wt Studies in the €ngZisA ‘Qnaissance

EL.R bibliographical articles are intended to combine a topical review of research with a reasonably complete bibliography. Scholarship is organized by authors or titles ofanonymous works; titles of journals are abbreviated in accordance with the practice of PMLA. Items included represent the combined entries listed in the annual bibliographies published by PMLA, SP, YWES, and MHRA from 194s through, in the present instance, 1973. The format was devised by Terence P. Logan and Denzel S. Smith.

The series is edited by Elizabeth H. Hageman of the University of New Hampshire and supported by the Department of English, University of New Hampshire, Durham.

RECENT STUDIES IN ELYOT

J E R O M E S. DEES

H E standard edition of The Boke Named the Gouernour remains that of H. H. S. Croft, z vols. (1883; rpt. 1967). The editions of The Defense of Good Women (1940) and Ofthe Knowledge Which Maketh a Wise Man (1946) by Edwin John- ston Howard are also standard. A Preservative against Death has been edited by

Alois Brand1 in Thomas Elyots “ Verteidigung guterjauen,” 1545, und die Frauenjage in Eng- land bis Shakespeare; anhang, Thomas Elyots “Schutzmittel gegen den tad,” 1545, in Juhrbuch der deutschen Shakespeare-Gesellschaft, 51 (191s). The remainder of Elyot’s works are avail- able in the following facsimile editions: The Castel off felth, ed. Samuel A. Tannenbaum (1937); the 1538 Dictionary (1970); the 1548 Bibliotheca Eliotue, ed. Lillian Gottesman (1975); The Education or Bringing Up o f Children, in Four Tudor Books on Education, ed. Robert D. Pepper (1966); The Doctrinal $Princes, Pasquil the Playne, The Banquette of Sapience, and The Image of Governance, in Four Political Treatises, ed. Lillian Gottesman (1967).

GENERAL B A C K G R O U N D STUDIES

The following represent works which use Elyot in a general way to illustrate common- places or define facets of Tudor society.

Baker, Herschel. The Image of Man: A Study o f the Idea o f Human Dignity in Classical Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance (1947; rpt. 1961).

c 336 1

Jerome S. Dees 337 Bennett, H. S. English Books and Readers, 1475 to 1557: Being a Study in the History ofthe

Book Tradefrom Caxton to the Incorporation ofthe Stationers Company, 2nd ed. (1969). Craig, Hardin. The Enchanted Glass: The Elizabethan Mind in Literature (1936). Hexter, J. H. “The Education of the Aristocracy in the Renaissance,”]ournal $Modern

Hogrefe, Pearl. The Sir Thomas More Circle: A Program $Ideas and Their Impact on Secular

Kelso, Ruth. The Doctrine ofthe English Gentleman in the Sixteenth Century (1929; rpt.

Lathrop, Henry Burrowes. Translationsfrom the Classics into Englishjom Caxton to Chap-

Mackie, J. D. The Earlier Tudors, 1485-1558 (1952). Mason, John E. Gentlefolk in the Making: Studies in the History ofEnglish Courtesy Literature

McConica, James Kelsey. English Humanists and Reformation Politics under Henry VIII and

Meissner, Paul. England im Zeitalter von Humanismus, Renaissance und Reformation (1952). Siegel, Paul N. “English Humanism and the New Tudor Aristocracy,”]HI, 13 (1952),

Watson, Curtis Brown. Shakespeare and the Renaissance Concept o f Honor (1960). Wright, Louis B. Middle-class Culture in Elizabethan England (1935; rpt. 1958).

