquiFlow™ internu reaktorsku tehnologiju. EquiFlow™ je bio reklamno demonstriran kako bi se pokazala gotovo izvrsna distribucija fluida preko i kroz sloj katalizatora. Axens, također, nudi specijalne servise, kao što je unaprijeđena kontrola procesa, što je drugo važno pomagalo kod unapređenja proizvodnog procesa hidroobrade.Zahvaljujući uspjehu na tržištu ULS (ultranisko sumporno) benzina s Prime-G + tehnologijom, Axens je spreman za trku na američkom ULSD tržištu, sa svojim vlastitim alatima kao prvi korak prema dostignuću kvalitete dizelskog goriva.

AbstractProduction of ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) is a key objective of refineries in the US, to meet the 15 ppm sulfur specification in 2006, and in Europe, for to 50 and 10 ppm milestones in 2005 and 2008 respectively. The main challenge will be ULSD production with minimum investment and minimum hydrogen consumption.Axens recently launched a series of new hydroprocessing catalysts, HR 400, issuing from the a continuous R&D effort and our new manufacturing facilities. The HR 400 catalysts feature higher activity while maintaining our reputation for excellence in stability. The combination of activity and stability affords cycle length maximization while maintaining ULSD production. The HR 400 series, a complete set of HDT catalysts, responds to the specific requirements of each refinery. From the standpoint of chemistry and catalysis, producing 15 or 10 ppm sulfur diesel is fundamentally different from current diesel production containing 500 or 350 ppm sulfur. As a pioneer in ultra-deep desulfurization, Axens has developed its own “toolbox” approach that fits very well with real commercial operations.Improving VGO HDT or FCC pretreatment unit operations are also matters of strong interest because of the stringent gasoline pool sulfur specifications. The HR 400 hydroprocessing catalysts, already having a good commercial record in the pretreatment domain, provide attractive solutions to these needs.Because ULSD production under the most economical conditions is a parallel goal for refiners, additional services to get the best from HR 400 hydrotreatment were developed. These services include top-bed grading materials for pressure drop management and EquiFlow™ reactor internals technology. EquiFlow has been commercially demonstrated to provide nearly perfect fluid distribution across and through the catalytic bed. Axens also offers specific services, such as Advanced Process Control, which is another important tool for improving commercial hydrotreatment unit operations.Following our success in the ULS gasoline market with the Prime-G+ technology, Axens is now ready to attack the US ULSD market with our toolbox approach to diesel quality attainment.

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Referat / Paper A10J. MOŠE, Z. ČULIG, M. ĐUKIĆ, LJ. BIČANIĆ, I. SANTRAČINA RAFINERIJA NAFTE SISAK

UTJECAJ PRERADE SEKUNDARNOG SLOPA NA FRAKCIONATORU FCC NA PRINOSE I KVALITETU FCC BENZINA

INFLUENCE OF SECONDARY SLOP PROCESSING ON FCC FRACTIONATOR ON FCC GASOLINE YIELD AND QUALITY

SažetakU Rafineriji nafte Sisak, kao i u svim rafinerijama nafte, dnevno nastaje određena količina lakog i teškog sekundarnog slopa. Budući da se slop ne može preraditi na postrojenjima na kojima je nastao, istražena je mogućnost prerade na frakcionatoru FCC.Rad prikazuje utjecaj slopa iz različitih vrsti nafte na kvalitetu FCC benzina kao komponente za namješavanje motornih benzina. Praćene su glavne karakteristike FCC benzina: tlak para, MOB, IOB, i količina sumpora, što je utjecalo na količinu prerađenog slopa.Preradom laganog slopa na frakcionatoru FCC padaju motorni i istraživački motorni broj FCC benzina, a količina sumpora raste. Norma INE za motorne benzine, uz Uredbu o tekućim naftnim gorivima Republike Hrvatske, trenutačno dozvoljavaju povećanu količinu sumpora u benzinima (u odnosu na EN norme), no u budućnosti sumpor će se morati ukloniti procesima hidroobrade, što će omogućiti preradu povećane količine slopa.Značaj prerade slopa na FCC frakcionatoru je u tome što omogućuje zbrinjavanje slopa u Rafineriji nafte Sisak bez dodatnog ulaganja u nove instalacije.

AbstractAt Sisak Rafinery, like with all crude oil Rafineries, same quantity of light and heavy slop is produced. Since that slop could not be processed on the units where was produced, possibility of refining on FCC fractionator was examined.This article show influence of slop from diferent types crude oil on quality of FCC gasoline as component for mixing in motor gasolines. Main characteristics of FCC gasoline was followed: vapour pressure, MON, RON and sulphur. With processing of light slop on FCC fractionator, MON and RON decrease in FCC gasoline, and quantity of sulphur increases. INA standards for motor gasolines, with “Uredba o TNG RH”, temporarily allows higher quantity of sulphur in motor gasolines, but in the future sulphur must be removed by hydrotreating units, what will allow to reprocess higher quantity of slop.Importance of slop processing on FCC fractionator allows removing slop in RNS withouth investement in new instalations.

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Referat / Paper A11Z. ADŽAMIĆ, S. BEŠIĆINA RAFINERIJA NAFTE RIJEKA

UTJECAJ OŠTRINE RADA REFORMINGA NA TRAJANJE CIKLUSA I KVALITETU PROIZVODA

IMPACT OF CATALYTIC REFORMER OPERATION SEVERITY ON CYCLE DURATION AND PRODUCT QUALITY

SažetakZahtjevi kod blendinga motornih benzina sa stajališta istraživačkog i motornog oktanskog broja, najveći su povod za oštriji režim na postrojenju katalitičkog reforminga. Visoki oktani (RON>99) uz što veće zadržavanje visokog iscrpka reformata, nedvojbeno imaju za posljedicu skraćenje ciklusa katalizatora u procesnim reaktorima (brže formiranje depozita koksa na aktivnim centrima katalizatora). To je prije svega posljedica više početne temperature na početku ciklusa potrebne za reformiranje ugljikovodika u omjeru koji omogućava zadani istraživački oktanski broj.Platinski katalizatori nove generacije su sve djelotvorniji. Time su semiregenerativni reforming procesi, koje i posjeduje većina rafinerija nafte širom svijeta došli u prednost nad reforming procesima sa kontinuiranom regeneracijom katalizatora.Ipak je pogrešno misliti da se samo razvojem novih katalizatora bez dodatnih preinaka na postojećim semi-regenerativnim postrojenjima može produljiti ciklus katalizatora na većoj oštrini rada. Najveća ograničenja tome su količina katalizatora i njegova distribucija u reaktorima te snaga kompresora za recirkulirajući plin. Također bitan faktor duljine ciklusa je i kvaliteta šarže katalitičkog reforminga (aromatski indeks šarže).Postrojenje Platforming 2 u RNR izgrađeno je 1970. g. sa parametrima rada procesa: tlak na visokotlačnom separatoru od 27-28 bara, optimalni protok šarže 90 m3/h, zahtijevani oktanski broj reformata od 92-93 uz iscrpak oko 75 mas.%. Ti parametri su bili direktna posljedica tadašnjeg stupnja tehnologije platinskih katalizatora kao i tadašnjih karakteristika automobilskih motora (niži omjer kompresije). Razvojem tehnologije i tržišta uz poznavanje kemizma reforming reakcija izvršena je modifikacija postrojenja Platforming 2 kojom se omogućio njegov rad na znatno nižem tlaku od projektnog (do 17 bara na separatoru visokog tlaka). Spuštanje tlaka nedvojbeno promovira željene reakcije dehidrogenacije i dehidrociklizacije za istu temperaturu slojeva katalizatora. Time se ostvaruje veći oktanski broj reformata uz minimiziranje neželjenih reakcija krekiranja (veći iscrpak vrijednije komponente) te veća produkcija vodika za ostale sekundarne procese. Usporedna nepoželjna posljedica reakcija dehidrogenacije je pojačano koksiranje katalizatora te njegov kraći ciklus.Zahtjevi za većim oktanskim brojem benzina prvenstveno uvjetuju veće temperature kombinirane šarže u reaktore na početku ciklusa. Time se smanjuje temperaturno područje ”iskoristivosti” katalizatora. To područje je manje ukoliko je i protok šarže veći. Tako npr. za projektni protok šarže od 90 m 3/h područje za rad s platinskim katalizatorom se smanjuje sa 32°C (RON=92) na 16°C (RON=99), za nepromijenjene ostale procesne parametre. Kad se uzme u obzir i veća brzina deaktivacije pri višim oktanskim brojevima reformata osobito nakon dvije trećine ciklusa (znatno preko 4°C za mjesec dana rada), dolazi se do smanjenja ciklusa katalizatora od 320 na 120 dana. Dakle, jedini način za održavanje prihvatljive duljine ciklusa za zadane visoke oktane je smanjenje protoka šarže. Za oktanski broj reformata od 99 smanjenje šarže sa projektnih 90 m3/h na 75 m3/h ima za posljedicu sniženje start of run ulazne reaktorske temperature sa 514 na 508°C uz omjer vodika nasuprot ugljikovodicima 7:1 i 22 bara na visokotlačnom separatoru. Poznavajući maksimalne ulazne reaktorske temperature od 528°C, slijedi da se time temperaturno područje iskoristivosti katalizatora povećava sa 14 na 20°C. Uz relativnu deaktivaciju od oko 3,3°C mjesečno, na taj način se od 120 dana ciklusa dolazi do prihvatljivije duljine ciklusa od 180 dana. Treba napomenuti da čistoća vodika u recirkulirajućem plinu između ostalog direktno ovisi i o količini kombinirane šarže. Čistoća vodika je parametar o kojem također ovisi razina potrebne temperature za zahtijevani oktanski broj reformata kao i temperatura slojeva katalizatora u procesnim reaktorima. U radu biti će detaljnije prikazan utjecaj svih parametara procesa katalitičkog reforminga na postrojenju Platforming 2 u RNR na duljinu ciklusa postojećeg platinskog katalizatora.

AbstractRequirements on gasoline blending in respect to RON and MON are the major reason for a more severe duty of the Catalytic Reformer unit. Insisting on high octane numbers (RON>99) and keeping high levels of reformate yields undoubtly lead to a shorter catalyst life in process reactors (a more rapid coke formation on the active catalyst centers). This, first of all, is the result of a higher initial temperature of the cycle needed to reform hydrocarbons in a ratio necessary to achieve the required octane number.

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The new generation platinum catalysts are becoming more and more efficient. The semi-regeneration reformers, owned by most refiners worldwide, have thus gained advantage over reforming processes with continuous catalyst regeneration.However, it might be wrongly concluded that only by developing new catalysts, without modification of the existing semi-regeneration units, can the catalyst life at a more severe duty be prolonged. The major obstacles to this are the quantities of catalyst and its distribution across reactors in addition to the power of recyle gas compressors. Also impacting the cycle length is the quality of the catalytic reformer feed (aromatic feed index).The Platformer 2 unit at Rijeka Refinery was built in 1970. It had the following process parameters: pressure at high pressure separator: 27 – 28 bar, otpimum feed flow rate: 90 m3/h, required reformate octane number: 92 – 93, yield: approx. 75 wt%. These parameters corresponded with the state of the platinum catalyst technology as well as the characteristics of the vehicle engines of that time (lower compression ratio). With advanced technology and changes of market as well as the knowledge of the chemistry of reformer reactions, it was possible to carry out modification of Platformer 2 which enabled its operation at a pressure considerably below design (up to 17 bar at the high pressure separator). Lowering pressure undoubtly promotes the desired reactions of dehydrogenation and dehydrocyclisation for the same temperature of catalyst beds. The result is a higher reformate octane number and the minimum of undesired cracking reactions (higher yields of the more valuable component) and higher hydrogen production for secondary processes. The undesired side effect of dehydrogenation reactions is the intensified coking of catalyst and consequently its shorter life.Requests for higher octane numbers, first of all, dictate higher temperatures of combined feed to the reactors at the beginning of the cycle, narrowing the temperature range in which the catalyst can be “utilized”. This range is further narrowed with the increase of the feed flow rate.To illustrate this, at 90 m3/h design flow rate and with other process parameters remaining unchanged, the platinum catalyst operating range is lowered from 32C (RON = 92) to 16C (RON=99). Additionally, the deactivation rate rises at higher octane numbers, especially after two thirds of cycle (considerably over 4C in one month of operation), which inevitably cuts the catalyst life from 320 to 120 days. Therefore, lowering the feed flow rate seems to be the only way of maintaining an acceptable cycle length for requested high octane numbers.For the reformate octane number 99, lowering the 90 m3/h design feed flow rate to 75 m3/h causes lowering of the start of run temperature at the reactor inlet from 514C to 508C with the 7:1 hydrogen/hydrocarbons ratio and 22 bar at the high pressure separator. Taking 528C as the maximum reactor inlet temperature, it can be concluded that the catalyst utilization range rises from 14C to 20C. At a relative monthly deactivation of approx. 3,3C, the 120-day cyle is prolonged to the acceptable length of 180 days.It shoud be emphasized that hydrogen purity in recyle gas is also directly dependant on the quantity of combined feed. And hydrogen purity is one of the parameters dictating the temperature level for the required reformate octane number as well as the temperature of catalyst beds in process reactors.

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Referat / Paper A12I. LUKEC1, K. SERTIĆ BIONDA2, D. LUKEC1

MODEL ZAGREB1, FAKULTET KEMIJSKOG INŽENJERSTVA I TEHNOLOGIJE ZAGREB2

MODELIRANJE PROCESA IZOMERIZACIJE U SVRHU POBOLJŠANJA KVALITETE MOTORNIH BENZINA

GASOLINE QUALITY IMPROVEMENT USING ISOMERIZATION PROCESS MODELING

SažetakRazvoj i unapređenje procesa u preradi nafte nužan je uvjet za postizanje zadanih zahtjeva kvalitete motornih benzina. Doprinos procesa izomerizacije temelji se na poboljšanju primjenskih svojstava C4, C5, C6

ugljikovodika pregradnjom molekula. Procesom dolazi do konverzije n–spojeva (butan, pentan, heksan) u izo–spojeve, pa tako i povećanja oktanskog broja proizvoda. Cilj ovog rada je slijediti svjetske trendove razvoja industrijskih procesa u svrhu postizanja tražene kvalitete goriva. Dobivanje boljih primjenskih svojstava proizvoda s malim zahvatima u postojeći proces, cilj su i strategija svake rafinerije. Metode matematičkog modeliranja i simuliranja, te mogućnosti današnjih računala, omogućuju pristup razvoju i unapređenju procesa, a uz to nude ideje i rezultate koji lako pronalaze primjenu u istraživanju i razvoju industrijskih procesa. Primjenom odgovarajućih programskih sustava moguće je postaviti simulacijski model procesa izomerizacije. Jednom kada je postavljen, model omogućava detaljnu analizu i sintezu procesa. Maksimalno iskorištenje sirovine, planiranje unapređenja, postizanje željenih vrijednosti pojedinih svojstava proizvoda, samo su neke mogućnosti na kojima se temelje važnost i prednosti matematičkog modeliranja. U ovome radu, na odabranom primjeru procesa izomerizacije, postavljen je matematički model procesa. Pri postavljanju modela procesa, istražen je reakcijski proces sa stajališta reakcijskog mehanizma, kinetike reakcija izomerizacije, te parametara kemijske ravnoteže. Simulacijski model reaktora izveden je prema postavljenim materijalnim bilancama, a modelom su opisani i procesi izmjene topline, te procesi izmjene tvari postupcima separacije.Postavljeni simulacijski model omogućio je istraživanje i proučavanje optimalnih radnih uvjeta procesa simuliranjem, te je predloženo unapređenje procesa, i to s dva stajališta: povećanja prinosa visokooktanskog produkta procesa izomerizacije, povećanja oktanskog broja proizvoda.Komercijalna vrijednost prikazanih rezultata koji se postižu uz minimalne investicijske troškove, zasigurno može pobuditi interes proizvođača motornih goriva.

AbstractCrude oil industry processes must be continuously advanced and developed to meet required fuel quality. Contribution of isomerization process is in improving properties of light gasoline. The conversion of normal C4, C5, C6 paraffins to the corresponding branched isomers is increasing the most important property - octane number.To enable the required product quality, modern technologies in process development must be used. Higher fuel performances, which can be achieved with small investment, are today every refiner's strategy. Methods of mathematical simulation and modeling, including potentials of today's computers, are definitely providing process improvement. Simulation model of isomerization process is developed using appropriate software. Once it is done, the model allows detailed process analysis and synthesis. Optimal feed processing, improvement planning, desired values of some properties are just a few of options how to use advantages of mathematical modeling. In this paper, purpose of mathematical modeling is shown on example of isomerization process.The isomerization process simulation model is including simulation model of fixed-bed reactor with appropriate kinetic and equilibrium parameters. Simulation model also includes heat exchange and separation processes.With simulations, model is studied and analyzed, and optimal process conditions are defined. Also, two options of the process improvement are presented: high-octane product yield increasing, octane number increasing.Commercial value of these improvements, which are accomplished with small investment, may cause a big refiner's interest.

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Referat / Paper A13Z. ADŽAMIĆ, S. BEŠIĆINA RAFINERIJA NAFTE RIJEKA

POVEĆANJE ČISTOĆE VODIKA APSORPCIJOM

INCREASING HYDROGEN PURITY BY ABSORPTION

SažetakVisoki ekološki zahtjevi danas su sve više i zahtjevi tržišta te sukladno tome procesi hidroobrade postaju prioritetni procesi prerade nafte. To se prije svega odnosi na sadržaj sumpora u gorivima što dovodi u pitanje opstanak mnogih prerađivača nafte.To je bio i glavni razlog za izgradnju novog postrojenja za HDS/BHK težih frakcija nafte u Rafineriji nafte Rijeka. Time su količine i čistoća vodika postale veoma bitan parametar koji je utjecao na optimiranje rada rafinerije. O raspoloživosti dostatne količine i čistoće vodika ovisi ne samo iskorištenje procesa nego i zadovoljenje najstrožih zahtjeva na sadržaj sumpora u produktima.U Rafineriji nafte Rijeka, kao i u mnogim drugim rafinerijama platforming proces je jedini proizvođač vodika. Čistoća vodika ovisno o procesnim parametrima u postojećim RNR platforming procesima kreće se od 65 do 75% vol. Budući da se pokazalo da je ta čistoća predstavljala znatno ograničenje za procese hidroobrade i hidrokrekinga, tražen je način za obogaćivanje ”net-separator plina” platforminga.Rafinerijskim stručnjacima već odavno su poznati procesi proizvodnje čistog vodika iz lakših i težih frakcija nafte ili prirodnog plina. Međutim, izgradnja takvih procesa zahtijeva značajna dodatna ulaganja i vrijeme. Isto se odnosi i za izgradnju poznatih tehnoloških procesa za pročišćavanje plinova bogatih vodikom. Navedene činjenice prisilile su nas da što hitnije nađemo optimalno rješenje unutar rafinerije. To je osim optimiranja rada platforming procesa rezultiralo i iskorištenjem dijela procesne opreme u svrhu novog načina pridobivanja vodika više čistoće u RNR.Na osnovu idejnog rješenja izrađene su teoretske, tehnološke i tehničke podloge za realizaciju procesa pridobivanja vodika više čistoće postupkom apsorpcije na koloni 17 C-1 koja je fizički u sklopu Tatoray procesa i ne koristi se više od 12 godina.Kolona 17 C-1 tehničko- tehnološki postaje apsorber na kojem se apsorbiraju lagani ugljikovodici iz ”net-separator plina” proizvedenog na Platformingu 2. Kao apsorbens u našem slučaju koristimo stabilizirani i ohlađeni platformat koji ima iznimno dobre apsorpcijske karakteristike. Spajanjem kolone 17–C1 sa stabilizator kolonom Platforminga 2, kolona za stabilizaciju je preuzela ulogu stripiranja apsorbiranih ugljikovodika iz apsorbensa (ohlađeni platformat) koji će se izdvajati kao suhi i tekući plin na vršnoj posudi kolone za stabilizaciju. Uključivanje kolone za kontinuiranu apsorpciju u proces Platforminga 2 imalo je višestruke pozitivne učinke. Postignut je glavni cilj, a to je obogaćivanje proizvedenog plina Platforminga 2 na preko 83 % vol. vodika. Istovremeno, apsorbiranjem vrijednih ugljikovodika iz platformingovog plina (C3 i C4 ugljikovodici)

značajno je povećan iscrpak tekućeg plina na samom postrojenju platforminga. Čistoća plina od preko 83% vol. udjela vodika osigurala je rad i HDS i BHK postrojenja na maksimalnim

kapacitetima i oštrinama, te pridobivanje optimalno kvalitetnih produkata. Radom u HDS modu pridobiva se na postrojenju maksimalna količina i kvaliteta plinskog ulja odnosno

dizelskog goriva. Radom u BHK modu pridobiva se maksimalna količina i kvaliteta šarže za FCC postrojenje. Na FCC

postrojenju preradom kvalitetno hidroobrađene šarže postižu se dodatni pozitivni učinci, a to su prvenstveno povećani iscrpci benzina, tekućeg plina i lakog katalitičkog ulja, na račun manje vrijednog dekantiranog ulja i suhog plina. Svi proizvodi FCC-a imaju minimalan sadržaj sumpora što se kao konačan pozitivan učinak reflektira u procesu namješavanja komercijalnih proizvoda.

AbstractHigh ecological standars nowdays are growingly adopted as the requirements of the market and, subsequently, hydrotreating is gaining priority in oil processing. This, in the first line, refers to sulphur content in fuels, which ultimately endangers future existence of many refiners worldwide.This was the main reason for constructing the new plant for HDS/MHC of heavier oil fractions at Rijeka Refinery. Hydrogen quantities and its purity have become a very significant parameter in optimizing the Refinery operation. The availability of sufficient hydrogen and its purity not only influence the level of process utilization but are also the key factor in meeting the highly severe requirements on sluphur content in oil products. In Rijeka Refinery, like in many others, the Platformer unit is the only hydrogen producing unit. The purity of hydrogen ranges from 65 to 75% vol., depending on process parameters in the existing platformers. Since

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the hydrogen purity proved to be a quite limiting factor for hydrotreating and hydrocracking processes, ways for enriching the platformer “net-separator gas ” were sought for.The Refinery experts are well acquainted with the processes for production of pure hydrogen from light and heavy oil fractions and natural gas. However, construction of such process units would involve significant additional costs and time. The same implies to processes for purification of hydrogen rich gases. These facts triggered the search for the optimum solution leaning on the Refinery resources. The results were not only the optimization of the Platformer unit but also the utilization of a part of the existing refinery’s process equipment for generation of higher purity hydrogen.The conceptual design was developed and theoretical, technological and technical documents elaborated to support the realisation of the process for production of higher purity hydrogen by means of absorption, which should take place on the 17 C-1 column. It should be mentioned that the 17 C-1 column is physically incorporated in the Tatoray process and had been out of service for some 12 years.Thus, the 17 C-1 column becomes the absorber in the technical-technological sense, absorbing light hydrocarbons from “net-separator gas” produced on Platformer 2. In our case, the absorbens is the stabilized and cooled down platformate showing high absorbing characteristics.By connecting the 17-C1 column with the Platformer 2 stabilizer, the stabilizer has taken over the role of stripping the absorbed hydrocarbons from the absorbens (cooled platformate) which is separated as dry gas and LPG at the stabilizer overhead vessel.To include the continuous absorbtion column into the Platformer 2 process has proved to have multiple favourable effects: The main target is achieved, that is upgrading the Platformer 2 gas to contain over 83% vol. of hydrogen; Through absorbtion of valuable hydrocarbons from the platformer gases (C3 and C4) the LPG yields at

the Platformer unit are significantly increased; The gas purity with over 83% vol. of hydrogen content has enabled us to run the HDS/MHC plant in both

modes at its maximum capacity and operating severity, yielding the optimum quality products; The plant run in HDS mode produces the maximum quantity and quality of gas oil, i.e. diesel fuel; MHC mode generates the maximum quantity and the required quality of the FCC feed. By processing the

properly hydrotreated feed, additional favourable effects are achieved. These are, in the first line, increased yields of gasoline, LPG and LCO on account of less valuable decanted oil and dry gas. All FCC products show the minimum sulphur level which ultimately favourably influences blending of commercial products.

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Referat / Paper A14A. KRISTIANSENHALDOR TOPSØE A/S, DENMARK

GOSPODARENJE SUMPOROM U RAFINERIJAMA PRIMJENOM TOPSØE WSA I ATS TEHNOLOGIJA

SULPHUR MANAGEMENT IN REFINERIES APPLYING TOPSØE'S WSA AND ATS TECHNOLOGIES

SažetakGospodarenje sumporom postaje sve veći izazov za rafinerije. Razlog tome djelomično je u povećanoj pažnji za kontrolu emisije sumpora, kao na pr. dimni plinovi iz Claus i kotlovskih postrojenja, ali i povećane količine sumpora koje je potrebno zbrinuti u rafinerijama a koje nastaju zbog sve veće potražnje goriva s malim količinama sumpora.Topsøe "Wet-gas Sulphuric Acid" (WSA) i "Ammonium Thiosulphate" (ATS) tehnologije djelotvorna su i ekonomična rješenja za rafinerije.WSA tehnologijom dobiva se komercijalna koncentrirana sulfatna kiselina s visokim postotkom izdvojenog sumpora. Ona predstavlja vrlo konkurentnu alternativu za rafinerije kod postupaka s plinovima koji sadrže sumpor, kao na pr. plin iz regeneratora amina, plinovi iz SWS-a i plinovi iz Claus postrojenja. Obzirom na visoku i široku potrošnju sulfatne kiseline u kemijskoj industriji, ona je razumljiva alternativa elementarnom sumporu.Prije približno četiri godine Topsøe je uveo ATS tehnologiju za proizvodnju 60%-tne vodene otopine amonij tiosulfata komercijalne kvalitete, koja se dobiva iz kombinacije plina iz regeneratora amina i plinova iz stripera kiselih voda (SWS) ili samo iz SWS plinova.Primjena amonij-tiosulfata u proizvodnji tekućih umjetnih gnojiva se povećava, ali je europsko tržište još uvijek ograničeno.Ovaj rad opisuje glavne principe WSA i ATS tehnologije, a različite primjene u rafinerijama ilustrirane su konkretnim primjerima.

