reconstruction part 1 (1865-1876)

AgendaAgenda • EQ: What were the long-term economic, political, and social implications of

Reconstruction?

Warm-Up: If you had to design a plan to reconstruct the nation after the Civil War, what are three things you would plan to do?

MLQ: How can we learn about the reconstruction by comparing and contrasting Lincoln’s and Johnson’s plans?

Vocabulary Reconstruction: To put together againProposal: To put forward for consideration, discussion, or adoptionThe family had to reconstruct their home after the hurricane had destroyed it.The lawyer offered a proposal to his client to settle the case.

Work period: Students will:1) Compare and Contrast Lincoln’s & Douglas’s plans for reconstruction2) Answer tiered questions

Share: Share answers Closing: Summary of lesson and answer MLQ

H.W. Create a T-Chart comparing and contrasting Lincoln’s & Douglas’s plans for reconstruction

Key QuestionsKey Questions

1. How do we1. How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the

Union?Union?

1. How do we1. How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the

Union?Union?

2. How do we 2. How do we rebuild the rebuild the

South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction

during the war?during the war?

2. How do we 2. How do we rebuild the rebuild the

South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction

during the war?during the war?

3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated

black freedmen?black freedmen?

3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated

black freedmen?black freedmen?

4. What branch4. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of

Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

4. What branch4. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of

Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan10% Plan

* Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863)

* Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South.

* He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction.

* Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers.

* When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Required 50% of the

number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).

Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials.

Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties.

SenatorBenjamin

Wade(R-OH)

Congressman

HenryW. Davis(R-MD)

Slavery is Dead?Slavery is Dead?

13th Amendment13th Amendment Ratified in December, 1865.

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Assassination of LincolnAssassination of Lincoln• On April 14, 1865 , President On April 14, 1865 , President

Lincoln and his wife attended a Lincoln and his wife attended a play at Ford’s Theater in play at Ford’s Theater in Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C.

• During the play, John Wilkes During the play, John Wilkes Booth, a Southerner who Booth, a Southerner who opposed Lincoln’s policies, opposed Lincoln’s policies, sneaked into the president’s sneaked into the president’s theater box and shot him. theater box and shot him.

• He was taken to the boarding He was taken to the boarding house across the street and house across the street and died early the next morning. died early the next morning.

• His vice president Andrew His vice president Andrew Johnson was sworn in Johnson was sworn in immediately as president. immediately as president.

President Andrew Johnson

President Andrew Johnson Jacksonian

Democrat.

Anti-Aristocrat.

White Supremacist.

Agreed with Lincolnthat states had neverlegally left the Union.

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) Offered amnesty (forgiveness) upon a simple oath to

all, except Confederate government officials and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they has to apply directly to President Johnson)

In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.

Named temporary governors in Confederate states and ask them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.

The Black CodesThe Black Codes

• The Black Codes were laws passed by The Black Codes were laws passed by Southern states that limited the new-Southern states that limited the new-found freedom of African Americans. found freedom of African Americans.

• Black Codes forced African Americans Black Codes forced African Americans to work on farms or as servants. They to work on farms or as servants. They also prevented African Americans from also prevented African Americans from owning guns, holding public meetings, owning guns, holding public meetings, or renting property in cities.or renting property in cities.

Radical RepublicansRadical Republicans

• The Black Codes angered many Republicans in The Black Codes angered many Republicans in Congress who felt the South was returning to its Congress who felt the South was returning to its old ways. old ways.

• The Radical Republicans wanted the South to The Radical Republicans wanted the South to change more before they could be readmitted to change more before they could be readmitted to the Union. the Union.

• They were angry at President Johnson for letting They were angry at President Johnson for letting the South off so easy.the South off so easy.

Congress Breaks with the President

Congress Breaks with the President Joint Committee on

Reconstruction created in Congress.

February, 1866 Presidentvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill.

March, 1866 Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.

Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1st in U. S. history!!

Radical Plan for Readmission

Radical Plan for Readmission Temporary government authorities in

southern territories were subject to military supervision.

Required new state constitutions, to include black suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments.

In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Command of the Army Act

* The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military.

Tenure of Office Act

* The President could not remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s permission

Designed to protect radicalmembers of Lincoln’s government.

Edwin Stanton

President Johnson’s Impeachment

President Johnson’s Impeachment Johnson removed [Sec. of War ] E.Stanton in

February, 1868.

Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.

The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!

The Senate TrialThe Senate Trial

11 week trial.

Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).

AgendaAgenda • EQ: What were the long-term economic, political, and social implications of

Reconstruction?

Warm-Up: What were some similarities and difference between Lincoln and Douglas’s plan?

MLQ: How can we learn about the African American and Reconstruction by reading for information?

Vocabulary Grant: To consent to the fulfillment ofSegregate: To separate or isolate from others or from a main body or groupWork period: Students will:1) Read passage from textbook2) Answer tiered questions

Share: Share answers Closing: Summary of lesson and answer MLQ

H.W. Answer the following questions:1) What was the purpose of the Freedmen Bureau?2) What is the difference between a carpetbagger and a scalawags?3) What was Plessy vs. Ferguson and why was it so important?

14th Amendment14th AmendmentRatified in July, 1868.

* Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people.

* Insure against neo-Confederate political power.

* Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy.

Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

15th Amendment15th Amendment Ratified in 1870.

