Reef Status of Semporna Priority Conservation Area

November 2009

Nina Ho Kenneth Kassem

© Jurgen Freund / WWF-Canon

i

Reef Status of Semporna Priority Conservation Area

Nina Ho Kenneth Kassem

Report Produced Under Project MY0256 Facilitating Collaborative Management of Coral Reefs and Adjacent Ecosystems with Tourism and Fisheries

WWF-Malaysia Sabah

ii

WWF-Malaysia (PN. No. 777/4) Sabah Office Suite 1-6-W11, 6th Floor CPS Tower, Ctr. Point Complex No.1, Jalan Centre Point 88800 Kota Kinabalu Sabah, Malaysia Tel: +60 88 262 420 Fax: +60 88 242 531 E-mail: contactus@wwf.org.my Copyright ©2009 WWF-Malaysia. All right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, Stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. The opinions of the authors articulated in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of WWF-Malaysia. First published 2009 Design and layout by Nina Ho and Angela Lim Suggested citation: Ho, Nina & Kassem, Kenneth. (2009). Reef Status of Semporna Priority Conservation Area. Kota Kinabalu,

Malaysia: WWF-Malaysia. Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing – in-Publication Data Ho, Nina Ann Jin. Reef Status of Semporna Priority Conservation Area. Kota Kinabalu / Nina Ho Ann Jin, Kenneth Ramsey

Kassem. Bibliography: p.14 ISBN 978-983-44945-6-8 1. Reef ecology-Conservation-Sabah-Semporna. 2. Reef animals-Conservation-Sabah-Semporna. I. Kassem,

Kenneth Ramsey. II. Title. 577.789

Printed in Malaysia

iii

Contents Acronyms……………………………………………………………………………...iv Acknowledgment……………………………………………………………………...iv Introduction..................................................................................................................1

Geographic scope.......................................................................................................2 Materials and Methods................................................................................................4 Results ...........................................................................................................................6

Substrate.....................................................................................................................9 Southern reefs ........................................................................................................9 Northern reefs ........................................................................................................9

Invertebrates.............................................................................................................10 Southern reefs ......................................................................................................10 Northern reefs ......................................................................................................10

Fish...........................................................................................................................11 Southern reefs ......................................................................................................11 Northern reefs ......................................................................................................11

Discussion....................................................................................................................12 Reference.....................................................................................................................14 Appendix .....................................................................................................................15

Appendix 1: Map of Semporna PCA Northern Reefs .............................................15 Appendix 2: Map of Semporna PCA Southern Reefs .............................................16 Appendix 3: Map of Semporna PCA Live Coral Cover Category ..........................17 Appendix 4: Semporna PCA Reef Status Summary................................................18 Appendix 5: Table of General Resource Use Category...........................................19 Appendix 6: Table of Average Percentage and Category of Coral Cover ..............20 Appendix 7: Chart of Percentage of Substrate Cover..............................................21 Appendix 8: Table of Number and Density of Targeted Fish ................................22 Appendix 9: Table of Number and Density of Targeted Invertebrates ...................23 Appendix 10: Table of Human Impact Index in Semporna PCA ............................24

iv

Acronyms GCRMN Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network GPS Global Positioning System ICRI International Coral Reef Initiative PCA Priority Conservation Area SCUBA Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus SSME Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion

v

Acknowledgement We thank our project donors from WWF-Netherlands, the Hupkes Family in Netherlands, and the Adessium Foundation. Thanks to Reef Check Malaysia for providing training to our stakeholders in Semporna PCA. Thanks to all Reef Check surveyors consisting of professional divemasters from local dive operators and volunteers (Bobby Joanes Basolius, Richard Usah, Hardy Habirah, Allister Lee, Ron Freddy, Glenn L, Ronny Bin Lobin, Jessica Mikiu Tiongsoh, Jennifer E. Missi, Andreas K. Stephen, Subuh Yunus @ Stephen, Melvin Mijoh, Lorence J. Laisang, Julia Ng Su Chen, Yusran Maidin, Joseph Chung, Alex Canumay, Wendy E.Delacruz, Honarius Basil, SF Chong, Daniel Doughty, Japson Wong, Obata Kenichi) who participated in this survey. Thanks also to Angela Lim for patiently editing and formatting this report. We also thank Sikula Magupin for producing informative maps for this report.

1

Introduction The Semporna district lies at the extreme southeast corner of the east Malaysian state of Sabah in the Sulawesi Sea. The district waters contain parts of the globally significant (for biodiversity) Semporna Priority Conservation Area (PCA) of the Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion (SSME). This area lies well within the Coral Triangle and thus is within the richest areas in the world. Malaysia’s largest concentration of coral reefs is found here, along with large expanses of mangroves and seagrass beds. The area boasts a wide diversity of coral reef geomorphology, including a barrier reef formation, fringing reefs, patch reefs, a pre-atoll, and Sipadan Island, an oceanic seamount. There is one existing marine protected area in the district which covers 350 km2 out of the approximately 7680 km2 of Semporna PCA. The Tun Sakaran Marine Park contains 8 islands and is the first marine protected area in Malaysia to include local communities within its boundaries. Sipadan Island’s waters are proposed as a park and the intention to gazette was published in mid-2009. The status of the coral reefs in Semporna is largely unsurveyed and unreported to date, except for areas that have been surveyed by Sabah Parks, the University Malaysia Sabah, the Marine Conservation Society (UK), and WWF-Malaysia. These have been limited particularly to Sipadan Island and the Tun Sakaran Marine Park. Sipadan Island survey data in 1994 show that live hard coral cover at shallow reefs (5–10 m) was high in all areas (up to 95%). Whereas the mid-depth slope (10–25 m) with the best coral growth cover was estimated between 25–50% (Wood 1994). The Tun Sakaran Marine Park had an average percentage of hard coral cover at the reef rim and upper slope from 11–30% in conclusion of survey and monitoring programmes over a 10-year period since 1998. (Wood et al. 2008) Coral reefs form the foundation of the economy in Semporna for local community fisheries and the tourism industry. Semporna’s fisheries products extracted from coral reef areas include collection of fish for the regional live reef fish trade and consumption in local seafood restaurants. The coral reefs of Sipadan and Mabul are increasingly popular international dive destinations, and interest in dive tourism is expanding throughout the district. The Semporna PCA was ranked as globally significant for its high biodiversity and rich mix of habitat types in a workshop of local and international experts in 2001 (Stakeholders of SSME et al. 2003). It is a priority site for Marine Industry and Tourism Zone in the Government’s Sabah Development Corridor planning document (State Government of Sabah 2007). It was included on the “A” list for recommendation for nomination as a marine natural World Heritage Site (Hillary et al. 2002). As a high priority site within the SSME, it is also a high priority site in the Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security. This report documents the first comprehensive survey of the status of coral reefs in Semporna. The results will be used as baseline data for the monitoring and management of natural marine resources in Semporna PCA.