AbstractRefiners are facing increasing challenges in relation to sulphur management. This is partly due to increased focus on sulphur emissions from for instance Claus plant tail gas and boiler flue gases and partly due to the increasing quantities of sulphur to be handled in the refinery because of the increasing demand for low sulphur fuels.Topsøe’s Wet-gas Sulphuric Acid (WSA) and Ammonium Thiosulphate (ATS) technologies are efficient and economical solutions to meet these challenges.The WSA technology produces concentrated commercial grade sulphuric acid with a high degree of sulphur recovery. It is a highly competitive alternative for treatment of a variety of sulphur bearing gases in the refinery, such as amine regenerator off gas, SWS gas and Claus plant tail gas. Sulphuric acid is an obvious alternative to elemental sulphur due to the high and wide spread use of sulphuric acid in the chemical industry.Approximately four years ago, Topsøe introduced the ATS technology for production of a commercial quality 60% aqueous solution of Ammonium Thiosulphate from a combination of amine regenerator off gas and sour water stripper (SWS) gas, or from SWS gas alone. Ammonium Thiosulphate is gaining increased application for liquid fertiliser formulations but the market in Europe is still limited. The paper will describe the main principles of both the WSA and ATS technology, and various applications in the refining industry will be illustrated by case stories.

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Referat / Paper A15S. ŽIVKOVIĆ, R. PERIŠIĆINA RAFINERIJA NAFTE RIJEKA

RAFINERIJSKI SUHI PLIN KAO TEHNOLOŠKO GORIVO

REFINERY FUEL GAS

SažetakNafta i njezini derivati su danas najčešće korišteni izvori energije. Po svom kemijskom sastavu nafta je smjesa velikog broja ugljikovodikovih spojeva. Spoj najmanje molekulske mase je metan, a najveće molekulske mase su asfaltne tvari. Upravo ti spojevi najmanje molekulske mase, metan i etan, sastavni su dio rafinerijskog loživog plina. Osim plinova metana i etana, loživi plin sadrži i manju količinu vodika, sumporovodika, etena te u tragovima propana, propena, butana, butena.Udjeli navedenih spojeva u plinu ovise o tipu sirovine koja se prerađuje. U primarnim postrojenjima atmosferske destilacije u RNR dobivaju se proizvodi koji idu na daljnju doradu do komercijalne kvalitete. Suhi loživi plin se dobiva kao nus-proizvod i na velikom broju postrojenja sekundarne prerade. Proizvedeni loživi plin je bogat na sumporovodiku, te se prije korištenja tretira otopinama MDEA ili MEA s ciljem uklanjanja sumporovodika, kako bi se spriječilo njegovo ispuštanje u atmosferu. Apsorbirani sumporovodik koristi se kao «sirovina» za proizvodnju komercijalnog sumpora na Claus postrojenju. Suhi loživi plin, nije komercijalnog značenja, ali budući se koristi kao pogonsko gorivo ima veliku važnost u povećanju profitabilnosti rafinerije.Korištenje rafinerijskog loživog plina kao tehnološkog goriva zahtjeva uspostavu prilagodljivog sustava prihvata i raspodjele. Uz to je nužno postavljanje kontrolnog mehanizma koji će osigurati potpuno iskorištenje raspoloživog plina, kao i potpunu sigurnost sustava.Rafinerijski loživi plin se proizvodi u većini postrojenja rafinerijske prerade. Najveći pojedinačni proizvođači su katalitički procesi (katalitički reforming i fluid katalitički kreking). Proizvedeni plin se koristi za proizvodnju toplinske energije u procesnim pećima (za predgrijavanje sirovine), ili za proizvodnju vodene pare. Najčešće su ti potrošači opremljeni i sustavom za korištenje loživog ulja. Svi proizvođači plina isporučuju u sustav plina za loženje samo svoje viškove. U sustavu bez automatske kontrole, proizvodnja i potrošnja plina uravnotežuju se usmenim dogovorom postrojenja koja proizvode ili troše plin, što dovodi do čestih zatvaranja bilance u granicama pojedinih postrojenja. Kontrola sustava loživog plina prepuštena pogonskom osoblju predstavlja izuzetno težak zadatak u kontinuiranoj, 24-satnoj proizvodnji. Takav način rada dovodi do situacija kada nastaju viškovi plina. Kako se loživi plin ne može uskladištiti, sva nepotrošena količina se nepovratno uništava na rafinerijskog baklji.Stoga je za potpuno iskorištenje plina potrebna pogonska disciplina i koordinacija, potpomognuta automatskom regulacijom. Njena je zadaća osiguranje mirnog i pouzdanog rada svih potrošača, usklađivanje potrošnje i proizvodnje rafinerijskog plina na razini rafinerije, te zadovoljenje sigurnosnih zahtjeva.Automatska regulacija u tom smislu koristi sljedeće mogućnosti: Osiguranje minimalnog tlaka i količine rafinerijskog plina u sustavu, djelovanjem na brzu nadopunu

sustava iz zaliha ili proizvodnje tekućeg plina. Takva intervencija mora biti kratkotrajna i popraćena novim uravnoteženjem proizvodnje i potrošnje, kako bi se izbjeglo povećanje troškova, odnosno smanjenje zarade rafinerije;

Podešavanje odnosa korištenja loživog plina i loživog ulja na pojedinačnom velikom potrošaču kao što je peć atmosferske destilacije ili generator pare. Pri tome se koriste algoritmi naprednog vođenja, obzirom da se raspoloživost rafinerijskog plina stalno mijenja po količini i po sastavu – ogrjevnoj vrijednosti;

ispuštanje viškova rafinerijskog plina u sigurnosni ispusni sustav u slučaju kada automatski kontrolni sustav nije u mogućnosti uravnotežiti proizvodnju i potrošnju plina. To također treba vremenski skratiti, pa se daje odgovarajuće upozorenje prema operatoru sustava loživog plina.

Primjenom svih navedenih mjera postiže se potpuno iskorištenje rafinerijskog plina kao tehnološkog goriva, što rezultira značajnim smanjenjem proizvodnih gubitaka. Ostvarena ušteda može dostići vrijednost od više milijuna dolara godišnje.Potpuno iskorištenje raspoloživog rafinerijskog plina pozitivno utječe i na smanjenje emisija sumpornog dioksida iz rafinerije, jer je sadržaj sumpora u tom plinu znatno manji nego u alternativnom gorivu – loživom ulju.

AbstractToday, crude oil and its products are used as the most frequent energy resources. It contains a lot of hydrocarbon compounds. Methane is the compound of the smallest molecular weight, and asphaltenes are the compounds of the greatest molecular weight.

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These compounds, methane and ethane, are the basic parts of the fuel gas.Fuel gas contains also small values of hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, ethylene and propane, butane in traces. The content of compounds depends on the type of crude oil. Primary plants of atmospheric distillation (Topping 2 i 3) in ROR produce the products which all need more treatment to reach commercial quality, except for fuel gas. It is also produced, at the so-called secondary plants, but not as the main product.MDEA and MEA solutions are used for the treatment of fuel gas because it is rich in hydrogen sulfide. The result is fuel gas without hydrogen sulfide, because H2S is very hazardous for environment.Hydrogen sulphide, which is absorbed after the treatment with MDEA and MEA, is used as feed for producing commercial sulphur at the «Claus» plant.Fuel gas is not a commercially important product, but, as fuel, it is important in increasing profitability. The use of refinery fuel gas as technological fuel requires the establishment of an adjustable takeover and distribution system. There is also the need for setting up a control mechanism ensuring a complete use of the available gas, as well as an utter system safety.Refinery fuel gas is produced in most refinery processing plants. The largest individual producers are the catalytic processes (catalytic reforming and fluid catalytic cracking). The produced gas is used for thermal energy generation in process plants (for pre-heating feeds) or for steam generation. This consuming devices are most frequently equipped also with fuel oil using systems.All gas manufacturers are supplying the fuel gas system only with their excess production. In a system without automatic control, gas production and consumption are balanced through an oral accord between the plants producing or consuming gas, resulting in frequent balance closures within the limits of individual plants. Fuel gas system control left in the hands of plant personnel is an extremely heavy task in a continuous, 24-hour production. Such a manner of operation leads to situations where excess gas is produced. Since fuel gas cannot be stored, all the unused volumes are irreversibly destroyed at the refinery blow-down.That is why a complete gas use requires plant discipline and co-ordination, backed by automatic regulation. Its task is to ensure a quiet and reliable operation of all consuming devices; co-ordination of refinery gas production and consumption on refinery level, and meeting of safety conditions.In this sense, automatic regulation uses the following possibilities: Ensuring minimal pressure and refinery gas volume in the system, by influencing a fast system

completion from reserves or LNG production. Such an intervention has to be short and followed by a new balance between production and consumption, in order to avoid the increase of costs i.e. reduction of refinery profit;

Adjusting the relation between using fuel gas and fuel oil on individual large consuming devices, such as atmospheric distillation heaters or steam generators. Advanced control algorithms are used in the process, given that the availability of refinery gas is constantly changing in terms of both volume and composition – net heat of combustion;

releasing excess volumes of refinery gas into the safety release system in cases when the automatic control system is not capable of balancing gas production and consumption. This period also needs to be shortened, which is why the fuel gas system operator receives a warning accordingly.

By applying all the aforementioned measures, one achieves a complete use of refinery gas as technological fuel, resulting in a considerable reduction of production losses. The savings achieved in such a way may be up to several million dollars annually.Complete use of the available refinery gas also has a positive impact on the refinery sulphur dioxide emission reduction, because the sulphur content in the gas is much lower than in the alternative fuel, which is the fuel oil.

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Referat / Paper A16M. ANDRAŠECMAZIVA ZAGREB, član INA grupe

GOSPODARSTVO PROIZVODNOG NIZA BIODIZELSKOG GORIVA

THE ECONOMY OF THE PRODUCTION CHAIN OF BIODIESEL FUEL

SažetakProizvodni niz biodizelskog goriva kao obnovljivog energenta obuhvaća proizvodnju od sirovine – repice do primjene goriva u dizelskim motorima. Tehnološke, gospodarske i tržišne cjeline su: proizvodnja repice, proizvodnja repičinog ulja, proizvodnja stočne hrane iz pogače repice, proizvodnja metilnog estera repičinog ulja, proizvodnja dizelskog goriva na biljnoj osnovi ili kao smjesa s mineralnim dizelskim gorivom, primjena dizelskog goriva u različitim motorima privrednih i osobnih vozila, transport i skladištenje goriva, ekološki utjecaj biodizelskog goriva.Hrvatska je pokrenula realizaciju proizvodnje biodizelskog goriva očekujući ekonomske, socijalne i ekološke efekte po uzoru na druge europske zemlje. Biodizelsko gorivo je tržišno primjenljivo u konkurenciji mineralnih goriva samo ako ukupni proizvodni lanac pokazuje ekonomske karakteristike koje intervenciju-potporu države čine društveno prihvatljivom. U radu je detaljno prikazana ekonomija proizvodnog niza, te organizacijski model realizacije projekta.

AbstractThe biodiesel fuel production chain as a renewable energent encompasses production from the feed – rapeseed – to the fuel’s application in diesel engines. Technological, economic, and market complexes are as follows: rapeseed production, rapeseed oil production, cattle food production out of rapeseed cake, rapeseed oil methyl ester production, vegetable-based diesel fuel production or as mixture with mineral diesel fuel, diesel fuel application in various engines of economic and passenger vehicles, fuel transportation and storage, biodiesel fuel environmental impact.Croatia has initiated biodiesel fuel production with expectations of economic, social, and environmental effects, after the model of other European countries. Biodiesel fuel is market-applicable in competition with mineral fuels only if the entire production chain shows economic properties making state intervention/support socially acceptable. The paper shows in some detail the production sequence economy, as well as the project’s implementation organizational model.

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Referat / Paper A17J. PETRAN, M. PROŠTENIK, N. BARIČEVIĆ, LJ. MARINIĆ-PAJCINA SSRII ZAGREB

POBOLJŠANJE POSTUPKA SINTEZE METILNIH ESTERA ULJA ULJANE REPICE – BIODIZELSKO GORIVO

RAPESEEDOIL METHYLESTER SYNTHESIS PROCESS IMPROVEMENT – BIODIESEL FUEL

SažetakStupanj rafinerijske obrade omogućava danas proizvodnju dizelskog goriva iz kojega su odstranjeni svi spojevi koji negativno utječu na njegovu kvalitetu propisanu europskim standardima, pa je dizelsko gorivo vrlo stabilno i nepromjenjivo na duži vremenski rok. Istovremeno je zamijećena pojava smanjene mazivosti dizelskog goriva u odnosu na podmazivanje sjedišta ventila u motoru. Poznato je, kako navodi referentna literatura, svojstvo metilnih estera masnih kiselina (biodizelsko gorivo) dobivenih iz ulja uljane repice da njihov udio od 1% m/m u niskosumpornom dizelskom gorivu značajno poboljšava svojstva podmazivanja, a udio do 5% m/m bitno ne mjenja kvalitetu dizelskog goriva propisanu standardima DIN 51606 i DIN EN 590. Kvalitetu koju trebaju zadovoljiti metilni esteri masnih kiselina tj. gorivo za dizelove motore - biodizelsko gorivo opisana je u prijedlogu europske norme 14214 (svibanj 2001. g.) koji je izradila europska komisija za normizaciju-CEN. Jedan od zahtjeva kvalitete je količina koksnog ostatka (od 10%-tnog ostatka destilata) koja smije biti maksimalno 0,3% m/m. Da bi se postigla kvaliteta biodizelskog goriva potrebno je sirovu smjesu dobivenu transesterifikacijom triglicerida ulja uljane repice s metanolom u metilne estere masnih kiselina izolirati i pročistiti. U laboratoriju SSRII razvijen je vlastiti postupak obrade i pročišćavanja kojeg karakterizira pojednostavljenje u odnosu na postupke opisane u literaturi ili patentima zaštićenim postupcima. Izolirano i pročišćeno biodizelsko gorivo zadovoljava kvalitetom prijedlog EN 14214, a to se posebno odnosi na količinu koksnog ostatka (od 10%-tnog destilacijskog ostatka) koji iznosi 0,12% m/m dok je istovremeno kako je pokazala analiza komercijalni uzorak biodizelskog goriva sadržavao nedopuštenih 0,83% m/m.Tema izlaganja je praćenje kvalitete pojedinih faza izolacije međuprodukata/produkata propisane analitičkim metodama u prijedlogu EN 14214 te tankoslojnom kromatografijom.

AbstractThe refinery processing degree today enables the production of diesel fuel free of all the compounds negatively affecting its quality prescribed by the European standards, which makes diesel fuel highly stable and unchangeable for a longer period of time. At the same time, we have noticed reduced diesel fuel lubricity with regard to engine valve seat lubrication.It is well known, as we reed from the references, that the methyl esters of fatty acids (biodiesel fuel) obtained from rapeseed oil have the following property: their 1% m/m share in the low sulphur diesel fuel considerably improves lubrication properties, while a 5% m/m share does not considerably alter diesel fuel quality set by the DIN 51606 and DIN EN 590 standards.The quality that has to be matched by the methyl esters of fatty acids i.e. the diesel engine fuel – biodiesel fuel – is described in the proposal of the European standard 14214 (May, 2001), elaborated by the European Standardization Commission CEN. One among the quality requirements is the carbon residue (on 10% distillation residue), which may be 0.3% m/m max.In order to reach biodiesel fuel quality, the raw mixture obtained through the transeterification of rapeseed oil triglycerides into methyl esters of fatty acids needs to be isolated and purified. The SSRI lab has developed its own processing and purification procedure, characterized by simplification with regard to procedures described in references or those protected by patents. Isolated and purified biodiesel fuel meets by its quality the EN 14214 proposal, which particularly refers to the carbon residue volume (on 10% distillation residue), amounting to 0.12% m/m, while, at the same time, as the analysis has shown, the commercial biodiesel fuel residue contained 0.83% m/m, which is not permitted.The presentation topic is monitoring the quality of individual intermediate products’ isolation phases /products prescribed by analytical methods in the EN 14214 proposal and thin-layered chromatography.

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Referat / Paper B1Ž. DOBOVIŠEK, N. SAMECFAKULTETA ZA STROJNIŠTVO MARIBOR, SLOVENIJA

RAZVOJ MOTORA S UNUTRAŠNJIM IZGARANJEM I KVALITETA GORIVA

PROGRESS IN VEHICULAR IC ENGINES AND FUEL QUALITY

SažetakU prvom dijelu referata prikazan je kratak pregled motora s unutrašnjim izgaranjem (SUI). Da bi pravilno ocijenili zahtjeve za kvalitetu suvremenih goriva u nastavku se ukazuje na osnovne faktore, koji će ubuduće određivati razvoj motora SUI kao što su: ključni čimbenici razvoja, napredne tehnologije, hibridni sustavi, mogući putevi između primarnih energija i pogonskih sustava s gorivnim člancima, prijedlog graničnih vrijednosti za specifične emisije CO2 i granice smanjenja potrošnje goriva u motorima

SUI.U svjetlu predviđenog neprekidnog usavršavanja konstrukcije i karakteristika okolišu prihvatljivih motora SUI, razmatrano je nekoliko ključnih parametara kvalitete goriva: oktanski broj i otpornost goriva protiv detonacije. cetanski broj i samozapaljivost goriva, utjecaj na zakašnjenje paljenja, na pretplamene reakcije izgaranja

homogenog i nehomogenog udjela smjese (difuzijski plamen), struktura goriva i njezin dominantan utjecaj na emisiju ispušnih plinova, razmatrani su utjecaji aromata,

aldehida, oksigenata te sadržaja S, P i vezanog N, granične vrijednosti i trendovi smanjenja u cilju dostizanja traženih graničnih vrijednosti.

Na osnovi izloženog u referatu zaključuje se:1. SUI motori i motorizirana transportna vozila prve dekade 21. stoljeća morat će zadovoljiti sljedeće

zahtjeve: nultu emisiju štetnih sastojka u ispušnim plinovima, postupna smanjenje specifične emisije CO2 (g/km), malu specifičnu potrošnju goriva (litar/100 km), visoku trajnost i upotrebljivost sustava za naknadnu obradu produkata izgaranja.

Na sve ove zahtjeve kritički utjeće prisutnost u gorivu sumpora, fosfora, kemijski vezanog dušika, sadržaj benzena, aromata, aldehida, aromatskih kancerogenih komponenata, oksigenata i drugih otrovnih sastojaka.2. Raspolaganje gorivima visoke čistoće pruža mogućnost, da se napredne tehnologije za usavršavanje

performansi motora s umjetnim paljenjem i samopaljenjem smjese primijene na cestovnim prijevoznim vozilima svih kategorija, na gradskim autobusima, osobnim automobilima, lakim dostavnim kamionima i motorima koji se koriste za drugu izvancestovnu namjenu.

3. Može se pretpostaviti, da će se u dvadesetprvom stoljeću čisti H2 koristiti kao gorivo na vozilima s gorivnim člancima. Međutim, do masovnog korištenja ovog pogona vjerojatno neće doći prije kraja druge dekade.

AbstractFirstly a short review of IC engine development is presented. In order to evaluate properly the requirements imposed for the quality of up-to-date and future fuels used in modern IC engines and transport vehicles, essential features governing their future development are briefly reviewed: governing factors for development, advanced technologies, hybrid systems, possible routes between primary energies and the fuel cell vehicle driving system. proposals for specific CO2 emission (g/km) and corresponding engine fuel consumption reductions are

presented and discussed.In view of the foreseeable continuous progress in the improvement of environment friendly IC engine characteristics, a few key fuel quality parameters are analyzed as: octane number and fuel knock resistance in SI engines, cetane number and fuel ability and quality for spontaneous ignition in CI engines, fuel effect on ignition

delay, preflame reactions, premixed combustion and diffusion burning, fuel structure and its dominant effect on engine exhaust emissions is discussed. Contribution of

aromatics, aldehydes, oxygenates, fuel –S, -P and chemically bound nitrogen is presented.

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Proposed, or by specifications, the required trends in the reduction of poisonous component content in the fuel are presented and justified. Finally it may be concluded:1. first decade 21st century IC engines and motorised transport vehicles are required to meet:

"zero" pollutant emission, reduced or very low emissions of green - house gases, specifically CO2 emission, low specific fuel consumption, high mileage durability performance of exhaust treatment devices.

All of these demands are critically affected by trace levels of sulphur, phosphorus, bound nitrogen, levels of benzene, aromatics, aldehydes, aromatic carcinogenic compounds, oxygenates and other poisoning fractions. Trends in the reduction of these fuel blends are continuously increasing.2. The availability of extremely high quality fuels means promising new advanced technologies for clean SI

and CI engines are becoming available for all sizes of onroad transport vehicles, city buses, cleaner diesel and gasoline passenger cars, light - duty trucks and engines for offroad application.

3. It can be supposed that pure H2 will also be used as fuel in motorised vehicles of the 21st century. However, the large scale use of vehicles with a fuel cell power train will probably not happen earlier than the end of the second decade.

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Referat / Paper B2M. OPENSHAWETHYL EUROPE S.A.

MOGUĆA POBOLJŠANJA GORIVA UPORABOM ADITIVA

IMMEDIATE IMPROVEMENTS USING FUEL ADDITIVES

SažetakSve strože specifikacije goriva nastavljaju se najavljivati, i to je samo jedan od izazova pred kojim stoje proizvođači i dobavljači goriva. Zahtjevi korisnika nerijetko se mogu razlikovati od onih specifikacija goriva; dok valja udovoljiti također i gospodarskim uvjetima, kao i pritiscima vezanim uz zaštitu okoliša. U ovom svijetu neprestane mijene, važno je ne izgubiti iz vida krajnji cilj ovih specifikacija: najekonomičniji način smanjivanja utjecaja na okoliš na najmanju moguću mjeru. U kretanju ka budućim zahtjevima, težište treba biti na onome što valja postići, ne ograničavajući se pritom na samo jednu metodu postizanja istog. Na taj način sve tehnologije mogu pridonijeti optimalnom pristupu našem krajnjem cilju.Današnja goriva namijenjena prijevozu oslanjaju se na aditive za postizanje temeljnih karakteristika, korištenjem aditiva bilo da bi se lakše postigle temeljne specifikacije goriva, bilo da bi se osigurala dodatna kakvoća potrebna poradi promičbe. Ima i izoliranih primjera smanjenja rafinerijskih troškova, ili pak diferencijacije goriva na tržištu. Navedena rješenja vezana uz aditive za goriva danas je moguće primijeniti bez potrebe za dugotrajnim ulaganjima. Ta mogućnost ostvarivanja trenutne promjene može osigurati lakši put ka uravnotežavanju suprotstavljenih budućih potreba.

AbstractIncreasingly stringent fuel specifications continue to be announced and these are just one of the challenges facing the refiner and fuel supplier. Customer requirements can often be different to those of fuel specifications; economic targets and other environmental pressures must all be met. In this world of constant change it is important not to lose sight of the end goal of these specifications - the most cost-effective way to minimise environmental impact.In moving towards future requirements, the focus must be on what needs to be achieved and not become restricted by just one method of how it is achieved. In this way all technologies can contribute towards an optimum approach to our end goal.Today’s transportation fuels rely upon fuel additives to achieve essential properties, either using fuel additives to help meet basic fuel specifications or to impart additional marketing quality targets. Separate examples are found that reduce refinery cost or that bring opportunities to differentiate the fuel in the market place. These fuel additive solutions can be applied today without the need for lengthy investments. This ability to make an immediate change can provide an easier route forward helping to balance the conflicting needs for the future.

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Referat / Paper B3W. KUDLICHLUBRIZOL

SPRJEČAVANJE PROBLEMA KOD STARTA BENZINSKIH MOTORA UPORABOM NOVIH ADITIVA ZA GORIVO

PREVENTION OF ENGINE RESTARTING PROBLEMS BY THE USE OF NEW FUEL ADDITIVES

SažetakVozila koja se koriste isključivo na kratkim relacijama sklona su nastanku taloga u komori za izgaranje. Kada je takvo vozilo pokrenuto, voženo samo kratko i ponovo zaustavljeno, pa ostavljeno u mirovanju nekoliko sati (8 sati je obično dovoljno), postoji velik rizik da se neće moći ponovo pokrenuti.Ta pojava je uzrokovana ostacima neizgorjelog goriva u komori za izgaranje. Ti ostaci počinju otapati postojeće taloge. Kada se vozilo pokrene, komadići taloga se mogu iznenada otkinuti i mogu ostati zaglavljeni između ispušnih ventila i njihovih sjedišta. Čvrste čestice tada sprečavaju potpuno nalijeganje ventila na sjedište, dođe do gubitka kompresije i motor više ne može startati.Nađeno je učinkovito rješenje ovoga problema dodavanjem posebnog aditiva u spremnik goriva, nakon čega se provede predviđeni ciklus testiranja motora. Provođenjem preporučenog postupka postiže se zaštita motora za vrijeme trajanja servisnog intervala. Konvencionalni višenamjenski aditivi za goriva ne uspijevaju postići željeni rezultat, bilo da se koriste redovito u eksploataciji ili se koriste po opisanoj preporuci.U referatu su prikazana laboratorijska ispitivanja na rednom 6-cilindričnom motoru, opisani su dobiveni rezultati, a nastanak zastoja rada motora je ilustriran snimkama u unutrašnjosti komore za izgaranje.

AbstractVehicles used almost exclusively for short-distance driving tend to form carbon deposits in the combustion chamber. If such a vehicle is started, moved a few metres and stopped again, and is then left for several hours (8 hours are usually sufficient), there is a high risk that the vehicle will fail to restart.This phenomenon is caused by unburned fuel residues in the combustion chamber. These start to disolve the existing deposits. When the vehicle is started, pieces of the deposit can suddenly break off, and may become wedged between the outlet valve and valve seat ring. These hard pieces of carbon can stop the valve from closing, leading to a loss of compression, and prevent the engine from restarting.An effective solution to this problem has been developed in which a high performan-ce additive is added to a tank of petrol and the vehicle is run through a short test protocol. This provides effective protection against the problem for the duration of the service interval. Conventional bulk treatment deposit control additives do not address the problem, whether used continuously or run in the same protocol.The presentation will show the laboratory tests with an in-line 6 cylinder engine, will summarise the results and will show the phenomena through pictures of the engine combustion chamber.

