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COURSE CODE: PGDENLW-OL (FOR ONLINE MODE) PROGRAMME GUIDE FOR ONLINE MODE STUDENTS

The University and WWF reserves the right to change the rules and procedures described in this Programme Guide. Please check from time to time with the University to get updates. Also read IGNOU Newsletter in which updates are given.

Recognition IGNOU is a Central University established by an act of Parliament in 1985 (Act No. 50 of 1985). IGNOU Degree/Diplomas/Certificates are recognized by all the members of the Association of Indian Universities (AIU) and at par with Degree/ Diplomas/ Certificates of all Indian Universities / Deemed Universities/ Institutions vide UGC Circular No. F. 1-52/2000 (CPP-II) dated May 5, 2004 & AIU Circular No. EV/B (449)/94/176915-177115 dated January 14, 1994. WWF-India is one of the largest conservation organization engaged in wildlife and nature conservation in the country. Established as a Charitable Trust on November 27, 1969, it has an experience of over four decades in the field. Programme Guide Preparation : Ms. Moulika Arabhi and Ms. Mansi Sharma Print Production : Mr. YashPal July, 2011 © Indira Gandhi National Open University & WWF-India, 2012 ISBN: All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the copyright holder. Further information on the Indira Gandhi National Open University courses may be obtained from the University’s office at Maidan Garhi, New Delhi-110 068 or the official website of IGNOU at www.ignou.ac.in Printed and published on behalf of Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi by Director, School of Law Printed at IGNOU Press, New Delhi Paper Used: Agro based Environment Friendly

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“For strengthening the professional and educational support base for

environmental law and policy” Dear Learner,

Welcome to the batch of PG Diploma in Environmental Law (online mode).

One of the principle features of School of Law, IGNOU and Centre for Environmental Law, WWF-India’s educational activities is the Post Graduate Diploma Programme in Environmental Law. Jointly launched in July 2010, the Diploma is the first such comprehensive programme for enviro-legal education catering to India and International students and professionals. Special emphasis is on conservation and environmental issues, which lie at the core of all environmental law, the study of which enables participants to determine the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of the respective law. IGNOU and WWF-India together have launched Post Graduate Diploma in Environmental Law. Centre for Environmental Law (CEL), WWF-India and School of Law (SOL), IGNOU will be jointly coordinating the Programme. The Diploma in Environmental Law Programme has been running for sixteen successful years conducted by Centre for Environmental Law, WWF-India. Over the years changes have been made, syllabi have been reviewed and updated keeping the evolving issues of Environmental Law in mind. Hundreds of participants have benefited from the diploma in Environmental Law. The hallmark of the programme is that it is flexible and convenient mode of dissemination of knowledge about environmental legislations. The Programme, comprising of seven courses, emphasizes on multidisciplinary approaches to environmental laws and policies. The course methodology comprises of various teaching & learning techniques such as compulsory and regular communication via electronic media, comprehensive course material, interactive sessions, discussion forum, assignments and a term end paper/project report. With the transformation of curricula and pedagogy, the course has already received tremendous response. The uniqueness of the programme can be heard from CEL alumnae who are working in different organizations with environment mandate, practicing lawyers, environmental engineers, environmental scientists and those serving public and private sector companies. We wish you get the best from the course and also urge you to join the community thinking and acting for environment well being. Kind regards, Course Coordinators

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CONTENTS

1. The University 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Features 1.3 Instructional Medium 1.4 Schools of Studies 1.5 Academic Programmes 1.6 Course Preparation 1.7 Support Services 1.8 Programme Delivery 1.9 Evaluation System 2. WWF – India 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Centre for Environmental Law 3. School of Law 3.1 Programmes and Courses 3.2 Activities 4. Post Graduate Diploma in Environmental Law (PGDENLW-OL) 4.1 Course Description 4.2 Course Objectives 4.3 Target Group 4.4 Instructional System 4.5 Detailed Course Structure 4.6 Evaluation System 5. Other Useful Information 5.1 Change/ Correction of Address 5.2 Issue of Grade Card / Mark sheet 5.3 Re-admission 5.4 Simultaneous Registration 5.5 Refund of Fee 5.6 Disputes of Admission and other university matters

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1. The University 1.1 Introduction IGNOU was established in 1985 by an Act of Indian Parliament to democratize higher education. The University provides cost-effective quality education to large sections of Indian population. It adopts a learner-centric approach with a policy of openness and flexibility in terms of entry qualifications, duration, pace and place of learning for successful completion of programme. The University currently offers 141 programmes of study to over 1.5 million students in India and 35 country abroad making it the largest single University in the world. These programmes are offered in widely diverse areas and at different levels, Doctorate, Masters. Bachelor degrees including Diplomas, Certificates and awareness Programmes. IGNOU has established a network of 55 Regional Centres, 5 sub regional centres and 1804 study centres all over the country with 41 overseas centres. The academic programmes of the University have multi-media support with state of art facilities for the production of audio/video programmes and their dissemination through radio and television. The University also uses interactive radio counselling as well as tele-conferencing to provide interactivity in the teaching-learning process. The University has 24 hours educational TV channel and educational satellite, EDUSAT. 1.2 Features IGNOU has certain unique features:

National and International jurisdiction Flexible admission rules Need-based academic programmes at affordable costs Diversified learner groups Modular programmes and credit system Rigorous course development mechanisms Multi-lingual and multiple media instructional packages Flexibility in terms of place, pace and duration of study Use of latest information and communication technologies for blend learning An effective and integrated student support services network Resource sharing, collaboration and networking with state open universities

and distance education / correspondence course institutions.