2

Geographic scope Between January 2008 and June 2009, surveys were carried out by WWF-Malaysia Semporna PCA team, volunteers, and local dive operators. The total reef area of Semporna PCA is approximately 7,680 km2. WWF-Malaysia surveyed 35 sites with 64 transects during this period covering all reef types across the entire Semporna PCA. The surveys were conducted first on the Southern reefs which form the barrier reef extending from Roach Reef in the west to Ligitan Reef in the east. These include: Hands Rock, Darby Bank, Alert Patches, Second Reef, Roach Reef, Friedrich Reef, Horn Reef, Ezerhzog Reef, Yoshi Point, Mabul, Kapalai, Cust Reef, Ligitan, Denawan and Si Amil. (Appendix 1) The remaining reefs are grouped as the Northern reefs and include Batuara Reef, Bum-bum, Pasalat Reef, Boheyan, Timba-timba, Mataking, Pulau Pandanan, Pom-pom, Timbun Mata and Batik. (Appendix 2) The reefs of the Tun Sakaran Marine Park and Sipadan Island were not surveyed under this project.

3

Map

1: S

empo

rna

Prio

rity

Con

serv

atio

n A

rea

4

Materials and Methods Reef Check monitoring protocols were employed for all monitoring activities. Reef Check monitoring protocols are designed to assess baseline reef status and monitor the reef status periodically. The methods focus on the abundance of particular coral reef organisms (indicators) that best reflect the condition of the ecosystem and that are easily recognizable to the general public. This method is designed to be accessible to beginners and amateurs yet provides a regionally consistent data set which has biological significance. Global and regional indicators serve as specific measures of human impacts on coral reefs (Hodgson 2006). Reef Check, a partner of the International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) and Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN), supplies data to Reef Base and GCRMN for status reports (Hodgson & Liebeler 2002). Surveys are conducted with at least 1 pair of divers doing a full Reef Check survey in one single site. However, 2 pairs of divers are preferred to complete a single Reef Check survey in 1 single dive; 1 pair of divers conduct the survey in shallow depth, another pair of divers will conduct the survey at a mid-water depth. Standard SCUBA equipment is utilised for all surveys. Additionally, WWF-Malaysia uses underwater slate, waterproof paper with printed data sheet, pencil, eraser, pointer, 100m fibreglass measuring tape, GARMIN GPS and Semporna Waters Marine Chart. At each site a description of environmental conditions and ratings of human impacts are collected along with fish indicators, invertebrate indicators and substrate. First, fish counts up to 5 m above a 20 m by 5 m belt along a 100 m transect are counted, after the laying of the transect. Next, invertebrates are counted over four 20 m x 5 m belts along the 100 m transect and human impacts are documented. Lastly, a measure of the percentage of the substrate cover along four 20 m sections of a 100 m transect is collected. All human impact classifications are based on the regional categories of resource use and substrate. Human impact classifications include documenting evidence of blast fishing, boat and anchor damage, fishing gear, and other damages. Live coral cover is classified according to Table 1.

Category Live Coral Cover (%) Coral Cover Conditions 1 0 – 24.9 Poor 2 25 – 49.9 Fair 3 50 – 74.9 Good 4 75 – 100 Excellent

Table 1: Coral cover category with percentage and conditions.

5

The surveys are usually done along two depth contours. Shallow surveys range from 2 – 6 m depth below chart datum (lowest low tide) and mid-water surveys range from 6 – 12 m depth. The transects are laid at a constant depth within these ranges (Hodgson 2006). (Figure 1)

Figure 1: Diagram of a transect line. This 100 m line is divided into four 20 m segments with a 5 m gap in between them to ensure sample independence.

1 2 3 4

100 m

20 m 5 m20 m20 m 5 m

5 m

20 m 5 m

6

Results Based on the live coral cover category level (Table 1), 11 sites are in poor condition within 0–24.9% live coral cover, 17 sites are in fair condition with 25–49.9% live coral cover, 7 sites in good condition with 50–74.9% live coral cover, and none of the surveyed sites are in excellent condition (Chart 1). However, there have been known sites with live coral cover percentage of more than 95% in Sipadan (Wood 1994).

02468

1012141618

0-24.9% 25-49.9% 50-74.9% 75-100%

Live coral cover percentage

Num

ber o

f sur

veye

d si

te

Chart 1: Frequency of live coral cover percentage in Semporna PCA. On the overall coral reefs in Semporna PCA have an average of 35.66% live coral cover. Rubble is the second highest of substrate cover percentage with average of 21%, followed by rock (18%) and sand (14%) (Chart 2).

Rock 18% Sponge

2%

Nutrient Indicator Algae

5%

Recent Killed Coral

1%

Soft Coral 10%

Hard Coral 25%

Other 2%

Silt 2%

Sand 14%

Rubble 21%

Chart 2: Average substrate cover percentage of Semporna PCA surveyed sites.

7

Very few invertebrate indicator species were observed during the surveys. The vast majority of observed invertebrates were Diadema sea urchins. (Chart 3)

Diadema Urchins, 97.56%

Sea Cucumber, 0.14%

Collector Urchin, 0.19%

Banded Coral Shrimp, 0.34%

Triton, 0.19%

Lobster, 0.16%

Giant Clam, 1.08%

Pencil Urchin, 0.09%

Crown-of-Thrown, 0.25%

Chart 3: Total frequency of invertebrate indicator species in all survey sites. Dominant indicator fish species observed on reefs were butterfly fish (Chaetodontidae) 34%, snapper (Lutjanidae) 30%, parrotfish (Scaridae) 18% and sweetlips (Haemulidae) 10%.