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Referat / Paper B4LJ. BIČANIĆ, J. KOS, P. PAVIČIĆINA RAFINERIJA NAFTE SISAK

MAZIVOST DIZELSKOG GORIVA I KAKO JE POBOLJŠATI

DIESEL FUEL LUBRICITY AND HOW TO IMPROVE IT

SažetakNove specifikacije dizelskih goriva i sve strože zakonske regulative koje se odnose na smanjenje štetnih emisija, zahtjevaju značajno smanjenje sadržaja sumpora u gorivu. Prirodna mazivost dizelskog goriva, koja potjeće od polarnih sumpornih i dušikovih spojeva, njihovim uklanjanjem bit će narušena. Posljedica smanjenja mazivosti je veće trošenje metalnih dijelova visokotlačnih rotacijskih pumpi ili zatajenje sustava ubrizgavanja goriva (Common Rail), što će rezultirati gubitkom snage motora i ekološki neprihvatljivim povećanjem emisije dimnih plinova i krutih čestica u ispuhu automobila.Ispitivanje niza manje uobičajenih poboljšivača različitog kemijskog sastava na mazivost dizelskog goriva, dalo je vrlo dobre rezultate. Smanjenje najvećeg dopuštenog istrošenja (HFRR), kod nekih od ispitanih poboljšivača, pokazalo se dvostrukim!Ispitivano je, u prvom redu, djelovanje biodizela (metilnog estera ulja uljene repice), na mazivost dizelskog goriva i razmatrane su pogodnosti različitog doziranja. Ispitivan je, također, utjecaj dušikovih spojeva na mazivost dizelskog goriva.Ispitivana je i mogućnost poboljšanja mazivosti, ali i električne provodljivosti dizelskog goriva, dodatkom standardnog antistatika, jer je poznata činjenica da se smanjenjem sadržaja sumpornih spojeva prirodna mazivost dizelskog goriva smanjuje, ali se smanjuje i električna provodljivost. Smanjenjem električne provodljivosti povećava se opasnost od eksplozije prilikom punjenja goriva iz komercijalnog spremnika u transportno sredstvo (auto cisterne ili vagon cisterne).

AbstractNew diesel fuel specifications and growingly stringent legal regulations referring to the lowering of harmful emissions require a considerable reduction of the fuel sulphur content. Natural diesel fuel lubricity resulting from the polar sulphur and nitrogen compounds shall be impaired by their removal. The result of lowered lubricity is the increased wear of the high pressure rotary pumps’ metal parts or the fuel injection system failure (Common Rail), resulting in the loss of the engine power and environmentally intolerable increase of the automotive exhaust gas and solids emission.Testing of a series of less common improvers of different chemical composition for diesel fuel lubricity has given very good results. Reduction of the highest permissible wear (HFRR) has in some of the improvers tested proven to be double!The activity of the bio diesel fuel (rapeseed oil methyl ester) on diesel fuel lubricity was tested primarily, and various dosage benefits were considered. Also the impact of nitrogen compounds on diesel fuel lubricity was tested.Furthermore, the possibility of improving lubricity, but also the electric conductivity of diesel fuel was tested, by adding standard antistatic, for it is well known that by lowering the content of sulphur compounds, the natural lubricity of diesel fuel is reduced, along with electric conductivity. By reducing electric conductivity, danger of explosion is increased while loading the fuel from commercial reservoirs into means of transportation (tank trucks or tank vaggons).

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Referat / Paper B5P. SCHWABBASF AG, GERMANY

KVALITETA PREMIUM DIZELSKOG GORIVA – PRISTUP SA STAJALIŠTA EKOLOŠKE DJELOTVORNOSTI

PREMIUM DIESEL FUEL QUALITY – THE ECO-EFFICIENCY APPROACH

SažetakAutomobile pogonjene dizelovim motorom prati glas da su tromi i bučni. Međutim, najnoviji napredak u tehnologiji dizelovih motora ima veliki odjek glede njihovog prihvaćanja od vozača. Današnji dizelovi motori su visoko sofisticirane izvedbe s izvanrednim svojstvima. Da bi se postigla maksimalna svojstva motora, zajedno s konstrukcijskim poboljšanjima u izvedbi motora, potrebno je i kvalitetno dizelsko gorivo.Priznati program koji je razvio BASF - Eco-Efficiency Analisys, upotrebljen je da bi se odredili blagotvorni efekti primjene aditiva na poboljšanje kvalitete standardnog dizelskog goriva u "premium kvalitetu".Uspoređena je ekološka djelotvornost osnovnog dizelskog goriva bez aditiva i odgovarajućeg aditiviranog goriva. Analizom rezultata dobivenih za standardno putničko dizelovo vozilo s pretpostavljenih 200000 prijeđenih kilometara prikazan je ukupan utjecaj na okoliš i ekonomiku, kao i utjecaj na zadovoljstvo kupaca.

AbstractDiesel-engine cars used to have a reputation for being sluggish and noisy. Recent advances in diesel engine technology however have led to a growing acceptance of diesels among motorists. Today’s diesel engines are highly sophisticated top-performance units.In order to achieve maximum engine performance, coming along with the engineers’ achievements is the necessity to use high-performance diesel fuels.The widely acknowledged “Eco-Efficiency Analysis” tool of BASF was used to determine the most crucial beneficial effects of applying diesel performance additives to upgrade a standard diesel fuel to “Premium quality”.By comparing the eco-efficiency of both the base fuel containing no additive and the corresponding additised fuel, the total environmental and economical impact as well as the influence on customers satisfaction is presented by providing data obtained for a standard diesel passenger car assuming a mileage of 200.000 km.

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Referat / Paper B6I. BOUCHAGIARTRICAT, GERMANY

TEHNOLOGIJE TRICAT TRP I XPRESS UZ KOMENTAR KONCEPTA UPRAVLJANJA KATALIZATORIMA

TRICAT'S TRP AND XPRESS TECHNOLOGIES WITH SOME COMMENTS ON CATALYST MANAGEMENT CONCEPT

SažetakTRICAT Process regeneracije (TRP)TRICAT GmbH raspolaže najnovijim pogonom za regeneraciju katalizatora u Europi. Industrijski se kapaciteti nalaze u Bitterfeldu u Njemačkoj i u pogonu su od 1996. godine. TRICAT GmbH koristi patentiranu tehnologiju vrijućeg katalitičkog sloja za regeneraciju široke palete katalizatora, kao što su katalizatori za hidroobradu, hidrokreking, reforming i katalizatori za posebne namjene.Opis procesa:Sitne čestice katalizatora se prosijavanjem odvoje prije regeneracije. Predtretman na “stripperu s inertnim plinom” uklanja ugljikovodike prije regeneracije. U vrijućem katalitičkom sloju temperature regeneracije se uobičajeno kreću između 450 i 550 °C. Regenerirani katalizator prolazi kroz hladnjak s vodenim džepovima, nakon čega slijedi njegovo prosijavanje i pakiranje.Zaštićeni tehnološki proces dozvoljava preciznu kontrolu regeneracije na najnižoj mogućoj temperaturi. Proces osigurava smanjivanje sadržaja ugljika i sumpora znatno ispod zahtjevanog minimuma, maksimizira očuvanje specifične površine i rezultira najvećim mogućim povratom aktivnosti katalizatora.Tehnologija vrijućeg sloja minimizira kretanje katalizatora i njegovu manipulaciju tijekom regeneracije, što rezultira u većem iscrpku povratnog materijala.TRICAT Process presulfidiranja (XpresS)TRICAT je uveo prvu tehnologiju pravog sulfidiranje katalizatora za hidroobrade prije njihovog punjenja u reaktore. TRICAT XpresS Process koristi tehnologiju vrijućeg sloja razvijenu najprije za proces regeneracije TPR. Lagano vrijući katalitički sloj uniformno prevodi svaki metalni centar u njegovu aktivnu, sulfidnu formu. Sulfidiranje se vrši smjesom plinova koja sadrži H2S. Katalizator se zatim pasivizira tako da ga korisnik može sigurno transporati i rukovati njime.Primjenom XpresS-a praktično svaki katalizator za hidroobradu, hydrokreking ili završnu obradu može donijeti benefite putem uštede vremena ili dodatnim pogodnostima u usporedbi s in-situ sulfidiranjem ili sadašnjim tehnologijama za presulfurizaciju katalizatora.Sva komercijalna pokretanje pogona s XpresS pre-sulfdiranim katalizatorom potvrdila su da se start-up može provoditi bez značajnih egzotermi i da je bitno skraćen. Kao rezultat manje kompliciranog start up-a, što se postiže s XpresS sulfidiranim katalizatorom, realno je očekivati i veću aktivnost katalizatora tijekom njegove industrijske primjene.

AbstractTRICAT Regeneration Process (TRP)TRICAT GmbH is operating the newest catalyst regeneration plant in Europe. This facility is located in Bitterfeld, Germany, and has been in operation since 1996. TRICAT GmbH utilises innovative expanded bed technology for the regeneration of a large selection of catalysts, i.e. hydrotreating, hydrocracking, reforming and specialty catalysts.Process description:Fines are screened off prior to regeneration. “Inert gas stripper” pre-treatment removes excess hydrocarbons before regeneration. In the ebulated bed regenerator the temperature is typically maintained between 450 and 550 °C. The regenerated catalyst passes through a water-jacketed cooler before product screening and packaging.This proprietary process allows precise control of the regeneration at the lowest possible temperature. It assures that carbon and sulphur levels are reduced well below the minimum required, maximises surface area retention and results in the highest activity recovery available. The expanded bed technology minimises catalyst movement and handling during the regeneration which results in higher yields of returned material.TRICAT Pre-Sulphiding Process (XpresS)TRICAT has introduced the first technology to truly pre-sulphide hydroprocessing catalyst prior to loading the catalyst into the unit. TRICAT’s XpresS Process utilises ebullated bed technology developed first in the design of the TRICAT Regeneration Process. The gentle ebullating bed uniformly converts each metal site to

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its active, sulphided form. Sulphiding is performed by an H2S-containing gas mixture. The catalyst is then passivated so that the user can safely handle and transport the catalyst.With XpresS, virtually any hydrotreating, hydrocracking or tail gas treatment process can benefit in significant time savings and convenience compared to in-situ sulphiding or current pre-sulphurising technology.All commercial start-ups with the XpresS pre-sulphided catalyst have confirmed that the start-up can be achieved with no significant exotherm and is greatly accelerated. As a result of the less complicated start up, possible with the XpresS sulphided catalysts, it is likely that our process will lead to higher commercial activity of the catalysts.

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Referat / Paper B7S. PEAL, M. MACDUFF, A. PANESARLUBRIZOL

FILTRI ČESTICA U ISPUHU DIZELOVIH MOTORA – MOGUĆNOSTI BOLJE REGENERACIJE

DIESEL-PARTICLE FILTER: POSSIBILITIES FOR BETTER REGENERATION

SažetakKrute čestice sadržane u ispušnim plinovima dizelovih motora, posebno ako su vrlo malih dimenzija, predstavljaju opasnost za zdravlje. Stoga se povećava uporaba filtara za njihovo hvatanje u ispušnim sustavima vozila. Ukoliko se redovito ne regeneriraju (tj. ne izgore nakupljene čestice), filtri se začepe. Neke tehnologije regeneracije mogu uzrokovati porast emisije NO2, što predstavlja poseban problem u zatvorenim prostorima, središtima gradova ili područjima veće osjetljivosti na oštećenje ozonskog omotača. Kod mnogih slučajeva je najbolje rješenje primjena aditiva za regeneraciju filtra dodanog u gorivo. U uporabi je više raznih aditiva za regeneraciju filtara, kod kojih se opažaju različita svojstva u pogledu temperature regeneracije, sadržaja metala, sastava emitiranih plinova i naprezanja filtara (npr. egzotermno povećanje temperature kod regeneracije).Učinkovitost aditiva za regeneraciju filtara na osnovi platine i cera već je dokazana u uvjetima eksploatacije, a nova istraživanja ukazuju na moguće nove prednosti.Izvršena su ispitivanja na motorima putničkih vozila s filtrima bez i sa blagim katalizatorom na nosaču od čvrstog silicijevog karbida. U oba je slučaja aditiv snizio ravnotežnu točku. Dobra ravnotežna točka je postignuta s filtrom bez katalizatora bez povećanja sadržaja NO2. S blago kataliziranim filtrom, iako je količina NOx ostala nepromijenjena, porastao je sadržaj NO2 do vrijednosti 50% od sadržaja ukupnih NOx.U drugom motoru je Pt/Ce aditiv smanjio točku ravnoteže, u usporedbi s drugim aditivima, usprkos manjem sadržaju metala. Forsirana regeneracija jako opterećenog filtra uzrokovala je maksimum temperature plinova do 400°C, što je osjetno povoljnije od drugog aditiva kod kojeg je izmjereno 750°C. Ovo ponašanje bi moglo omogućiti uporabu materijala u filtrima, koji je ekonomičniji, jer ne mora biti otporan na previsoke temperature rada.Zaključujemo da rezultati obećavaju mogućnost uporabe aditiva s niskim sadržajem metala za efikasnu regeneraciju filtara bez porasta sadržaja NO2 i kod nižih temperatura pogodnih, a time i uporabu ekonomičnih materijala za gradnju filtara.

AbstractDiesel exhaust particulates, particularly micro-fine particles, are a potenrial health hazard. This is driving increased use of diesel particulate filters. Unless filters are regularly regenerated (i.e. filtered particles are burned off), they will block. Some regeneration technologies can lead to higher NO2 emissions. This can be a particular problem in underground working, city centres or ozone senzitive areas. In many applications a fuel borne trap additive provides the best solution. Several trap additives are being used effectively in the field. Different additives have different performance characteristics in terms of regeneration temperature, metal content, gaseous emissions profile and stress on the filter (e.g. exoterm during regeneration.Trap additive consisting of a combination of platinum and cerium has already displayed proven performance in off-highway applications. Recent investigations in passenger engines indicate some potential advantages for Pt/Ce.Investigations were run in a passenger car engine fitted with both a lightly catalysed and a bare diesel particulate filter with silicon-carbide monolith substrate. In both cases the additive lowers the balance point. A good balance point was achieved using the bare filter without raising NO2 levels. With lightly catalysed filter, although the level of NOx emission was unchanged, the level of NO2 increased to approximately 50% of the total NOx emission level. In another engine the Pt/Ce additive lowered the balance point compared to other tested metals, even at lower total metal content. A forced regeneration test on a heavily loaded trap, produced a temperature peak of 400°C post-trap, compared with 750°C for another additive. Such behaviour may enable the use of less temperature tolerant and more economical filter media.These results indicate that the additive with low metal content has the potential to provide effectice trap regeneration without increasing NO2 emissions, or causing highly exotermic regenerations, which can damage the more economical filter media.

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Referat / Paper B8M. MANDL, L. ŠKROBONJAINA RAFINERIJA NAFTE RIJEKA

ISPITIVANJE MOGUĆNOSTI KORIŠTENJA ADITIVA WASAU RAFINERIJI NAFTE RIJEKA

EXAMINATION OF WASA ADDITIVE USE POSSIBILITY AT RIJEKA OIL REFINERY

SažetakDodavanjem u dizelska goriva aditivi tipa WASA (Wax Antisettling Additive - aditiv za sprječavanje sedimentacije parafina u dizelskim gorivima) pokazuju neke dobre osobine u kombinaciji s aditivima za poboljšavanje filtrabilnosti goriva, što je opisano u stručnoj literaturi. Pošto se do sada ovaj aditiv nije koristio u INA - Rafineriji nafte Rijeka, svrha ovog rada je upoznati se s metodama ispitivanja djelovanja aditiva WASA i utvrditi rentabilnost njegove primjene.Ispitivanja su vršena sa uobičajenim komercijalnim dizelskim gorivom zimske kvalitete, a u radu su uspoređeni rezultati dobiveni klasičnom metodom filtrabilnosti, "ARAL-testom" i simuliranim testom začepljenja hladnog filtra teretnog vozila TAM 130T10. Uređaj za simulacijski test, kao i metoda ispitivanja, već su ranije referirani i opisani u časopisu "Goriva i maziva". Rezultati ispitivanja pokazuju da se korištenjem aditiva tipa WASA sprječava slijeganje kristaliziranog parafina na dnu rezervoara vozila, što može olakšati pokretanje hladnog dizelskog motora, pri čemu taj aditiv također poboljšava filtrabilnost goriva.

AbstractWASA (Wax Antisettling Additive) type additive shows some advantages in combination with flow improver additives in diesel fuels, as it was described in technical literature. As this additive was not used till now at INA - Oil refinery Rijeka, the scope of this work was to introduce test methods for evaluation of the performance of WASA additives, and to check the profitability of its use. Examinations were performed in common commercial winter grade diesel fuel, and in the paper test results are described obtained by classic filterability method, "ARAL test" and simulated test on cold filter plugging rig, utilising TAM 130T10 engine truck parts. This simulated test rig and test method were already described in periodical "Goriva i maziva" ("Fuels and Lubricants"). Test results showed, that use of WASA type additive will prevent crystallised parafine settling on vehicle fuel tank bottom, so its use may facilitate cold diesel engine start. The use of WASA additive lowers the fuel filterability temperature too.

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Referat / Paper B9M. VOLMAJER, B. KEGLFAKULTETA ZA STROJNIŠTVO MARIBOR, SLOVENIJA

BIODIZELSKO I OTPADNO ULJE ZA KUHANJE KAO ALTERNATIVNA GORIVA: ANALIZA S ASPEKTA PROCESA UBRIZGAVANJA

BIODIESEL AND WASTE COOKING OIL AS THE ALTERNATIVE FUELS: THE INJECTION PROCESS ASPECT

SažetakBiodizel proizveden od različitih biljki (uljna repica, canola, soja, palma, ...) ili životinjskih masti u posljednjim godinama pojavljuje se kao alternativa dizelskom gorivu proizvedenom iz nafte. Kao drugo alternativno gorivo može se koristiti i otpadno ulje za kuhanje. Postavlja se pitanje da li navedena goriva zadovoljavaju svim zahtjevima zaštite okoliša? Da li su prikladna za uporabu u motorima koji su predviđeni za pogon klasičnim dizelskim gorivom?U radu ćemo raspravljati o utjecaju uporabe alternativnih goriva na proces ubrizgavanja i o karakteristici strujanja u mlaznicama. Analize su bile izrađene za mlaznicu sa SAC volumenom i četiri rupa (dd=0,375 mm) s oštrim rubovima na ulaznoj strani. Karakteristike toka kao i mlaza su analizirane za sljedeća goriva: dizel, biodizel, metilni ester na bazi životinjskih masti (tallow), ulja canole i otpadno ulje za kuhanje (WCO).Numeričke analize bile su izvedene upotrebom paketa numeričke dinamike tekućina FIRE (ver 6.2b). Analize su bile izvedene pod stacionarnim uvjetima upotrebom četvrtinskog volumskog modela, što je sukladno s rezultatima nekih naših prethodnih analiza, gdje je bila uporaba ovakvih modela prepoznata kao pogodna za brze analize. U skladu sa stacionarnim uvjetima dati su tlačni rubni uvjeti na ulazu i izlazu iz mlaznice (100 bar na ulazu i 1bar na izlazu.). Za empirijski izračun srednjeg Sauterovog prosjeka kapi upotrebljeni su empirijski modeli Filipovića (en.1) i Elkotba (en.2):Ulazni podaci za izračun su definirani prema karakteristikama goriva i tlačne razlike p je 99 bara za stacionarnu analizu, te p od 250 do 1750 bara za realne uvjete ubrizgavanja. Predstavljeni su rezultati numeričke analize. Pošto nema nekih većih razlika između polja brzina i distribucije tlaka za primjer uporabe različitih goriva, može se zaključiti, da karakteristike goriva kod stacionarnih radnih karakteristika nemaju značajan utjecaj na karakteristike toka. Značajnije razlike nastupaju samo kod izračuna turbulentne kinetičke energije.Iz distribucija tlaka vidna su područja niskih tlakova na gornijim rubovima ulaza u otvore. To je područje osobito veliko kod otvora s većim kutom otklona. Na drugoj strani područje niskog tlaka na stijenama otvora mogao bi biti i rezultat upotrebljenog modela za izračun turbulencije.Na drugoj strani razlike u vrijednostima izračunatih koeficijenata istjecanja su značajne. Vrijednosti koeficijenta protjecanja u primjeru upotrebe dizela i biodizela imaju najmanje vrijednosti dok su kod upotrebljenih drugih alternativnih goriva skoro jednake i za oko 2% više od dizelskog goriva. Pošto se vrijednosti gustoće razlikuju međusobno, predstavljene su i apsulutne vrijednosti masenih protoka. Najviša količina goriva ubrizgana po satu je dobivena uporabom canola ulja, koje ima i najvišu gustoću. Uzimajuči u obzir niže kalorične vrijednosti goriva na bazi biljnih ulja i životinjskih masti, veći maseni protok ima pozitivan efekt pošto je moguće dovesti veću količinu goriva u prostor za izgaranje u istom vremenskom razdoblju.Prikazani su rezultati izračuna d32 kod stacionarnih uvjeta upotrebom empiričkih modela po Filipoviću i Elktobu. Pošto Filipovićev model zahtijeva vrijednost brzine istjecanja, koja se razlikuje među otvorima s različitim kutom otklona, rezultati su u tom primjeru predstavljeni pojedinačno za svaku rupu. Iz prikazanih rezultata može se razabrati da Filipovićov model daje veće vrijednosti d32 u primjeru uporabe alternativnih goriva. Rezultati se posebno razlikuju kod uporabe goriva s visokom viskoznošću. Kod drugog modela rezultati s uporabom dizelskog goriva, biodizela i tallowa so gotovo jednaki, dok su kod uporabe WCO i canole ponovo znatno viši.U primjeru izračuna Sauterovog promjera uporabom empiričnih modela kod nekih realnih tlakova ponovno su vrijednosti za WCO i canolu skoro dva puta veće nego kod ostalih goriva. Rezultati su pokazali već uopće poznatu činjenicu, da se promjer kapljica smanjuje povećanjem tlačne razlike.Iz spomenutih rezultata mogući su sljedeći zaključci:- Rezultati analize CFD nisu dali značajnije razlike između brzinskih polja i tlačnih razlika i uporabom

različitih alternativnih goriva.- Empirični modeli daju veće vrijednosti kapljica kod uporabe alternativnih goriva, što može biti poslijedica

veće viskoznosti.

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- Veće kapljice bi teoretski mogle negativno utjecati na emisije čestica, kao što je poznato kod rada dizelovog motora. U primjeru uporabe alternativnih goriva poljoprivrednog porijekla to nije problem zbog viška kisika koji je vezan u molekulama goriva.

- Uspoređujuči rezultate empirijskih modela može se utvrditi da su najmanije razlike između rezultata dobijenih uporabom dizelskog goriva i biodizela.

Što se tiče roka trajanja i pouzdanosti materijala u slučaju uporabe alternativnih goriva za neke bitne zaključke potrebna su još daljnja istraživanja.

AbstractBio-diesel produced from different plants (rape, canola, soya beans, palm tree...) or tallow appeared in recent decade as the alternative for diesel fuel produced from the crude oil. As another alternative fuel, also wasted cooking oil from restaurants could be used. However, do the aforementioned fuels also meet strength emission regulations? Are they suitable to run on the diesel engines designed to run on diesel fuel?The presented paper will discuss the influence of using alternative fuels on the fuel injection process and in-nozzle flow characteristics. Analyses were made for four-hole nozzle (dd=0,375 mm) with sac volume and sharp edges at the nozzle hole inlet sides. Fuel flow characteristics were analysed for petroleum diesel fuel, biodiesel, tallow methyl ester, canola oil and waste cooking oil (WCO).Numerical analyses were taken by using the CFD program FIRE (ver 6.2b). Analyses were made at the steady state conditions using one-quarter nozzle volume models, since some recent researches made in our lab had shown adequacy of those models for fast computational analysis. According to steady state analysing conditions, pressure boundary conditions at the in- and outlet were specified (100 bar at inlet and 1 bar at the outlet.). For empirical calculation of the Sauter mean diameter (d32) empirical models presented by Filipović (eq.5) and Elkotb (eq.6) were used. The input data for calculations were set according to fuel properties and the pressure difference of 99 bar for steady state and between 250 and 1750 bar for the real conditions.Numerical results are presented. Since there are no major differences between the velocities flow fields and pressure distributions for different fuels it can be stated that the fuel properties obviously don't have a significant influence on the flow characteristics. Significant differences occur only considering the turbulent kinetic energy. From pressure distributions the area of low pressure at the upper nozzle hole could be seen. The area is especially wide at the nozzle holes with higher inclination angle. At the other side the low pressure area at the nozzle hole walls could be also the result of the turbulence and the geometry models employed.On the other side nevertheless similarities in the velocity fields and pressure distributions the differences considering the flow coefficients are significant. The flow coefficient in case of using the petroleum diesel and biodiesel are the lowest, while at the other alternative fuels or oil used, the values are almost at the same level, which is about 2 % higher. Since the fuel densities differ from fuel to fuel, also the absolute values of the outflow mass flow is presented. The biggest quantity of fuel injected per second is obtained by using the canola oil, which also has the highest density. Considering the lower calorific value of vegetable or animal based oil this has the positive effect since bigger quantity of fuel could be injected per time.The results of the d32 calculations using the empirical models of Filipović and Elkotb are presented in figure 2. Since the model presented by Filipović considered the outflow velocity, which differ between nozzle holes with different inclination angles, the results are presented for each hole separately.From the presented results it could be stated that the empirical model of Filipović predict rather higher values of d32 by using the alternative fuels. Values are especially high by using the fuels with higher kinematic viscosity. At the other model, the results by using the diesel, biodiesel and tallow are almost equal, while values for WCO and tallow are higher again.In case of d32 calculations at the real injection pressures the values for WCO and canola are twice as high as for diesel. As it is commonly known, the droplets diameter decreases by increasing the injection pressure.From the above mentioned results the following conclusions could be made:- CFD analysis results showed no significant difference between the results of velocity flow fields and

pressure distribution by using different fuels.- Empirical models predicted bigger droplets by using the alternative fuels, what could be the result of

higher viscosity values. At the diesel fuel combustion bigger droplets would yield higher PM emissions. In case of the alternative fuels combustion that is not a problem because of the oxygen bounded in fuel.

