Recognizing life’s Recognizing life’s characteristics and the characteristics and the methods used to study methods used to study life provide a basis for life provide a basis for understanding the living understanding the living world.world.

Why is that important?Why is that important?

ReminderReminder Bio =Bio =

Logy =Logy =

What does the Text What does the Text have to say?have to say? Read together, pages 3 -10Read together, pages 3 -10

The Characteristics of The Characteristics of lifelife

NotesNotes Biologists studyBiologists study

– Interactions between living thingsInteractions between living things– Interaction between living things Interaction between living things

and their environmentand their environment– Problems or questions about living Problems or questions about living

things and/or their environmentthings and/or their environment

The Characteristics of The Characteristics of LifeLife An Organism: Anything that has An Organism: Anything that has

ALL the characteristics of life.ALL the characteristics of life.

1)1) Must have one or more cells that Must have one or more cells that contain DNAcontain DNA

The Characteristics of The Characteristics of LifeLife2) Living things carry out reproduction2) Living things carry out reproduction

ReproductionReproduction: Production of : Production of offspringoffspring

Species: Species: Group of organisms that Group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile can interbreed and produce fertile offspringoffspring

The Characteristics of The Characteristics of LifeLife3) Living things grow and develop3) Living things grow and develop

Growth: Growth: an increase in the an increase in the amount of living material and the amount of living material and the formation of new structuresformation of new structures

Characteristics of Characteristics of Living ThingsLiving Things4) Living things adjust to their environment4) Living things adjust to their environment

Environment: Environment: the air, water, weather, the air, water, weather, temperature, other organisms in the areatemperature, other organisms in the area

StimulusStimulus: anything that causes an : anything that causes an organism to reactorganism to react

ResponseResponse: the reaction of an organism to : the reaction of an organism to a stimulusa stimulus

HomeostasisHomeostasis: the control of an : the control of an organisms internal system to maintain the organisms internal system to maintain the conditions for survivalconditions for survival

Together…Together… List the ways the human body List the ways the human body

maintains homeostasis…maintains homeostasis…– SweatingSweating– ShiveringShivering– Heavy breathing when excited, or Heavy breathing when excited, or

exercisingexercising– Increased Heart rateIncreased Heart rate

Characteristics of Characteristics of Living ThingsLiving Things5) Living things need energy5) Living things need energy

EnergyEnergy: the ability to cause : the ability to cause change or do “work”change or do “work”

Characteristics of Characteristics of Living ThingsLiving Things6) Living things adapt and evolve6) Living things adapt and evolve

– AdaptationAdaptation: A body structure, : A body structure, behavior, or internal process that behavior, or internal process that allows an organism to respond to its allows an organism to respond to its environment and survive to produce environment and survive to produce the greatest number of offspring.the greatest number of offspring.

HomeworkHomework The Martian and the CarThe Martian and the Car

– In Marty’s defense…In Marty’s defense…

– What Marty missed…What Marty missed…

What is Biology What is Biology WorksheetWorksheet WorksheetWorksheet

– Questions 1-15Questions 1-15

Wednesday Question of the Day…Wednesday Question of the Day…

The Methods of The Methods of BiologyBiology Describe a way that a baker Describe a way that a baker

might conduct a controlled might conduct a controlled experiment with a cookie recipe.experiment with a cookie recipe.

Scientific Inquiry (sometimes Scientific Inquiry (sometimes called the scientific method)called the scientific method)

Science is a process of thinking Science is a process of thinking critically, using observations, critically, using observations, inferring, comparing, contrasting and inferring, comparing, contrasting and looking for cause and effect.looking for cause and effect.

There are several skills you must There are several skills you must learn when you are setting out to learn when you are setting out to study something in a scientific study something in a scientific way.way.

Skills you will use Skills you will use during this classduring this class

InvestigatingInvestigating ObservingObserving AnalyzingAnalyzing Observations Observations InferringInferring PredictingPredicting HypothesizingHypothesizing InterpretingInterpreting (Analyzing) (Analyzing)

Data/ObservationsData/Observations Making a Making a ConclusionConclusion

InvestigatingInvestigating Investigating is finding out the cause Investigating is finding out the cause

of a situation or event.of a situation or event.– Major events, such as weather changes, Major events, such as weather changes,

or ecosystems are normally too big to or ecosystems are normally too big to study, so we break it down into study, so we break it down into variables.variables.

Usually when we investigate we start Usually when we investigate we start with a research question and a with a research question and a hypothesis.hypothesis.