Butterfly fish, 34.08%

Sweetlips, 10.00%Snapper, 30.59%

Barramudi Cod, 0.04%

Grouper, 3.71%

Humphead Wrasse, 0.00%

Bumphead Parrotfish, 2.59%

Parrotfish, 18.31%

Moray Eel, 0.69%

Chart 4: Total frequency of indicator fish in all survey sites.

8

In general, Semporna coral reefs are highly impacted from blast fishing and boat or anchor damage in some of the surveyed sites. Other damages and fish nets are the second highest impact factors with medium impacts. Trash is the least impact factor to the reefs in Semporna compared to the other factors mentioned above. (Chart 5)

0102030405060708090

100

Boat / Anchor Blast Other damage Fish net Trash

Type of Human Impact

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

None

Less

Medium

High

Chart 5: Percentage of Human Impact in Semporna PCA.

9

Substrate

Charts 6 and 7 show the live coral cover for hard and soft corals on Southern and Northern reefs respectively. Southern reefs have more soft coral cover than Northern reefs, but both regions have similar live hard coral cover.

Southern reefs

010203040506070

Han

d R

ock

Dar

by B

ank

Ale

rt P

atch

es 1

Ale

rt P

atch

es 2

Ale

rt P

atch

es 3

Sec

ond

Ree

f

Mid

Roc

k, R

oach

Ree

f

Erz

herz

og R

eef

Frie

dric

h H

eave

n 1

Yos

hi P

oint

2

Yos

hi P

oint

1

Par

adis

e 2,

Mab

ul

Kap

alai

Roc

k, K

apal

ai

Cus

t Ree

f

Ligi

tan

5

Ligi

tan

4

Ligi

tan

1

Ligi

tan

2

Ligi

tan

3

Den

awan

1

Sec

ond

Bea

ch, S

i Am

il

Third

Bea

ch, S

i Am

il

Site Name

Mea

n pe

rcen

tage

(%)

Hard Coral Soft Coral

Chart 6: Live coral cover percentage distribution by site of Southern islands in Semporna PCA.

Northern reefs

010

20304050

6070

Pal

ang-

pala

ng, B

um-b

um

Pas

alat

Ree

f

Bat

urua

Ree

f

Mac

ro M

ania

, Bat

uara

Ree

f Kul

apua

n

Pyg

my

Poi

nt, B

ohey

an

Jala

n-ja

lan,

Tim

ba-ti

mba

Hou

se R

eef,

Mat

akin

g

Trea

sure

Hun

t, P

anda

nan

Pom

-pom

1

Lara

pan

Tim

bun-

Mat

a

Bat

ik

Site Name

Mea

n pe

rcen

tage

(%)

Hard Coral Soft Coral

Chart 7: Live coral cover percentage distribution by site of Northern islands in Semporna PCA.

10

Invertebrates

Total invertebrate densities on Southern and Northern reefs are shown in Charts 8 and 9. The majority of invertebrate indicator species recorded were Diadema sea urchins on all reefs.

Southern reefs

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Han

d R

ock

Dar

by B

ank

Ale

rt Pa

tche

s 1

Aler

t Pat

ches

2

Aler

t Pat

ches

3

Sec

ond

Ree

f

Mid

Roc

k, R

oach

Ree

f

Erz

herz

og R

eef

Frie

dric

h H

eave

n 1

Yos

hi P

oint

2

Yos

hi P

oint

1

Par

adis

e 2,

Mab

ul

Kap

alai

Roc

k, K

apal

ai

Cus

t Ree

f

Ligi

tan

5

Ligi

tan

4

Ligi

tan

1

Ligi

tan

2

Ligi

tan

3

Den

awan

1

Sec

ond

Bea

ch, S

i Am

il

Third

Bea

ch, S

i Am

il

Site

Den

sity

of t

arge

ted

inve

rteb

rate

/ m

2

Chart 8: Density of targeted invertebrate / m² of Southern islands in Semporna PCA

Northern reefs

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Pala

ng-p

alan

g

Pasa

lat R

eef

Batu

rua

Ree

f

Mac

ro M

ania

,Ba

tuar

a R

eef

Kula

puan

Pygm

y Po

int,

Bohe

yan

Jala

n-ja

lan,

Tim

ba-ti

mba

Hou

se R

eef,

Mat

akin

g

Trea

sure

Hun

t,Pa

ndan

an

Pom

-pom

1

Lara

pan

Tim

bun

Mat

a

Batik

Site

Den

sity

of t

arge

ted

inve

rteb

rate

/ m

2

Chart 9: Density of targeted invertebrate / m² of Northern islands in Semporna PCA

11

Fish

Total fish densities along transects on Southern and Northern reefs are shown in charts 10 and 11 respectively. Fish are dominated by butterfly fish and snappers. (Charts 10 and 11)

Southern reefs

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

1

Han

d R

ock

Dar

by B

ank

Ale

rt P

atch

es 1

Ale

rt P

atch

es 2

Ale

rt P

atch

es 3

Sec

ond

Ree

f

Mid

Roc

k, R

oach

Ree

f

Mid

Roc

k, R

oach

Ree

f

Erz

herz

og R

eef

Frie

dric

h H

eave

n 1

Yos

hi P

oint

2

Yos

hi P

oint

1

Par

adis

e 2,

Mab

ul

Kap

alai

Roc

k, K

apal

ai

Cus

t Ree

f

Ligi

tan

5

Ligi

tan

4

Ligi

tan

1

Ligi

tan

2

Ligi

tan

3

Den

awan

1

Sec

ond

Bea

ch, S

i Am

il

Third

Bea

ch, S

i Am

il

Site

Den

sity

targ

eted

fish

es /

m2

Chart 10: Density of targeted fish / m² of Southern islands in Semporna PCA Northern reefs