I. GENERAL

A. Biographical. Though Stanford E. Lehmberg’s Sir Thomas Elyot, Tudor Humanist (1960) is often called the “standard” biography, it may be complemented and occasionally corrected by Pearl Hogrefe’s The Life and Times o f Sir Thomas Elyot, Englishman (1967). Using a large amount of peripheral material, including “mostly unpublished wills,” Hogrefe speculates more Geely than does Lehmberg. For example, reasoning from the known facts of Richard Elyot’s legal career and from Elyot’s own statements about his education, she concludes that he did not attend Oxford, as Lehmberg proposes, but that he studied at one of the Inns of Chancery prior to entering the Middle Temple. Whereas Lehmberg devotes two concise chapters to a factual summary of Elyot’s life before publi- cation of The Governor, Hogrefe’s seven chapters include an account of “the way life might have been” and a “composite picture of west-country gentry.”

Both books contain substantial analyses of Elyot’s works. Lehmberg orients Elyot politically while Hogrefe takes a broader sociological view: for Lehmberg, “political theory” in The Governor is important “out of all proportion to the space devoted to it”; Hogrefe, in contrast, feels that the book is “unique among its kind” in its concern for sexual morality in the personal life of the prince. Against Lehmberg’s predominantly greater stress on the Continental and classical sources of Elyot’s works, Hogrefe empha- sizes aspects of his writings grounded in his native English experience. Hogrefe is slightly more liberal than Lehmberg in attributing doubtful works, her analyses of the minor works are more detailed, and she pays greater attention to their literary qualities of theme, structure, and tone.

The “Life of Sir Thomas Elyot” whch introduces Croft‘s edition is still useful; several questions raised there-particularly concerning Elyot’s relations to More and Catherine of

History, 22 (1950). 1-20.

Drama (1959).

1964).

man, 1477-1620 (1933).

and Related Topicsfrom 1531 to 1774 (1935).

Edward VI (1965).

45048.

338 English Literary Renaissance Aragon-remain unanswered. Croft‘s theory of a second embassy to the court of Charles V in 1535, disproved by A. F. Pollard in TLS, July 17, 1930, p. 592, has led to diverse explanations for Elyot’s claim that the Emperor told him, “I had rather lose s i x of my best cities than lose such a counselor” as More. H. W. Dormer, in “The Emperor and Sir Thomas Elyot,” RES, N.S. 2 (igsi), 55-59, argues that though the story is probably legitimate, Elyot may have reported the statement in relation to More’s resignation in 1532, not after hs death in 1535.

B. General Critical Studies. John M. Major’s Sir Thomas Elyot and Renaissance Humanism (1964), the only book-length critical study, examines Elyot’s sources in detail. An initial section on the “plan” of The Governor is followed by chapters on Elyot’s indebtedness to Italian humanists, Erasmus, More, classical authors other than Plato, and Plato. Major finds the “loose and sprawling structure” of The Governor to result from Elyot’s “deter- mination to be encyclopedic,” from the absence of a prior model in English, and from its unfinished state. The chapter on the Italians examines the compatibility in the thinking of Elyot and Castiglione and assesses the influence of Machiavelli. Of all Elyot’s near- contemporaries, Erasmus wielded the strongest influence. Major believes that Elyot’s works between 1532 and 1535 are all “defenses” of More and that The Governor, heavily influenced by More, is an “anti-utopia.” Elyot is “unusual)’ in the Renaissance for his high admiration of Aristotle, and his “governor” resembles Cicero’s “orator” more than any other literary or historical type. The final three chapters discuss Plato’s influence on Elyot’s political ideas (his theories of order, kingship, and equity), on his psychology (Elyot’s epistemology is “wholly Platonic” and suggests first-hand knowledge of Timaeus and Phaedo), and on his ethics.

In Humanism and the Social Order in Tudor England (1954; rpt. 1968), Fritz Caspari sur- veys Elyot’s thought in The Governor to conclude that unlike Erasmus, whose vision of society was too vague in its cosmopolitanism, and unlike More, whose communism was too radical for English implementation, Elyot produced a political, social, and educational treatise which reflected the reality of the social order of Tudor England and which aimed in relatively concrete ways at improving the existing structure.