Investigating Living Investigating Living ThingsThingsGiant FleasGiant Fleas

Observing:Observing:Using your Using your sensessenses to pay close attention. You can to pay close attention. You can

observe in two ways.observe in two ways.

Qualitative:Qualitative:Looking for the “qualities” of an object or results. Looking for the “qualities” of an object or results.

Usually made with your senses. “Anecdotal Usually made with your senses. “Anecdotal evidence” evidence” Not ExactNot Exact

Quantitative (Measuring):Quantitative (Measuring):Finding the amount or specific size of something.Finding the amount or specific size of something.

Exact measurementsExact measurements

OBSERVATIONS use your SENSES, you should NOT OBSERVATIONS use your SENSES, you should NOT interpret them. We will get to interpret them later!interpret them. We will get to interpret them later!

Observations of FleasObservations of Fleas List four observations.List four observations.

– Make two Qualitative observations, and two Make two Qualitative observations, and two Quantitative observations of what is occurring Quantitative observations of what is occurring in the flaskin the flask

– Share your observationsShare your observations– Add any that aren’t already on your listAdd any that aren’t already on your list

List three questions that you have, based List three questions that you have, based on your observationson your observations

– The questions should be open-ended, not The questions should be open-ended, not answerable by yes or no.answerable by yes or no.

– Share some questionsShare some questions– Are any of these testable?Are any of these testable?

Inferring:Inferring:Explanation for observationsExplanation for observations

– must be logical and make sense based on must be logical and make sense based on observations. observations.

““A hunch”A hunch”– Inferences are made without performing Inferences are made without performing

experiments or tests. experiments or tests. . . Remember, in anRemember, in an inference inference you are using you are using

your experiences to interpret your your experiences to interpret your observations (your brain is involved here!)observations (your brain is involved here!)

Write down some Write down some inferences about our inferences about our FleasFleas

Hypothesizing:Hypothesizing: AA hypothesis hypothesis makes a prediction about how one makes a prediction about how one

variable (variable (the independent variablethe independent variable) will affect ) will affect another variable (another variable (the dependent variablethe dependent variable).).

1.1. Can be tested*.Can be tested*.2.2. Usually presents a possible solution to a research Usually presents a possible solution to a research

question.question.Example Research Question: Example Research Question: Do bouncy balls with Do bouncy balls with

greater densitygreater density bounce higherbounce higher??

Example Hypothesis: Example Hypothesis: The The density of a bouncy density of a bouncy ballball does not affect*does not affect* the height of it’s first the height of it’s first bouncebounce..

*testable*testable

DRY MIXDRY MIX DependentDependent Responding/ResultsResponding/Results Y axisY axis

ManipulatedManipulated IndependentIndependent X axisX axis

HypothesisHypothesisRemember, a Remember, a hypothesishypothesis is a testable is a testable

prediction that suggests a change in the prediction that suggests a change in the results (dependent variable), based on a results (dependent variable), based on a change in the conditions (independent change in the conditions (independent variable).variable).

What is a What is a hypothesishypothesis we might make? we might make?– You must be able to say if it is correct or You must be able to say if it is correct or

incorrectincorrectWhy?Why?

ExperimentExperiment

List the steps for a procedure we List the steps for a procedure we might do to test our hypothesis.might do to test our hypothesis.

Analyze ResultsAnalyze Results What did we find out?What did we find out?

ConclusionConclusion On the back, write a conclusion On the back, write a conclusion

about what you “discovered”.about what you “discovered”.

Experiments, Theories Experiments, Theories and Lawsand Laws

.

Theories take evidence from many experiments and organize them

Experiments test one prediction and eventually document a trend or common theme

Laws are statements that are known to be true

Experiments, Theories Experiments, Theories and Lawsand Laws ExperimentExperiment: an investigation that : an investigation that

tests a hypothesistests a hypothesis

Control groupControl group: a part of the experiment : a part of the experiment that receives no experimental treatment that receives no experimental treatment

Experimental groupExperimental group: the part of the : the part of the experiment that changes, the experiment that changes, the Independent variable or Manipulated Independent variable or Manipulated variable.variable.

Experiments Theories Experiments Theories and Lawsand Laws Theories are explanations for an Theories are explanations for an

observed phenomenon.observed phenomenon.

– A A TheoryTheory is a is a hypothesishypothesis that is that is supported by a large body of supported by a large body of evidence.evidence.

Experiments, Theories Experiments, Theories and Lawsand Laws Laws are facts of nature, also Laws are facts of nature, also

called principlescalled principles– These are generally known to be These are generally known to be

truetrue

– Examples:Examples: Law of GravityLaw of Gravity Law of Conservation of EnergyLaw of Conservation of Energy