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

Pal

ang-

pala

ng

Pas

alat

Ree

f

Bat

urua

Ree

f

Mac

roM

ania

,B

atua

ra R

eef

Kul

apua

n

Pyg

my

Poi

nt,

Boh

eyan

Jala

n-ja

lan,

Tim

ba-ti

mba

Hou

se R

eef,

Mat

akin

g

Trea

sure

Hun

t,P

anda

nan

Pom

-pom

1

Lara

pan

Tim

bun

Mat

a

Bat

ik

Site

Den

sity

targ

eted

fish

es /

m2

Chart 11: Density of targeted fish / m² of Northern reefs in Semporna PCA

12

Discussion In general, the surveys indicate that most of the reefs are over-exploited and stressed by fishing activities. The reefs of the Southern and Northern islands have similar hard coral cover. There are no reefs with coral cover which falls in the excellent category, and the majority of surveyed reefs fall in the poor and fair categories with less than 50% hard coral cover. This can be partly attributed to potentially low natural coral cover or is indicative of human impacts on the reefs. Important observations from some of the indicator species merit special attention. There was no humphead wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) observed during the surveys. The sole populations of humphead wrasse in Semporna are found on the reefs of Sipadan which are protected from fishing and destructive fishing practices by the presence of Sabah Parks and divers. Additionally, very few grouper (Serranidae) were observed during the surveys. These results indicate overfishing of these commercially and ecologically important species. During the invertebrate observations, it was found that 99% of all invertebrates were Diadema sea urchins. Diadema are also concentrated on some reefs and largely absent on others. This can indicate pressures on those reefs that promote Diadema populations or a lack of natural predators. Some areas in Semporna benefit from de facto local based management protection systems such as those enforced by dive resorts. The reefs around Mabul appear, from anecdotal evidence, to be recovering from years of blast fishing. The resorts on Mabul have been limiting bomb fishing for many years, and engaging in conservation and coral replanting activities. However, the anthropogenic pressure on the reefs has shifted from fishing activities to tourism activities which can lead to other stresses such as pollution and reef damage caused by negligent divers and snorkelers. Based on the comparison of recent and previous surveys, there appears to be some possible improvement in the condition of the reefs in some areas. For example, average coral cover in Ligitan Island was 18.7% before (Pilcher & Cabanban 2000), and the recent survey of Ligitan reefs showed that average coral cover has slight increased to 20%. Likewise, average coral cover in Mabul Island increased from 15.8% (Pilcher & Cabanban 2000) to 17.6 % (Aw 2007). Besides this, Kapalai Island with its resort that started operating since February 1998 has significant improvement of coral cover from 17.9% to 27% (Pilcher & Cabanban 2000). The improvement in condition of reefs can be expected in some areas due to the conservation efforts from the tourism sector. The conditions of reefs will further improve if more management efforts are implemented and existing regulations are better enforced. Semporna requires regular monitoring of all reef areas to inform management decisions. Monitoring should be done collaboratively with responsible management agencies, the tourism sector and local communities to follow the common vision for Semporna and to promote an interest in managing Semporna’s marine resources for sustainability. This first report provides a baseline for future monitoring and tracking of resource trends in the area.

13

To enhance the conservation of coral reefs in Semporna PCA, WWF-Malaysia’s projects will emphasize a collaborative, multi-sectoral approach, including government agencies, dive and tour operators, enforcement agencies, academia, NGOs, and local communities to strengthen the monitoring, patrolling and enforcement of management on coral reefs. In addition, WWF-Malaysia will continue to cultivate and increase awareness about the importance of coral reefs for livelihoods among the general public, private sector, management agencies and tourists.

14

References Aw, Soo Ling. (2007). Master’s Thesis: Ecological Impacts of Marine Ecotourism on

Mabul Island, Sabah, Malaysia. University Malaysia Sabah. Burke, L., Selig, E. & Spalding M. (2002). Reefs at Risk in South East Asia. World

Resources Institute. 72pp Hodgson, G., Hill, J., Kiene, W., L. Maun, , J. Mihaly, , J. Liebeler, , C. Shuman,

& R. Torres, (2006). Reef Check Instruction Manual: A Guide to Reef Check Coral Reef Monitoring. Reef Check Foundation, Pacific Palisades, California, USA

Hodgson, G. and Liebeler, J. (2002). The Global Coral Reef Crisis: Trends and

Solutions. Reef Check Foundation. Retrieved September 5, 2009, from Reef Check Foundation.

http://www.reefcheck.org/about_RC_Reef/The_Global_Coral_Reef_Crisis_Trends and_Solutions.php

Hillary, A., Kokkonen, M. & Max, L. (Eds.). (2002). Proceedings of the World Heritage

Marine Biodiversity Workshop. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved Oct 27, 2009, from UNESCO World Heritage Centre.

http://whc.unesco.org/documents/publi_wh_papers_04_en.pdf Goh, L., Milling, S., Eady, D., Batten, P. & Rogers, D. (1997). Mabul Reef Study: An Imperial College Underwater Club Expedition. The Royal Geographic Society. Pilcher, N. & Cabanban, A.S. (2000) The status of coral reefs in Eastern Malaysia. In

Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000, ed. Wilkinson, C. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville.

State Government of Sabah. (2007). Sabah Development Corridor Socio-economic

Blueprint 2008–2025: Harnessing Unity in Diversity for Wealth Creation and Social Well-being. Chapter 7: Conserve and Protect the Environment for Future Generations.

Stakeholders of the SSME, Technical Working Groups of Indonesia, Malaysia and the

Philippines, and the WWF-SSME Conservation Programme Team. (2003). Conservation Plan for the Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion.

Wood, E., George, D., Dipper, F., Lane, D. & Wood, C. (1993). Pulau Sipadan: Meeting

the Challenge of Conservation. WWF Project Number MYS 233/92. WWF- Malaysia.

Wood, E. (Ed) (1994). Pulau Sipadan: Reef Life and Ecology. WWF Project Number

MYS 233/92. WWF-Malaysia. Wood, E., Dipper, F., Angkaji, A., Brunt, H. & Mustapa, I. (2008). Ten years of survey

and monitoring in the Semporna islands – What is it telling us? SIDP Symposium Status and Management of Coral Reefs in Sabah.