1.3 Instructional Medium

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The University provides multi-channel multiple media teaching-learning packages for instruction and self-learning. Different components used for teaching /learning include self- instructional print(For distance) and audio-video materials, radio and television broadcasts, face-to-face counselling/tutoring, hands-on experience, teleconferencing, videoconferencing, interactive radio counselling, interactive multimedia CD-ROM and internet-based learning. While the traditional distance education delivery through print and study centres support is being strengthened, the University is gearing more towards interactive multimedia content and learner support through video-conferencing and web-based platforms by utilizing both the Edusat and the Internet. The design of the instructional system as well as teacher and learner capacity building are facilitated by the Staff Training and Research Institute, Electronic Media Production Centre and the Inter University Consortium. or courses in Science, Computers, Nursing as well as Engineering and Technology, arrangements have been made to enable students undertake practical classes at select study centres. The multiple media learning in Distance Education resources are shown below:

FLEXIBILITY

In the tradition of Open Learning, IGNOU provides considerable flexibility in entry qualification, place, pace and duration of study to students. A Bachelor's Degree Programme (i.e. BA/B.Com/B.Sc.) of 3 years duration can be completed in 6 years if the student so desires and the PG Diploma Course of one year can be completed in three years time.

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CREDIT SYSTEM

IGNOU follows a credit system that is based on the time factor involved in studying. One credit is equivalent to 30 study hours inclusive of all learning activities. Different programmes have different credit requirements. Students have the right to collect credits at their own pace, convenience and according to their own capability. IGNOU also provides a credit transfer facility whereby credits may be transferred from any other University to IGNOU after fulfilling the necessary requirements.

1.4 Schools of Studies

With the view of developing interdisciplinary studies, the University operates through Schools of Studies. Each School is headed by a Director who arranges to plan, supervise, develop and organise its academic programmes and courses in co-ordination with the Faculty, School staff and the different academic, administrative and service wings of the University. The emphasis is on providing a wide choice of courses at different levels. The Schools of Studies currently in operation are as follows:

1) School of Management Studies 2) School of Agriculture 3) School of Computer and Information Sciences 4) School of Continuing Education 5) School of Education 6) School of Engineering & Technology 7) School of Health Sciences 8) School of Humanities 9) School of Sciences 10) School of Social Sciences 11) School of Law 12) School of Journalism and New Media Studies 13) School of Gender and Development Studies 14) School of Tourism Hospitality Service Sectoral Management 15) School of Interdisciplinary and Trans-disciplinary Studies 16) School of Social work 17) School of Vocational Education and Training 18) School of Extension and Development Studies 19) School of Foreign Languages 20) School of Translation Studies and Training

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21) School of Performing and Visual Arts

1.5 Academic Programmes The University offers programmes leading to Certificate, Diploma or Degree, covering conventional as well as innovative programmes. Most of these programmes have been developed after an initial survey of the demand for such studies. They are launched with a view to fulfil the student’s needs for: • Certification • Improvement of skills • Acquisition of professional qualifications • Continuing education and professional development at work place • Self-enrichment • Diversification of knowledge, etc. 1.6 Course Preparation Learning materials are prepared for the courses by teams of experts drawn from conventional universities, institutions and professionals from all over the country and in-house faculty. These materials are edited by the content experts and language experts at IGNOU before they are finally sent to the press. Similarly, audio and video programmes are produced in consultation with the course writers, in-house faculty and producers. These materials are previewed and reviewed by the faculty as well as outside experts and edited or modified wherever necessary before they are dispatched to the Study Centres and Doordarshan. Printed material is supplied directly to the students at the addresses supplied by them and their cost is covered in the programme fee. Audio/Video cassettes are made available at the Study Centres where Audio/Video playing equipment is also available. Audio/Video programmes of the University are also broadcast as per a prearranged schedule. Print materials and audio/video tapes are available for a price. Interested persons/institutions may request for a catalogue from The Registrar (MPDD), IGNOU, Maidan Garhi, New Delhi 110 068. 1.7 Support Services To provide effective student support, IGNOU has set up a number of Study Centres all over the country. You will be allotted one of these Study Centres (if you are student though distance learning mode) taking into consideration your place of residence or work. However, each Study Centre can handle only a limited number of students and despite our best efforts, it may not always be possible to allot the Study Centre of your choice. The region-wise list of Study Centres is provided in annexure-II of this Programme Guide. The particulars regarding the Study Centre to which you are assigned will be communicated to you. However, depending on the

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experts availability at each study centre, the University might also take a decision of having the contact programmes though Audio/Video mode for distance students which would be accordingly informed by concerned course organizers. 1.8 Programme Delivery The University follows multi-media approach in imparting instruction to its learners. It comprises: Self Instructional Print Material The print material prepared by the University is self instructional in nature. Each course has been divided into a number of Blocks, generally 8 Blocks for an 8 credit course and 4 or 5 Blocks for a 4 credit course. Each Block consists of a number of Units (lessons). Normally, all the Units covered in one Block have a thematic unity. The first page of each Block indicates the contents of each Block i.e., the number and titles of the Units covered in that Block. This is followed by a brief introduction to the Block. This Block introduction explains the total coverage of the Block as a whole as well as the coverage of each Unit in that Block. Each Unit is structured to facilitate self study for you. The section on Objectives briefly states what we expect you to attain when you have completed the Unit. In Introduction, there is an attempt to forge a link with the topics of the previous Units and .the topic to be covered in the present Unit. This is followed by the main body of the Unit, which is divided into various sections and subsections. In the main body there are a few self-check exercises under the caption Self Assessment Question. Enough space is given for you to write your answers to the questions set in the self-check exercises. Answers to these exercises are given in the section Answers and Hints to Self Assessment Question at the end of the Unit or in the Self Assessment Box itself. The section Summary summarises what has been said in the whole Unit. This summary enables you to recall the main points covered in the Unit. To facilitate comprehension, important words/terms covered in the Unit are explained in the section Key Words. Some books for additional reading are suggested in the section References and Suggested Readings. The section Terminal Questions is intended to give you an idea about the nature of question that may be asked in assignments. These Terminal Question and Self Assessment Questions are for your practice only, and you should not submit answers to these questions to the University for assessment. Read the Units carefully and note down the important points. You can use the space in the margin of the printed pages for making notes and writing your comments. While reading the Units mark the words that you do not fully understand. Look for the meaning of such words under the section Key Words or in a dictionary. Read the Unit again and again until you have understood the point. You may also try to find it in earlier Units as it may