- The smallest difference in the droplets diameter occurs for results of diesel and biodiesel fuel.- Considering the material durability by using the alternative fuels exact conclusions after first experimental

analysis couldn’t be made.According to the results received from the presented analysis we found out that for better understanding of the influence of the alternative fuel on the injection process, spray formation and material durability further experimental analysis are necessary.

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Referat / Paper B10V. JEDVAJ, S. DIMITRIJEVIĆINA RAFINERIJA NAFTE RIJEKA

REZULTATI PRIMJENE ADITIVA ZA POBOLJŠANJE IZGARANJA TEŠKOG LOŽIVOG ULJA U RADU GENERATORA PARE ENERGANE RN RIJEKA

RESULTS OF USING HEAVY FUEL OIL ADDITIVES FOR IMPROVING COMBUSTION PROCESS AT RIJEKA OIL REFINERY POWER PLANT STEAM BOILERS

SažetakGeneratori pare Energane Rafinerije nafte Rijeka koriste teško loživo ulje neujednačene kvalitete i rade konstantno cijelu godinu s promjenljivim opterećenjem. Problemi koji nastaju tijekom rada uzrokovani su taloženjem neizgorenih čestica i teških metala, čađom, viskotemperaturnom i niskotemperaturnom korozijom. Sve to skraćuje neprekidni rad zbog čišćenja ili popravaka, pogoršava prijelaz topline, kapacitet i stupanj iskoristivosti te povećava potrošnju goriva što dovodi do ekonomskih gubitaka i povećanja emisije u okoliš. Navedeni problemi pokušavaju se izbjeći ili umanjiti primjenom aditiva za poboljšanje izgaranja loživog ulja.Zahtjevi na aditive za lož ulja koji se postavljaju u našim pogonskim uvjetima jesu: smanjenje izlaznih gubitaka topline dimnih plinova smanjenje troškova čišćenja ogrijevnih površina povećanje raspoloživosti generatora pare povećanjem perioda između dva čišćenja smanjenje emisije štetnih sastojaka u okoliš smanjenje djelovanja korozije na ogrijevnim površinamaKao pokazatelji utjecaja aditiviranja uzeti su u obzir: temperature izlaznih dimnih plinova (ovisno o opterećenju) analiza taloga vizualni pregled ložišta iskustva prilikom čišćenja ogrijevnih površinaKorisnost aditiviranja utvrđivala se analizom pokazatelja i usporedbom s nultim (početnim) stanjem ili razdobljem bez korištenja aditiva.

AbstractPower plant steam boilers at the Rijeka Oil Refinery use heavy fuel oil of uneven quality, while they are on duty the whole year with variable steam production. Problems which appear during the working period are the results of unburned particles and heavy metal deposits, soots, high and low-temperature corrosion. All of these decrease the working period because they require maintenace or cleaning; decrease heat transfer, efficiency and capacity, increase fuel consumption, and generally increase economic losses and enviromental pollution. The use of specific additives is one way of reducing or avoiding these problems.The expected additive efects in our working conditions are : reduction of the flue gas heat loses reduction of the cleaning costs increase of the working period emission reduction corrosion reduction Indicators of additive influence in our case are: flue gas temperature (depending on steam production) deposit analysis visual inspection of the heat transfer surfaces cleaning experienceAdditive efficiency is established by analyzing indicators and results with/without use of the additive.

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Referat / Paper C1V. SUŠIĆINA ZAGREB

TRAJNO POBOLJŠAVANJE SUSTAVA UPRAVLJANJA KVALITETOM

CONTINUAL IMPROVEMENT OF THE QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

SažetakSuvremeno upravljanje kvalitetom (prema normnom nizu ISO 9000:2000) temelji se na osam načela, među kojima je i trajno poboljšavanje.Ono se ostvaruje kroz proces koji najbolje opisuje Demingov krug (plan-do check-act), primjenom na sve aktivnosti u organizaciji. Vidljivo je u povećanju učinkovitosti i uspješnosti sustava upravljanja kvalitetom i njegovih procesa te poboljšanju proizvoda u odnosu na zahtjeve kupca.Poslovodstvo je dužno osigurati dokaze o opredjeljenju za i ostvarenju trajnog poboljšanja primjenom politike kvalitete, ostvarenjem poslovnih ciljeva, rezultate prosudbi, analize podataka korektivnih i preventivnih aktivnosti, praćenjem zadovoljstva kupaca i periodičnim pregledima sustava.

AbstractModern quality management (according to the ISO 2000:2000 standard series) is based on eight principales, one of which is continual improvement.It can be achieved through a process which is described in the best way by the Deming circle (plan-do check-act), by implementing to all activities of an organisation. It can be seen in the increase of the effectiveness and efficiency of the quality management system and its processes and improvement of product related to customer requirements.Management is responsible for providing evidence of its commitment to the continual improvement and its realisation, trough implementation of the quality policy, by the achivenent of established objectives, analysis of the audits results and data relating to corrective and preventive activities, and by measurment and monitoring of customer satisfaction and periodical management review.

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Referat / Paper C2N. MARČEC-RAHELIĆ, R. VUČINIĆ, T. DUJMOVINA RAFINERIJA NAFTE RIJEKA

SUSTAV UPRAVLJANJA KVALITETOM - PROCESNI PRISTUP: ISKUSTVO RAFINERIJE NAFTE RIJEKA

QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM-PROCESS APPROACH: RIJEKA OIL REFINERY EXPERIENCE

SažetakSustav upravljanja kvalitetom po normi ISO 9001:2000, zahtjevom za procesnim pristupom obvezuje poslovodstvo na identifikaciju procesa, opisivanje slijeda i interakcije procesa, kriterija i metoda za nadzor procesa, a sve to pridonosi racionalizaciji poslovanja, jednoj od temeljnih strateških odrednica tvrtke INA.Rafinerija nafte Rijeka je definirala procese sustava, priprema katalog procesa koji će poslovodstvo selektivno primjenjivati u svrhu poboljšanja performansi, kontinuiranog praćenja i ocjenjivanja stanja sustava i trajnog poboljšanja poslovanja.

AbstractQuality Management System according to the ISO 9001:2000 standard, through its requirement for process approach, binds the management to perform process identification, description of process sequence and interaction, criteria and methods for process control, all this contributing to business making rationalization, one among the basic strategic orientations of INA, d.d. The Rijeka Oil Refinery has defined the process systems and is currently preparing a process catalogue which the management will be applying selectively for the purpose of improving performances, continuous monitoring and evaluation of the system’s condition and permanent operation improvement.

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Referat / Paper C3E. MRAČIĆINA RAFINERIJA NAFTE RIJEKA

PRIMJENA STATISTIČKE KONTROLE PROCESA ZA OSIGURANJE KVALITETE PROIZVODA

STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL FOR PRODUCT QUALITY MANAGEMENT

SažetakU statističkom vođenju procesa korištenjem više bezdimenzionalnih značajki koje daju ocjenu varijabiliteta procesa, kao što su Cp, Cpk i k, uz ciljano grupiranje podataka za startnu analizu, prikazan je način određivanja uočljivih trenutaka rada procesa, čiji se utjecaj u grupiranju analizira u rasponu +/- 3 (sigma). Polazni podaci za analizu odabrani su iz podataka prikladnih za obradu na PC-u, o proteklom radu postrojenja FCC Rafinerije nafte Rijeka u razdoblju od 20.08.2001. do 18.11.2001. godine. Osnovne značajke o radu postrojenja (glavni parametri procesa) izdvojeni su nakon pregleda svi podataka i pregleda njihovih linijskih grafova. Tako je dobiveno svega pet vrijednosti (parametara) koje su dalje detaljnije promatrane primjenom statističke analize uočavanja varijabiliteta i usporedbe indeksa sposobnosti procesa (Cp Cpk i k). Uspoređene su razlike u dobivenim indeksima kao posljedica grupiranja od 3, 5, 8 i 12 podataka.Od mnoštva utjecajnih činitelja na varijabilnost promatranih podataka i dobivenih indeksa sposobnosti u prvom redu je pretpostavljena važnost ujednačenosti kvalitete ulazne šarže. Stoga je paralelno promatrana i varijabilnost karakteristika, odnosno fizikalno-kemijskih svojstava ulazne šarže.Primijenjen je način izračunavanja VGC konstante naftnog produkta općenito, čijom se usporedbom rezultata dade uočiti vjerojatna promjena u sastavu i raspodjeli triju glavnih grupa ugljikovodika koji su svojim udjelima odgovorni na iznos VGC konstante.Na kraju su uspoređeni rezultati promatranja parametara preko statističkih indeksa i rezultati dobiveni izračunom VGC konstante, uz druga fizikalno-kemijska svojstava ulazne šarže za postrojenje FCC Rafinerija nafte Rijeka.Primjena ovakvog načina analize, uz korištenje bezdimenzionalnih rezultata (statističkih za procesne podatke i empirijskih za svojstva šarže) u velikoj se mjeri mogu razjasniti i tako objasniti ponekad vrlo nepredvidiva i nepoznata pojavljivanja neujednačenosti rada procesa.Uz primjenu automatskih analizatora pojedinih svojstava procesnih medija, bilo ulaznih ili medija u samom procesu, uz poznatu ciljanu vrijednost, te njihovom aplikacijom na DCS - sustave za vođenje, moguće je znatno unaprijediti kvalitetu rada procesa pa tako i dobivenog proizvoda.

AbstractIn statistical process control using several nondimensional properties providing the process variability evaluation, such as Cp, Cpk and k, with a targeted data grouping for initial analysis, we have presented the manner of identifying memorable process operation moments, the influence of which – when it comes to grouping – is being analyzed in the range of +/- 3 (sigma). Input data for the analysis have been selected from the data apt for PC processing. They refer to the Rijeka Oil Refinery FCC plant operation in the period from 20 August, 2001-18 November, 2001. The basic properties on the plant’s operation (the main process parameters) have been isolated after checking all data and reviewing their linear graphs. Thus, we came up with only five values (parameters) that were later on monitored in more detail by applying statistical analysis of spotting variabilities and comparing the process capability indices (Cp Cpk and k). Differences in indices obtained have been compared as the result of grouping 3, 5, 8 and 12 data respectively.Among many factors influencing the variability of data observed and capability indices obtained, we have primarily singled out the importance of the input batch quality evenness. That is why we have simultaneously been monitoring also the variability of features i.e. physico-chemical properties of the input batch.We have applied the manner of calculating the VGC (viscosity-gravity) constant of the oil product in general. Data comparison enables us to observe a probable change in the composition and distribution of three main hydrocarbon groups whose shares are responsible for the VGC constant amount.Finally, we have compared the results of observing parameters through statistical indices and the results obtained through the calculation of VGC constant, along with other physico-chemical properties of the input batch for the Rijeka Oil Refinery FCC plant.The application of such analysis type, using nondimensional results (statistical for the process data and empirical for the batch properties) may to a large extent be clarified, thus explaining sometimes very unpredictable and unknown occurences of process operation unevenness.By applying automatic analyzers of individual process media properties – whether input or those referring to the process itself – with a known targeted value, and through their application on DCS control systems, the process operation and hence product quality may be considerably upgraded.

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Referat / Paper D1I. KRIVDIĆ, S. ŠVEL CEROVEČKI, D. SEDLARINA SSRII ZAGREB

ANALIZA RADNE OKOLINE U RAFINERIJSKOJ PRERADI

ANALYSE OF WORK ENVIRONMENT IN REFINERY TREATMENT

SažetakIspitivanje radne okoline predstavlja zakonsku obvezu u skladu sa Zakonom o zaštiti na radu (Narodne novine 26/93, čl. 50.). ININE rafinerije su obvezne obavljati ispitivanja u radnim prostorijama i prostorima u kojima proces rada utječe na temperaturu, vlažnost, brzinu strujanja zraka, stvaranje buke, proizvodnju opasnih tvari i nastanak zračenja. Sektor strateškog razvoja, istraživanja i investicija je mjerenje parametara radne okoline proveo u Rafineriji nafte Rijeka i Rafineriji nafte Sisak na temelju rješenja Ministarstva rada i socijalne skrbi o ispunjavanju uvjeta za obavljanje poslova zaštite na radu (URB 524-02/1-96-2).U radu će biti prikazana analiza izvješća o ispitivanju parametara radne okoline mjerenih u rafinerijama u razdoblju od pet godina. Zakonom propisani parametri ispitivanja su mikroklimatski uvjeti (temperatura zraka, relativna vlažnost, brzina strujanja zraka), buka, električna osvijetljenost radnih mjesta i kemijske štetnosti specifične u rafinerijskoj preradi (ukupni ugljikovodici, oksidi ugljika, oksidi dušika, sumporovodik, amonijak, ksilen, toulen, benzen). Parametri su ispitivani u proizvodnim postrojenjima, otvorenom dijelu pogonskog prostora, radnim prostorima manipulacije (autopunilišta, vagonpunilišta, punilišta autocisterni) kontrolno-analitičkim laboratorijima, uredskim prostorima, radionicama strojne obrade, praonicama cisterni, vatrogasnom domu, skladištima i restoranima društvene prehrane.Analizirat će se ocjene rezultata ispitivanja za pojedine parametre, zaključci o primjeni pravila zaštite na radu i prijedlozi provođenja novih mjera u cilju zaštite zdravlja, očuvanja radne sposobnosti radnika te osiguranja uvjeta za siguran rad.

AbstractAccording to the Act on Occupational Safety (Official Gazette No. 26/93, par. 50) examination of the work environment is a legal obligation.The refineries in INA are obliged to perform the examinations of the workspaces and areas in which the work process influence on the air temperature, moisture, air current speed, noise creation, hazardous substances production and the appearance of radiation.Strategic Development, Research and Investment Sector has performed the measurement of the work environment parameters in Rijeka Oil Refinery and Sisak Oil Refinery on the base of Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare’s Decision on the realization of requirements for performing the occupational safety activities (URB 524-02/1-96-2).In the paper will be demonstrated analyse of the work environment parameters examination reports in the period of five years.The examination parameters that are prescribed by the law are microclimate conditions (air temperature, relative moisture, air current speed), noise, electrical illumination of the work places and chemical hazardousness specific for the refinery treatment (total hydrocarbons, carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, xylene, toluene, benzene). The parameters were examined in the process plants, in the open area of the facilities, workspaces of the manipulation (petrol stations, wagon stations, vehicle tanker stations), control-analytical laboratories, offices, engineering workshops, vehicle tanker washhouses, fire station, warehouses and restaurants.Estimates of the examination results for each parameter will be analysed, as also the conclusions of the occupational safety rules application and suggestions for new measures for the purpose of health protection, preservation of employees’ working capability and insurance of the conditions for safe work.

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Referat / Paper D2T. TOMIĆ, N. ŠEGUDOVIĆINA SSRII ZAGREB

UDIO POLICIKLIČKIH AROMATSKIH UGLJIKOVODIKA U UZORCIMA DIZELSKOG GORIVA HPLC METODOM

CONTENT OF PAH IN DIESEL FUEL SAMPLES DETERMINED BY HPLC

SažetakDetaljnija i pouzdanija karakterizacija sastava nafte, teških ostataka i srednjih frakcija je od velike važnosti za optimiranje rafinerijskih procesa, evaluaciju svojstava proizvoda, korelacija strukture i svojstava, korelaciju porijekla nafte te brigu za okoliš. Zbog kompleksnosti kemijskog sastava nafte i frakcija njihova karakterizacija nije jednostavan zadatak.Tradicionalno, aromati se izoliraju iz nafte i frakcija korištenjem različitih kromatografskih metoda adsorpcijom na koloni. Danas je tekućinska kromatografija visoke djelotvornosti (HPLC) najrasprostranjenija analitička metoda za određivanje grupnog sastava nafte i derivata. Određivanje aromata u uzorcima dizel goriva propisana je Europskom normom EN 12916 od 2000 g. '' Derivati nafte-Određivanje sadržaja tipova aromata u srednjim frakcijama-Metoda tekućinske kromatografije (HPLC) visoke djelotvornosti uz detektor indeksa loma''. Norma je bazirana na prethodnim normama IP 391/90 i IP 391/95. Metoda za određivanje aromata koristi HPLC normalnih faza uz više funkcijski preklopni ventil. Separacija se provodi na polarnoj ili modificiranoj polarnoj koloni (silika ili amino/cijano silika) uz nepolarnu pokretnu fazu (n-heptan) uz korištenje detektora indeksa loma. Kolona ne pokazuje afinitet za zasićene ugljikovodike (alifatski i ciklički), ali pokazuje naglašeni afinitet i selektivnost za aromatske ugljikovodike. Kao rezultat selektivnosti aromati su separirani od zasićenih i međusobno odvojeni jasno izraženim pikovima sukladno prstenastoj strukturi tj. kao mono, di i tri+ aromati. Mono-aromati se definiraju kao spojevi koji imaju samo jedan aromatski prsten bez obzira na broj vezanih zasićenih prstenova. Di-aromati su spojevi koji sadrže dva aromatska prstena koji mogu biti kondenzirani, vezani jednostavnim vezama ili međusobno odvojeni parafinskim lancem ili naftenskim prstenom. Tri+ aromati po istoj definiciji imaju tri ili više aromtskih prstenova i u većini separacija koeluiraju s nekim polarnim hetero spojevima. Također u skladu s definicijama iz Norme policiklički aromatski ugljikovodici predstavljaju zbroj sadržaja di i tri+ aromata.Preciznost metode je provjerena na uzorcima koji su sadržavali od 0%-26% (m/m) PAH-ova. Ekološki zahtjevi su ograničili sadržaj PAH-ova u dizel gorivima na 11% (m/m) (EN 590/99).Sadržaj policikličkih aromatskih ugljikovodika je mjeren na nizu komercijalnih uzoraka dizela i eurodizela. Određivanje je provedeno na kromatografu VARIAN 9000 i μ-Boundpak-NH2 koloni te n-heptanom kao pokretnoj fazi. Temperatura kolone i injektora je bila 25oC , a ostali dijelovi na sobnoj temperaturi. Koncentracija separiranih frakcija praćene su odazivom diferencijalnog refraktometra, a prikupljanje i obrada podataka učinjena je osobnim računalom uz odgovarajuću programsku podršku.Dobiveni rezultati su pokazali da je sadržaj PAH-ova niži od dopuštenog maksimuma od 11% (m/m) kod velike većine uzoraka. Sadržaj PAH-ova u dizelskom gorivu je dvostruko veći od sadržaja u eurodizel gorivu.Preciznost izračunata putem ponovljivosti je u granicama očekivanim iz Norme, ali je niža nego u slučaju određivanja mono aromata odnosno ukupnih aromata. Sadržaj tri+ aromata je često oko 0.1% što je granica kvantifikacije metode i osnovni razlog je smanjenoj preciznosti. Dobiveni rezultati također ukazuju da bi se umjesto RI detektora mogao uvesti osjetljiviji detektor.

AbstractDetailed and reliable compositional characterization of crude oil, heavy ends and middle fractions is a great importance for the optimization of refining processes, product performance, evaluation, structure-property correlation, oil-source correlation and enviromental concerns. Due to the complexity of chemical composition of crude oil as well as oil fractions their characterisation is not simple task.Traditionally, the aromatics are isolated from the oil and oil fractions using different adsorption column chromatography method. Today, high-performaner liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis is the most widely used analitical method for the determination of the aromatic component groups.The determination of aromatics in diesel fuel samples is covered by the European Norm EN 12916/2000 ''Petroleum products- Determination of aromatic hydrocarbon types in middle distillates-High performance liquid chromatography method with refractive index detection''. The Norm is based on a former norms IP 391/90 and IP 391/95. The method used for determination is normal phase column switching high performance liquid chromatography (NP HPLC). The separation is performed on polar columns (silica or-NH2/-CN modified silica) in non-polar mobile phase (n-heptane) using refractive index (RI) detector. The column have a little afinity to non-aromatic (saturated) hydrocarbon (SAT), but a pronounced afinity and selectivity for aromatic hydrocarbons (AHS). As a results of selectivity, AHC is separated from SAT and into distinct peaks according to their ring structure i.e. mono, di and tri+ aromatics. A monoaromatics is defined as

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any compound which has only one aromatic ring regardless of the number of saturated rings connected. A diaromatic is compound having two aromatic rings which may be condensed, joined by a single band, or wholly separated by a parrafin chain or naphtene rings. A tri+ aromatic, by the same definition has three or more aromatic rings and in most separation tri+ concentrates will also contain some polar hetero compound. Also according to the Norm a polyciclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's) is defined as a sum of di and tri+ aromatics.Precision of the method has been checked in the sample containing 0%-26% (m/m) of PAH's. Due to enviromental requirements the content of PAH's in diesel fuel is limited on 11%(m/m) (EN 590/99).The contents of the PAH's have been measured on numerous commercial diesel and euro diesel samples. The measurements has been performed on VARIAN 9000 chromatograph, μ-Bondapak-NH2 column, n-heptane as a mobile phase. The temperature of a column was 250C and other parts at ambient temperature. The response of eluate was monitored by RI detector and data aquisition and processing were undertaken by PC with building in software. The obtained results have shown that the content of PAH's is usually lower then maximum tolerated value (11%). The content in diesel fuel is almost doubled comparing to eurodiesel fuel. The precision of the PAH's content is in tolerance range of the method, but lower than for the monoaromatics determination. The content of the tri+aromatics is almost at the limit of quantification and is main reason for poorer precision. Obtained results have also shown that instead RI, more sensitive detector could be used.

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Referat / Paper D3V. BOBIĆINA SSRII ZAGREB

MIKROBIOLOŠKE INFEKCIJE GORIVA I METODE ANALIZE

MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION OF FUEL OILS AND DETERMINATION OF THE VIABLE MICROBIAL CONTENT

SažetakKvarenje naftnih proizvoda ima vrlo jasne ekonomske posljedice i većina je istraživanja na tom području potaknuta tim razlozima. Mikrobiološka sluz koja je uzrokovala čepljenja filtera za goriva i koroziju u spremnicima avionskih goriva pred tridesetak je godina potakla zanimanje za djelovanjem bakterija i gljivica u naftnim proizvodima. Ispočetka se većina istraživača usmjerila na proučavanje mikroorganizama u avionskom gorivu jer posljedice infekcija mogu biti dramatične, no tokom godina istraživačka praksa pokazala je da su svi proizvodi naftne industrije podložni mikrobnim infekcijama.Kvarenje nastaje u dvofaznom sistemu ulje/voda, ali prisutna količina vode može biti vrlo mala. U ovom radu je predmet ispitivanja bila biorazgradnja i mikrobna infekcija dizelskog goriva, gdje je vodena faza mala u odnosu na količinu ugljikovodika.U dizelskom gorivu koje se koristi za pogon motora u cestovnom, željezničkom i brodskom prometu te za grijanje i proizvodnju struje mikrobne infekcije nisu iznimka. Problemi koje uzrokuju mikroorganizmi u gorivima su: čepljenje filtera i blokada motora uzrokovana fizičkom prisutnošću mikroorganizama, proizvodnja površinski aktivnih tvari što umanjuje mogućnost odvajanja vode o goriva, proizvodnji korozivnih metaboličkih produkata (organske kiseline i sulfidi), mikrobna depolarizacija koja stimulira koroziju i mikrobna razgradnja zaštitnih slojeva spremnika.Cilj ovoga rada bio je utvrditi prisutnost mikroorganizama u gorivu i talogu spremnika te procjena veličine mikrobne infekcije. Vodena faza taloga ispitivana je dvjema konvencionalnim metodama - semikvantitativnom Dipslide tehnikom i brojanjem živih mikroorganizama na hranjivoj podlozi.Za ugljikovodičnu komponentu (gorivo) prednost je dana metodi membranske filtracije ali praksa je pokazala da je za što točnije utvrđivanje veličine mikrobne infekcije potrebno koristiti bar dvije različite metode. Također, pravilno uzorkovanje značajno je u točnoj procjeni.

AbstractThe microbiological spoilage of petroleum products has obvious economic implications, and most research on the biodeterioration of petroleum products has been prompted by these economic considerations. Microbiological slimes associated with fuel filter blocking and corrosion of aircraft tanks stimulated interest thirty years ago in many aspects of the bacteria and fungi behaviour in petroleum products. Initially, most workers have concentrated on the study of microorganisms found in aviation and jet fuels, and during the years of investigations experience indicates that all petroleum industry products are subject to microbiological attack.Spoilage occur if there is a two-phase oil/water system, but actual amount of free water can be very small. Biodegradation of gas oils, particularly the gas oils where water phase is small in relation to the fuel phase, has been the first spoilage category of our interest in this work.Microbial infections in fuel oils used in road and rail vehicles, power- and heat-generating equipment and ships are almost the standard rather the exception. Problems caused by microbial growth are: blockage of filters due to the physical presence of microorganisms, surfactants produced by microorganisms diminishing the ability of fuel to separate well from water, formation of corrosive metabolic products (organic acids and sulphide), microbial depolarization stimulating corrosion and microbial degradation of protective coatings.Aim of this work was detection and evaluation of microbial infection of gas oils and water bottom of fuel tanks. Two conventional tests were applied to the water phase : semiquantitative Dipslide technique and agar plates enumeration.For the fuel phase, method of choice was membrane filtration, but experimental practice demonstrated that for accurate detection and estimation of MPN (most probable number) at least two different methods should be used. Accurate sampling significantly contribute to proper evaluation of results.