15

Appendix

App

endi

x 1:

Map

of S

empo

rna

PCA

Nor

ther

n R

eefs

16

App

endi

x 2:

Map

of S

empo

rna

PCA

Sou

ther

n R

eefs

17

App

endi

x 3:

Map

of S

empo

rna

PCA

Liv

e C

oral

Cov

er C

ateg

ory

18

Appendix 4: Semporna PCA Reef Status Summary

Site

Nam

e

Latit

ude

(deg

ree)

Latit

ude

(min

utes

)

Long

itude

(deg

ree)

Long

itude

(min

utes

)

Live

Cor

al c

over

C

ondi

tion

Hum

an im

pact

inde

x

Paradise 2, Mabul 4 14.956 118 37.889 Fair High Kapalai Rock, Kapalai 4 12.615 118 40.797 Fair High Mid Rock, Roach Reef 4 10.673 118 18.440 Poor Medium

Hand Rock 4 8.455 118 10.792 Poor Less Yoshi Point 2 4 14.193 118 33.190 Fair High

Ligitan 1 4 9.728 118 52.335 Poor Less Ligitan 2 4 9.298 118 53.923 Poor Less Ligitan 3 4 11.513 118 54.040 Poor Less Ligitan 4 4 11.038 118 51.773 Poor Less Ligitan 5 4 12.380 118 47.088 Poor Less

Second Beach, Si Amil 4 18.801 118 52.574 Poor Less Treasure Hunt, Pandanan 4 34.750 118 55.222 Poor High

Macro Mania, Batuara Reef 4 32.722 118 49.547 Fair None House Reef, Mataking 4 34.797 118 56.782 Poor High

Pom-pom 1 4 35.515 118 51.678 Poor Medium Second Reef 4 10.533 118 17.973 Fair High

Alert Patches 1 4 8.364 118 14.039 Fair Medium Alert Patches 3 4 9.808 118 16.511 Fair High Erzherzog Reef 4 14.278 118 23.219 Fair Medium

Friedrich Heaven 1 4 14.363 118 26.011 Fair Medium Third Beach, Si Amil 4 18.965 118 52.508 Fair Medium

Pygmy Point, Boheyan 4 28.405 118 56.762 Fair Medium Jalan-jalan, Timba-timba 4 32.960 118 55.750 Fair Medium

Darby Bank 4 6.751 118 13.504 Good High Alert Patches 2 4 9.139 118 15.451 Good Medium Yoshi Point 1 4 15.307 118 32.028 Good High Pasalat Reef 4 30.851 118 43.580 Fair None

Palang-palang, Bum-bum 4 26.684 118 45.309 Fair Less Denawan 1 4 18.025 118 50.440 Fair Less Cust Reef 4 17.226 118 43.520 Good Less Kulapuan 4 31.238 118 48.338 Fair Less

Baturua Reef 4 31.263 118 48.287 Fair Less Larapan 4 33.599 118 36.900 Good Medium

Timbun-Mata 4 43.242 118 27.984 Good Less Batik 4 43.242 118 27.984 Good Less

Recreational activities area

High fishing activities area Recreational activities & low fishing area

Low fishing area

19

Appendix 5: Table of General Resource Use Category in Semporna PCA

General Resource Use Category Fishing activity Recreational activity Sites

None Low Medium High None Low Medium High Hand Rock X X Darby Bank X X

Alert Patches 1 X X Alert Patches 2 X X Alert Patches 3 X X

Second Reef X X Mid Rock, Roach Reef X X

Erzherzog Reef X X Friedrich Heaven 1 X X

Yoshi Point 2 X X Yoshi Point 1 X X

Paradise 2, Mabul X X Kapalai Rock, Kapalai X X

Cust Reef X X Ligitan 5 X X Ligitan 4 X X Ligitan 1 X X Ligitan 2 X X Ligitan 3 X X

Denawan 1 X X Second Beach, Si Amil X X

Third Beach, Si Amil X X Palang-palang, Bum-bum X X

Pasalat Reef X X Baturua Reef X X

Macro Mania, Batuara Reef X X Kulapuan X X

Pygmy Point, Boheyan X X Jalan-jalan, Timba-timba X X

House Reef, Mataking X X Treasure Hunt, Pandanan X X

Pom-pom 1 X X Larapan X X

Timbun-Mata X X Batik X X

Recreational activities area

High fishing activities area Recreational activities & low fishing area

Low fishing area

20

Appendix 6: Table of Average Percentage and Category of Coral Cover in Semporna PCA

Site

Nam

e

Latit

ude

(deg

ree)

Latit

ude

(min

utes

)

Long

itude

(deg

ree)

Long

itude

(min

utes

)

Har

d C

oral

(%)

Soft

Cor

al (%

)

Live

cor

al c

over

(%)