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be explained there. However, if you still do not understand something, consult your counsellor or course coordinator during the interactive sessions. Try to answer Self Assessment Questions. These exercises will help you to reinforce the information/knowledge you gain through your first reading of the text. Proper comprehension of the units and the points/notes made by you while reading through the Units would help you in answering the Self Assessment Questions. Once you have written the answer in the blank space provided for each question, you can compare your answers with the answers given in the section Self Assessment Questions. Audio-Visual Aids In addition to the print material, audio and video tapes have been prepared for each course. The audio-video material is supplementary to the printed material. Hence, we advise you to make use of it, as that will help you to understand the subject better. Video programmes are normally of 25 –30 minutes duration. The audio tapes are run and video cassettes are screened at the Study Centres during specific sessions. The video programme are transmitted by National Network of Doordarshan and Gyan Darshan. Audio programmes are broadcast in some select states through Radio stations viz. All India Radio and Gyan Vani FM Radio Channels. Information about these would be available at your Regional Centre/ Study Centres/Course Coordinators. The Schedule of transmission is communicated to you through Mail communication/IGNOU Newsletter/ Monthly Booklet. Audio-video material will not be supplied individually but will be available to you at the Study Centres. You can watch these programmes during counselling sessions. Students desirous of buying the audio-video tapes can procure them from: Director, Electronic Media Production Centre, IGNOU, Maidan Garhi, New Delhi- 110 068. Interactive Radio Counselling The University has started interactive counselling through AIR network all over India. You can participate in it by tuning in to your area Radio station. Experts from various discipline areas are available for this counselling. Students can put across their questions to these experts by using the telephone. The telephone numbers are announced by respective Radio Stations. This counselling is available on every Sunday between 4 and 5 in the evening. Gyan Darshan IGNOU is nodal agency for coordinating a bouquet of educational TV channels

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under the banner of Gyan Darshan (GD). Of these, GD-1 is a 24-hour exclusive National Educational channel. The Gyan Darshan channel uses C Band transponder of INSAT 3C. In addition, IGNOU also coordinates the functioning of GD-2, GD-3, and GD-4. GD-2 channel is being used as interactive channel by the University for tele-counselling, tele-lecturing, tele-training and virtual convocation. Teachers/resource persons address ‘live’ from EMPC studio through video and audio satellite links to the student groups assembled at various centres across the country. It is also used to interact with Regional Centre and Study Centre functionaries on various operational aspects. GD-3, called Ekalavya channel, is exclusively devoted to technology education for the benefit of students of IITs and other engineering colleges in India. GD-4, called Vyas channel, is to telecast high quality higher education programmes to bridge the knowledge and information gap between different areas and institutions in the country. You should try to get access to it though your cable operator. The schedule of programmes with time and date is sent to all study centers one month in advance. Please obtain it from there. Gyan Vani Gyan Vani is a ‘Radio Cooperative’ devoted exclusively to education and community development. Its main objective is to bridge the gap between educationally privileged and deprived. As of now, 26 FM radio stations are fully operational. These interactive, participatory educational stations are aimed at greater empowerment of the people, particularly the disadvantaged. Local resource persons conduct the sessions in English, Hindi and the regional languages/dialects. Teleconferencing To reach our students spread in different parts of the country we take the help of teleconferencing. These sessions are conducted from Delhi. The students can attend these at the regional centres and specified study centres of IGNOU. It is a one way video and two way audio facility. You will be sent a schedule with topics in advance through your study centres. The faculty at Delhi and other experts as resource persons participate in these sessions. You can put your problems and questions to these experts through the telephone available at receiving centres. These will help in resolving your queries related to courses and other general information pertaining to programmes of study. Counselling In distance or online education, contact between the learners and their tutors/counsellors is an important activity. The purpose of such a contact is to answer some of your questions and clarify your doubts. There are experienced academic counsellors at the Schools/Study Centres to provide counselling and guidance to you in the courses that you have chosen for study. The counselling sessions for each of the courses will be held at suitable intervals throughout the academic session. Generally there will be 10 counselling sessions for an 8 credit

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course and 5 sessions for a 4 to 7 credit course. The counselling sessions are not compulsory. However, they may be very useful in certain respects such as: to share your views on the subject with teachers and fellow participants, comprehend some of the complex ideas or difficult issues, and get clarifications for many doubts which you would not otherwise try to raise, and consult academic counselors for selecting courses of study. You should note that the counselling sessions will be very different from the usual classroom teaching or lectures. Counsellors will not be delivering lectures or speeches. They will try to help you to overcome difficulties (academic as well as personal), which you face while studying for this programme. In these sessions you must look into the subject based difficulties and any other issues arising out of such difficulties. Besides, some of the audio and videocassettes that are available at that time will be played in the counselling sessions. Before you attend the counselling sessions, please go through your course material and note down the points to be discussed. Unless you have gone through the Units, there may not be much to discuss. Try to concentrate on the relevant and the most important issues. Also try to understand each other’s points of view. 1.9 Evaluation system 1. The Evaluation System for IGNOU courses consists of two components: a) Continuous evaluation through assignments, research papers and project work (Tutor Marked Assignments). b) Term-end examinations (for distance mode students only). In the final results, assignment carries 30% weightage, while 70% weightage is given to research papers and term end paper. 2. All the assignments, research papers and term-end paper will be scored under numerical marking scheme. Continuous Evaluation through Assignments and Research Papers Assignments constitute the continuous evaluation. The submission of assignments is compulsory. The marks that you get in your assignments will be counted in your final result. Assignments of a course carry 30% weightage while 70% weightage is given to the research paper and project (term end paper). Only hand written assignments will be accepted by the Coordinator. You have to submit your assignment response sheets to the Coordinator assigned to you. Submission of assignments is compulsory.