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Referat / Paper D4F. KOKALJ, N. SAMEC, B. PERDIJAFAKULTETA ZA STROJNIŠTVO MARIBOR, SLOVENIJA

EKOLOŠKA SANACIJA GUDRONA SPALJIVANJEM

ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIAL OF ACID SLUDGE BY INCINERATION

SažetakKiseli gudron je zauljena otpadna tvar, koja nastaje prilikom kisele rafinacije međuprodukata nafte odnosno rabljenih ulja koncentriranom sumpornom kiselinom. U Sloveniji postoji nekoliko starih deponija kiselog gudrona. Nedavno se odlučilo pristupiti projektu saniranja tih starih nerješenih ekoloških problema. Poslije ispitivanja i nekih drugih postupaka sanacije, sada se odlučilo isprobati mogućnost spaljivanja gudrona. Za naš rad je bilo odlučeno, da se naprave kemijske analize gudrona sa dvije najveće deponije na području grada Maribora, dakle s deponije na Studencima i u Pesnici. Ove dvije lokacije, kao i neke druge manje bi trebale biti idućih godina sanirane. Gudron je dospio na te deponije prije više od 20 godina. Nastao je pri preradi starih ulja postupkom rafinacije sa sumpornom kiselinom, pri čemu se izvuku nezasičeni ogljikovodici, spojevi metala i organski kloridi. Količina otpadnog materijala pri takvoj preradi iznosi od 3 do 10 posto od ulaznih količina.Vidi se da postoji razlika izmedju uzoraka, pogotovo glede koncentracije klora, cinka i olova. Kalorične vrijednosti i koncentracije sumpora su slične i one će najodlučnije utjecati na proces izgaranja te na tvorbu produkata.Najprije je bila obavljena teoretsko - tehnička studija mogućih i za okoliš sigurnih postupaka spaljivanja neobrađenog gudrona. Zbog karakterističnog kemijskog sastava i fizikalnih svojstava gudrona opredijelili smo se za spaljivanje na osnovi dvije različite tehnologije s različitim postupcima obrade dimnih plinova, koje su neophodno potrebne, radi dostizanja nižih emisijskih koncentracija polutanata u odnosu na propisane dozvoljene emisije od EU.Dogovorili smo se za pokusno spaljivanje gudrona u spalionici opasnog otpada PUTO Zagreb i u pilot spalionici Fakulteta za strojarstvo iz Maribora i KIV-a iz Vranskog. Obje spalionice su dvokomornog tipa, što znači, da se otpad u primarnoj komori plinificira i djelomično, spali, a u sekundarnoj komori potpuno izogi pri temperaturama iznad 1000 °C. Dimni plinovi moraju imati vrijeme zadržavana u tim visokim temparaturama dulje od 2 sekunde, kako bi se dostigla potpuna razgradnja opasnih organskih polutanata. Vrijeme zadržavanja i temperatura su istovremeno i zakonski regulirani.Spalionica PUTO u Zagrebu je rotacijskog tipa. Poslije sagorijevanja u vertikalnoj sekundarnoj komori najprije slijede izmenjivači topline, zatim je četiri stupanjsko čišćenje dimnih plinova. Čišćenje plinova obuhvaća reaktor, filtar za prašinu, katalizator i toranj za pranje dimnih plinova. Pilot spalionica Fakulteta za strojarstvo iz Maribora i tvrtke KIV iz Vranskog ima klasičnu primarnu komoru sa rešetkom, koja je napravljena na način, da pastozni odpad ne može kliziti kroz nju. Poslije sekundarne komore dimni plinovi najprije idu kroz izmenjivač toplote, onda slijedi polusuha adsorbcija kiselih komponenata iz dimnih plinova, poslije toga su vrečasti filtri za izdvajanje čestica, na kraju ispred dimnjaka je još filtar iz aktivnog ugljena, radi konačnog čišćenja dimnih plinova pri čemu se izdvoje preostale kisele komponente, teški metali, dioksini i furani.Dobar kvalitet spaljivanja u primarnoj i sekundarnoj komori u vezi s adekvatnim tretmanom dimnih plinova mora omogućiti rad cjelokupnog objekta u skladu sa svim važečim propisima. Pošto imamo u Sloveniji sve propise o zaštiti okoliša usuglašene sa Europskim direktivama, naše su ograničene emisijske vrijednosti apsolutno gledano jako niske. Zbog toga je u prvom redu potrebno odabrati najbolju tehnologiju za spaljivanje, koja producira najmanje emisije te ostatak papela i šljake. Uz to treba odabrati adekvatno čišćenje plinova, koje će omogučit na jednoj strani emisije polutanata u skladu sa propisima, a na drugoj strani ekonomičan rad naprava sa što manje ostataka poslije čišćenja dimnih plinova.Rezultati mjerenja svih propisanih emisija prikazuju direktno usporedbu dviju tehnologija spaljivanja i obrade dimnih plinova. Pilot spalionicom smo dostigli bolje rezultate, koji su skoro u potpunosti usuglašeni s europskim normama. Problem prevelike koncentracije prašine i teških metala pri uzorku "Pesnica" može se tehnički riješiti manjom investicijom i poboljšanjem efikasnosti sistema za obradu plinova. Analiza šljake je pokazala da je gudron u potpunosti izgorio, što se vidi iz preostatka TOC-a, kojeg je bilo manje od 1 posto. Koncentracije bakra i olova su tako velike, da ovu šljaku nije moguće odlagati na deponiju za inertni otpad, već na odlagalište za bezopasne otpad (s obzirom na slovenske propise). Testiranja izluživanjem su pokazala da je izluživanje u dopuštenim granicama.Dobrim planiranjem svih pokusa, dobrim izborom tehnologije spaljivanja i tehnologijom prečišćavanja dimnih plinova te kvalitetnim izvođenjem pokusa uspjeli smo izvesti spaljivanje gudrona, koji je dao veoma povoljne rezultate. Pogotovo smo zadovoljni, što smo uspjeli sniziti koncentraciju SO2 ispod dozvoljinih granica. Koncentracije SO2 su bile u dimnim plinima pred čišćenjem na nivou 10g/Nm3, što pokazuje da je gotovo sav sumpor izgorio i napustio primarnu komoru s dimnim plinovima. Sniženje njegove koncentracije se obavilo u

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dva odnosno tri koraka. Koncentracije teških metala u šljaki pokazuju da je samo manji dio napustio primarnu komoru, što je olakšalo rad naprava za čišćenje plinova.

AbstractAcid gudron is oily waste that forms in the process of acid rafination inter products of crude oil or waste oil with concentrated sulphur acid. There are several old dump sites for acid gudron in Slovenia. Recently was made a decision to start the remedial process of these old unsolved ecological problems. After the recent investigation of some other remedial processes, a decision was made to investigate the incineration of gudron. In order to conduct the investigation, chemical analyses of gudron from two biggest dump sites in area of the city of Maribor, located in the city suburbs of Studenci and Pesnica was made. These two locations and several smaller will be in remedial process in the course of next years. Gudron was transported there more then 20 years ago. It was produced while processing old oils with the process of rafination with sulphur acid. With this process the unsaturated hydrocarbons, metal parts and carbon chlorides are removed. The amount of waste material in such a process is between 3 and 10 percent of input quantity. There is a difference between the two samples, especially in concentration of chlorine, zinc and lead. Calorific value and concentration of sulphur are similar and they are the most influential in the process of combustion and formation of combustion products.In the very beginning, the theoretical - technical study of possible and environmentally safe processes of incineration of unprocessed gudron was conducted. Due to specific chemical composition and physical properties of gudron the decision was made to perform test incineration of gudron by using two different technologies with variety of flue gas treatment systems, which are indispensably necessary for reaching the flue gas emission levels set by the European Community Directive.Test incineration of gudron was conducted in hazardous waste incinerator PUTO in Zagreb and in pilot incinerator of Faculty of mechanical engineering from Maribor and KIV from Vransko. Both incinerators have two stage technology, meaning that in first combustion chamber the waste gasifies and partly combusts, while in secondary combustion chamber waste completely combusts at the temperatures over 1000 °C. Residence time of flue gases in these high temperatures has to be longer than 2 seconds in order to achieve complete destruction of hazardous organic pollutants. Residence time and temperature are duly defined in the legislation.Hazardous waste incinerator PUTO in Zagreb has a rotary kiln. After combustion of gases in vertical secondary chamber the flue gases first enter the heat exchanger, then they enter the four stage flue gas cleaning. The cleaning consists of reactor, dust filter, catalyst and tower for washing the flu gases.Pilot incinerator of Faculty of Mechanical Engineering from Maribor and company KIV from Vransko has a standard primary chamber with specially designed grate not permitting solid or pasty waste to slip through it. After combustion in secondary chamber the flue gases enter the heat exchanger and then enter the system of semi dry adsorption of acid components in flu gases, then they pass through bag filters for particles removal and before going out the chimney they go through active coke filter for final cleaning, where the remaining acid components, heavy metals, dioxins and furans are removed.High quality incineration in primary and in secondary chamber in combination with appropriate flue gas treatment should assure the operation of the whole plant in order with legislative demands. Since Slovenian legislation of environmental protection is already harmonised with European Union Directives, our legislation emission levels are very low. Having this in mind, a primary need is to find the technology of incineration, that produces small amounts of gas emissions and residual of ash and dust. Additionally there is a need to find proper flue gas treatment, which will on one hand enable emissions of flue gases under legislative values and on other hand guarantee an economical work of treatment devices with as less as possible remainings after flue gas treatment.Measurement results of all legislatively defined emission values show direct comparison of two technologies of incineration and flue gas treatment. Better results were produced with pilot incinerator, which are almost completely comparable with the standards of European Directive. The exceeded concentration of dust and heavy metals at sample "Pesnica" can be technically solved with smaller investment and improvement of efficiency of flue gas treatment devices. The slag analyses show the total burn out of gudron. This can be seen from concentration of the remaining TOC, that was lower than 1 percent. Amounts of copper and lead in the slag are so high, that this slag can not be deposited on refuse dump for inert waste. Instead, in accordance with Slovenian legislation, it has to be deposited on waste bump for non hazardous waste. Conducted leaching test showed all concentrations under legislative values.Appropriate planning of all test trials with correct selection of incineration technology and technology of flue gas treatment together with precise execution of tests shows, that it is possible to incinerate gudron with very good results. The concentration of SO2 was the hardest to get under the legislative value. The SO2

concentration in raw gases was around 10 g/Nm3, showing that all sulphur has been burnt and has left the primary combustion chamber with flue gases. The reduction of its concentration was undertaken in two or in three steps. The concentration of heavy metals in slag shows, that only smaller part of them has left the primary chamber, adding to the eased work of flue gas treatment devices.

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Referat / Paper D5S. KORUNIĆ KOŠĆINA1, M. MIOČ2, V. BOBIĆ2

1INA RAFINERIJA NAFTE RIJEKA, 2INA SSRII ZAGREB

EKOTOKSIČNOST KAO BIOLOŠKI POKAZATELJ ONEČIŠĆENJA RAFINERIJSKIH OTPADNIH VODA

ECOTOXICITY AS BIOLOGICAL PARAMETER FOR ESTIMATION OF THE REFINERY WASTEWATER POLLUTION

SažetakKompletnim tretmanom obrade procesnih otpadnih voda i provedbom sveobuhvatnog programa ispitivanja kakvoće izlaznog efluenta ostvaruje se u RN Rijeka vrlo učinkovita zaštita recipijenta i očuvanje prirodne biološke ravnoteže morskog ekosustava. Temeljem zakonske regulative potrebno je provoditi ispitivanje ekotoksičnosti izlaznih otpadnih voda prije ispuštaja u more, radi ocjene utjecaja na ekosustav mora.U program praćenja kakvoće rafinerijskog efluenta, te podzemnih voda ekotoksikološka ispitivanja uključena su od 1997.godine, te se raspolaže sa petogodišnjim rezultatima, što sa stajališta znanstveno stručne obrade podataka predstavlja potrebni minimum praćenja za definiranje značajnosti utjecaja bioloških čimbenika.Za određivanje toksičnosti otpadnih i podzemnih voda korištena je njemačka standardna metoda po DIN-u (DIN 38 412-L-34). To je bioluminiscentna metoda koja spada među testove kratkog trajanja, a kao test organizmi korištene se fluoroscentne bakterije. Metoda je prilagođena mjerenju toksičnosti industrijskih otpadnih voda koje u pravilu sadrže povišene razine zasoljenja. Ispitivanja ekotoksičnosti se provode već šestu godinu i sakupljeni podaci predstavljaju relevantne rezultate na osnovi kojih se mogu definirati zaključci o mogućem djelovanju intoksikacije prisutnih organskih ili anorganskih otrova, bilo sa lokalnim ili resorptivnim učincima na test - organizam. Osim toga se, pri ocjeni stanja mora u koji se ispušta pročišćena rafinerijska otpadna voda, treba voditi računa o pratećim interakcijskim procesima odnosno pokušati utvrditi opseg uzajamnog djelovanja svih kemijsko-fizikalnih i bioloških pratećih parametara na test organizme, uz prepoznavanje odnosnih korelacijskih odnosa. Jedino na taj način mogu se razgraničiti i vrednovati biodepresivni ili biostimulativni učinci ispitivane otpadne vode na ekosustav recipijenta u koji se one ispuštaju.Cilj ovog rada i obrade rezultata ekotoksičnosti efluenta je utvrđivanje vrste i opsega mogućih utjecaja RNR na onečišćenja mora kao recipijenta, sa svrhom poboljšanja kakvoće izlazne vode i bolje ekološke zaštite morskih biocenoza.

AbstractWith the complete treatment of processing the wastewater and application of overall quality effluent research, the Petroleum Refinery Rijeka is practicing a very effective recipient protection and sustaining natural biological sea ecosystem balance. According to legislative regulations, the research of ecotoxicity of the discharged wastewater is needed before releasing it in the sea because of the evaluation of its affliction on the sea ecosystem.Ecotoxical research is included in the programme of monitoring quality of the refinery effluent and under-soil waters since 1997. Consequently, the 5 year results are available, which is, according to scientific data processing minimum, obligatory for defining the significance of biological parameter affliction. Standard German Method DIN is used in order to determine toxicity of the discharge and under-soil waters. The bio-illuminating method is one among the short term tests, where fluorescent bacteria is used as d test organism. This method is adjusted to measurement of toxicity of the industrial discharge waters that content high levels of salinity in most cases. Information gathered in toxicity research for 6th year now, are relevant foundation to draw conclusions on possible intoxication of organic and inorganic poisons, both local and resorptive effects on test organisms. Furthermore, when evaluating state of the sea receiving recycled refinery wastewater, the side-effect interaction processes should be taken into the account, i.e. an effort should be taken to determine the measure of interactive influence of all chemical, physical and biological parameters on test organisms, with the recognition of collating relations. This is a unique way to separate and evaluate bio-depressive and bio-stimulative effects of the examined wastewater on recipient ecosystem.The aim of the paper and data processing on ecotoxicity of the effluent is to determine the sort and the amount of Petroleum Refinery Rijeka influence on the sea pollution with a purpose of improving quality of the discharged wastewater and ecological protection of bio enosis.

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Poster P1Đ. ŠUMAN, E. PERIŠIĆ, V. SINOŽIĆINA RAFINERIJA NAFTE RIJEKA

POBOLJŠANJA U OTPREMI DERIVATA IZ RAFINERIJE NAFTE RIJEKA

IMPROVEMENTS WITH OIL PRODUCTS SHIPPING FROM RIJEKA OIL REFINERY

SažetakOtprema proizvoda iz Rafinerije nafte Rijeka odvija se kombinirano: auto cisternama, vagon cisternama, brodovima i cjevovodom. Auto cisternama se otpremaju motorni benzini, plinska ulja i mlazno gorivo (19 istakačkih mjesta), loživa ulja i industrijski petrolej (5 istakačkih mjesta) i ukapljeni naftni plin (6 istakačkih mjesta). Dnevno je moguće utovariti do 250 cisterni. Vagon cisternama se otprema na punilištu broj jedan - ukapljeni naftni plin, na punilištima broj dva i tri - motorni benzini i plinska ulja, a na punilištu broj četiri - loživa ulja. U prosjeku se dnevno otpreme tri vlaka, svaki sa 600 tona robe. Za otpremu robe brodovima koriste se tri luke iz kojih se, osim prethodno navedenih proizvoda, otpremaju još primarni i FCC benzin. Cjevovodom se Termoelektrani Rijeka isporučuje loživo ulje, a Proplinu - ukapljeni naftni plin.S obzirom na znatne kapacitete i raznolike mogućnosti otpreme, svjesni sve veće konkurencije, smatramo da je moguće postići poboljšanja u otpremi derivata iz RN Rijeka putem informatičkih projekata, projektima čistije proizvodnje te uspostavom sustava upravljanja kvalitetom.Proces otpreme iz rafinerije nije informatički podržan. Zadatak projekta unapređenja procesa otpreme je: razviti i primijeniti jedinstvenu programsku potporu koja će proceduralno, dokumentacijski i podatkovno obuhvatiti pojedine dijelove procesa otpreme, te ih povezati sa sustavima planiranja, proizvodnje, skladišnog poslovanja, prodaje i financijskim i knjigovodstvenim praćenjem, čime će biti zaokružen poslovni proces naručivanje-otpremanje-fakturiranje-knjigovodstveno evidentiranje.Za otpremu proizvoda brodom su ugrađeni mjerači protoka s pripadajućom informatičkom opremom za upravljanje, te prikupljanje i obradu podataka. Otprema benzina, plinskih ulja i mlaznog goriva auto cisternama se obavlja mjeračima protoka iz kojih se podaci prikupljaju na računalo. Prethodno navedeni mjerni sustav otpreme samo je dio cjelovito zamišljenog sustava kojim bi se otprema proizvoda kopnom u potpunosti automatizirala. Kontrolni sustav otpreme proizvoda čine mjerne linije na auto punilištima, mjerne linije na vagon punilištima, ulazna i izlazna vaga, ekspedit laboratorija otpreme, otpremna pumpaonica i otpremni centar transporta u kojemu je središnje računalo na kojem se obavlja kontrola automatizirane otpreme, obrada ulaznih i izlaznih podataka i izdavanje otpremnih dokumenata. Projekti čistije proizvodnje uključuju primjenu preventivne strategije zaštite okoliša na proizvodne procese, proizvode i usluge, što povećava učinkovitost i smanjuje rizik za ljude i okoliš. To znači ekonomičnije korištenje sirovina i energije, sprječavanje nastanka otrovnih i opasnih materijala te smanjenje svih emisija i otpada. Cilj uvođenja projekata čistije proizvodnje je uz razmjerno male investicije, poboljšanjem ekološkog stanja, ostvariti značajne ekonomske uštede u poslovanju. Prvi projekt čistije proizvodnje Rafinerije nafte Rijeka je povrat plinske faze pri punjenju auto cisterni.Poboljšanja u otpremi derivata iz Rafinerije nafte Rijeka pridonose uspostavi Sustava upravljanja poslovanjem koji čine ISO 9000:2001. ISO 14001 i OHSAS. Cilj uspostave sustava upravljanja kvalitetom po ISO 9000:2001 normi je zadovoljstvo kupca, odnosno, realizacija proizvoda ili usluge koja odgovara zahtjevima kupca. Ovladati kakvoćom proizvoda i usluga znači planirati, razvijati, proizvoditi i prodavati takve proizvode i usluge koji na najekonomičniji način i dugoročno zadovoljavaju potrošača.

AbstractThe shipping of products from the Rijeka Oil Refinery proceeds in a combined manner, using tank trucks, tank vaggons, ships and pipeline. Tank trucks are used to ship motor gasoline, gas oil, and jet fuel (19 pour off points), fuel oil and industrial kerosene (5 pour off points), and LNG (6 pour off points). Daily loading capacity is up to 250 tanks. Tank vaggons are used to ship LNG on filling station n°1; motor gasoline and gas oil on filling stations n° two and three, and fuel oil on filling station n° 4. The average daily shipment amounts to three trains, each carrying 600 tons of cargo. Three ports are used for shipping goods using ships. Apart from the above mentioned products, primary and FCC gasoline are also being shipped from there. Pipeline is used to supply the Rijeka thermo-electric power plant with fuel oil, and the “Proplin” company with LNG.Given the considerable capacities and various shipment options, aware of the growing competition, we feel that it is possible to achieve improvements in shipping oil products from the Rijeka Oil Refinery by using computer-generated projects, cleaner production projects, and by establishing the Quality Management System.The refinery shipment process has not been computerized yet. The task of the Shipment Process Advancement Project is to elaborate and apply a unique software support, encompassing – in terms of procedures, documentation and data – the individual shipment process parts, connecting them with planning,

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production, storage and sales systems, as well as with financial and accountancy monitoring, thus rounding up the business procedure ordering-shipment-invoicing-accountancy records.Product shipment using ships includes flow measuring devices with the accompanying computer control, as well as data collection and processing equipment. The shipment of gasoline, gas oil and jet fuel using tank trucks is done using flow measuring devices supplying the computer with the necessary data. The aforementioned measurement system shipment is only a part of the integral system supposed to completely automate the shipment of products by land. The product shipment control system consists of measurement lines on automotive filling stations, measurement lines on vaggon filling stations, entry and exit scales, the shipment laboratory equipment, shipment pumping station and shipment transportation centre, with the central computer controlling automatized shipment, processing input and output data, and issuing shipping documents.The cleaner production projects, by applying preventive environmental protection projects on the production processes, products and services, increase efficiency and reduce risks for people and environment. This includes a more economical use of feeds and energy, preventing the generation of hazardous and dangerous materials, and reduction of all emmissions and waste. The purpose of introducing cleaner production projects is to achieve considerable savings in the business making process by improving the environmental state, with relatively low investments. The first cleaner production project at the Rijeka Oil Refinery is the gas phase return during the filling of tank trucks.Improvements in the shipment of oil products from the Rijeka Oil Refinery contribute to the establishment of the Management Control System consisting of ISO 9000:2001, ISO 14001 and OHSAS. The purpose of establishing the Quality Management System in accordance with the ISO 9000:2001 standard is customer satisfaction i.e. coming up with a product or a service meeting the customer’s requirements. Mastering product quality means to plan, develop, produce, and sell the kind of products which satisfy the customer in the most economical way and long-term.

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Poster P2B. ŠPEHAR1, V. SRIĆA1, V. RUKAVINA, Z. CIGANJ2

1INA SSRII ZAGREB, 2INA RAFINERIJA NAFTE RIJEKA

PRIMJENA SPEKTROMETRIJSKIH METODA U ANALIZI AROMATSKIH UGLJIKOVODIKA U DIZELSKOM GORIVU

APPLICATION OF SPECTROMETRIC METHODS IN ANALYSES OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN DIESEL FUEL

SažetakKombinacijom različitih spektrometrijskih metoda i tehnika pri karakterizaciji dizelskog goriva mogu se dobiti podaci o zastupljenosti i vrsti aromatskih ugljikovodika. U radu su obrađeni i uspoređeni rezultati spektrometrijskih metoda, te prikazan njihov odnos prema separacijskoj metodi tekućinske kromatografije.Sadržaj i karakterizacija aromatskih ugljikovodika načinjeni su u laboratorijima INA SSRII Zagreb uporabom različitih tehnika kao što su: UV/VIS, IR i 1H NMR spektrometrija. UV spektrometrija, uporabom iste metode kao u Zagrebu, načinjena je u INA RN Rijeka. Njihovi rezultati uspoređivani su s rezultatima dobivenim međulaboratorijskim ispitivanjem metode tekućinske kromatografije, načinjenim u laboratorijima INA RN Rijeka, INA RN Sisak i INA SSRII Zagreb. Sadržaj policikličkih aromatskih ugljikovodika u dizelskom gorivu određivan je UV spektrometrijskom metodom prema CEN izvještaju CR 13840, te spektrometrijskom analizom u srednjem IR području na PetroSpec analizatoru, dok se njihova raspodjela u frakcijama dobivenim separacijom dizelskog goriva tekućinskom kromatografijom definirala postupcima UV i 1H NMR spektrometrije.S velikom su sigurnošću, na osnovi podataka 1H NMR spektra i podataka o rasponu vrelišta, određene strukturne karakteristike i sadržaj aromatskih i alifatskih ugljikovodika. Ukupni sadržaj aromatskih ugljikovodika s rezultatima dobivenim na PetroSpec analizatoru srednjih destilata, te rezultatima dobivenim tekućinskom kromatografijom prema standardnoj metodi ASTM D 2548.Prednost ovih metoda je jednostavna i brza priprema malih količina uzoraka, a često pružaju i dodatne informacije o sastavu dizelskog goriva.

AbstractUsing different spectrometric methods and technics on characterisation of diesel fuel, information can be obtained on presence and type of aromatics hydrocarbons. The paper shows processed and compared results of spectrometric methods and their relation towards separation method of liquid chromatography.Composition and caracterization of aromatic hydrocarbons are made in laboratories of INA SSRII, Zagreb, using several different techniques such as: UV/VIS, IR, and 1H NMR spectrometry. UV/VIS spectrometry, with same method that are used in Zagreb are made in the laboratory of INA Oil Refinery Rijeka. Their results are compared with the results obtained interlaboratory by the liquid chromatography method prepared and controled in the laboratories of INA SSRII, INA Oil Ref. Rijeka and INA Oil Ref. Sisak. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content in diesel fuel is defined by UV spectrometric method regarding CEN report CR 13840, and by the spectrometric analysis within middle IR area on PetroSpec analyser, while their distribution into fractions of diesel fuel prepared by liquid chromatography is defined by UV and 1H NMR spectrometry methods.Structural characteristics and contents of aromatic and alyphatic hydrocarbons in diesel, according to data of 1H NMR spectrometry analysis and data of boiling point determination have been defined with great certainty. Total contents of aromatic hydrocarbons is compared with the results obtained by PetroSpec analyser of middle distillate and with the results obtained by liquid chromatography method according to ASTM D 2548. The advantage of spectrometric methods and techniques are that they require simple and quick preparation of small quantities of samples and offer additional information on composition and quality of diesel fuel.