Brief, reliable introductions to Elyot are provided by A. C. Baugh‘s A Literary History ofEngland, 2nd ed. (1967), and by C. S. Lewis’ English Literature in the Sixteenth Century, Excluding Drama (1954). In a chapter on “Prose before Elizabeth” in History $Literature in the English Language, Vol. n: English Poetry and Prose, 1540-1674, ed. Christopher Ricks (1970), John Carey argues that though Elyot is “unconcerned about the mere verbal surface of his prose,” he is nevertheless “dedicated to the imaginative possession . , . of what he takes in hand.”

Although Lehmberg’s (I, A) is the fullest bibliography of Elyot, it omits several items; these are supplied by RydCn (I, C). E. J. Freeman’s “A Bibliography of Sir Thomas Elyot (1490?-1546)” (diss. Univ. of London, 1962) has been unavailable. See also The New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature, cd. George Watson, i (1974)’ cols. 1818-19.

C. Language, Style, and Poetics. According to James Wortham in “Sir Thomas Elyot and the Translation of Prose,” HLQ, ii (1948), 219-40, Elyot has well-established, conscious principles of translation; the Doctrinal of Princes in particular “goes beyond . . . craftsman- ship and becomes art.” The claim by Richard Foster Jones in The Triumph o j the English

lerome S . Dees 339 Language: A Survey o f Opinions concerning the Vernacularjom the Introduction ofprinting to the Restoration (1953) that Elyot is “the most deliberate and conscious neologizer of the period” is often repeated in more general studies, but is called into question by Sledd (11, B) and Holmes (11, A). A middle road is taken by John Butt in “A Plea for More English Dictionaries,” Durham University Journal, 12 (1951), 96-102; he cites Elyot to demonstrate the need for “period dictionaries” to correct the OED’s “smudging” of dis- tinctions between familiar and uncommon words.

Mats RydCn’s Relative Constructions in Early Sixteenth-Century English, with Special Reference to Sir Thomas Elyot (1966) is a descriptive and analytic study of the use ofrelative connectives in all of Elyot’s works as well as in a substantial number of other representa- tive prose texts, 15~0-60. He reaches conclusions about distinctive features of Elyot’s usage and sees no fundamental differences between the original works and the translations. Roman Ernst Amman has studied Die Verbalsyntax in Sir Thomas Elyots “Governour” mit vergleichenden Beispielen aus Roger Aschams “Schoolmaster” (1961).

J. W. H. Atkins briefly considers Elyot’s defense of poetry in English Literary Criticism: The Renascence (1947; rpt. 1968), and Elizabeth J. Sweeting, taking a broader look at his literary criticism in Early Tudor Criticism: Linguistic and Literary (1940; rpt. 1964), calls his critical sense “developed to a degree remarkable for the time.”

D. Influence. In a series of articles and books stretching from 1917 to 1957, DeWitt T. Starnes has examined Elyot’s influence on Shakespeare, lexicographers of the sixteenth century, and almost a dozen minor writers. Works falling w i h the bounds of this study are “Thomas Cooper’s Thesaurus: A Chapter in Renaissance Lexicography,” U T S E , 28 (1949). 15-48 (rpt. in Renaissance Dictionaries, 11, B); “Sir Thomas Elyot and the Lanquet- Cooper Chronicle,” U T S E , 34 (igss), 35-42; and “Sir Thomas Elyot Redivivus,” U T S E , 36 (1957), 28-40 (on John Bossewell, Thomas Forrest, James Cleland, and Princ+lesfor Young Princes).

In “Sir Thomas Elyot and the Integrity of The Two Gentlemen o f Verona,” PMLA, 65 (isso), 116680, Ralph M. Sargent shows that the tale of Titus and Gysippus in Governor 11.xii is Shakespeare’s “second major source” for zG. Harold F. Brooks proposes in “Shakespeare and The Gouernour, Bk. n, ch. xiii: Parallels with Richard II and the More Addition,” S Q , 14 (1963), igs-gg, that this chapter provides material for the two plays cited, Elyot is suggested as a source for the “main idea” of Shakespeare’s second tetralogy by Peter G. Phialas in “Shakespeare’s Henry V and the Second Tetralogy,” SP,

According to Lawrence V. Ryan in Roger Ascham (1963)~ Elyot is the dominant in- fluence on Toxophilus. Linda Bradley Salamon argues in “A Gloss on ‘Daunsinge’: Sir Thomas Elyot and T. S. Eliot’s Four Quartets,” ELH, 40 (1973). 584-605, that the in- fluence of The Governor is “pervasive.”