Cat

egor

y

Hand Rock 4 8.455 118 10.792 15 0.625 15.625 1 Darby Bank 4 6.751 118 13.504 23.75 46.25 70 3 Alert Patches 1 4 8.364 118 14.039 45 1.875 46.875 2 Alert Patches 2 4 9.139 118 15.451 55.625 2.5 58.125 3 Alert Patches 3 4 9.808 118 16.511 37.5 11.875 49.375 2 Second Reef 4 10.533 118 17.973 25.625 18.75 44.375 2 Mid Rock, Roach Reef 4 10.673 118 18.440 18.75 5.625 24.375 1 Erzherzog Reef 4 14.278 118 23.219 31.438 15.937 47.375 2 Friedrich Heaven 1 4 14.363 118 26.011 35.305 14.375 49.68 2 Yoshi Point 2 4 14.193 118 33.190 16.125 10.75 26.875 2 Yoshi Point 1 4 15.307 118 32.028 31.875 21.25 53.125 3 Paradise 2, Mabul 4 14.956 118 37.889 27.5 1.875 29.375 2 Kapalai Rock, Kapalai 4 12.615 118 40.797 15.938 10.625 26.563 2 Cust Reef 4 17.226 118 43.52 16.875 46.5625 63.4375 3 Ligitan 5 4 12.380 118 47.088 18.438 1.875 20.313 1 Ligitan 4 4 11.038 118 51.773 23.438 0.625 24.063 1 Ligitan 1 4 9.728 118 52.335 15.625 7.187 22.812 1 Ligitan 2 4 9.298 118 53.923 6.25 4.687 10.937 1 Ligitan 3 4 11.513 118 54.040 9.688 10 19.688 1 Denawan 1 4 18.025 118 50.44 32.5 11.25 43.75 2 Second Beach, Si Amil 4 18.801 118 52.574 10.625 11.25 21.875 1 Third Beach, Si Amil 4 18.965 118 52.508 19.375 18.75 38.125 2 Palang-palang, Bum-bum 4 26.684 118 45.309 22.8125 6.875 29.6875 2 Pasalat Reef 4 30.851 118 43.58 35 1.25 36.25 2 Baturua Reef 4 31.263 118 48.287 30.625 6.25 36.875 2 Macro Mania, Batuara Reef 4 32.722 118 49.547 13.438 14.687 28.125 2 Kulapuan 4 31.238 118 48.338 33.125 1.25 34.375 2 Pygmy Point, Boheyan 4 28.405 118 56.762 27.5 16.562 44.062 2 Jalan-jalan, Timba-timba 4 32.960 118 55.750 38.75 3.437 42.187 2 House Reef, Mataking 4 34.797 118 56.782 15.938 1.25 17.188 1 Treasure Hunt, Pandanan 4 34.750 118 55.222 10.938 0.312 11.25 1 Pom-pom 1 4 35.515 118 51.678 3.75 12.5 16.25 1 Larapan 4 33.599 118 36.9 60 0.625 60.625 3 Timbun-Mata 4 43.242 118 27.984 41.5625 18.125 59.6875 3 Batik 4 43.242 118 27.984 60.9375 1.25 62.1875 3

Recreational activities area

High fishing activities area Recreational activities & low fishing area

Low fishing area

21

App

endi

x 7:

Cha

rt o

f Per

cent

age

of S

ubst

rate

Cov

er in

Sem

porn

a PC

A

0%20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

H a n d R o c k (5 m )D a rb y B a n k (1 2 m )A le rt P a t c h e s 1 (1 5 m )A le rt P a t c h e s 2 (1 5 m )A le rt P a t c h e s 3 (1 1 m )S e c o n d R e e f (5 m )M id R o c k , R o a c h R e e f (5 m )M id R o c k , R o a c h R e e f (1 0 m )E rz h e rz o g R e e f (5 m )E rz h e rz o g R e e f (1 0 m )F rie d ric h H e a v e n 1 (5 m )F re id ric h H e a v e n 1 (1 0 m )Y o s h i P o in t 2 (5 m )Y o s h i P o in t 2 (1 1 m )Y o s h i P o in t 1 (5 m )Y o s h i P o in t 1 (8 m )P a ra d is e 2 , M a b u l (5 m )P a ra d is e 2 , M a b u l (1 0 m )K a p a la i R o c k , K a p a la i (5 m )K a p a la i R o c k , K a p a la i (1 0 m )C u s t R e e f (5 m )C u s t R e e f (1 0 m )L ig it a n 5 (5 m )L ig it a n 5 (1 0 m )L ig it a n 4 (5 m )L ig it a n 4 (1 0 m )L ig it a n 1 (5 m )L ig it a n 1 (1 0 m )L ig it a n 2 (5 m )L ig it a n 2 (1 0 m )L ig it a n 3 (5 m )L ig it a n 3 (1 0 m )D e n a w a n 1 (5 m )D e n a w a n 1 (1 0 m )S e c o n d B e a c h , S i A m il (5 m )S e c o n d B e a c h , S i A m il (1 0 m )T h ird B e a c h , S i A m il (5 m )T h ird B e a c h , S i A m il (1 0 m )P a la n g -p a la n g (5 m )P a la n g -p a la n g (1 0 m )P a s a la t R e e f (5 m )P a s a la t R e e f (1 0 m )B a t u ru a R e e f (5 m )B a t u ru a R e e f (1 0 m )M a c ro M a n ia , B a t u a ra R e e f (5 m )M a c ro M a n ia , B a t u a ra R e e f (1 0 m )K u la p u a n (5 m )K u la p u a n (1 0 m )P y g m y P o in t , B o h e y a n (5 m )P y g m y P o in t , B o h e y a n (1 0 m )J a la n -ja la n , T im b a -t im b a (5 m )J a la n -ja la n , T im b a -t im b a (1 0 m )H o u s e R e e f , M a t a k in g (5 m )H o u s e R e e f , M a t a k in g (1 0 m )T re a s u re H u n t , P a n d a n a n (5 m )T re a s u re H u n t , P a n d a n a n (1 0 m )P o m -p o m 1 (5 m )P o m -p o m 1 (1 0 m )L a ra p a n (5 m )L a ra p a n (1 0 m )T im b u n M a t a (5 m )T im b u n M a t a (1 0 m )

Site

Percentage

Hard

Cor

al (%

)So

ft Cor

al (%

)Re

cent

Kille

d Cor

al (%

)Nu

trient

Indica

tor Al

gae (

%)

Spon

ge (%

)Ro

ck (%

)Ru

bble

(%)

Sand

(%)

Silt (%

)Ot

her (%

)

22

Appendix 8: Table of Number and Density of Targeted Fishes in Semporna PCA

Site

Nam

e

Latit

ude

(deg

ree)

Latit

ude

(min

utes

)

Long

itude

(deg

ree)

Long

itude

(min

utes

)