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Poster P3S. TELEN, N. JAMBREC, I.S. BEERINA SSRII ZAGREB

ODREĐIVANJE ISTRAŽIVAČKOG OKTANSKOG BROJA FCC BENZINA PLINSKOM KROMATOGRAFIJOM

FCC GASOLINE RESEARCH OCTANE NUMBER DETERMINATION BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

SažetakBenzin iz procesa fluid katalitičkog krekinga (FCC) pripada grupi benzina s visokim sadržajem nezasićenih ugljikovodika. Zbog njegovog velikog značaja pri namješavanju komercijalnih motornih benzina, vrlo je interesantan za istraživanje korelacija sastava s fizikalno-kemijskim svojstvima, posebice s oktanskim brojem.U ovom radu koristili smo plinsku kromatografiju visokog razlučivanja za separaciju više od 350 komponenata sadržanih u FCC benzinu. Pri odabiru ulaznih parametara za regresijsku analizu velika količina nezasićenih ugljikovodika predstavljala je specifičan problem zbog znatnog broja nerazlučenih ili loše razlučenih pikova.U radu je predstavljen novi pristup odabiru ulaznih parametara za postavljanje korelacije kemijskog sastava i istraživačkog oktanskog broja FCC benzina. Postupak uključuje dva stupnja odabira i grupiranja odijeljenih komponenata koji se osniva na faktorima koji imaju najveći utjecaj na istraživački oktanski broj.

AbstractThe FCC gasoline belongs to the group of gasolines with high content of unsaturated hydrocarbons. Because its significance as blending component, the correlations connecting the composition and physical properties, especially octane number, are of great significance.For the separation of more than 350 components the high-resolution gas chromatography is used. Main problem was a high content of unsaturated hydrocarbons because of considerable number of unseparated and poorly separated peaks. For the selection of parameters to be correlated the new approach is used. The method includes two steps for selection and grouping separated components based on factors of the highest influence on RON.

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Poster P4D. ŠEREMEŠIĆ, D. GRUBIĆINA SSRII ZAGREB

ODREĐIVANJE UKUPNE KISELOSTI U GORIVU ZA MLAZNE MOTORE - PROCJENA MJERNE NESIGURNOSTI

DETERMINATION OF TOTAL ACIDITY IN AVIATION TURBINE FUEL - ASSESMENT OF MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY

SažetakU radu je prikazan postupak procjene mjerne nesigurnosti rezultata ukupne kiselosti u uzorcima goriva za mlazne motore. Analizirani su izvori nesigurnosti koji doprinose ukupnoj nesigurnosti određivanja ukupne kiselosti titracijskom metodom.Pouzdani i usporedivi mjerni podaci važni su za donošenje odluke o kvaliteti goriva. Mjerni rezultat je nepotpun bez procjene njegove nesigurnosti koja je kvantitativni pokazatelj pouzdanosti rezultata. Procjene nesigurnosti može biti zbunjujuća jer ne postoji jedinstveni postupak za njezinu razradu. Koncept mjerne nesigurnosti ispitni laboratorij može upotrijebiti kao nadopunu tradicionalnom pristupu statističke kontrole mjernog postupka.Sustavnim praćenjem literature, seminarima i međusobnim diskusijama uložen je određeni napor u razumijevenje same problematike i primjene samog postupka procjene. Razrađena je standardna metoda za koju postoje validacijski podaci kao i podaci međulaboratorijskih usporedbi (ASTM–Interlaboratory Crosschecking Program). Pri procjeni mjerne nesigurnosti rezultata kod određivanja ukupne kiselosti u mlaznom gorivu vodili smo se preporukama koje daje dokument EURACHEM/CITAC Guide: «Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement».Ovim radom je pokazano da je podatak o mjernoj nesigurnosti još jedan od načina statističke kontrole ispitivanja koji u kombinaciji s mjerama preciznosti (ponovljivost i usporedljivost) govori o točnosti kemijske analize i unapređuje sustav kontrole kvalitete u laboratoriju.

AbstractThe paper describes the procedure of measurement uncertainty evaluation in the results of total acidity in fuel samples for aviation turbine engines. Analysis has been performed of the uncertainty sources contributing to the total acidity determination by titration method.Reliable and comparable measurement data are important for making decisions on fuel quality. Measurement result is incomplete without an evaluation of its uncertainty, which is quantitative indicator of the result reliability.Uncertainty evaluation may be confusing, because there is no uniform procedure for its elaboration. Testing laboratory may use the concept of measurement uncertainty as an addition to the traditional approach to statistical control of measurement procedure.By a systemetic following of literature, seminars and mutual discussions, considerable efforts in understanding the problem itself as well as application of the very procedure of evaluation have been made. The standard method has been elaborated for which exist validation data and the interlaboratory comparison data (ASTM-Interlaboratory Crosschecking Program). Evaluating the measurement uncertainty of results during the determination of total aciditiy in aviation turbine fuel, we have been guided by recommendations of EURACHEM/CITAC Guide: »Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement».The paper would like to show that the data on measurement uncertainty represents yet another way of statistical control of testing, which in combination with the measures of precision (repeatability and reproducibility) deals with the accuracy of chemical analysis and improves the quality control system in laboratories.

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Poster P5M. FABULIĆ RUSZKOWSKI, T. ŠARIĆ, V. SRIĆAINA SSRII ZAGREB

ISPITIVANJE RASPODJELE SUMPORA U TEKUĆIM PRODUKTIMA KATALITIČKOG KREKIRANJA IZ RAZLIČITIH SIROVINA

THE SULPHUR CONTENT DETERMINATION IN THE LIQUID CATALITIC CRACKING PRODUCTS FROM DIFFERENT FEEDSTOCKS

SažetakU zemljama EU trenutačno se primjenjuje odredba kojom maksimalna količina sumpora u motornim benzinima iznosi 150 mas. ppm, dok će dozvoljena količina sumpora 2005. godine iznositi 50 mas. ppm. Zbog dugogodišnjeg neosuvremenjivanja naših postojećih rafinerijskih postrojenja, INA još uvijek nema odgovarajuće kapacitete za proizvodnju dovoljne količine goriva traženih specifikacija.Kako sirovine za proces fluid katalitičkog krekiranja sadrže velike količine sumpora, tako i produkti nastali katalitičkim krekiranjem, prvenstveno FCC benzin i lako cikličko ulje predstavljaju glavne izvore sumpora u motornom benzinu, odnosno dizelskom gorivu. FCC benzin sudjeluje s 40 vol % u motornom benzinu, a pri tom daje 98 % od ukupnog sumpora prisutnog u motornim benzinima. Da bi se riješio problem sumpora u motornim gorivima najćešće se koristi najučinkovitija, ali i najskuplja opcija hidroobrade FCC sirovine koja ujedno rješava problem sumpora i u dimnim plinovima ili manje učinkovite, ali jeftinije opcije kao što su hidroobrada produkata FCC procesa ili promjena destilacijskih granica produkata FCC procesa. U radu se odredila raspodjela sumpora u tekućim produktima krekiranja. Sirovine s različitim količinama sumpora (nedesulfurizirane i hidrodesulfurizirane sirovine) ispitale su se testom mikroaktivnosti na MAT aparaturi. Dobiveni tekući produkti frakcionirali su se na mikrofrakcionatoru te se dobivenim frakcijama benzina, lakog i teškog cikličkog ulja odredila količina sumpora. Benzinu i lakom cikličkom ulju odredio se ugljikovodični sastav. Frakciji benzina odredio se IOB te se iz tih rezultata izveo odnos vrijednosti IOB u odnosu na količinu sumpora prisutnu u FCC benzinu. Cilj rada je ispitati metodologiju za praćenje promjena svojstava FCC produkata u sistemu katalizator-sirovina te utvrditi optimalne uvjete krekiranja za postizanje traženih karakteristika FCC benzina: maksimalne vrijednosti oktanskog broja, minimalne vrijednosti sumpora i aromata.

AbstractIn the EU countries, the regulation currently in force sets the maximal motor gasoline sulphur content at 150 mas. ppm, while the permissible sulphur content in 2005 shall be 50 mas. ppm. Due to a long lack of modernization of existing refinery plants in this country, INA still does not have the proper capacities for producing sufficient volumes of fuel matching required specifications.Since feedstock for the fluid catalytic cracking process contains large volumes of sulphur, thus also the products generated by catalytic cracking, primarily FCC gasoline and light cyclic oil, represent the main sources of sulphur in motor gasoline i.e. diesel fuel. FCC gasoline has a 40 vol % share in motor gasoline, while yielding 98 % of total sulphur present in motor gasoline. In order to resolve the issue of sulphur in u motor fuels, most frequently used is the most efficient, but also the most expensive option of hydrodesulphurization of FCC feedstock, at the same time resoving also the issue of sulphur in flue gases. There is also the less efficient, but also less expensive option, such as hydrotreatment of the FCC process products or shifting distillation limits of the FCC process products. The paper has determined sulphur distribution in liquid cracking products. Feedstock with different sulphur content (hydrodesulphurized and nonhydrodesulphurized FCC feedstock) was tested by the Microactivity test (MAT), using suitable equipment. The liquid products obtained were fractioned on a microfractionator, and the obtained fractions of gasoline, light and heavy cyclic oil had their sulphur content determined. Gasoline and light cyclic oil had their hydrocarbon composition determined. Gasoline fraction had its RON determined. The results obtained served for determining RON value with regard to the FCC gasoline sulphur content. The purpose of the paper was to test the methodology for monitoring the change of FCC products’ properties in the catalytic converter-feedstock system and define optimal cracking conditions for achieving the required properties of FCC gasoline: maximal octane number values, and mininal sulphur and aromatic values.

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Poster P6I. MILNOVIĆ, S. KOLARIĆINA RAFINERIJA NAFTE SISAK

USPOSTAVA INTEGRIRANOG SUSTAVA UPRAVLJANJA OSIGURANJEM KVALITETE, ZAŠTITOM OKOLIŠA, ZAŠTITOM ZDRAVLJA I SIGURNOSTI

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE INTEGRATED QUALITY ASSURANCE, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, HEALTH PROTECTION AND SAFETY

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

SažetakUspostavljeni sustav projektiran je za cjelovitu Rafineriju, uključujući procesne i energetske jedinice, održavanje, razvoj i prateće službe, a sve na temelju ISO 9001, ISO 14001 i OHSAS 18001. Sustav osiguranja kvalitete INA – Rafinerije nafte Sisak kontinuirano je poboljšavan, nadograđivan i kroz implementaciju usmjeravan do integriranog sustava. Certifikacijska prosudba je uspješno provedena tijekom mjeseca studenog 1997. a recertifikacija nakon tri godine u studenom 2000. sukladno zahtjevima ISO 9001 standarda. Certifikacijske prosudbe za ISO 14001 i OHSAS 18001 uspješno su provedene u lipnju 2001. godine. Kontrolni pregledi sustava provode se svakih šest mjeseci.U radu je prikazan redosljed aktivnosti i poboljšanja tijekom pet godina te izmjene i novosti u međunarodnim standardima. Prikazana je sadašnja situacija i nivo uspostavljenosti integriranog sustava.Neke od prednosti uspostave integriranog sustava su:

zajednička struktura dokumentacije objedinjeni ciklus osposobljavanja objedinjene interne prosudbe pojednostavljen postupak vanjskih prosudbi lakši pristup informacijama i poboljšana komunikacija briga o kvaliteti radne i životne sredine te zadovoljstvu i sigurnosti zaposlenih smanjenje troškova zbog nesreća bolja iskoristivost resursa i ušteda vremena i novca širenje i prihvaćanje kulture ponašanja na unapređenju poboljšanje globalne slike INA – Rafinerije nafte Sisak poticanje na prihvaćanje TQM.

U izgradnji i uspostavi sustava sudjelovale su i dalje kontinuirano rade stručne radne skupine sa specijalistima iz svih dijelova Rafinerije. Prihvaćanje cjelokupne filozofije integriranog sustava od zaposlenika omogućilo je njegovo zaživljavanje, razvoj i unapređenje u svim segmentima poslovanja Rafinerije nafte Sisak.

AbstractThe established system has been designed for the entire Refinery, including process and energy units, maintenance, development and the accompanying services, based on ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001. The INA – Oil Refinery Sisak Quality Assurance System has been continuously upgraded, expanded, and - through implementation – brought to an integrated system. The certification audit has been successfully performed in the course of November, 1997, while recertification was performed three years later, in November 2000, in compliance with the ISO 9001 standard requirements. Certification audits for ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001 have been successfully performed in June, 2001. Control checkups of the system are being performed every six months.The paper presents the sequence of activities and improvements over the five years, as well as alterations and novelties in international standards. Presented is the current situation and the integrated system establishment level.Some advantages of establishing an integrated system are as follows:

joint documentation structure integrated training cycle integrated internal audits simplified procedure of external audits easier access to information and improved communication taking care of the quality of working and living environment, as well as satisfaction and safety of the

employees reduction of expenses due to accidents better use of resources and saving of time and money expansion and adoption of behavioural culture on the advancement

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improvement of INA – Oil Refinery Sisak global picture encouragement for accepting TQM.

The elaboration and establishment of the system has involved the participation of expert task forces including specialists from all parts of the Refinery. The acceptance of the entire integrated system philosophy on the part of the employees has enabled its realization, development and advancement in all the segments of the Oil Refinery Sisak operation.

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Poster P7S. KOLARIĆ, I. MILNOVIĆINA RAFINERIJA NAFTE SISAK

NOVA NORMA ZA AUDITIRANJE ISO 19011

NEW STANDARD FOR AUDITING ISO 19011

SažetakCertificiranjem Rafinerije nafte Sisak u skladu sa zahtjevima norme ISO 9001/1994, ISO 14001/1996 i OHSAS 18001/1999 stvoreni su prvi uvjeti kontinuiranog praćenja, kontrole i nadzora nad poslovođenjem u skladu sa svjetskim standardima. Interni audit, kao osnovni alat praćenja, kontrole i održavanja sustava, u određenom trenutku, zbog postojanja tri sustava (kvaliteta, zaštita okoliša i zaštita zdravlja i sigurnosti) postaje teret za osobe koje upravljaju sustavima, za interne auditore, te za auditirana područja. Rezultati internih audita utvrđeni za svaki sustav posebno, ne prikazuju realnu sliku funkcioniranja sustava. Razlog nastanka ovog problema između ostalog je kolizija između pojedinačnog certificiranja (svaka norma zasebno) i pravovremene izrade novih normi koje bi objedinile ove sustave. Nova norma ISO 19011:2002 pokušat će barem djelomično otkloniti nastale probleme u svezi auditiranja sustava kvalitete i sustava zaštite okoliša.Vremenski plan nastanaka nove norme:

1. Committee Draft 1 (CD1) XI 1999.2. Committee Draft 2 (CD2) IV 2000.3. Committee Draft 3 (CD3) XI 2000.4. Draft International Standards (DIS) VI 20015. Final Draft International Standards (FDIS): IX 20016. ISO 19001:2002

Osnovne značajke koje se nalaze u prijedlogu ove norme su razlike između novog i starog načina auditiranja (verifikacija-validacija). Nova norma ISO 19011:2002 propisuje iste principe rada kako za auditore kvalitete tako i za auditore upravljanja okolišem, no međutim to nikako ne znači da je auditor kvalitete istodobno i auditor upravljanja okolišem i obratno jer su za svaku struku neophodna vrlo specifična znanja, kvalifikacije, iskustvo i završena propisana izobrazba. Sadržaj nove norme je sljedeći:PredgovorUvod

1. Područja2. Normativne reference3. Termini i definicije4. Principi auditiranja – predstavljaju osnovu međusobnog povjerenja u sam sustav normi i

pretpostavku korektnog i partnerskog odnosa svih zainteresiranih strana u auditu – moralni kodeks5. Upravljanje programima audita

osnovni zadaci organizacije primjena PDCA ciklusa ciljevi i obujam audita odgovornost, resursi i postupci implementacija programa audita zapisi programa audita nadzor i preispitivanje

6. Aktivnosti pri auditu iniciranje audita pregled dokumentacije priprema audita na licu mjesta audit na licu mjesta izvještaj s audita završetak audita i naknadne radnje

7. Kompetencije auditora osobne karakteristike auditora minimalni zahtjevi zahtjevi za auditora i vođu tima područja osposobljenosti auditor kvalitete auditor upravljanja okolišem održavanje kvalifikacije i validacija auditora

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Objavom norme ISO 19011:2002 osjetno će se unaprijediti postupak prosudbi i rješiti postojeće dileme oko internih i certifikacijskih prosudbi integriranih sustava.

AbstractBy certifying the Oil Refinery Sisak in compliance with the requirements of the ISO 9001/1994, ISO 14001/1996 and OHSAS 18001/1999 standards, the first conditions have been fulfilled for a continuous monitoring, control and surveillance over operation in keeping with global standards. Internal audit, being the basic tool for monitoring, controlling and maintaining the system, at a given point, due to the existence of three systems (quality, environmental protection and protection of health and safety) becomes a burden for those managing the systems, for internal auditors, and for the audited areas. The results of internal audits identified for each system separately, do not show a realistic picture of the system’s functioning. The reason for the existence of this problem is, among other things, the collision between individual certification (each standard separately) and a timely elaboration of new standards that would unite these systems.The new ISO 19011:2002 standard shall attempt to at least partially remove the problems occurred with regard to auditing Quality Assurance System and Environmental Protection System.The timetable of the new standard’s creation:

1. Committee Draft 1 (CD1) XI 1999.2. Committee Draft 2 (CD2) IV 2000.3. Committee Draft 3 (CD3) XI 2000.4. Draft International Standards (DIS) VI 20015. Final Draft International Standards (FDIS): IX 20016. ISO 19001:2002.

The basic characteristics featuring in the proposal of this standard are the differences between the new and the old way of auditing (verification-validation). The new ISO 19011:2002 standard sets the same principles of operation for both Quality Assurance and Environmental Protection auditors. However, this does not mean at all that a Quality Assurance auditor is at the same time also the Environmental Protection auditor and vice versa, because both fields require very specific knowledge, qualifications, experience and proper training. The contents of the new standard are as follows:ForewordIntroduction

1. Areas2. Normative references3. Terms and definitions4. Principles of auditing - constitute the basis of mutual trust in the system of standards itself, as well

as the assumed correct and partnership relation among all interested parties in the audit-moral code5. Managing audit programmes

basic organization tasks application of the PDCA cycle audit objectives and scope responsibility, resources and procedures audit programme implementation audit programme records surveillance and reexamining

6. Activities while auditing initiating audit reviewing documentation preparing the audit on the spot executing the audit on the spot report from the audit completing the audit and subsequent action

7. Competences of the auditor personal characteristics of the auditor minimal requirements requirements for the auditor and the team leader competence areas Quality Assurance auditor Environmental Protection auditor qualification maintenance and auditor validation

The entry into force of the ISO 19011:2002 standard shall considerably advance the auditing procedure and resolve the existing dilemmas concerning internal and certification audits of integrated systems.

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Poster P8A. WEITNERINA SEKTOR INFORMATIKE, ZAGREB

SIGURNOST INFORMACIJSKOG SUSTAVA INE

INFORMATION SECURITY MANAGEMENT, INA Plc

SažetakRazvoj informacijskih poslovnih sustava zahtijeva integraciju raznovrsnih rješenja, platformi, protokola, okolina. Informacije postaju vrijedan resurs u poslovanju svake tvrtke, a informacijski sustav strateška poslovna funkcija. No, informacije su veoma podložne krađi, neovlaštenoj modifikaciji ili uništavanju, a prekid rada informacijskih sustava može izazvati teške posljedice. Stoga je sigurnost postala ključnom komponentom informacijskih tehnologija i poslovnih informacijskih sustava.Obavljanje glavnih poslovnih aktivnosti INE ovise o ispravnom i sigurnom radu informacijskog sustava. Funkcije informacijskog sustava moraju unaprijediti produktivnost radnika te unaprijediti efikasnost poslovnog procesa, a informacije se smatraju kritičnim resursom INE. Stoga je pokrenut projekt s ciljem da se uvede cjeloviti program sigurnosti informacijskog sustava INE na način da se donese politika, preporuke i standardi prema kojima će se odrediti potrebna razina sigurnosti i propisati sigurnosne mjere i procedure te mehanizmi redovitog praćenja, provjere i kontrole.Sigurnost informacijskog sustava sagledava se kao cjelovit proces koji obuhvaća sve aspekte planiranja, izvedbe i produkcije. Time je, dakako, obuhvaćeno i područje poslovanja dijela INE koje se odnosi na rafinerijsku preradu (goriva i maziva) gdje su informatički podržani, uz tehnološke procese i svi poslovni procesi s naglaskom na praćenje proizvodnje i zaliha, upravljanje skladištem, ugovaranje prodaje, otprema, transport, prodaja (vele- i maloprodaja) i fakturiranje. Program sigurnosti obuhvaća organizacijske i tehničke mjere kojima se provode zahtjevi specificirani u osnovama sigurnosti, a definiran je prema specifikacijama određenim normom ISO/IEC 17799. Sâm proces uvođenja programa informacijske sigurnosti obuhvaća planiranje i provedbu svih potrebnih tehničkih i organizacijskih mjera sigurnosti i praćenje stupnja pridržavanja pravila sigurnosne politike uz detekciju svakog odstupanja od sigurnosnog standarda ili prepoznavanje sigurnosnih propusta.Projekt se stoga provodi u dva dijela:1) Definicija osnova sigurnosti s pripadajućim pravilnicima

(definira organizacijsku infrastrukturu za provedbu programa sigurnosti te postavlja standarde ponašanja za korisnike informacijskog sustava).

2) Procjena sigurnosnog stanja s predloženim mjerama te provedba i kontrola sigurnosnih mjera

U funkciji, sustav sigurnosti djeluje kroz tri glavne aktivnosti: prevencije, detekcije i korekcije.

AbstractThe development of business information system requires integration of different solutions, platforms, protocols, surroundings. Information becomes valuable resource in the company's business and the information system a strategic business function. However, the information could be easily stolen, ilegally modified or destroyed. The interruption of information system operation could can have serious consequences. Thus, the security is the essence of information technologies and business information systems.The main business activities of INA Plc depend on the reliable and secure operation of the information system. Its functions are to promote the labour productivity and business efficiency and information is considered to be a critical resource of INA Plc. Thus the project was initiated to introduce the security program for the INA Plc information system. It could be achieved by creating policy, making recommendations and introducing standards which will define the level of required security procedures and tracking, checking and monitoring mechanisms.The information system security is considered as an integrated process embracing all aspects of planning, execution and production. It also refers to a segment of the INA business activities i.e. the oil refining processes (fuel and lubricants) where all technical and business processes are supported. The security program is defined according to specifications ISO/IEC 17799. It includes organisational and technical measures by which security demands are executed. The process of introduction the information security program includes planning and realisation of all required technical and organisation security measures and also monitoring of the level of the adherance to the security policy rules and detection of each deviation from the security standard or recognition of the security failures.

The project is thus executed in two parts:

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1) Information security policy definition with accompanying book of rules(information security infrastructure for the company and security rules for the users).

2) Assesment of security risks with suggested measures and also implementation and monitoring of security measures.

Under operating conditions, the information security system operates through three main activities: prevention, detection and correction.

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Poster P9V. DRAGIČEVIĆ, S. KORUNIĆ-KOŠĆINA, Z. CIGANJINA RAFINERIJA NAFTE RIJEKA

ZNAČENJE ISPITIVANJA UKUPNE TALOŽNE TVARI I METALA ZA OCJENU KVALITETE ZRAKA

THE IMPORTANCE OF SEDIMENTS AND METALS DETERMINATION FOR AIR QUALITY ESTIMATION

SažetakPostojeći program imisijskog monitoringa u RNR proširen je od 2001. godine ispitivanjem ukupne taložne tvari i teških metala. Unutar svake imisijske postaje postavljen je Bergerhoffov uređaj – uređaj za sakupljanje ukupne taložne tvari, izrađen u RNR.U radu su prikazani rezultati dvogodišnjeg mjerenja koji su uspoređivani s graničnim vrijednostima kvalitete zraka definiranih zakonom, te analizirani temeljem praćenja meteoroloških podataka i primjenom dvaju modela disperzije i distribucije onečišćenja zraka. Cilj ispitivanja ukupne taložne tvari i metala je razgraničenje utjecaja RNR na onečišćenje ambijentalne atmosfere.Rezultati programa praćenja ukupne taložne tvari su pokazali da u odnosu na utvrđenu kategoriju kvalitete zraka RNR je odgovorna samo jednim dijelom, koji se može ocijeniti u postotku s obzirom na svaki ekološki čimbenik posebno. U cjelokupnoj slici stanja kvalitete zraka treba uzeti u obzir i druge utjecajne čimbenike – ostalu industriju – promet i kućna ložišta. Ispitivanja ukupne taložne tvari i metala nastavljaju se.

AbstractThe existing emission monitoring programme at Oil Refinery Rijeka has as of 2001 been expanded to include the investigation of total settling matter and its heavy metal content. Each imission station includes Bergerhoff’s device – device for collecting total settling matter, designed at the Oil Refinery Rijeka.The paper presents the results of two-year measurement, compared with air quality limits values set by the law, analyzed based on the observation of meteorological data and the application of two air pollution dispersion and distribution models. The purpose of investigating total settling matter and metals was to identify the impact of Oil Refinery Rijeka on ambiental atmosphere pollution.The results of the total settling matter monitoring programme have shown that, in relation to the air quality category set, Oil Refinery Rijeka holds only partial responsibility, which may be evaluated in percentage given each environmental factor individually. The overall picture of air quality condition must take into account also other influential factors – other industries – traffic and household heaters. The investigation of total settling matter and metals continues.