62 (1965), 155-7s.

11. STUDIES OP I N D I V I D U A L WORKS

A. The Book Named the Governor. Recent criticism has focused on sources and organiza- tion (see Lehmberg, Hogrefe, and Major above) and on the influence of its ideas and language on later writers (I, D).

More controversy than warranted has been generated by Croft’s claim that Elyot’s chief source was Patrizi’s De Regno et Regis Institutione. Croft’s contention, denied by

3 40 English Literary Renaissance Josef Schlotter in Thomas Elyots “Governour” in seinem Verhaftnis zu Francesco Patrizi (1938), is modified by Leslie Warren in “Patrizi’s De Regno et Regis Institutione and the Plan of Elyot’s The Boke Named the Governour,”]EGP, 49 (1950), 67-77; parallels be- tween the two are not as close as Croft would have, though Books I and 111 follow generally Patrizi’s “plan.” The issue is re-examined by Caspari (I, B) and by Major, who compares the relative influence ofPatrizi, Pontano, and Palmieri to show that no real case can be made for the dominance of one source.

Lehmberg’s theory that Elyot wrote Chapters I-111 of The Governor to support the idea of unlimited power for Henry VIII (I, A) is challenged by Pearl Hogrefe in “Sir Thomas Elyot’s Intention in the Opening Chapters of the Governour,” SP, 60 (1963)~ 133-40. Inconsistency oftenses in these chapters does not point to something completed, as Lehm- berg claims, but indicates Elyot’s looking forward; the main ideas of the opening chapters are brought to climax in the rest of the book. Major (I, B) contends that the “ground plan” for The Governor is provided by Plato’s Republic, but that Elyot’s diverse aims make the book difficult to classify: “in part speculumprincipis, in part courtesy book, tractate on education, and handbook on ethics, it also aims at vindicating learning and at augmenting the English language.”

Elisabeth Holmes argues in “The Significance of Elyot’s Revision of the ‘Gouemour,’ ” R E S , i z (1961), 352-63, that a collation of the first and second editions of The Governor “indicates a modification of Elyot’s attitudes toward neologisms and archaisms, a de- veloping feeling for the structure of the English sentence, and a recognition of his own weakness for anacoluthon, tautology, prolixity, and naive personal reference.” Some of her conclusions are sharply challenged by Donald W. Rude in “A Critical Edition of Sir Thomas Elyot’s The Boke Named the Governour (diss. Univ. of Illinois, 1972) on the grounds that she fails to distinguish between substantive and accidental variants.

In “Sir Thomas Elyot on Plato’s Aesthetics,” Viator: Medieval and Renaissance Studies, i (1970), 327-35, Morriss H. Partee shows that the apparent contradiction in Elyot’s use of Plato to approve poetry in The Governor and to condemn it in Defense of Good Women stems from inconsistencies in Plato’s own esthetics. A. M. Kinghorn’s survey of The Governor in The Chorus OfHistory: Literary-Historical Refations in Renaissance Britain, 1485- 1558 (1971) concludes that it reveals Elyot’s grasp of “the essential fact of political evolu- tion.” For the notion that The Governor contains “the first important synthesis” of rhetoric and law in Renaissance England, see R. J. Schoeck, “Rhetoric and Law in Six- teenth-Century England,” SP, 50 (i953), 110-27; in reply to Schoeck, D. S. Bland (“Rhetoric and the Law Student in Sixteenth-Century England,” SP, 54 [i957], 498-508) analyzes Governor ~ x i v to argue that rhetoric probably was not even taught at the Inns of Court in Elyot’s day.