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The main purpose of assignment is to test your comprehension of the learning materials you receive from us and also to help you get through the courses. The content provided in the printed course materials should be sufficient for answering the assignments. If you have easy access to other books, you may make use of them for writing your assignments and research topics. There is one Tutor Marked Assignments (TMA) per course, which is evaluated by the counsellor. Thus, you have to attempt one assignment for each course. Distance learning students should complete and submit the assignments at the study centre/regional centre within the due date specified in the assignments booklet or within one month of the date of receipt of assignments, whichever is later and Online mode students should send their assignments to the address indicated in the assignment note. The University/ Co-ordinator of the Study Centre has the right to reject the assignments submitted after the due date. You are, therefore, advised to submit the assignments before the due date. For your own record, retain a copy of all the assignment responses which you submit to the Coordinator of study centre. If you do not get quality with enough (pass) marks in any assignment, you have to submit it again. To get fresh assignments you should write to Director, MPDD, IGNOU, Maidan Garhi, New Delhi - 110068. You can also download from IGNOU web site www.ignou.ac.in. However, once you get the pass grade in an assignment, you cannot resubmit it for improvement of grade. Assignments are not subject to re-evaluation except for factual errors, if any, committed by the evaluator. Score communicated by the study centre through any mode other than the award list will not be acceptable by the University for taking your score of assignments on your record. In case you find that the score indicated in the assignment sheet of your Tutor Marked Assignment has not been correctly reflected or is not entered in your grade card, you are advised to contact the coordinator of your study centre with a request to forward correct award list to the SR&E Division at the Headquarters. Online mode learners have to submit research paper for each course, these can be submitted in soft copies as well, after completion of student hours for each course, the learner has to propose one research topic for each course and get it approved by the Coordinator before making final submission by email. Each research paper should be of 2500 words, the deadline for submission of all the six research papers is similar to Assignment submission date. All in all a online learner to complete the course will have to submit – 6 hand written assignments, 6 research papers (one essay each for all six courses) and 1 Term End Paper (Project ). A Distance mode student will have to submit – 6 hand written assignments, 1 term end paper and write term end examinations.

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Submission of Term End Paper:

Learner should propose one or two topics for term end paper, after the topic is approved by the Coordinator, synopsis for the same needs to be submitted in the prescribed format. The final submission of term end paper should be done in soft and hard copies, after an email acknowledgement is sent for final term end paper by coordinator, learner should print two copies of the report, hard bound them and submit to the coordinator (to the same address provided in the Assignment note).

Please read the guidelines presented below thoroughly. (For reading guidelines for submission of synopsis, scroll down)

Term End Paper and Synopsis Submission:

The information furnished below is needed to successfully write a detailed Term End Paper (paper) as well as a synopsis. It covers the entire research process including identifying a research topic; formulating research questions; collection of data if any; data analysis; formulating a synopsis and, writing the paper.

GENERAL GUIDELINES

A. CHOOSING A RESEARCH TOPIC

Decide on a general area of interest and choose a topic from within that area which interests and challenges you. Focus on a limited component within the topic and narrow it down to a specific aspect. While finalizing a research topic for your term end paper, you must keep in mind the following considerations:

What is the objective of your research? What is the problem/question that your research aims to address? What is the hypothesis of your research? What would be the scope of your research?

B. OBJECTIVE

The objective defines the purpose of your research. While listing the objective of the research, you must clearly state the problem that the paper aims to address. The research problem has to be formulated in the form of a question and serves as the basis or origin from which the hypothesis is derived. A hypothesis is a suggested solution to a problem.

C. SCOPE

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You should clearly define the rationale and scope of your paper. You must mention in specific terms as to what is within the purview of your paper and what is its extent/limit.

D. HYPOTHESIS

After identifying the purpose of the research, you must focus on a specific question that needs to be answered. You should draft a hypothesis based on this specific question. A hypothesis is a tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences.

So, your hypothesis should be a statement providing your assumption/ interpretation of a practical situation or condition that will be tested through your research. The hypothesis statement usually appears at the end of the first or second paragraph of a paper. Your topic itself may change as you write, so you may need keep revising your hypothesis to reflect exactly what you have discussed in the paper.

D. METHODOLOGY

Methodology refers to the actual process research. The two generally defined types of research methodology are the quantitative or qualitative techniques to collect and analyze data. Qualitative method relates to the quality or character of something, often as opposed to its size or quantity. Quantitative method, on the other hand, is related to or expressed in terms of measured numeric values, quantity or statistical comparison derived from systematic survey, observation or analysis of a subject. The data used for research may be primary or secondary.

E. REFERENCES

There are two parts of citing a reference in your paper. First is the way you cite the item within the body of the paper when you are discussing it. Second is the way you list the complete reference at the end of the paper. Citations are a way of giving credit to the source of the information or quote you have used in your paper. The purpose of citation is to indicate clearly the sources from which:

You rely on factual information or data. You need to quote verbatim. You use others’ ideas, interpretations, analyses or conclusions even if you

summarize or paraphrase in your own language. You organize or structure your argument using somebody else’s distinctive

structure, style or method. You state in passing another person's work.

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When in doubt, over-citation is better than under-citation.

