(Points r just 4 guidance)

REDRESS OF POETRY

QUESTION NUMBER 1;

Criticism;

Right from the beginning, poets have been condemned as idle people. They are generally considered to be worthless. Some are of the view that the poets are worthless people and some consider them an essential need of life. However, Heaney is a defender of poetry and he gives some lively ideas to prove his view-point and he has been quite successful in defending poetry.

Plato and Republic;

To demand a utilitarian (useful rather than attractive) and the pragmatic approach from poetry has been as old as Plato. Plato had banished the poets from his Republic. But ironically, his argument was that poetry took us away from the idea, while poetry is in fact is the world of the ideal. He is among the haters of poets and poetry.

Plato conceived this world as a world of illusions. This is not the real world. It is an imperfect copy of an ideal world. That ideal world exists in our idea that is why it is called ideal, belonging to the idea. In his ideal Republic, Plato would allow only those people who may take us to perfection.

Aristotle opposition;

The poet takes us away from the ideal, so he does not allow the poets to enter his Republic. Aristotle opposed his teacher and said,

“The poet had a vision and in our appearance he saw our ideal. When he makes our portrait, he does not simply copy the features, he actually draws the character.”

Aristotle was of the view that poet was essential to keep balance in society. He insisted that the poet takes us towards the ideal not away from it. Thus Plato opposed poetry but Aristotle supported it.

Redress of Poetry;

The subject that Seamus Heaney has treated, the redress of poetry, is not a new subject. The nature and purpose of poetry has been a subject of practical importance to everyone who has an interest in poetry.

Definition;

By redress Heaney means

…Reparation, satisfaction and compensation for wrong sustained (provide sth enough to exist).

…our lose resulting against.

…and to rise again to an upright position.

This is the dictionary definition of what he proposes to say about poetry. The word ‘redress’ means to correct something that is unfair or wrong. By redress we also mean consolation, compensation (payback), comfort or reassurance. So redress of poetry means to remove or correct those false notions that have been created in the mind.

Heaney’s Theories;

In his easy, The Redress of Poetry, Heaney builds different assumptions (theory) for the redress of poetry. The question about the redress of poetry means;

Whether poetry can give man confidence?

Whether poetry can give man some assurance?

Whether poetry is the useful activity?

Whether poetry is an aesthetic (artistic) work or pragmatic (realistic) work?

Whether poets and poetry are any use in the complexities and miseries of life or not?

Answer of all these questions can be found in Heaney’s book Redress of Poetry

Defender of poetry;

Heaney makes a fresh attempt to defend poetry in this age of science and technology when everyone is becoming a utilitarian and even education has been commercialized. Poetry and philosophy are now considered idle mental luxuries while commerce computer and business administration have been given the name of education. Therefore, Heaney thinks that in the present world only poetry can save man. This he calls ‘redress of poetry.’ There were others also who kept defending poetry against all kind of objections. For example,

Sydney asserted (emphasized) that ‘’the poet takes us to the ideal.” She straightforwardly wrote in ‘Apology For poetry’,

“A poet is a nightingale who sits in darkness and sings to cheer its own solitude with sweet songs; his auditors are axmen and trance by the melody of unseen musician who feel that they are moved and softened, yet know not whence or why.”

Shelley supported poetry because “they reach the perfection.”

Oscar Wilde said that “life should imitate art because art presents the perfection.”

Mathew Arnold went to extend that “all that now goes in the name of religion or philosophy will be replaced by poetry. Poetry will perform the role of religion. It will show man the right path and it will bring consolation to man. Poetry has a power of sustaining man in difficulties.”

Matter-of-fact to imagination;

“Squarings”…Heaney’s start his thesis by distinguishing two planes of existence. He refers to his own poem, “Squarings”, which tells the story of an apparition that comes on the earth but could not stay here because it would have been drowned in the human element. The world of apparitions is one plane of existence, while the human element is the other plane of it.

“Pulley”…The next poem he quote is George Herbert’s Pulley. It is a parable, a moral story. There is a mystic and religious touch in this story. God created restlessness in the mind of man in spite of all the pleasures and pains of life. It suggests that “the mind and aspiration of the human beings turned towards the heavenly in spite of all the pleasures and penalties of being upon the earth.

The two above mentioned poems show that there are two dimensions of reality but there is a relationship between them. They can be brought to reconcile with each other. This can be done by poetic sixth sense which provides a passage from the domain of the matter-of-fact into the domain of the imagination.

Heaney is of the opinion that the world of reality and the world of imagination are two different worlds but they depend upon each other and they reinforce each other. We also see Heaney’s mysticism when he talks of the sixth sense. He believes that beyond the five senses that we have, there is also a six sense, which is a mystery to us. We know things mysteriously.

“Responsibilities of The Poet”…Heaney keeps moving between the world of matter-of-fact and the world of imagination. He quotes from the different critics and poets to support his arguments. He quotes another writer, Pinsky, in Responsibilities of The Poet says that the poet has a responsibilities to answer. He is to answer the question raised by life.