B. Dictionary. In Renaissance Dictionaries: English-Latin and Latin-English (i954), DeWitt T. Stames discusses principal sources and links with antecedents; revision and augmenta- tion; and such technical matters as arrangement of entries, etymologies, pronunciation, definitions, and usage for the Dictionary of 1538 and for Thomas Cooper’s 1548 Bibfiotheca Eliotae. Starnes argues that the 153 8 Dictionary “laid the foundation for a system of lexi- cography in England.” The chapter on Cooper is an almost verbatim reprint of “Thomas Cooper and the Bibliotheca Efiotae,” U T S E , 30 (1951), 40-60.

Examining some fifty examples of words which appear in the Elyot-Cooper diction-

Jerome S. Dees 341 aries earlier than O E D citations, James Sledd shows in “A Footnote on the Inkhorn Con- troversy,” U T S E , 28 (1949), 49-56, that many of the words are compounds, derivatives, and words already established in other senses. He concludes that the Elyot-Cooper dictionaries “might be counted among ‘the makers of English,’ since they collected the riches of the language; but they did not introduce many new words.”

C. Other Works. The products of 1533-35. Of the Knowledge Which Maketh a Wise Man, Pasquil the Playne, The Doctrinal of Princes, and A Swete and Deuoute Sermon o f Sayngt Ciprian, are customarily seen as attempts, in one way or another, to influence Henry VIII on the divorce issue and to defend More; see Howard in the Introduction to his edition of Knowledge (headnote), Lehmberg and Hogrefe (I, A), and Major (I, B). But see also James P. Redmond, “A Critical Edition of Sir Thomas Elyot’s Pmquil the PZape” (diss. Purdue, 1972) for an opposing view. Apart from its political implications, Knowledge is for Eugene F. Rice, Jr., The Renaissance Idea .f Wisdom (1958), a major document in the early dissemination of Platonism in England; in its definition of wisdom as a human virtue naturally acquired, it forms a “break” with traditional Florentine Neoplatonism.

Two subjects generally control discussions of The Castell ofHelthe: the vast amount of apparent scholarship, e.g., Hogrefe and hhmberg (I, A); or its influence on common- place Elizabethan scientific and psychological thought, e.g., more general “background” works such as Baker and Craig above.

Mary Lascelles’ examination of The Image ofGouernance in “Sir Thomas Elyot and the Legend of Alexander Severus,” RES, N.S. z (1951), 305-18, leads to alternative “though not mutually exclusive” answers to the question of whether Elyot intended to deceive; she then surveys the influence of the work on later writers. “Titus and Gysippus,” ac- cording to George B. Parks, “Before Euphues,” inJoseph Quincy Adarns Memorial Studies, ed. James G. McManaway (1948), pp. 47593, is the first psychological novella in English.

D. State o f Criticism. Elyot has been fortunate in attracting sympathetic biographers from the time of Croft to the present; he has fared less well in his literary critics, with the nota- ble exception of those concerned to establish sources. There is yet no satisfactory account of the structural principles of The Governor-or any of the works, for that matter. The controlling assumption seems that such principles must reside in the sources themselves rather than come from a creative mind workmg on and through traditions. Accounts of Elyot’s style are piecemeal and sketchy; no one has looked systematically at hx prose. Despite the large quantity of research in this century, our knowledge of Elyot’s contribu- tions to the vocabulary of sixteenth-century England is still imprecise and contradictory. A thorough assessment of his place among the great sixteenth-century translators is over- due. Elyot’s contributions to the development of early Tudor legal theory is virtually unbroken ground; nor are we any further along in understandmg his place in the history ofnaturalism and medicine. The immense popularity of The CastellofHelthe has prompted no full study of its aims and accomplishments. The most pressing need, however, is for reliable critical editions of his works.

