REDUCED REDUCED RELATIVE RELATIVE CLAUSESCLAUSES

PLEASE OBSERVE:

* People who litter will have to pay a fine.People littering will have to pay a fine.

* My friends who were living in dorms had a very hard time.

My friends living in dorms had a very hard time.*People who are given a second chance

should be more careful.People given a second chance should be

more careful.*After observing these sets of sentences what are the methods of reducing relative clauses do you think?

littering

who litter

living

who were living

given

who are given

There are two ways to reduce a relative clause:

A) We can reduce the relative clause by

omitting the pronoun and the “be” form.FOR EXAMPLE:

CLAUSE: The woman who is wearing a red skirt looks beautiful.

PHRASE: The woman wearing a red skirt looks beautiful.CLAUSE: The poems which were written by

Shakespeare are difficult to understand. PHRASE: The poems written by Shakespeare are

difficult to understand.

Reducing Adjective Clauses To Adjective Phrases HOW CAN WE CHANGE A RELATIVE

CLAUSE TO AN ADJECTIVE PHRASE???

who is wearing wear

ingwhich were writtenwritten

B) If there is no ‘’be’’ form of a verb in the adjective clause, it is sometimes possible to omit the subject pronoun and change the

verb to its “ing’’ form.FOR EXAMPLE:CLAUSE: People who come from a

different culture may suffer from ’’culture shock’’.

PHRASE: People coming from a different culture may suffer from

‘’culture shock’’.CLAUSE: The girls who expected to see Johnny Depp on the screen

felt disappointed when the electricity went off.

PHRASE: The girls expecting to see Johnny Depp on the screen

felt disappointed when the electricity went off .

who comecoming

who expected

expecting

* If an adjective clause that contains ‘’be + a single adjective

‘’ is changed, the adjective is moved to its normal position in front of the noun it modifies.

FOR EXAMPLE:

CLAUSE: Furniture that is new does not need polishing.INCORRECT PHRASE: Furniture new does not need polishing.CORRECT PHRASE: New furniture does not need polishing.

BE CAREFUL:

Furniture that is new

New furniture

Be careful : Only

adjective clauses with

‘whowho’, ‘whichwhich’ or ‘thatthat’ can

be reduced to phrases

modifying nouns.

REDUCE THE RELATIVE CLAUSES INTO PHRASES

1. The man who is swimming in the sea is my uncle.

2. The books that are on the table are mine.

3. Any student who wishes to join the competition should consult with the advisor first.4. The information which is given

in the brochure is wrong.

5. We saw the play that was written by Tom Shepard .

• Relative clauses, the topic of this presentation, can be difficult for people trying to learn English.

Expand each sentence with a relative clause:

• The suspect picked up at the train station was taken into police custody.

• The second song played by the band was awesome.

• She has never met the manager running today's workshop.

• The tall man standing by the bar is my uncle.

Thank you for watching our presentation. Now look at the other examples and exercises in your books. Bye.....