1. References within the text

For quoting a reference within a text, you must make use of footnotes. You can also use footnotes when you wish to express something that neither directly advances your argument nor acknowledges or documents a source. You must use a discursive footnote. Example: It has often been argued that economic reforms in India have been carried out within the framework of long drawn democratic processes.1

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1 There is, however, a minority view that Indian economic reforms have scuttled democratic processes by adopting tactical and clandestine, though legitimate, strategies. (Jenkins 1999) You may also use a footnote to elaborate the nuances of an argument without disrupting the flow in the main text. Example: The tightening of monetary policy and reduction of the fiscal deficit through strict control of expenditures required under the IMF structural adjustment programme are deflationary.1 ---------------------- 1 While the programmes of the IMF are only applicable to countries borrowing from it, developing and transitional economies, there has been a broad move towards restricting fiscal deficits, e.g., the Maastricht Treaty requirements, and increasingly independence of the Central Banks, with very often the sole specified goal of reducing inflation. While citing your references, the format that you are required to follow is as follows: Surname, First Names/Initials (year), Title in italics, Place: Publisher, p.no. For instance- Abraham, I. (1999), The Making of the Indian Atomic Bomb: Science, Secrecy and the Postcolonial State, New Delhi: Orient Longman, p.456. If a source has more than two authors, use the first surname with et al. in your citation. For instance –

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Wasserstein, Zappulla, Rosen, Gerstman and Rock (1994)……….. [first time you cite in text] AND Wasserstein et al. (1994)………… [subsequent times you cite in text]

2. References at the end of the paper You must mention all references in text citations at the end of the paper in an alphabetical manner under a heading known as ‘References’. Note that it is a list of all the sources used by you (also known as Bibliography); hence, it should include every single source that you have depended upon for your research. You must start your references on a new page, after the last page of your text. Books

Surname, First Names/Initials (year), Title in italics, Place: Publisher. Eg: Abraham, I. (1999), The Making of the Indian Atomic Bomb: Science, Secrecy and the Postcolonial State, New Delhi: Orient Longman.

Some other examples:

Books with two authors Bhagwati, J and P. Desai (1970), India: Planning for Industrialisation, London: Oxford University press.

Three or more authors Judge, G.G. et al. (1985), The Theory and Practice of Econometrics, New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Reprinted book Schumpeter, J.A. (1954), History of Economic Analysis, New York: Oxford University Press, reprinted 1976.

Book with several volumes Chenery, H. and T.N. Srinivasan (ed.) (1988), Handbook of Development Economics, Vol. I, Amsterdam: North Holland. Articles or other work in a journal

Surname, First Names/Initials (year), “Title of the article in inverted commas”, Name of Journal in italics, vol (no): page numbers.

Arrow, K.J. (1962), “The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing”, Review of Economic Studies, 29 (3): 155-173.

Article, chapter, or work in an edited volume

Surname, Firstnames/Initials (year), “Title of the article in inverted commas”, in Names of Editors (ed.) Title of the edited volume, Place: Publisher.

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Cox, Robert (1992), “Towards a Post-Hegemonic Conceptualisation of World Order: Reflections on the Relevancy of Ibn Khaldun”, in James N. Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel (eds.) Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Article in a newspaper or magazine

Surname, Firstnames/Initials (year), “Title of the article”, Newspaper, Place, Exact date [dd Month yyyy].

Chatterjee, Partha (1999), “Fragile Distinctions: Between Good and Bad Nationalism”, The Times of India, New Delhi, 20 August 1999.

Unpublished dissertation or paper

Surname, First Names/Initials (year), Title of thesis, Ph.D Thesis, Place: University.

Bhattacharya, Abanti (2004), Chinese Nationalism: The Impact on Policy, Ph.D. Thesis, New Delhi: Jawaharlal Nehru University.

Translated book

Surname, Firstnames/Initials (year), Title of the Translated work, Name of Editor (ed.) if any, Translated by Names of the Translators, Place:Publisher.

Borges, Jorge Luis (1999), Selected Non-Fictions, Elliot Weinberger (ed), Translated by E. Allen, S.J. Levine and E. Weinberger, New York: Penguin.

Government, International Organisations and NGO publications

Name of the Government/ International Organisation (year), Title, Publication Details (number etc) if any, Place.

Government of India (2005), Economic Survey 2004-2005, Ministry of Finance, New Delhi.

Legal case

List cases by title; volume number and abbreviated name of reporting service, starting page-number in the volume, court that decided the case, and year.

Lallubhai Chakubhai Jariwalala vs. Samaldas Sankalchand Shah, AIR, 1934 Bom. 407.

Internet Sources

Brin, D. (1993), “The good and the bad: Outlines of tomorrow”, [Online: web] Accessed 5 Sept. 2009 URL: http://kspace.com/KM/spot.sys/Brin/pages/piece1.html.

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Harvey, G. (1995), Writing with Sources: A Guide for Harvard Students, Gordon Expository Writing Program, Harvard University, [Online: web] Accessed 15 Nov 2009, URL: http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~expos/sources/.

3. Use of Tables and Figures

A Table should have a heading with 'Table __' (where __ is the table number); followed by the title for the heading that describes concisely what is contained in the table. Similarly if you wish to insert figures, you should a heading with 'Figure __' followed by the title of the figure. Tables and figures can either be a part of the body of your text or can be typed on separate sheets at the end of the paper after the References and before the Appendices. 4. Use of Appendices

Appendices should be used only when absolutely necessary. If you include appendices in your paper, you should briefly describe the relevant material in the body and give an accurate citation to the appropriate appendix

WRITING A SYNOPSIS

You are expected to have a good comprehension of the topic that you have chosen before writing a synopsis. The length of the synopsis should ideally be around 6 pages (excluding bibliography).The synopsis must follow the following structure: 1. Title: The title of your paper must be informative and as precise as possible. You must convey the main idea of the paper in not more than one sentence while formulating a title. Your paper title may be tentative at the initial stage. 2. Background You must briefly present a broad framework of the research problem. 3. Definition, Rationale and Scope of the Study: You should clearly define the issue that your research pertains to and also explain the rationale of your study. You must clearly define the limits of your research. In this section, you must clearly list out the objectives of your study. 4. Review of the Literature: One of the most important steps while writing a summary is conducting the literature review. Based on the scope and objective of study you must conduct a review of the literature that you will investigate in the course of your research. The literature should be organised in a thematic structure and not as a listing of summaries of important references. You must structure the literature review in a manner which highlights the issues relevant to your thesis and identify the gaps