III.CANON

A. Major Works. Students of Elyot disagree over the attribution of three translations published anonymously between 1522 and 1533: P. Gemni Eleatis Hermathena ( I ~ z ) , A Dialogue between Luciane and Diogenes (iszs?), and Howe one may Take Projit of his

3 42 English Literary Renaissance Enemies (1533?). The evidence is briefly surveyed passim in Lehmberg and Hogrefe (I, A), who believe all likely to be Elyot’s; Major (I, B) thinks Pr4t not by Elyot. Prob- lems in dating the first editions of Doctrinal $Princes, Education of Children, Bankette of Sapience, and Casteff ofHelthe are also discussed in Lehmberg and Hogrefe. John V. Skov, “The First Edition of Sir Thomas Elyot’s Castell ofHelthe with Introduction and Critical Notes” (diss. U.C.L.A., 1970) provides a facsimile of the unique copy of the first edition of Castell offfel the and resolves the problems of dating the early editions of that work. Constance W. Bouck‘s collection of circumstantial evidence for the “probability” of Elyot‘s authorship of Hermathena, “On the Identity of Papyrius Geminus Eleates,” Transactions ofthe Cambridge Bibfiographical Society, 2 (1958), 3 52-58, has convinced many Elyot scholars. The common belief that Elyot’s list of works in Image of Governance is chronological has been disproved by Rude (11, A); see, however, Robert C. Pinckert, “Sir Thomas Elyot’s The Image of Governance (1541): A Critical Edition” (diss. Colum- bia, 1968).

B. Critique ofthe standard Editions. Although Croft’s edition of The Governor is copiously annotated and still of great value for its identlfication of sources, the text, a transcription of the first edition with indication only of later omissions, will not meet the demands of modem scholars. Croft’s inclusion in the notes of “quotations from modem authors. . . on matters treated by Elyot” further encumbers the usefulness of the edition. His introduc- tory “Life of Elyot” has been superseded by the biographes in I, A. A new edition in- corporating the more than 500 changes between 1531 and 1537-deletions and alterations in syntax, diction, and grammar-is badly needed. Howardts editions of Defense and Knowledge provide accurate texts, but contain no explanatory notes; the Introduction to Defense is inadequate.

C. Other Edifions. Stanford E. Lehmberg’s Everyman edition of The Governor (1962), replacing the earlier version by Foster Watson, is modernized in spelling and punctuation, as is John M. Major’s edition of Book I only (1969); Major further standardizes Elyot’s sentence structure by use of dashes and by joining fragments. The Scolar Press facsimile of The Governor (1970) is without apparatus. There is a separate Scholars Facshde edition ofthe 1541 Castell ofHefthe, without Tannenbaum’s Introduction [ig36]. Defense ofGood Women is available in Foster Watson’s Vives and the Renaissance Education $Women (igiz), as well as in Alois Brandl’s monograph Thomas Elyots “Verteidigung guter j a u e n . . .” (headnote). Tudor Prose, 1513-1570, ed. Edmund Creeth (1969), has the complete text of Knowledge, with variants from both the 1534 and Howard editions. “Titus and Gisippus” is reprinted in Elizabethan Tales, ed. Edward J. O’Brien (1937), pp. 35-55, and selections from The Governor and other works appear in J. William Hebel and Hoyt H. Hudson, Prose ofthe English Renaissance (igsz), and in Elizabeth M. Nugent, The Thought and Culture of the English Renaissance: A n Anthology of Tudor Prose, 1481-1555 (1956). K. J. Wilson has edited The Letters o f s i r Thomas Elyot, SP, 73, no. 5 (1976), forthcoming.

See also I. GENERAL

A. General Critical Studies

Barker, Ernest. Traditions of Civility: Eight EFsays (1948).

lerome S. Dees 3 43 Charlton, Kenneth. Education in Renaissance England (1965). Coogan, Robert, C.F.C. “Petrarch‘s Latin Prose and the English Renaissance,” SP, 68

Ferguson, Arthur B. The Indian Summer OfEnglish Chivalry: Studies in the Decline and

Lehmberg, Stanford E. “Sir Thomas Elyot and the English Reformation,” ARG, 48

Simon, Joan. Edrrcation and Society in Tudor England (1966).