But

terf

ly fi

sh

Swee

tlips

Snap

per

Bar

ram

udi C

od

Gro

uper

Hum

phea

d W

rass

e

Bum

phea

d Pa

rrot

fish

Parr

otfis

h

Mor

ay E

el

Tota

l tar

gete

d fis

hes

Den

sity

targ

eted

fish

/ m

²

Hand Rock 4 8.455 118 10.792 5 1 0 0 3 0 0 3 0 12 0.03 Darby Bank 4 6.751 118 13.504 18 0 11 0 1 0 0 1 0 31 0.0775 Alert Patches 1 4 8.364 118 14.039 33 0 8 0 2 0 0 11 0 54 0.135 Alert Patches 2 4 9.139 118 15.451 41 0 146 0 1 0 0 17 0 205 0.5125 Alert Patches 3 4 9.808 118 16.511 13 1 2 0 0 0 0 6 0 22 0.055 Second Reef 4 10.533 118 17.973 16 3 6 0 6 0 2 5 0 38 0.095 Mid Rock, Roach Reef 4 10.673 118 18.440 24 0 3 0 5 0 1 11 0 44 0.11 Erzherzog Reef 4 14.278 118 23.219 18 1 7 0 2 0 0 3 0 31 0.0775 Friedrich Heaven 1 4 14.363 118 26.011 27 1 58 0 4 0 0 11 0 101 0.2525 Yoshi Point 2 4 14.193 118 33.190 34 0 32 0 2 0 0 9 0 77 0.1925 Yoshi Point 1 4 15.307 118 32.028 53 1 1 0 2 0 0 9 0 66 0.165 Paradise 2, Mabul 4 14.956 118 37.889 34 3 284 0 2 0 0 21 0 344 0.86 Kapalai Rock, Kapalai 4 12.615 118 40.797 66 3 17 0 7 0 0 8 0 101 0.2525 Cust Reef 4 17.226 118 43.52 0 32 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 44 0.11 Ligitan 5 4 12.380 118 47.088 30 0 6 0 4 0 0 0 1 41 0.1025 Ligitan 4 4 11.038 118 51.773 59 2 16 0 5 0 0 22 0 104 0.26 Ligitan 1 4 9.728 118 52.335 48 1 9 0 0 0 0 21 2 81 0.2025 Ligitan 2 4 9.298 118 53.923 21 0 17 0 2 0 0 4 1 45 0.1125 Ligitan 3 4 11.513 118 54.040 31 7 22 0 1 0 0 9 2 72 0.18 Denawan 1 4 18.025 118 50.44 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 4 0.01 Second Beach, Si Amil 4 18.801 118 52.574 19 1 0 0 0 0 0 15 3 38 0.095 Third Beach, Si Amil 4 18.965 118 52.508 54 2 14 0 2 0 0 4 0 76 0.19 Palang-palang 4 26.684 118 45.309 2 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 9 0.0225 Pasalat Reef 4 30.851 118 43.58 0 6 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 10 0.025 Baturua Reef 4 31.263 118 48.287 0 8 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 9 0.0225 Macro Mania, Batuara Reef 4 32.722 118 49.547 9 2 3 0 0 0 0 11 0 25 0.0625 Kulapuan 4 31.238 118 48.338 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0.02 Pygmy Point, Boheyan 4 28.405 118 56.762 16 3 17 0 5 0 0 110 1 152 0.38 Jalan-jalan, Timba-timba 4 32.960 118 55.750 23 8 10 0 4 0 0 27 4 76 0.19 House Reef, Mataking 4 34.797 118 56.782 23 7 11 0 12 0 1 29 2 85 0.2125 Treasure Hunt, Pandanan 4 34.750 118 55.222 31 0 5 0 2 0 0 29 0 67 0.1675 Pom-pom 1 4 35.515 118 51.678 27 0 5 0 5 0 0 28 0 65 0.1625 Larapan 4 33.599 118 36.9 0 92 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 100 0.25 Timbun Mata 4 43.242 118 27.984 2 20 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 31 0.0775 Batik 4 28.074 118 35.47 1 12 0 1 0 0 18 0 0 32 0.08

Recreational activities area

High fishing activities area Recreational activities & low fishing area

Low fishing area

23

Appendix 9: Table of Number and Density of Targeted Invertebrate in Semporna PCA.

Site

Nam

e

Latit

ude

(deg

ree)

Latit

ude

(min

utes

)

Long

itude

(deg

ree)

Long

itude

(min

utes

)

Ban

ded

Cor

al S

hrim

p

Dia

dem

a U

rchi

ns

Penc

il U

rchi

n

Col

lect

or U

rchi

n

Sea

Cuc

umbe

r

Cro

wn-

of-T

hrow

n

Gia

nt C

lam

Trito

n

Lobs

ter

Tota

l tar

gete

d in

vert

ebra

te

Den

sity

of t

arge

ted

inve

rteb

rate

/ m

²

Hand Rock 4 8.455 118 10.792 0 18 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 22 0.055 Darby Bank 4 6.751 118 13.504 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Alert Patches 1 4 8.364 118 14.039 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Alert Patches 2 4 9.139 118 15.451 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Alert Patches 3 4 9.808 118 16.511 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Second Reef 4 10.533 118 17.973 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mid Rock, Roach Reef 4 10.673 118 18.44 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0.005 Erzherzog Reef 4 14.278 118 23.219 0 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 6 0.015 Friedrich Heaven 1 4 14.363 118 26.011 0 63 0 0 0 0 0 0 63 0.1575 Yoshi Point 2 4 14.193 118 33.19 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0.0375 Yoshi Point 1 4 15.307 118 32.028 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.0025 Paradise 2, Mabul 4 14.956 118 37.889 0 423 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 429 1.0725 Kapalai Rock, Kapalai 4 12.615 118 40.797 0 54 2 0 0 2 1 0 0 59 0.1475 Cust Reef 4 17.226 118 43.52 2 19 0 7 0 0 2 0 0 30 0.075 Ligitan 5 4 12.38 118 47.088 6 383 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 391 0.9775 Ligitan 4 4 11.038 118 51.773 2 56 0 0 2 0 1 5 3 69 0.1725 Ligitan 1 4 9.728 118 52.335 0 32 1 0 5 0 4 2 1 45 0.1125 Ligitan 2 4 9.298 118 53.923 1 96 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 100 0.25 Ligitan 3 4 11.513 118 54.04 2 71 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 73 0.1825 Denawan 1 4 18.025 118 50.44 0 93 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 95 0.2375 Second Beach, Si Amil 4 18.801 118 52.574 0 209 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 210 0.525 Third Beach, Si Amil 4 18.965 118 52.508 0 204 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 206 0.515 Palang-palang, Bum-bum 4 26.684 118 45.309 0 429 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 429 1.0725 Pasalat Reef 4 30.851 118 43.58 0 1038 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1041 2.6025 Baturua Reef 4 31.263 118 48.287 0 962 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 962 2.405 Macro Mania, Batuara Reef 4 32.722 118 49.547 1 717 0 0 0 2 8 0 1 729 1.8225 Kulapuan 4 31.238 118 48.338 0 448 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 448 1.12 Pygmy Point, Boheyan 4 28.405 118 56.762 1 3 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 14 0.035 Jalan-jalan, Timba-timba 4 32.96 118 55.75 0 34 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 39 0.0975 House Reef, Mataking 4 34.797 118 56.782 2 4 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 8 0.02 Treasure Hunt, Pandanan 4 34.75 118 55.222 1 87 0 0 0 5 1 0 1 95 0.2375 Pom-pom 1 4 35.515 118 51.678 0 7 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 11 0.0275 Larapan 4 33.599 118 36.9 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0.005 Timbun-Mata 4 43.242 118 27.984 0 41 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 43 0.1075 Batik 4 28.074 118 35.47 1 3 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 14 0.035