Life raises questions and poets give their answers. this makes Heaney a very didactic poet. He believes that poetry gives lessons. On the one hand, he believes in the mystic sixth sense given by poetry, and, on the other hand, he believes in the didactic responsibilities of the poetry and poets. This approach of Heaney’s is a blend of the romantic and the classical.

Delight to wisdom;

Heaney defends poetry by describing its advantages. Beside a number of advantages of poetry, it also has another advantage because of its rhyme and rhythm and a pleasurable art of words. Roberts Frost explains it like;

“A poem begins in delight and ends in wisdom”

Man comes to wisdom through delight, not to delight through wisdom. Man studies poetry to amuse himself and to satisfy his soul but in this psychological state he gets wisdom as well. Thus poetry is a pleasurable study of life as William Wordsworth says;

“Poetry is the breath and finer spirit of all knowledge.”

Poetry answers the questions that life raises. When children make a play house, it is their answer to the question what a house should be. Art shows what life ought to be. Heaney gives precise examples to support his statement. Here he gives an example from Thomas hardy’s poem, Afterwards. He says that the poet tries to answer the questions raised by life. Life creates anxieties; poetry tries to relive them.

Hypnological state

Life disturbs but poetry consoles. The frontier of writing is the state in which art is created. It is when the poet is in between the outer world (face) and the inner world (imagination). The poet becomes creative when he is half asleep and half awake. This is a creative art and is also known as ecstasy. Neither he is too much bound with reality nor much detached from it. This state of mind is called the hypnologic state of mind. In this state of mind, the poet is aware of the fat and at the same time he is aware of the ideal things.

This is what Richard Wilbur, an American poet, called the marginal area of creative mood. In his poem Marginalia, he describes that the best things can be perceived in a hypnological state of mind. Imagination actually colors the reality and gives it an artistic vision. Therefore, the best art will be both full of life as well as embellished of with imagination.

Poetry shows the way;

“Poetry heals the wounds inflicted by reason.”

Heaney agrees with Novalis in this quote and says that poetry is comprehensive, that is not merely a product of events. Poetry gives us understanding of life. Poetry doesn’t charge life; it only shows what should be changed. It shows what changes should be brought in life. It tells that man is savage, cruel, good or bad but it does not tell how these qualities can be removed or controlled. In simple words, poetry shows the way. Novalis says;

Differences between poetry and politics;

Moreover, poetry is about man. Poetry promotes, love of man. Politics divides men. Poetry shows that all men are human being and they deserved sympathy. But politics tells that some people deserve our sympathy and some deserve our wrath. Poetry speaks of love for all people; politics forces people to kill other people. If poetry becomes politics then it will not remain poetry, it will becomes propaganda and in this way it will divides humanity into friends and foes. Philip James Bailey quotes it very beautifully that;

“Poets are all who love, who feel great truths, and tell them: and the truth of truths is love”

Poet as a spokesman;

To defend poetry, Heaney makes another point which appeals to us. He says that poetry is a joint effort of the reader and the writer. It means that the poet must be the spokesman of the reader, he should feel and say what the readers feel and wants to say. The poet echoes the feelings of the reader i.e. the poet must be integrated with his society. He must feel what others feel. Heaney here quotes Jorge Luis Borges who says “the taste of the apple lies in the contact of the fruit with the palate.” Sweetness of the fruit depends upon the fruit as well as upon the Palate. The beauty of poetry depends upon the poet as well as upon the reader. John Keats represents it as,

“Poetry should be great and unobtrusive, a thing which enters into one's soul,and does not startle it or amaze it with itself, but with its subject.”

And Salvatore Quasimodo says;

“Poetry is the revelation of a feeling that the poet believes to be interior and personalwhich the reader recognizes as his own.”

Analysis;

To conclude, Heaney’s tries to demonstrate that poetry has a function in life, though not ostentatious. The poet does nothing on purpose, but poetry is a medium which by its very nature serve as a purpose.

This can be understood with reference to a statement by Wordsworth that his poetry has a purpose. It is not meaningless activity. But this purpose is not imposed on poetry. Since Wordsworth lives a purposeful life, therefore whatever he does has a purpose in it. Heaney follows a similar line. He believes that redress of poetry is inherent in poetry. Redress emerges from poetry as purpose emerges from the heart of Wordsworth and informs his poetry.

Poetry is an imitation of an imitation twice removed from reality. Poetry is also a creative work.

William Blake says…“Nature is a balm “

“Poetry is man rebellion against being what he is” James Branch Cabell

The poem is a little myth of man's capacity of making life meaningful. And in the end, the poem is not a thing we see-it is, rather, a light by which we may see-and what we see is life. Robert Penn Warren

The poet is a liar who always speaks the truth. Jean Cocteau