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

Blacks in Southern PoliticsBlacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans.

Blacks were politically unprepared.

Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867.

The 15th Amendment guaranteedfederal voting.

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands.

Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.

Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

Freedmen’s Bureau School

Freedmen’s Bureau School

SharecroppingSharecropping

Tenancy & the Crop Lien System

Tenancy & the Crop Lien SystemFurnishing Merchant Tenant Farmer Landowner

Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.

Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncredit from merchant until the harvest.

Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.

Plants crop, harvests in autumn.

Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.

Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt.

Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan

• In 1866 a group of white southerners created the In 1866 a group of white southerners created the Ku Klux Klan.Ku Klux Klan.

• The KKK was a secret society opposed to The KKK was a secret society opposed to African Americans obtaining civil rights, African Americans obtaining civil rights, particularly the right to vote.particularly the right to vote.

• The KKK used violence and intimidation to The KKK used violence and intimidation to frighten blacks.frighten blacks.

• Klan members wore white robes and hoods to Klan members wore white robes and hoods to hide their identities.hide their identities.

• The Klan was known to have murdered many The Klan was known to have murdered many people. people.

The Civil Rights Act of 1875The Civil Rights Act of 1875

Crime for any individual to deny full &equal use ofpublic places.

Prohibited discrimination in jury selection.

Shortcoming lacked a strong enforcement.

No new civil rights act was attemptedfor 90 years!

Segregation and Jim Crow Segregation and Jim Crow LawsLaws

• Starting in 1881, blacks had to stay in Starting in 1881, blacks had to stay in separate hotels, sit in separate parts of separate hotels, sit in separate parts of theaters, ride in separate rail cars, and theaters, ride in separate rail cars, and have separate schools, libraries, and have separate schools, libraries, and parks. This is known as segregation.parks. This is known as segregation.

• Segregation - the legal separation of Segregation - the legal separation of blacks and whites in public placesblacks and whites in public places

• Jim Crow Laws - laws that forced Jim Crow Laws - laws that forced segregationsegregation

Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson

• The Supreme Court ruled segregation was legal The Supreme Court ruled segregation was legal in Plessy v. Ferguson.in Plessy v. Ferguson.

• They said that segregation was fair as long as They said that segregation was fair as long as “separate-but-equal” facilities were provided for “separate-but-equal” facilities were provided for African Americans.African Americans.

• In practice, the African American facilities were In practice, the African American facilities were usually “separate-and-unequal.”usually “separate-and-unequal.”

• It would take until the 1965, 100 years after the It would take until the 1965, 100 years after the Civil War ended, for Jim Crow laws to be Civil War ended, for Jim Crow laws to be outlawed and blacks to finally realize legal outlawed and blacks to finally realize legal equality in America. equality in America.

Legal Challenges to the 14th & 15th

Amendments


Amendments The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)

The court offered a narrow definition of the 14th Amendment. It distinguished between national and state

citizenship.

It gave the states primary authority over citizens’ rights. Therefore, the courts weakened civil rights

enforcement!


Amendments


Amendments Bradwell vs. Illinois (1873) Myra Bradwell, a female attorney,

had been denied the right to practice law in Illinois. She argued that in the 14th Amendment, it said

that the state had unconstitutionally abridged her “privileges and immunities” as a citizen.

The Supreme Court rejected her claim, alluding to women’s traditional role in the home. Therefore, she should NOT be practicing law!


Amendments


Amendments U. S. vs. Reese, et. al. (1876) The Court restricted congressional power

to enforce the KKK Act.

The court ruled that the STATE alone could confer voting rights on individuals. The 15th Amendment did NOT guarantee a

citizen’s right to vote, but just listed certain impermissible grounds to deny suffrage. Therefore, a path lay open for Southern states to

disenfranchise blacks for supposedly non-racial reasons [like lack of education, lack of property, etc.]


Amendments


Amendments U. S. vs. Cruickshank (1876) LA white supremacists accused of

attacking a meeting of Blacks & were convicted under the 1870 Enforcement Acts. The Court held that the 14th Amendment

extended the federal power to protect civil rights ONLY in cases involving discrimination by STATES. Therefore, discrimination by individuals or groups

were NOT covered.


Amendments


Amendments Civil Rights Cases (1883)

The Court declared the 1875 Civil Rights Act unconstitutional. The Court held that the 14th Amendment gave

Congress the power to outlaw discriminations by the states, but NOT by private individuals.

Black people must no longer “be the special favorites of the laws.” Therefore, this marked the end of federal attempts to

protect African American rights until well into the 20c!

Work PeriodWork PeriodRed Group Red Group

Read pgs 556, 564-565Read pgs 556, 564-565

Answer # 2(b) on 557 and #1(a&b) on 571Answer # 2(b) on 557 and #1(a&b) on 571

Green GroupGreen Group

Read pgs 556, 566-567Read pgs 556, 566-567

Answer # 2 (b) on 557, and #2 (a&b) on 571Answer # 2 (b) on 557, and #2 (a&b) on 571

Blue GroupBlue Group

Read pgs 556, 568-570Read pgs 556, 568-570

Answer # 2 (b) on 557, and #3 (b), #4(a&b) on Answer # 2 (b) on 557, and #3 (b), #4(a&b) on 571571

reconstruction part 1 (1865-1876)

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