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within. Try to move from more general concerns to concerns more specific to your problem. The end of your literature review should lead to the hypothesis (or hypotheses) for your study. 5. Research Problem and Hypothesis: You must present a clear statement of your research problem followed by a crisp and cogent statement forming the hypothesis. You can have more than one hypothesis. 6. Research Methods: You must mention the process of your research in this section. Whatever measures and procedures that you wish to employ in you research must be clearly mentioned along with the samples used, if any. You must also mention the sources of data and information required for the study. 7. Tentative Chapters: You must give a list of tentative chapter headings with a brief description, not exceeding one paragraph, of the content of each chapter. The first and the last chapter must be called Introduction and Expected Conclusion respectively. The last chapter must briefly explain the conclusion that you expect to derive from your study and also mention why you anticipate coming to this particular conclusion. 8. Bibliography: All sources that may be relevant to your research should be listed in the same style as that of citing the references. WRITING THE TERM END PAPER The ideal length of your term end paper must be approximately between forty to fifty pages. Your paper must be in the following format:

1. Title page The title page must have the following format:

TITLE OF THE THESIS

Term End Paper submitted to IGNOU & WWF-India for partial fulfillment for the award of the certificate of

PG DIPLOMA IN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

NAME OF THE CANDIDATE

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Enrollment Number: _____

Date/Month/Year IGNOU WWF-INDIA School of Law Centre for Environmental Law Maidan Garhi 172-B, Lodi Estate New Delhi – 110 068 New Delhi – 110 003

2. Declaration page The declaration page must have the following format:

Date

DECLARATION

I declare that the paper entitled “……….” submitted by me for partial fulfillment for the award of the certificate of PG Diploma in Environmental Law, IGNOU - WWF-India is my own work. This project has not been submitted for any other degree/certificate in any Institute/University, whatsoever. NAME OF THE CANDIDATE SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE

3. Acknowledgement 4. Contents Page 5. List of tables, figures, abbreviations (if applicable)

6. Chapters of the paper

Chapter 1 should be called ‘Introduction’ and must state the purpose of your paper clearly. You must explain briefly the major issues you plan to cover in your paper and why readers should be interested in your topic. You must also state your research problem and hypothesis while introducing your paper.

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Chapter 2 should ideally consist of a detailed review of relevant theoretical and empirical literature. Thereafter, you can continue with the rest of the chapters which would form the body of your paper. This is where you should present all your arguments to support your hypothesis. The final chapter should be called ‘Conclusion’. The conclusion of the paper is the most valuable part as it is the only original contribution you offer in your paper. It manifests the value of your research as well as your understanding of the material that you have presented. Hence, it must briefly restate the research problem and summarize the main findings and implications of the study. You must explain why you have come to this particular conclusion.

7. References As explained earlier 8. Tables and Figures (if not a part of your text itself) As explained earlier

9. Appendices As explained earlier

Specific Instructions for Tutor Marked Assignments (TMAs) and Term End Paper (TEP) 1) Write your Enrolment Number, Name, Full Address, Signature and Date on the top right hand corner of the first page of your response sheet. 2) Write the Programme Title, Course Code, Course Title/TEP Title, Assignment Code and Name of your Study Centre/Regional Centre on the left hand corner of the first page of your response sheet. Course Code and Assignment Code may be reproduced from the assignment. The top of the first page of your response sheet should look like this: ENROLMENT NO. ................................................................................................................. PROGRAMME TlTLE .......................................... NAME …………................................... COURSE CODE ................................... ADDRESS ............................................................. COURSE TITLE ................................... .................................................................................. ASSIGNMENT CODE ............................. SIGNATURE .................................................. STUDY CENTRE ............................................ DATE ………………................................... 3) Use only foolscap size paper for your response and tie all the pages carefully. Avoid using very thin paper. Allow a 4 cm margin on the left and at least 4 lines in between each answer. This may facilitate the evaluator to write useful comments in

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the margin at appropriate places. In case of typed manuscripts (research paper), ensure spacing of 1.5 with font size not less than 12 pt. 4) Do not copy your answers from the Units/Blocks sent to you by the University or from internet. Copying or plagiarism will not only result in lower marking but will also be cancelled. 5) Do not copy from the response sheets of other students. If copying is noticed, the assignments of such students will be rejected. 6) Write each assignment separately. All the assignments should not be written in continuity. 7) Write the question number with each answer. 8) The completed assignment should be sent to the Coordinator of the Study Centre allotted to you. Under any circumstances do not send the tutor marked response sheets to the Student Registration and Evaluation Division at Head Quarters for evaluation. 9) After submitting the assignment at the Study Centre or as specified get the acknowledgment from the Coordinator on the prescribed assignment remittance-cum-acknowledgment card or email confirmation. 10) In case you have requested for a change of Study Centre, you should submit your Tutor Marked Assignments only to the original Study Centre until the change of Study Centre is notified by the University. Re-evaluation of Result If you are not satisfied with the marks secured, you can apply in the prescribed form (Form no 6) to the Registrar (SR&E), IGNOU , Maidan Garhi, New Delhi – 110068 for re-evaluation of assignments and term end paper. For this you will have to pay Rs.300/- per course by means of Demand Draft from any nationalized bank drawn in favor of IGNOU, New Delhi. You must do this within one month of the date of declaration of result.

2. WWF – India 2.1 Introduction WWF-India articulated its mission in 1987 as follows:

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"The promotion of nature conservation and environmental protection as the foundation for sustainable and equitable development."

WWF-India's goal is the protection of India’s ecological security through the following broad programme objectives –

Ensuring conservation of the country’s biodiversity,major ecosystems and critical landscapes.

Minimising wasteful consumption and promotionof sustainable and wise use of natural resources by all sectors of society

Promoting the active involvement of rural and traditional communities in the sustainable management and conservation of natural resources.