(1971)s 270-91.

Transformation of Chivalric hh l i sm (1960).

(1957), 91-111.

B. Language, Style, and Poetics

Partridge, Astley C. Tudor to Augustan English: A Study in Syntax and Stylefrom Cmton to

Gordon, Ian A. The Movement ofEnglish Prose (1966). Ong, Walter J., S.J. “Oral Residue in Tudor Prose Style,” PMU, 80 (1965). 145-54.

Johnson (1969).

C. Influence

Bullough, Geoffrey, ed. Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare, 8 vols. (1957-75). Maxwell, J. C. “ ‘Julius Caesar’ and Elyot’s ‘Governour,’ ” N&Q, N.S. 3 (1956), 147. Muir, Kenneth. Shakespeare’s Sources I: Comedies and Tragedies (1957). Sledd, James. “Nowell’s Vocabularium Saxonicutn and the Elyot-Cooper Tradition,” SP,

Starnes, DeWitt T. “Some Sources of Wits Theafre ofthe Little World (1599) and Boden- 5 1 (19541, 143-48.

ham’s Belvedere (1600),” PQ, 30 (19$1), 411-18.

11. STUDIES OF INDIVIDUAL WORKS A. The Book Named the Governor

Biihler, Curt F. “Diogenes and The Boke Named The Governour,” MLN, 69 (1954),

McDonald, M. J. “Elyot’s The Boke Named The Governour and the Vernacular,” in Acta Conventus Neo-Latini Lovaniensis: Proceedings ofthe First International Congress of Neo- Latin Studies, Louvain, 23-28 August, 1971 (1973).

Major, John. “The Moralization of the Dance in Elyot’s Governour,” SRen, 5 (1958),

Mohl, Ruth. The Three Estates in Medieval and Renaissance Literafure (1962). Morris, Christopher. Political Thought in England: Tyndule to Hooker (1953).

481-84.

27-36.

B. Dictionary Starnes, DeWitt T. and E. W. Talbert. Classical Myth and Legend in Renaissance Dic-

tionaries (1955).

C. Other Works Peery, William. “The Three Souls Again,” PQ, 27 (1948), 92-94. Richards, Gertrude. “The Castle of Health,” More Books, 20 (1945), 47-50.

3 44 English Literary Renaissance 111. MISCELLANEOUS

Benjamin, Edwin B. “Fame, Poetry, and the Order of History in the Literature of the

Elton, G. R. Star Chamber Stories (1958). Ferguson, Arthur B. The Articulate Citizen and the English Renaissance (1965). Kelso, Ruth. Doctrinefor the Lady ofthe Renaissance (1956). Miller, Edwin Hadand. The Professional Writer in Elizabethan England: A Study o f Non-

O’Malley, C. D. “Tudor Medicine and Biology,” HLQ, 32 (1968), 1-27. Ong, WalterJ., S.J. “Latin Language Study as a Renaissance Puberty Rite,” S‘, 56 (1959),

Pearson, Lu Emily. Elizabethans at Home (1957). Raven, Charles E., D.D. English Naturalistsjom Neckarn to Ray: A Study ofthe Making o f

Spencer, Theodore. Shakespeare and the Nature ofMan, and ed. (1949). Strozier, Robert M. “Roger Ascham and Cleanth Brooks: Renaissance and Modern

Wierum, Ann. ‘ I ‘Actors’ and ‘Play Acting’ in the Morality Tradition,” RenD, N.S. 3

English Renaissance,” SRen, 6 (1959), 64-84.

dramatic Literature (1959).

103-24.

the Modern World (1947).

Critical Thought,” Essays in Criticism, 22 (1972), 396-407.

(1970), 189-214.

V I R G I N I A COMMONWEALTH U N I V E R S I T Y