Recreational activities area

High fishing activities area Recreational activities & low fishing area

Low fishing area

24

Appendix 10: Table of Human Impact Index in Semporna PCA

Site

Nam

e

Latit

ude

(deg

ree)

Latit

ude

(min

utes

)

Long

itude

(deg

ree)

Long

itude

(min

utes

)

Boa

t / A

ncho

r

Bla

st

Oth

er C

oral

dam

age

Fish

net

s

Tras

h

Tota

l Ind

ex

Hum

an Im

pact

Inde

x

Hand Rock 4 8.455 118 10.792 2.25 2 2 2 1.25 9.5 High Darby Bank 4 6.751 118 13.504 0 0 0 0.25 0 0.25 Less Alert Patches 1 4 8.364 118 14.039 0 0 0 0.25 0 0.25 Less Alert Patches 2 4 9.139 118 15.451 0 0 0.5 1.25 0 1.75 Less Alert Patches 3 4 9.808 118 16.511 0 1 1 0 0 2 Less Second Reef 4 10.533 118 17.973 0 0 0 1.5 0 1.5 Less Mid Rock, Roach Reef 4 10.673 118 18.440 0 0 2.375 0 0.125 2.5 Medium Erzherzog Reef 4 14.278 118 23.219 0 0 0 0.125 0 0.125 Less Friedrich Heaven 1 4 14.363 118 26.011 0 0.25 0 0.125 0.375 0.75 Less Yoshi Point 2 4 14.193 118 33.190 0 0 0 0 0 0 None Yoshi Point 1 4 15.307 118 32.028 0 2.25 1.125 0.125 0 3.5 High Paradise 2, Mabul 4 14.956 118 37.889 0.5 0 1.25 1.375 1.75 4.875 High Kapalai Rock, Kapalai 4 12.615 118 40.797 0.125 1.375 1.875 0.5 0.625 4.5 High Cust Reef 4 17.226 118 43.52 0.125 0.25 0 0 0.125 0.5 Less Ligitan 5 4 12.380 118 47.088 1 1.75 2.25 0.375 0.625 6 High Ligitan 4 4 11.038 118 51.773 0 1.5 1 0.25 0.125 2.875 Medium Ligitan 1 4 9.728 118 52.335 0 1.75 2.25 0.75 0 4.75 High Ligitan 2 4 9.298 118 53.923 0.625 0.5 1.5 0 0 2.625 Medium Ligitan 3 4 11.513 118 54.040 0.5 0.875 1.75 0.125 0.25 3.5 High Denawan 1 4 18.025 118 50.44 0.875 0.875 0 0 0.25 2 Less Second Beach, Si Amil 4 18.801 118 52.574 0.125 0 2 0 0.625 2.75 Medium Third Beach, Si Amil 4 18.965 118 52.508 0.125 0.625 1.25 0.375 0.625 3 Medium Palang-palang 4 26.684 118 45.309 0.25 0 0 0.375 0.75 1.375 Less Pasalat Reef 4 30.851 118 43.58 0 0 0 0 0 0 None Baturua Reef 4 31.263 118 48.287 0 0.875 0 0 0 0.875 Less Macro Mania, Batuara Reef 4 32.722 118 49.547 0 1.875 2 0.125 0.125 4.125 High Kulapuan 4 31.238 118 48.338 0 1.75 0 0 0 1.75 Less Pygmy Point, Boheyan 4 28.405 118 56.762 0 0.375 1.5 0.125 0 2 Medium Jalan-jalan, Timba-timba 4 32.960 118 55.750 0 0 1.875 0.125 0.25 2.25 Medium House Reef, Mataking 4 34.797 118 56.782 0 0 0.875 0.625 1.625 3.125 Medium Treasure Hunt, Pandanan 4 34.750 118 55.222 0 1.125 1.875 0.125 0 3.125 Medium Pom-pom 1 4 35.515 118 51.678 0 3 0.25 0.375 0.125 3.75 High Larapan 4 33.599 118 36.9 1 1.125 0.375 0.5 0.125 3.125 Medium Timbun Mata 4 43.242 118 27.984 0.25 0.75 0.5 0 0.25 1.75 Less Batik 4 28.074 118 35.47 0 0 0 0.125 0 0.125 Less

Recreational activities area

High fishing activities area Recreational activities & low fishing area

Low fishing area

WWF-Malaysia, the national conservation trust, is committed to safeguarding our country’s natural resources and unique wildlife for all Malaysian. Since 1972, WWF-Malaysia has worked on important conservation projects, from saving endangered species such as tigers and turtles, to protecting our highland forests, rivers and seas. WWF-Malaysia is able to leverage upon conservation expertise world wide as part of WWF, the global conservation organization that has almost 5 million supporters and activities in more than 90 countries. WWF’S Mission is to stop the degradation of the natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature by: - conserving the world’s biological diversity - ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable - promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful exploitation consumption

WWF-Malaysia Tabung Alam Malaysia Suite 1-6-W11, 6th Floor CPS Tower, Ctr. Point Complex No.1, Jalan Centre Point 88800 Kota Kinabalu Sabah, Malaysia Tel: +60 (88) 262 420 Fax: +60 (88) 242 531 Email: contactus@wwf.org.my Website: www.wwf.org.my Donations are tax-deductible under Malaysian Law