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Poster P10N. PRIJIĆ, D. MIOČ, S. ŠIROLA KATIĆINA RAFINERIJA NAFTE RIJEKA

ULOGA POSTROJENJA ZA REKUPERACIJU UNP PLINA U POBOLJŠANJU KVALITETE PROIZVODA I UTJECAJA NA OKOLIŠ

THE ROLE OF LPG RECUPERATION PLANT IN IMPROVING PRODUCT QUALITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

SažetakU Rafineriji nafte Rijeka (RNR) izgrađena su dva postrojenja za rekuperaciju ukapljenih naftnih plinova. Rekuperacija 1 kapaciteta 4 t/h izgrađena je šezdesetih godina zajedno s prvim rafinerijskim postrojenjima. Rekuperacija 2 kapaciteta 20 t/h izgrađena je 1970. godine u sklopu povećanja ukupnih preradbenih kapaciteta rafinerije. Rekuperacija 1 radila je do 1983. godine i od tada ne radi, zbog premalog kapaciteta i za tadašnju i sadašnju rafinerijsku preradu. Iako je postrojenje Rekuperacija 2 izgrađeno 1970. godine, nikad nije bilo u radu. Osnovna namjena postrojenja rekuperacije je da rekuperira C3+ ugljikovodike iz loživog plina sa platforminga i unifininga, te stabilizira UNP s topinga i platforminga istjerivanjem plinovitih komponenti u sustav loživog plina, uz rafinaciju i razdvajanje komponenti tekućih ugljikovodika. Postrojenje rekuperacije sastoji se od: Sekcije deetanizera, gdje se rekuperira suhi i tekući plin te istjeruje H2S, Sekcije meroksa, gdje se uklanjanja sumpor iz lakih tekućih ugljikovodika, Sekcije splitera C3/C4, gdje se destilacijski razdvaja propan od smjese butana i viših ugljikovodika, Sekcije depentanizera, gdje se destilacijski razdvaja butan od C5 i viših ugljikovodika.Nakon izgradnje, u ondašnjim tržišnim okolnostima i ekološkim zahtjevima RNR nije našla interes za puštanje rekuperacije u rad. U kontinuiranom radu bio je samo jedan dio rekuperacije - sekcija Merox, čija je namjena rafinacija UNP sa postrojenja topinga i platforminga. Nakon kretanja grupe postrojenja FCC, proizvodnja UNP se više nego udvostručila, kao i proizvodnja relativno visoko oktanskog benzina. To je uz tadašnje monopolizirano tržište, specifikacije proizvoda i ekološke zakone, uvjetovalo obustavu postrojenja izomerizacije, što je bio dodatni razlog nekretanja rekuperacije. Gašenjem postrojenja izomerizacije, nestao je i medij za grijanje kolona (hot oil), tako da nije bilo uvjeta za rad rekuperacije. UNP je bio dugo vremena problematičan rafinerijski proizvod za skladišni prostor i prodaju. Prodaja plina često je bila limitirajući faktor za povećanje kapaciteta prerade. U nedostatku tržišta jedan dio UNP koristio se kao gorivo za procesne peći. Krajem devedesetih godina naglo se povećava upotreba UNP u industriji i kućanstvu, što je olakšalo prodaju ovog energenta.Nove specifikacije kvalitete goriva, pooštreni zahtjevi u pogledu zaštite čovjekovog okoliša, kao i mjere racionalicacije u INI, nagnale su RNR da iz postojećih postrojenja, odnosno iz instalirane opreme, uz minimalna ulaganja izvuče maksimalnu korist i zadovolji ekološke zahtjeve. Rafinerija nafte Rijeka izgradila je novi sustav grijanja dna kolona korištenjem otpadne topline lakog plinskog ulja postrojenja Topping 3. Stari sustav ostao je kao rezerva za rad rekuperacije za slučaj kada postrojenje Topping 3 nije u radu. Nakon detaljne analize prišlo se aktiviranju dijela rekuperacije, koji je sa tržišnog aspekta i aspekta zaštite okoliša najisplativiji za RNR. Potrebna oprema je osposobljena za rad, jedan dio zamjenjen je novom, te je kompletirana sekcija deetanizera, uz već uhodanu sekciju Meroksa.Krajem ožujka 2002. godine sekcija deetanizera puštena je u probni rad. Posljednjih godina UNP je u zimskom razdoblju najskuplji rafinerijski proizvod koji cijenom nadmašuje bezolovni benzin. Kretanjem rekuperacije maksimizirala se proizvodnja UNP iz dosadašnjih tokova koji su završavali u rafinerijskom sustavu za loženje. Korištenjem C3/C4 kao goriva za procesne peći, cijena UNP jednaka je cijeni loživog ulja teškog. Rekuperacijom 1 tone UNP iz tzv. suhih plinova zaradi se više od 100$/t.Kod prerade visokosumpornih sirovina na atmosferskoj destilaciji Topping 3, sadržaj vodikovog sulfida znao je doseći i vrijednost od 0.3 %mas. Bez deetanizer kolone cjelokupna količina vodikovog sulfida uklanjala se neutralizacijom natrijevom lužinom. Otpadna lužina s velikom količinom natrijevog sulfida dopunski je opterećivala postrojenje za obradbu otpadnih voda. Uvođenjem u rad detanizer kolone vodikov sulfid izdvaja se iz UNP kao proizvod vrha deetanizer kolone i završava u rafinerijskom sustavu za loženje. Ovakvim načinom rada smanjen je dnevni utrošak razrijeđene otopine natrijeve lužine u pretpranju Meroksa s dosadašnjih 24 m3/dan na 2 m3/dan, što prestavlja značajnu ekonomsku uštedu i znatno je smanjen ekološki aspekt. Loživi plin iz niskotlačne sekcije katalitičkih reforminga Platforminga 1 i 2, te Unifininga 1 i 2 sadrži u prosjeku od 35 do 50 %mas C3/C4 ugljikovodika. Preradom spomenutog loživog plina preko postrojenja Rekuperacija 2, moguće je rekuperirati 6000 t/god. komercijalnog UNP, koji je u dosadašnjem radu završavao kao gorivo za procesne peći. Ekonomski je isplativije procesne peći ložiti teškim loživim uljem čija je cijena za više od 100 $ niža od UNP.

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U konačnom radu je tehnološki opisan kompletan proces rekuperacije plinova. Prikazani su ukupni troškovi pokretanja postrojenja, te ekonomski i ekološki aspekti. Pokretanje preostalog dijela rekuperacije (sekcije depropanizera i debutanizera) nametnut će zahtjevi tržišta za proizvodnjom čistog propana i čistog butana.

AbstractRijeka Oil Refinery (ROR) has two plants for the recuperation of liquid petroleum gas. Recuperation 1 with the capacity of 4 t/h was built in the 60’s together with the first refinery plants. Recuperation 2 with the capacity of 20 t/h was built in 1970, in the scope of increasing the refinery’s total processing capacities. Recuperation 1 was active until 1983 and has not been operative since, due to too low capacity both for the then and the present refinery processing. Although the plant Recuperation 2 was built in 1970, it has never been operative. The basic purpose of the recuperation plant is to recuperate C3+ hydrocarbons from fuel gas originating from Platforming and Unifining, and to stabilize UNP from Topping and Platforming by driving out gaseous components into the fuel gas system, with refining and separating fluid hydrocarbons’ components. The recuperation plant consists of: Deetanizer section, where dry and liquid gas is being recuperated and H2S driven out, Merox section, where sulphur is removed from light liquid hydrocarbons, C3/C4 splitter sections, where, through distillation, propane is being separated from the mixture of

butane and higher hydrocarbons, Depentanizer section, where, through distillation, butane is being separated from C5 and higher

hydrocarbons.After construction, given the former market circumstances and environmental requirements, ROR has not found an interest in putting recuperation plant in operation. Only one part of the recuperation – Merox section – was in continuous operation, with the purpose of refining LPG coming from Topping and Platforming plants. After the initiation of the FCC plant group, LPG production has more than doubled, same as the production of relatively high octane gasoline. Given the monopolized market of that time, product specifications, and environmental regulations, this caused the halt of the Isomerization plant, which was an additional reason for not putting recuperation on stream. By shutting down the Isomerization plant hot oil also disappeared, so that there were no conditions for the operation of recuperation. For a long time, LPG was a problematic refinery product for storage space and sale. Gas sale was often a limiting factor for increasing the processing capacity. Given the lack of market, a part of LPG was used as fuel for process furnaces. Towards the end of the 90’s, there was an abrupt increase of industrial and household LPG use, facilitating the sale of the said energent.New fuel quality specifications, increasingly stringent environmental protection requirements, as well as rationalization measures at INA, made ROR profit as much as possible from the existing plants i.e. the equipment installed at minimum cost, while at the same time meeting environmental requirements. Rijeka Oil Refinery has elaborated a new system of heating the column bottom by using the light gas oil waste of the Topping 3 plant. The old system has remained as backup for the work of recuperation when the Topping-3 plant is out of operation. After a detailed analysis, a part of the recuperation was activated, being most profitable from the market and environmental protection points of view for the Refinery. The necessary equipment was prepared for operation, a part was replaced by the new one, and the deetanizer section was completed, with the already run in Merox section.Towards the end of March, 2002, the deetanizer section was put in test operation. Over the past few years, LPG has been the most expensive refinery product in the winter period, even more costly than unleaded gasoline. When recuperation became operative, LPG production was maximized from the flows that up until then used to end up in the refinery heating system. By using C3/C4 as fuel for process furnaces, the price of LPG becomes the same as that of heavy fuel oil. Through the recuperation of 1 ton of LPG from the so called dry gases, the profit is over 100$/t.When processing highly sulphurized feeds at the atmospheric distillation Topping 3, the content of hydrogen sulphide sometimes reaches the value of 0.3 %mas. Without the deetanizer column, the entire hydrogen sulphide volume was removed by neutralization with the alkali. Waste alkali with the large volume of sodium sulphide was additionally burdening the wastewater processing plant. By putting in operation column deetanizer, hydrogen sulphide is isolated from LPG as a column deetanizer top product and ends up in the refinery heating system. This mode of operation has reduced daily consumption of diluted alkali solution in Merox pre-wash cycle from the so far 24 m3/day to 2 m3/day, which constitutes considerable economic savings and significantly reduces the environmental impact. Fuel gas from the low pressure section of catalytic reforming Platforming 1 i 2, and Unifining 1 i 2, contains the average of 35 to 50 %mas of C3/C4 hydrocarbons. By processing the said fuel gas through the Recuperation 2 plant, it is possible to recuperate 6000 t/year of commerical LPG, which so far used to end up as fuel for the process furnaces. It is more cost effective to feed the process furnaces with heavy fuel oil whose price is over 100 $ lower than that of LPG.The final paper provides a technological description of the entire gas recuperation process. It presents total costs of putting the plant in operation, as well as the economic and environmental aspects. The putting in operation of the remaining part of the recuperation (depropanizer and debutanizer sections) shall be encouraged by market requirements for the production of pure propane and pure butane.

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Poster P11P. EĆIMOVIĆ, A. M. JUNKOVIĆINA RAFINERIJA NAFTE RIJEKA

ZAŠTITA RAFINERIJSKIH POSTROJENJA OD KOROZIJE I TALOGA

ATMOSPHERIC UNIT OVERHEAD PROTECTION FROM CORROSION AND FOULING

SažetakNafta koja se prerađuje na primarnim postrojenjima atmosferske destilacije različitog je sastava, jer potječe iz različitih ležišta. Nafte sadrže u sebi nepoželjne primjese (emulgirana voda s otopljenim anorganskim solima i sedimentima, metali, dušik, kisik, sumpor i naftenske kiseline) koje čine poteškoće tijekom prerade uzrokujući pojavu korozije i taloga u opremi. Da bi se spriječilo štetno djelovanje korozije i taloga u tehnološkom procesu i opremi, treba primjenjivati ove tehnike: odsoljavanje nafte, neutralizaciju, kontrolu pH vrijednosti, ispiranje amonijevih soli recirkulacijom vode, primjenu korozijskih inhibitora, primjenu antitaložnika (antifoulinga), inženjerska razmatranja, mjerenje korozije i taloga.Odsoljavanje nafte je prvi korak zaštite postrojenja od korozije. Procesom odsoljavanja nafte koja ide na preradu, uklanjaju se soli i ostale nečistoće kao što su sedimenti i voda. Voda u nafti je emulgirana, a u njoj su otopljene soli (NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl2 i CaSO4). Nafta sadrži i različite količine suspendiranih čestica kao što su mulj, željezni oksidi, pijesak, kristalizirane soli, ugljen i sumpor. Pored funkcije desaltera za što bolje odvodnjavanje koriste se i deemulgatori.Lužina se koristi radi smanjenja korozije uzrokovane djelovanjem kloridne kiseline. Doziranjem razrijeđene lužine u sirovinu nakon odsoljivača doći će do reakcije s kalcij i magnezij kloridima. Ta reakcija ograničit će nastajanje kloridne kiseline u vršnom sustavu atmosferske kolone. Za kretanje ili normalan rad postrojenja optimum doziranja lužine postiže se povećanjem doziranja svaki drugi dan prema odgovarajućoj količini klorida ispod 20 ppm (mg/L), znači da je dozirano dovoljno lužine.Za sprečavanje formiranja taloga u procesnoj opremi prije procesne peći koriste se pored otopine NaOH i neutralizant sirovine i antifouling (antitaložnik). Pomoću ovih kemikalija procesna oprema se održava u čistom stanju i na taj način je omogućen kontinuiran i ekonomičan rad postrojenja.Korozija se može očekivati na mjestima gdje vodena para kondenzira u vršnom sustavu atmosferske kolone. To su: vršni dio kolone u području refluksa (povratni ohlađeni tok), vršni kondenzatori (hladnjaci), kondezne posude (akumulatori) i spojni cjevovodi. Ta kondenzirana (ukapljena) voda apsorbira veliku količinu klorovodika (HCl) i može imati vrlo nisku vrijednost pH (pH=1-2). Nastala vrlo kisela voda može se razrijediti na veće pH vrijednosti s velikom količinom pare za stripiranje ili dodatkom vode u vršni sustav. Do kondenzacije vodene pare u vršnom dijelu atmosferske kolone dolazi u doticaju s hladnom povratnom strujom benzina. Ispod temperature rosišta dolazi do lokalne kondenzacije. Ta voda absorbira klorovodik (HCl) i uzrokuje jaku lokalnu koroziju. Korozija je najjača pri temperaturi rosišta. S pojavom korozije pH je u izravnoj vezi. Ako u vršnom sustavu dođe do formiranja zaštitnog filma željeznog sulfida (FeS) korozija će se smanjivati kako se film povećava. Za kontrolu i podešavanje pH vrijednosti u vršnom sustavu atmosferske kolone najčešće se koriste amonijačna voda (NH4OH) i neutralizirajući amini koji se u današnjoj praksi sve više koriste zbog boljeg puferovanja (lakšeg održavanja željene pH vrijednosti). Količina amonijačne vode koju treba dozirati u vršni sustav ovisi o pH vrijednosti. Najekonomičnije održavanje pH vrijednosti je između 5,5-6,5 u akumulatorskoj vodi vršnog sustava. Amonijačna voda će prvenstveno reagirati s kloridnom kiselinom (HCl), a suvišak će reagirati sa sumporovodikom (H2S).Nakon djelomičnog uklanjanja uzročnika korozije i podešavanja pH vrijednosti za optimalno postizanje zaštite od korozije na strani procesa, vrlo važnu ulogu ima dobro odabiranje inhibitora. Korozijski inhibitori su materije koje smanjuju ili sprječavaju gubitak metala u korozivnoj sredini pomoću zaštitnog filma ili promjenom površinske strukture metala. Korozijski inhibitor se obično dodaje u parnu fazu horizontalnog dijela vršnog cjevovoda atmosferske kolone nešto iza dodavanja neutralizanta.Najizloženije pozicije zaprljanju i koroziji u atmosferskoj destilaciji su: odsoljivač, sirovinski izmjenjivači, peć, vršni dio predfrakcione kolone ako je uključena u tehnološki proces, vršni dio atmosferske kolone, refluksna zona, vršni kondenzatori s akumulatorom, zona plinskog ulja u koloni (uzrok-sumporni spojevi i naftenske kiseline) i vršni dio debutanizatora ili stabilizatora (uzrok-kloridna kiselina (HCl) i sumporovodik (H2S)).

AbstractCrude processed at primary atmospheric distillation plants is of different composition, because it originates from different oil wells. Crudes contain some undesirable substances within them (emulsified water with dissolved inorganic salts and sediments, metals, nitrogen, sulphur, and naphthenic acids), causing problems in processing by creating corrosion and fouling of the equipment. In order to prevent the harmful impact of corrosion and fouling in the technological process and on the equipment, one must apply the following techniques: desalting of crude oil, neutralization, pH value control, ammonia salts, rinsing by water

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recirculation, application of corrosion inhibitors, application of antifouling, engineering considerations, measuring of corrosion and fouling.Desalting of crude oil is the first step in protecting a plant against corrosion. The process of desalting of crude oil intended for processing removes salts and other impurities, such as sediments and water. The water in oil is emulsified, with salts dissolved in it (NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl2 i CaSO4).Crude oil also contains various volumes of suspended particles, such as sludge, iron oxides, sand, crystalized salts, coal and sulphur. Apart from desalter function for the best offtake possible, demulsifiers are aso used.Alkali is used for reducing corrosion caused by the activity of chloric acid. By adding diluted alkali into the feed after the desalter, a reaction will occur with calcium and magnesium chlorides. This reaction shall limit the generation of chloric acid in the overhead atmospheric unit. Optimal alkali volume for putting the plant in operation or its regular workis achieved by increasing dosage every other day according to the corresponding chloride volume below 20 ppm (mg/l), which means that enough alkali has been dosed.In order to prevent fouling of the process equipment in front of the process furnace, apart from NaOH solution, feed neutralizer and antifouling agent are also used. Owing to these chemicals, the process equipment is kept clean, hence enabling a continuous and cost effective plant’s operation.Corrosion may be expected in places where vapour condensates in the overhead atmospheric unit They are: top column part in the reflux area (return cooled flow), top condensators (coolers), condenser vessels (batteries), and connection pipelines. This condensed (liquidized) water absorbs a large volume of hydrogen chloride and may have a very low pH value (pH=1-2). The generated, highly acidic water may be diluted up to higher pH values with a large amount of stripping vapour or by adding water into the overhead unit. Vapour condensation in the overhead unit occurs in contact with the cool return gasoline flow. Temperature below dew point causes local condensation. The water absorbs hydrogen chloride (HCl) and causes intensive local corrosion. Corrosion is most pronounced at dew point. Upon corrosion appearance, pH is in direct contact. If a protective iron sulphide (FeS) film is formed in the overhead unit, corrosion shall decrease as the film increases. For controlling and adjusting the pH value in the overhead unit, most frequently used is the ammonia water (NH4OH) and neutralizing amines, today increasingly used due to better buffering (easier maintenance of the desired pH value). The volume of ammonia water to be dosed into the overhead unit is dependent on the pH value. The most economical maintenance of the pH value is between 5.5-6.5 in the overhead unit battery water. Ammonia water shall first of all react with the chloric acid HCl, while the surplus shall react with hydrogen sulphide H2S. After partial removal of the corrosion cause and adjustment of the pH value for obtaining an optimal corrosion protection on the part of the process, a good inhibitor choice is of outmost importance. Corrosion inhibitors are matters reducing or preventing metal loss in corrosive environment utilising protective film or changing the metal surface structure. Corrosion inhibitor is usually added into the vapour phase of the overhead unit, just after neutralizer addition.The spots most prone to corrosion and fouling in the atmospheric distillation are: desalter, feed exchangers, furnace, top part of the pre-fractionating column - if it is included into the technological process, overhead unit, reflux zone, top condensators with battery, gas oil zone in the column (cause – sulphur compounds and naphtenic acids) and top part of the debutanizer or stabilizer (cause-chloric acid (HCl) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S).

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Poster P12Š. PODOLSKI, LJ. JURANIĆ, D. DONELLIINA SSRII ZAGREB

PROVJERA TOPLINSKE VRIJEDNOSTI LOŽIVIH ULJA KALORIMETROM

TESTING OF HEATING VALUES OF FUEL OILS BY CALORIMETER

SažetakLoživa ulja se upotrebljavaju za proizvodnju topline pomoću odgovarajućih peći u domaćinstvu, poljoprivredi, industrji i kao pomorska goriva, te u metalurškim pećima. Izbor ulja za loženje ovisi o konstrukciji peći i karakteristikama sustava za raspršivanje i izgaranje goriva, te od namjene s tehnološkog gledišta. Tako se loživa ulja klasificiraju prema kvaliteti i njihovim karakteristikama, te prema namjeni od ekstra lakog do teških.Toplinska vrijednost je značajna karakteristika loživih ulja. Određivanje toplinskih vrijednosti loživih ulja propisanih INA normom br. 02-015/1998 vršili smo izravno kalorimetrom PARR 1356 po metodi ASTM D"240/2000. Ova metoda se primjenjuje za određivanje toplinske vrijednosti tekućih ugljikovodičnih goriva u rasponu od hlapivih preko destilata do teških ostatnih goriva.Spaljivanjem tekućih goriva u kalorimetrijskoj kisikovoj bombi uz stalan volumen, mjeri se porast temperature. Automatskom obradom podataka izgaranja dobije se gornja toplinska vrijednost. Da bi se dobila donja toplinska vrijednost potrebno je odrediti sadržaj vodika i sumpora u uzorku ulja. Vodik i sumpor se određuje pomoću LECO CHNS 932 elementarnog analizatora, prema metodi ASTM D" 5291/96. Količine vodika i sumpora se upisuju u metodu na kalorimetru i automatski se dobije donja toplinska vrijednost analiziranog uzorka loživog ulja.Spaljivanjem standarda benzojeve kiseline provjerena je ponovljivost rezultata, određena je relativna standardna devijacija i mjerna nesigurnost vrste A. Dobiveni rezultati zadovoljavaju vrijednosti propisane metodom. Za razliku od računske metode ova metoda direktnog određivanja toplinske vrijednosti loživih ulja brza je i pouzdana, te daje prave toplinske vrijednosti loživih ulja.

AbstractFuel oils are used for heating by using adequate furnaces in homes, agriculture, industry, as maritime fuels and in metalurgic balast furnaces.The choice of fuel oils depends on construction of the furnace and the characteristics of the fuel dispersing and burning system and of its purpose regarding technological point of view. Therefore, fuel oils are classified according to quality and their characteristics and according to the purpose, from extra light to heavy. Heating value is a significant characteristic of fuel oils. Defining heating values of fuel oils regulated by INA Standard No. 02-015 dated 1998 we performed by a calorimeter PARR 1356 regarding the method ASTM D"240/2000. This method is used for determination of heating values of liqued hydrocarbon fuels within the range-from evaporating over distillates up to heavy residual fuels.Burning liquid fuels in calorimeter oxigen bomb with constant volume temperature increase is measured. Automatic data processing during burning a top heating rate is obtained. To get a bottom (lowest heating rate) value it is necessary to determine hydrogen and sulphur content in oil sample. Hydrogen and sulphur are determined in LECO CHNS 932 element analyzer according to ASTM D 5291/96. Quantities of hydrogen and sulphur are written down into the calorimeter in that way we automatically get a bottom / lowest heating rate / value of the analysed sample of the fuel oil.Burning down a standard benzoic acid is a test of repeating results, a relative standard deviation is determined and measuring insecurity of A type as well. The obtained results agree with the values determined by the method. For the difference with a computing method, this method of direct determination of heating value of fuel oils is quick and reliable, and gives reliable heating values of these fuel oils.

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Poster P13L. ŠKROBONJA, S. STIPANIČEVINA RAFINERIJA NAFTE RIJEKA

UZROCI I RJEŠENJE PROBLEMATIKE NEPOVOLJNE OKSIDACIJSKE STABILNOSTI DIZELSKIH GORIVA U RAFINERIJI NAFTE RIJEKA

SOURCES AND SOLUTIONS OF OXYDATION STABILITY PROBLEMS WITH DIESEL FUELS AT RIJEKA OIL REFINERY

SažetakUvođenjem oksidacijske stabilnosti u specifikaciju dizelskih goriva prema normi INA N 02-005, prerada Rafinerije nafte Rijeka suočila se s poteškoćama u proizvodnji dizelskih goriva koje nije bilo lako riješiti.Podaci dobiveni ispitnom metodom za određivanje oksidacijske stabilnosti dizelskih goriva (HRN EN ISO 12205 / ASTM D 2274) ukazali su na problematiku proizvodnje. Svakodnevnim ispitivanjem komponenata za namješavanje dizelskih goriva s postrojenja toping i HDS/BHK postignuta je kvaliteta goriva prema zahtjevima INA norme. Na osnovu rezultata analiziran je rad pojedinih proizvodnih pogona i predložene su odgovarajuće mjere koje su dovele ove značajke u okvire zahtjeva norme.S velikom pozornošću se prati oksidacijska stabilnost komercijalnih dizelskih goriva “Dizel” i “Eurodizel” zbog mogućih problema ponašanja dizelskog goriva kod njihove uporabe. O rezultatima prerade, tj. pridržavanje graničnih vrijednosti oksidacijskih stabilnosti komponenata za namješavanje dizelskih goriva, moguće je postići zadovoljenje granične vrijednosti od maksimum 25 g/m3, prema normi INA N 02-005 za gotove proizvode.

AbstractAt introduction of oxydation stability limits in diesel fuels specification according to Standard INA N 02-005, production of Rijeka Refinery faced difficulties with production of diesel fuels.Data obtained from test method for determinatio of oxydation stability of diesel fuels (HRN EN ISO 12205 / ASTM D 2274) have pointed on problems in production. Compounds from Topping and HDS/MHC plants for blending diesel fuels have been tested daily. Based on test data, operations of plants have been analysed and appropriate procedures have beeen recommended. Production of diesel fuels with oxydation stability below 25 g/m3

has been achived and quality of fuels according Standard INA N 02-005 has been satisfied. Oxydation stability of commercial products Diesel and Eurodiesel is monitored with great attention because potentional problems with diesel fuel in everyday usage.