Working towards reduction in the sources and impacts of climate change. Minimising pollution, reducing the use of toxic chemicals and ensuring

improved management of toxic waste Enhancing active participation of all sections of society in nature conservation

and environmental protection through environmental education, awareness raising and capacity building

Ensuring that environmental principles are integrated into development planning, policy and practices

Promoting environmental governance through legiglation, policy and advocacy

WWF-India has been working to promote harmony between human beings and nature for more than four decades.

Today, it is recognized as a premier conservation NGO in the country dealing with nature conservation, environmental protection and development-related issues. At a time when the Web of Life has come under increasing threats, WWF-India's attempts have been to find and implement solutions so that human beings can live in harmony with nature, and leave for future generations a world rich in natural resources and natural wonders. The organization is part of the WWF-family with 27 independent national organisations. The coordinating body, the WWF International, is located at Gland in Switzerland.

2.2 Centre for Environmental Law (CEL) The Centre for Environmental Law (CEL) was established in 1993 as an integral part of the World Wide Fund for Nature – India (WWF-India). Apart from handling and furthering WWF-India's conservation work involving policy analysis, campaigning and legal interventions on environmental issues, CEL serves as a resource centre for teaching environmental law and research in national, regional and international contexts. To implement its programmes CEL is building functional and professional

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linkages with government agencies and non-governmental organizations at national and global levels.

3. School of Law The school strives to ensure high quality education and research through innovative, multi-media learning teaching packages with a focus on learning practical aspects of law, acquitting legal skills and scholarship. Recognising the importance of legal education and demand for the programmes in Law, IGNOU constituted a five member Committee in 1994 under Chairmanship of Prof. N.R. Madhava Menon an eminent legal educationist. Prof. Menon’s Committee suggested developing professional programmes in law including programmes in paralegal education, court administration, law office management, legal aid administration, occupation based and management oriented legal education for middle and top-level personnel in government and industry. The UGC Curriculum Development Centre in Law (CDC) setup in 1990 under the leadership of Prof. Upendra Baxi, an eminent jurist also underscored the importance of Distance Education in Law as inclusive legal education for wider participation in legal profession, judicial appointments and government law offices. The school of law organised a Brainstorming Session in June, 2007 to prepare a road map for legal education in India. The important recommendations of the Brainstorming session enabled the School of Law to plan and develop a range of programmes in law. 4. Post Graduate Diploma in Environmental Law 4.1 Course Description IGNOU and WWF-India together launched Post Graduate Diploma in Environmental Law. Centre for Environmental Law (CEL), WWF-India and School of Law (SoL), IGNOU will be coordinating the programme. An important feature of SoL and CEL’s educational activities will be the Post-Graduate Diploma Programme in Environmental Laws. It is being introduced to provide an in-depth exposure to participants on issues, institutions and initiatives in the field of environmental law and policy. SoL & CEL will be conducting the programme for a better understanding of green law issues poignant worldwide, particularly in the Indian context. The hallmark of the PG Diploma programme will be convenient, quick environmental law for those who are seeking to enrich their professional knowledge. Owing to the requirements of students/professionals from different fields, we will be making the programme available through ‘distance mode’ & ‘online mode’.

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4.2 Course Objective ♦ Increase understanding on key issues related to National as well as International Environmental Law & Policies ♦ Develop knowledge on the International Legal & Policy context on thematic issues related to environment ♦ Enhancing skills on legal interventions for environment protection ♦ Promote networking and sharing of experiences among participants to actively contribute towards conservation 4.3 Target Group The diploma program provides opportunities for law graduates and professionals working in the field of environment to enrich their understanding of environmental law. Law graduates, Legal practitioners, Environmental professionals, Media and NGO personnel seeking to enrich their professional knowledge are encouraged to apply. 4.4 Instructional system The course includes multi-media approach, that is, self-instructional print material, audio-video programmes, assignments, on-line counseling, contact programmes, teleconferencing and interactive radio counseling. Post-Graduate Diploma in Environmental Law programme is of 32 Credits (one credit is equivalent to 30 student hours). It consists of 7 courses - 6 theory courses, where Course I, II, IV, V and VI are of 4 credits each. Course III is of 5 Credits and Course VII is of 7 Credits. All the courses are compulsory. Medium of instruction would be ‘English’ only. PG Diploma in Environmental Law will be offered through ‘Distance’ and ‘Online’ mode. Following model will be followed in ‘Distance Mode’ Induction in study centres/Regional centres Distribution of course material Counseling/Contact Programme Internal Assessment Examination

Following model will be followed in ‘Online Mode’: Online Induction

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Online posting of course material Online Counseling (a good internet connectivity is a must) Internal Assessment Assignments and Research Papers Submission of final term end report

4.5 Detailed Course Structure MLE 021 – Introduction to Environment Block 1 - Understanding Environment Unit 1 – What is Environment? Unit 2 – Nature and Ecosystem Unit 3 – Environment and Law Unit 4 – Origin of Environmental Law Block 2 - Environment Management Unit 5 – What is Environment Management? Unit 6 – Air, Water and Land Management Unit 7 – Forest Management Block 3 - Environment and Sustainable Development Unit 8 – Introduction to Sustainable Development and Environment Unit 9 – Sustainable Development and Environmental Governance MLE 022 – Introduction to Environmental Law and Policy Block 1 - Emergence of Environmental Law Unit 1 – Concept of Law & Policy Unit 2 – Environmental Law and the Indian Constitution Unit 3 – Other Major Laws and Environment (IPC, Cr.PC, Torts) Unit 4 – Environmental Equity and Governance Block 2 - International Environmental Law Unit 5 – Emergence of International Environmental Law Unit 6 – Fundamental Principles Unit 7 – Application of International Environmental Law Unit 8 – Introduction to Trade & Environment Block 3 - International Environmental Organisations and Negotiations Unit 9 – Nature and Origin of International Environmental Organisations (IEOs) Unit 10 - MEAs and Dispute Settlement Mechanisms

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MLE 023 – International Environmental Law and Policy Block 1 - Major International Environmental Laws – I Unit 1 – Right to Environment as Human Right Unit 2 – International Humanitarian Law and Environment Unit 3 – Environment and Conflict Management Block 2 - Major International Environmental Laws – II Unit 4 – UNFCCC, 1992 & Kyoto Protocol, 1997 Unit 5 – Treaty on Antarctic & Polar Regions – 1961 Unit 6 – UN Convention of Law of the Sea, 1982 and Regional Seas Convention Unit 7 – International Water Courses Block 3 - Biodiversity Related Conventions – I Unit 8 – Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) and its key elements Unit 9 – Access and Benefit Sharing of Genetic and Biological Resources Unit 10 – Cartegena Protocol on Bio-safety, 2000 Block 4 - Biodiversity Related Conventions – II Unit 11 – Environment and IPR Unit 12 – Traditional Knowledge and Environment Unit 13 – International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV Convention) Block 5 - Regulatory Mechanisms Unit 14 – What is Climate Change? Unit 15 – CDP and CDMs Unit 16 – Carbon Off Setting MLE 024 – National Environmental Law and Policy Block 1 - Tenure and Property Rights Unit 1 – Introduction to Tenure & Property Rights and Community Rights Unit 2 – Land Acquisition Act, 1894 Block 2 - Law and Policy Frameworks related to Forest Unit 3 – Forest Conservation Act, 1980 Unit 4 – Panchayats Extension to Scheduled Areas (PESA) Act 1996 Unit 5 – The Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers Act, 2006 Block 3 - Law and Policy Frameworks related to Wildlife Unit 6 – Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 – Part I Unit 7 – Wild life Protection Act, 1972 – Part II

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Block 4 - Displacement and Rehabilitation Unit 8 – Introduction to displacement and rehabilitation Unit 9 – Displacement and Environment Concerns MLE 025 – National Legal Frameworks and Processes Block 1 - National Environmental Laws Unit 1 – Environment Protect Act, 1986 Unit 2 – Coastal Regulation Zone Unit 3 – Coastal Regulation Management Unit 4 – Urban Development Policy Unit 5 – Municipal Solid Waste & E- Waste Management Block 2 - Environment Impact & Policy Unit 6 – Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment Unit 7 – EIA – Infrastructure Projects & Environment Block 3 - Environmental Disasters Unit 8 – Introduction to Environmental Disasters Unit 9 – Oil Spills & Gas Leaks Unit 10 – Marine Pollution Unit 11 – Industrial Accidents MLE 026 – Environment Protection Mechanisms Block 1 - Judicial Trends & Public Interest Initiatives Unit 1 – Introduction to Public Interest Litigation Unit 2 – Forest Cases & Responses (Case Laws) Unit 3 – Right to Information Act Block 2 - Tribunals & Committees Unit 4: Green Tribunals Unit 5: National Environment Appellate Authority Block 3 - Environmental Public Hearing Unit 6 – Introduction to Environmental Public Hearing (EPH) & Processes Unit 7 – International & National Case Laws MLE 027 – Project & Practical Training Block 1 - Legal Research Legal Drafting or Field Visit Block 2 - Drafting PIL

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Drafting PIL on Environmental Matters Block 3 - Project Submission Project Guidelines Submission of Synopsis Submission of Project

4.6 Evaluation System

The Evaluation System for PGDENLW-OL consists of two components – a) Continuous evaluation through assignments and Research Papers b) Term-end Paper. Assignments constitute the continuous evaluation. The submission of assignments is compulsory. The marks that you get in your assignments will be counted in your final result. Assignments of a course carry 30% weightage while 70% weightage is given to the research paper and project. Therefore, you are advised to take your assignments seriously. Only hand written assignments will be accepted, however research papers can be submitted in soft copy. You have to submit your assignment response sheets to the Coordinator assigned to you. Submission of assignments is compulsory. 2. All the assignments, research paper and term-end paper will be scored as a numerical marking scheme. The following is the scheme of evaluation and awarding divisions: I Division - 60% and above

II Division - 50% to 59.9%

Pass - 40% to 49.9%

Unsuccessful - Below 40%

You are required to score at least 40% marks in continuous evaluations (assignment), research paper and project report individually. . Other Useful Information 5.1 Change / Correction of Address There is a printed card for the change/correction of address. This card is normally sent to you along with the study material a copy of the same is given in this programme guide as Form no. 2. In case there is any correction or change in your

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address, you are directed to make use of that printed card addressed to Director, SR&E, IGNOU, Maidan Garhi, New Delhi-110068. You are advised not to write letter to any other officer in the University in this regard. Normally, it takes four to six weeks to effect the change. Therefore, you are advised to make own arrangements to redirect the mail to the changed address during this period. 5.2 Issue of Grade Card/Mark Sheet A Duplicate Grade Card is issued after a request is made on the prescribed form along with a demand draft of Rs. 100/- to be paid in favour of IGNOU & payable at New Delhi. The requisition may be sent to the Registrar (SR & ED), IGNOU, New Delhi - 68. The form for the purpose is given in this Programme Guide as Form no. 4. 5.3 Re-admission If you are not able to complete the programme in a maximum of 2 years, University has made a special provision for re-admission. You have to fill and submit a suitable form as per instructions. 5.4 Simultaneous Registration Student of PGDENLW - OL may take simultaneous registration in any other certificate programme of IGNOU, however, if there is any clash of dates of teleconferencing schedule of the two programmes taken the University will not be in position to make adjustment. 5.5 Refund of Fees Fee once paid will not be refunded under any circumstances programme fee may however be refunded if admission is not offered by IGNOU for any reason. 5.6 Disputes on Admission and other University Matters The place of jurisdiction for filing of a Suit, if necessary, will be only at New Delhi/Delhi.