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Poster P14L. ŠKROBONJAINA RAFINERIJA NAFTE RIJEKA

SADRŽAJ POLICIKLIČKIH AROMATSKIH UGLJIKOVODIKA U DIZELSKIM GORIVIMA U RAFINERIJI NAFTE RIJEKA

POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS CONTENTS IN DIESEL FUELS PRODUCED AT RIJEKA OIL REFINERY

SažetakU ovom radu prikazani su rezultati ispitivanja sadržaja policikličkih aromatskih ugljikovodika (kratica POLY-AH) komercijalnih dizelskih goriva “Dizel” i “Eurodizel” proizvedenih u INA- Rafineriji nafte Rijeka. Do 1999. godine se za određivanje policikličkih aromatskih ugljikovodika (POLY-AH) koristila metoda IP 391, kada ta značajka nije bila zahtjevom INA norme. Izlaskom europske norme EN 590 za dizelska goriva ta značajka postala je obvezatna i uvedena je ispitna metoda EN 12916. Metode se značajno nisu razlikovale i prihvaćena je metoda EN 12 916 koja je ušla u INA normu.Sadržaj POLY-AH u dizelskom gorivu “Dizel” ispitivana je sve do donošenja INA norme 01.05.2001. kada je ta značajka izbačena, a nadalje se određuje samo kod dizelskog goriva “Eurodizel”.S obzirom da sadržaj POLY-AH u dizelskom gorivu ovisi o sadržaju POLY-AH u komponentama za namješavanje kao što su :

- plinsko ulje lako (toping)- desulfurirano ulje lako (HDS/BHK)- petrolej (toping)- katalitičko ulje lako (FCC)

vrše se ispitivanja sadržaja POLY-AH u navedenim komponentama, koje služe za namješavanja dizelskog goriva “Eurodizel”. Rezultati praćenja pokazali su da katalitičko ulje lako sadrži prevelike količine POLY-AH pa se ne preporuča da ga se dodaje u dizelsko gorivo “Eurodizel”. Odstupanja sadržaja POLY-AH od dopuštenog maks. 11%(m/m) u komercijalnim dizelskim gorivima “Eurodizel” ne prelaze dopuštene granice, dok u dizelskom gorivu ”Dizel” bilo je rijetkih odstupanja od dopuštenih granica. Što se tiče kvalitete dizelskog goriva “Eurodizel” Rafinerija nafte Rijeka u potpunosti zadovoljava normu EN 590.

AbstractThe paper presents results of detrermination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) content in commercial diesel fuels Diesel and Eurodiesel, both produced in INA - Rijeka Refinery.In 1999, when European Standard EN 590 was accepted, this property has become obligatory and new test method initiated, EN 12916. Until than, method IP 391 has been used for determination of PAH content and this property has not been included in INA Standard for diesel fuel. Determination of PAH content in diesel fuel Diesel was conducted until revision of INA Standard. In new version, established 1.5.2001, requirement for PAH content has been set only for Eurodiesel. Content of PAH in diesel fuel depends on PAH content in components used in blending:

- gas oil light (Topping), - hydrotreated gas oil (HDS/MHC), - kerosene (Topping) and - light catalytic oil (FCC).

Results of determination of PAH content in these compaunds show that light catalytic oil has too high percentage of PAH and it is not recomended in blending Eurodiesel fuel.Deviations of PAH content from permited limit 11% (m/m) were not found in commercial Eurodiesel fuel but in Diesel fuel there were some cases of excesses. Eurodiesel fuel produced at INA-Rijeka Refinery completely satisfies requirements of European Standard EN 590.

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Poster P15G. KRAKAR, Z. ČUČKOVIĆ-BORIĆINA RAFINERIJA NAFTE SISAK

RAFINERIJA NAFTE SISAK – MISLITI ZELENO

SISAK OIL REFINERY – THINKING GREEN

SažetakRadi nastavka reprofiliranja proizvodnje i nužnosti prilagodbe gospodarskim zahtjevima poslovanja, u Rafineriji nafte Sisak posebna se pozornost posvjećuje zaštiti okoliša.Država Hrvatska potpisala je i ratificirala mnoge međunarodne ugovore i propise te ih uključila u svoj pravni sustav. Osim ekoloških i gospodarskih razloga ovaj čin ima i političko značenje, jer se na taj način pokazuje spremnost poštivanja svih postavljenih međunarodnih obveza i kooperativnost u zajedničkom cilju općeg smanjenja onečišćenja.U radu će biti prikazane dosadašnje aktivnosti i dostignuća Rafinerije nafte Sisak iz područja zaštite okoliša.

AbstractAming to continue production restructuring activities and because of the necessity of adaptation to economic requirements of business operations, special attentation at the Sisak Oil Refinery is paid to the environmental protection because Croatia has adopted all respectable ecological and economic reasons. This act also has a political meaning showing in this way again and again readiness to respect all imposed international commitments.All activities and results with environmental protection will be presented.

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Poster P16B. KOCIJANČIĆ, D. MARTINKOINA RAFINERIJA NAFTE SISAK

OTKRIVANJE PROPUŠTANJA CIJEVNIH ARMATURA ULTRAZVUČNIM DETEKTOROM

VALVE LEAK DETECTION USING ACOUSTIC EMISSION DETECTOR

SažetakOtkrivanje cijevnih armatura koje propuštaju na procesnom postrojenju od velike je važnosti za ukupni rad procesnog postrojenja. Pored smanjenja ukupnih gubitaka medija kao materijalnih troškova, poboljšava se održavanje opreme, čime se ostvaruje pregled stanja i održavanje opreme, sigurniji rad procesnog postrojenja te smanjuje zagađivanje okoliša.Podaci dobiveni iz BP- rafinerija pokazali su da gubici nastali propuštanjem samo plinovitih medija u rafinerijama na cijevnim armaturama iznose 100.000 - 200.000 $ godišnje.Ultrazvučni detektor za otkrivanje propuštanja cijevnih armatura koristi se u Rafineriji nafte Sisak od 1999. godine. Koristi se uglavnom za cijevne armature na koje se sumnja da dobro zatvaraju. Pored toga koristi se za provjeru ispravnosti sumnjivih armatura prije remonta postrojenja, kako bi se na vrijeme mogli planirati radovi, vrste i količine potrebnih armatura za zamjenu u remontu. Uštede koje su ostvarene daleko premašuju nabavnu cijenu samog instrumenta, koja je bila 22.560 $.

AbstractDetecting the leaking valves in refineries and chemical plants, has great significance with production facilities as well as big influence on total costs. Besides total media loses reduction resulting in cost reduction, the preventive maintenance improves, bringing big number of tested valves as the elements increasing safety and reliability of the processing plants.The results obtained by implemented valve leakage detection technique at BP operating sites, have shown that cost savings of $ 100.000 per annum per site can be realised.Acoustic emission detector model 5131 with D9203IS sensor is in use on the site of INA Rafinerija nafte Sisak since August, 2000. Monitoring system has been implemented to valves suspected on leakage during normal plant operation. The obtained results have been used as a very usefull information for planing maintenance shutdown, as well as man-power and spare parts. The savings realised by far outcome the purchase price of the very instrument amounting 22.560$.

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Poster P17Ž. BANTIĆ1, M. FABULIĆ RUSZKOWSKI1, Z. ČULIG2, M. ĐUKIĆ2

1INA SSRII ZAGREB, 2INA RAFINERIJA NAFTE SISAK

UTJECAJ SVOJSTAVA RAVNOTEŽNOG KATALIZATORA NA RAD FCC PROCESA

THE INFLUENCE OF EQUILIBRIUM CATALYST CHARACTERISTICS ON THE FCC PROCESS

SažetakNajvažnija svojstva katalizatora u procesu fluid katalitičkog krekiranja (FCC) su njegova aktivnost, selektivnost i stabilnost. FCC proces se odvija u izmjeničnim ciklusima kerkiranja sirovine i regeneracije katalizatora. Pri regeneraciji katalizatora dolazi do izgaranja koksa kod temperatura znatno viših od onih u reaktoru. Poradi izlaganja katalizatora oštrim procesnim uvjetima u reakcijskim i regeneracijskim ciklusima dolazi do promjene njegovih svojstava, što dovodi do deaktivacije katalizatora, tj. smanjenja katalitičke aktivnosti. Određivanjem fizikalnih svojstava FCC katalizatora, posebice specifične površine, direktno se dobiva uvid u katalitičku aktivnost ravnotežnog uzorka katalizatora.U radu je praćen utjecaj procesnih parametara na promjenu specifične površine, veličine čestica, konverzije i prinosa produkata krekiranja. Gubitak poroznosti praćen je određivanjem specifične površine i volumena pora po BET metodi, dok je ispitivanje katalitičke aktivnosti provedeno testom mikroaktivnosti (MAT). Eksperimentalana ispitivanja provedena su na uzorcima ravnotežnih katalizatora iz FCC procesa RN Sisak. Iz dobivenih rezultata vidljivo je kako povećanje temeperature regeneracije prati trend opadanja specifične površine i aktivnosti, što utječe na dodavnje veće količine svježeg katalizatora u proces. Svrha rada je pokazati važnost praćenja fizikalnih svojstava i aktivnosti katalizatora te mogućnost optimiranja rada FCC jedinice uz što manje troškove.

AbstractThe most important properties of the catalyst in the fluid catalytic cracking process (FCC) are cracking activity, selectivity and stability. The FCC process operates during exchanging cycles of cracking feedstock and catalyst regeneration. The coke is burnt off while performing catalyst regeneration at temperatures often significantly higher than those in the reactor. Since the catalyst is exposed to severe process conditions in the reaction and regeneration cycles, its characteristics are changed, which leads to deactivation of the catalyst, resulting in loss of activity. Determination of the physical properties of the FCC catalyst, especially its specific area, inspection of the catalyst activity corrrelation equilibrium sample catalyst could be observed directly. The influence of process parametars on the changes of specific area, particle size, conversion and yield of the cracking products were observed during the process.Loss of porosity was observed by determing specific area and pore volumes according to the BET-method, while testing of the catalyst activity was performed by the microactivity test (MAT). Experimental testing was performed on equilibrium catalyst samples taken from the FCC process of the oil Refinery Sisak.The obtained results show that temperature increase during regeneration is followed by the trend of reducing specific area and activity, which influences contribution of a greater quantity of fresh catallyst into the process.The aim of the paper is to show the significance of observing physical properties and activity of the catalyst and the possibility of optimizing operation of the FCC unit at the lowest cost.

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Poster P18T. ŠARIĆ1, K. SERTIĆ BIONDA2

1INA SSRII ZAGREB, 2FAKULTET KEMIJSKOG INŽENJERSTVA I TEHNOLOGIJE ZAGREB

UTJECAJ PROCESNIH VARIJABLI NA UČINKOVITOST HIDRODESULFURIZACIJE PLINSKIH ULJA

THE INFLUENCE OF PROCESS VARIABLES ON THE EFFICIENCY OF GAS OILS HYDRODESULPHURIZATION

SažetakProizvodnja naftnih goriva zadovoljavajućih ekoloških značajki, posebice dopuštenog sadržaja sumpora i aromatskih ugljikovodika, nužno je povezana uz potrebu poboljšanja postojećih procesa prerade nafte, kao i uz odgovarajuća istraživanja na kojima će ona biti temeljena. Spomenuta istraživanja prvenstveno trebaju obuhvatiti utjecaje značajki sirovina i katalizatora, kao i relevantnih procesnih varijabli na prinose i sastav produkata istraživanog procesa.U radu je ispitan utjecaj temperature i omjera vodik/ugljikovodici (H2/HC) u procesu hidrodesulfurizacije plinskih ulja, s ciljem odabira optimalnih varijabli ovog procesa, te kasnije primjene odabranih sirovina u procesu katalitičkog krekiranja.Ispitivanja su provedena na laboratorijskom uređaju pri različitim temperaturama (320-3800C) i omjerima H2/HC (100-300), te uz stalan tlak od 40 bara i prostornu brzinu LHSV od 1,00 h-1.Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su da povećanje oštrine procesnih varijabli, što znači temperature i omjera H2/HC u definiranim područjima, ima povoljan utjecaj na stupanj hidrodesulfurizacije, s time da je taj utjecaj najmanji pri povećanju temperature od 3600C na 3800C. Kemijske promjene, praćene uz pomoć n-d M metode, pokazale su logično povećanje sadržaja parafinskih ugljikovodika, nastalih hidrogenacijom olefinskih intermedijera. Rezultati su također pokazali smanjenje sadržaja aromatskih ugljikovodika u odnosu na primijenjenu sirovinu, pri nižim temperaturama procesa, što ukazuje na odvijanje reakcija hidrogenacije aromata, koje su termodinamički dobro aspektirane u uvjetima nižih temperatura i viših tlakova. Stoga je pri višim temperaturama, posebice na 3800C, došlo do naglašenijeg povećanja udjela aromatskih ugljikovodika, što je očigledno uvjetovano reakcijama dehidrogenacije naftena, čiji se udjeli tijekom procesa smanjuju. Nepostojanje korelacije između sadržaja izdvojenog sumpora i stupnja hidrogenacije aromata, moguće je objasniti činjenicom da hidrogenoliza C-S veza ne mora biti nužno povezana s procesom hidrogenacije aromatskih struktura. U skladu s dobivenim rezultatima moguće je zaključiti da bi učinkovitost procesa hidrodesulfurizacije bila značajno povećana izborom optimalne temperature procesa od 3600C, kao i primjenom tlaka iznad 40 bara.

AbstractThe production of the petroleum fuels with required ecological characteristics, esspecialy regarding to the sulphur and aromatics content, necessarily is connected with the corresponding investigations and improvement of the existing technology. Therefore, such investigations have to include the effects of feedstocks and catalyst properties, as well as the influence of the relevant process variables on the products yields and composition. The influence of temperature and hydrogen/hydrocarbons (H2/HC) ratio in hydrodesulphurization process has been investigated in the paper with the purpose of the optimal process parameters determination. It is important in regard to use this hydrotreated gas oils as a feedstocks in catalytic cracking.The experiments have been performed on laboratory equipment, at H2/HC ratio from 100-300, in the range of temperature 320C- 3800C and at constant values of pressure (40 bars) and LHSV (1.00 h-1).The results show that the increase of operating severity in the relation to temperature and H2/HC ratio, has favourable effect on the hydrodesulphurization process, which is the least emphasized at temperature increase from 360 to 3800C. The chemical composition changes were determined using n-d-M method, show some logical increase of paraffins content due to olefins hydrogenation. The results also show the decrease of aromatics content in the relation to the feedstocks used, at the lower operating temperatures. This is caused by hydrogenation reactions of aromatics, which are favoured at the lower temperatures and higher pressures, but also it is the reason of their contents increasing at higher temperatures, particularly at 3800C. From the obtained results, the correlation between the sulphur content and the extend of hydrogenation is not observed. This can be explained with the fact that C-S hydrogenolyses is not necessarily connected with hydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbons. According to the obtained results it could be concluded that the efficiency of hydrodesulphurization process will be optimal at temperature of 3600C and the pressure of above 40 bars.

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Poster P19D. MIČEVIĆ, S. POTKONJAK, J. LAKOŠINA RAFINERIJA NAFTE RIJEKA

SUSTAV PRAĆENJA DNEVNIH ZALIHA U RAFINERIJSKIM SPREMNICIMA

SOFTWARE FOR MONITORING OF DAILY STOCKS IN REFINERY TANKS

SažetakAplikacija zalihe u spremnicima izrađena je kao prvi korak u informatizaciji poslovnog procesa praćenja i obračuna proizvodnje u Rafineriji nafte Rijeka. Dizajnirana je u Access-u (Visual basic) 97, jer je za tu svrhu to tada bio jedini dostupan softver na osobnom računalu u RNR. Pokriva proces izračunavanja količina nafte i naftnih proizvoda u posudama za uskladištenje i transport. Podloga za izradu su bili Glavni projekt i Funkcionalni dizajn proizvodnje, norme za izračunavanje količina nafte i naftnih proizvoda te gustoće i faktora korekcije obujma (API, hrvatska i interna norma). Aplikaciju čini baza podataka o proizvodima (naziv, klasifikacija, oznaka grupe za korekciju gustoće), spremnicima (tip, visina, izoliranost, bombaža, masa krova, koeficijent širenja) i tablicama spremnika. Prilikom svakog umjeravanja spremnika vrši se “ručni” unos podataka u bazu tablica. Aplikacija sadrži algoritam za izračun zaliha, algoritam za korekciju gustoće na 15°C i algoritam za korekciju obujma zbog temperature i gustoće (odgovaraju ASTM tablicama). Algoritam za izračun zaliha primjenjuje se za sve proizvode.Podržan je interaktivni unos dnevnih ulaznih podataka (visina proizvoda i slobodne vode, temperatura, gustoća, sadržaj vode i sedimenata). Ulazne podatke daju manipulacija (proizvod, visina proizvoda i slobodne vode, radne temperature), laboratorij (gustoća, sadržaj suspendirane vode) i zaštita okoliša (temperatura ambijenta). Podaci se unose u Odjelu za obračun proizvodnje, a dostavljaju se file transferom, telefonom ili dokumentima. Moguć je interaktivni uvid za zadani dan u ukupne, pumpabilne i iskoristive zalihe po spremnicima i proizvodima, te uvid u sve podatke za svaki spremnik pojedinačno. Osim tih podataka na izvješću se mogu dobiti podaci o tjednom kretanju pumpabilnih zaliha, promjeni pumpabilnih zaliha u zadanom periodu i sl. Posebno su kreirani izlazi za daljnju obradu u Excelu. Iz aplikacije je moguć niz izvješća prema zahtjevima i potrebama poslovanja (tabelarni i / ili grafički prikazi). Podaci se čuvaju duži period na disku osobnog računala (ograničenje je kapacitet računala) i arhiviraju na ZIP-disku. U skoroj budućnosti kada svi djelovi RNR budu umreženi i spremnici opremljeni radarskim mjeračima dostupni na mreži, aplikacija će biti redizajnirana i prilagođena direktnom prihvatu svih ulaznih podataka te povezana s budućim softverskim rješenjima za poslovni proces vođenja i obračuna proizvodnje.

AbstractThe tank reserves application has been elaborated as a step towards the computerization of the production monitoring and calculation process at Rijeka Oil Refinery. It has been designed in Access (Visual basic) 97, because, at the time, it was the only available suitable PC software at the Refinery. It covers the process of calculating the volumes of crude oil and petroleum products in storage and transportation tanks. The support for its elaboration were The Main Project and the Functional Production Design, standards for calculating the volume of crude oil and petroleum products, as well as density and volume correction factor (API, Croatian and internal standard). The application consists of a products database (name, classification, volume correction group label); tanks (type, height, insulation, convexity, top mass, thermal dilatation coefficient) and tank tables. Each tank gauging is accompanied by a “manual” entry of data into the tables database. The application contains an algorithm for calculating reserves, an algorithm for density correction at 15°C, and an algorithm for volume correction due to temperature and density (corresponding to ASTM tables). The algorithm for calculating reserves is applied on all products.Supported is an interactive entry of daily input data (height of product and of free water, temperature, density, content of water and sediments). Input data are provided by the Manipulation (product, height of product and of free water, operating temperature), the Laboratory (density, content of suspended water), and the Environmental Protection departments (ambient air temperature). Data are being entered at the Production Calculation Department, and supplied via file transfer, telephone, or with documents. There is a possibility of an interactive insight - for a given day - into total, pumpable, and usable reserves per tanks and products, as well as an insight into all the data for each tank individually. Apart from these data, the report also contains data on the weekly development of pumpable reserves, change of pumpable reserves in a given period, and the like. Specially created were the exits for further processing in Excel. The application enables a number of reports per requirements and needs of operation (tabular and / or graphic presentations). The data are kept for a longer period on the PC disc (limited by the PC capacity) and archived on a ZIP-disc.In the near future, when all the parts of ROR are networked and tanks equipped with radar measuring devices available on the network, the application shall be redesigned, adjusted for a direct acceptance of all input data and linked with the future software solutions for the production management and calculation process.

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Poster P20D. DRAŽENOVIĆ, V. TOMULIĆINA RAFINERIJA NAFTE RIJEKA

METODA PRAĆENJA DJELOTVORNOSTI POSTROJENJAFLUID KATALITIČKOG KREKINGA

MONITORING SERVICE OF FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING PLANT

SažetakNa postrojenju FCC iz vakuum plinskog ulja proizvodi se ukapljeni naftni plin, benzin oktanske vrijednosti 93 oktana, katalitičko ulje i dekantirano ulje.Najvažniji proizvod FCC procesa je benzin, pa zaključujemo da se ovim procesom od sirovine sa vrlo visokim vrelištem dobivaju proizvodi nižih vrelišta i većih komercijalnih vrijednosti.FCC proces se sastoji od dva dijela: reaktorsko – regeneratorski dio za koji možemo reći da je “srce” postrojenja jer se u njemu odvijaju reakcije krekiranja u fluidiziranom sloju katalizatora, i dijela za frakcionaciju gdje se produkti krekiranja odvajaju i šalju na daljnju obradu.Rad FCC-a zahtjeva stalno pokretanje kliznih ventila na strani regeneriranog katalizatora, istrošenog katalizatora i dimnog plina. Postavne vrijednosti se održavaju upravljanjem tlakovima, diferencijalnim tlakovima i temperaturama u procesu. Pokretanje kliznih ventila se održava sustavom hidrauličkog ulja.Kako se krekiranje u potpunosti odvija u reaktoru važna nam je dobra kontrola temperature u riseru reaktora.Za nadzor i upravljanje procesa koristi se distributivi kontrolni sustav (DCS) koji automatski drži postrojenje u najpovoljnijem režimu rada vodeći računa da se ne prelaze dozvoljeni parametri opterećenja opreme (tlak, temperatura, brzina strujanja itd.) čime se produžuje njen vijek trajanja i smanjuju troškovi održavanja. Osnova DCS je komunikacijska mreža poznata kao “Local Control Network“ koja direktno povezuje uređaje koji omogućavaju sljedeće funkcije:

- Sučeljenje čovjek – stroj- Sučeljenje prema Windows NT i drugim operacijskim sustavima- Akvizicija procesnih podataka i analiza- Napredno vođenje (advanced control )- Sučeljenje prema drugim procesnim mrežama

DCS omogućuje implementaciju širokog spektra upravljačkih strategija od najjednostavnijih do najkompleksnijih, olakšavajući na taj način praćenje i vođenje procesa.U Rafineriji nafte Rijeka razvijen je tzv. monitoring service, metoda sustavnog praćenja rada postrojenja FCC. Ona se temelji na objedinjavanju procesnih podataka dobivenih direktno putem DCS-a, putem laboratorijskih analiza i izračunavanjem. Svi ti podaci objedinjeni u spreadsheetu Microsoft Excella pružaju kompletnu sliku cjelokupnog procesa, a njihov grafički prikaz omogućuje praćenje trendova te donošenje ispravnih poslovnih odluka.

AbstractLiquefied petroleum gas (LPG), 93-octane gasoline, catalytic oil and slurry are produced from vacuum gas oil (VGO) at the FCC plant.The most important product is gasoline, so we can say this proces gives, from crude oils with very high boilng point, products with low boilng point and higher comercial value. FCC process has two sections: reactor-regenerator section which is “heart” of this plant, because there reaction of fluid catalytic cracking proceed, and main column section, where cracking reactions products separate and forward on to further processing.The FCC operation demands permanent slide valves movement on regenerated catalyst side, spent catalyst and flue gas. Set points upkeep controling pressure, differential pressure and temperatures in process. The movement of slide valves is maintained by system of hydraulic oils.Cracking reaction is completelly finished in reactor, so good temperature control in a reactor riser is very important. Process is controled and managed by distribution control system (DCS) which automatically keeps a plant in most favourable operating regime.The basic of DCS is comunicate network:“ Local Control Network” , which directly makes contact with devices that enable the following functions:- Interface man – machine- Interface towards Windows NT and other operation systems- Aquisition of process data and analyses- Advance control- Interface towards other process networks

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DCS enables implementation of wide spectrum of managing strategies, so makes the process of monitoring and managing much easier.In RNR we have developed monitoring service, the method that systematically follows operation of FCC plant. It is based on integration of DCS process data, laboratory data, and calculation data, which are collected in Microsoft Excell spreadsheet, in order to give complete illustration of the whole process. Graphic charts enable trend monitoring and making correct business decisions.

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E. CERIĆ, Ž. VRBANOVIĆINA INDUSTRIJA NAFTE ZAGREB

MODERNIZACIJA RAFINERIJA - PREDUVJET OPSTANKA

REFINERY UPGRADING – EXISTENCE PREREQUISITE

SažetakStrateški cilj svake rafinerije je proizvodnja u skladu sa sadašnjim i budućim potrebama tržišta (količine i kvaliteta) uz minimalne proizvodne troškove te maksimalnu konverziju (“dubina prerade”).Da bi se ostvario taj cilj i osvojila potencijalna tržišta, rafinerije moraju detaljno proanalizirati mogućnosti postojeće tehnologije, mogućnosti unapređenja postojeće tehnologije i potrebnu novu tehnologiju da se zadovolji buduća kvaliteta proizvoda (EU norme 2009.) te buduće potrebe tržišta, veće količine srednjih destilata (mlazno gorivo, dizelsko gorivo, loživo ulje za domaćinstvo), a manje motornih benzina i loživog ulja.Procesi izomerizacije, alkilacije, eterifikacije, hidrodesulfurizacije, hidrokrekinga, visbreakinga i kokinga omogućuju realizaciju tih ciljeva. U svemu tome vrlo važan čimbenik je vodik, tj. njegova proizvodnja. Nemogućnost zadovoljenja budućih normi, dovodi do gubitka tržišta, a time i do zatvaranja rafinerija.

AbstractStrategic goal of every refinery is production in keeping with both present and future market needs (in terms of quality and quantity), with minimal production costs and maximal conversion (“processing depth”).In order to achieve this goal and win potential markets, refineries must analyze the existing technologies, the possibilities of advancing the existing technologies, and the necessary new technologies in detail, in order to meet the future product quality (EU 2009 standards), as well as the future market needs, larger medium oil product volumes (jet fuel, diesel fuel, household fuel oil), and less motor gasoline and fuel oil.The processes of isomerization, alkylation, etherification, hydrodesulphurization, hydrocracking, visbreaking and coking enable the achievement of these goals.In all this, an important factor is hydrogen i.e. its production.The impossibility to meet the future standards leads to market loss, and hence to refinery closing down.