recent publications on archives and manuscript collections in the soviet union: a selective survey

Recent Publications on Archives and Manuscript Collections in the Soviet Union: A SelectiveSurveyAuthor(s): Patricia Kennedy GrimstedSource: Slavic Review, Vol. 41, No. 3 (Autumn, 1982), pp. 511-533Published by:Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2497022 .

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PATRICIA KENNEDY GRIMSTED

Recent Publications on Archives and Manuscript Collections in the Soviet Union: A Selective Survey

Ten years have elapsed since the publication of my general directory of archival repositories in Moscow and Leningrad and six years since its first bibliographical supplement.1 Space does not allow a full review here of all the finding aids and related reference literature issued in subsequent years. Yet a number of significant new publications deserve attention. A further incentive for this review is the appearance - in the western Ukrainian center of Lviv - of an extensive new directory of Soviet archives and manuscript collections.2 The appearance of such a long overdue, basic reference tool immediately arouses considerable interest.

The publication of this volume in Lviv evokes a long and distinguished tradition of archival development and historical scholarship in Galicia. Yet the inherent problems and logistics of preparing a directory of all-union scope in Lviv might explain some of the problems of the volume, while its issue in Lviv, unfortunately, makes the volume more difficult to obtain in the West. Neverthe- less, the breadth and scope of the contribution stand as a tribute to the vision and energy of the author-compilers from Lviv University, Iu. M. Grossman (Iu. M. Hrossman) and V. N. Kutik (V. N. Kutyk). A detailed review of the Lviv directory can here also draw attention to other recently published archival reference aids and recent Soviet archival developments in general background literature and bibliography and in Grossman and Kutik's coverage of specific institutions and their finding aids.

The Lviv directory is organized in three parts. The first part has a succinct chapter on the history of archival development (pp. 7-37) and a second chapter (pp. 37-69) surveying the general organization of Soviet archives, the arrange- ment and description of records, and their access and utilization. The treatment,

This article was prepared under support of the National Endowment for the Humanities with partial matching funds from the Ford Foundation and the Ukrainian Studies Fund, all of whose generosity I most gratefully acknowledge. Some of the information was collected during research visits to the Soviet Union in 1976 and 1978 under the auspices of the International Research and Exchanges Board (IREX), in cooperation with the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the academies of several union republics and with the Main Archival Administration of the USSR. I regret that since the cancellation of my visa in March 1980 I have been unable to verify the final text of this article in the USSR. I am grateful for the assistance of Daniel C. Waugh, James Cracraft, Walter Pintner, M. M. Maksimenko, and especially J. S. G. Simmons.

1. Patricia Kennedy Grimsted, Archives and Manuscript Repositories in the USSR: Moscow and Leningrad (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972) and idem, Archives and Manuscript Repositories in the USSR: Moscow and Leningrad, Supplement 1: Bibliographical Addenda (Zug, Switzerland: Inter Documentation Company, 1976) (hereafter cited as Archives and Supplement, respectively). Occasional references in this article refer to bibliographical numbers in these volumes.

2. Iurii Mironovich Grossman and Vitalii Naumovich Kutik, Spravochnik nauchnogo rabot- nika: Arkhivy, dokumenty, issledovatel' (Lviv: "Vyshcha shkola," 1979), 335 pp.



512 Slavic Review

that of an elementary textbook, is rather spotty and uneven, but nonetheless helpful. In both chapters the choice of references is highly selective, and the bibliographical citations tend to be to recent literature.3

Additional preparatory information for the researcher - on a relatively elementary level - is provided in the third and last part of the book. Separate chapters there are devoted to the organization of information systems for the humanities and social sciences (pp. 199-215) and to practical procedures for research (pp. 215-42). The second part of the book provides its main contribution with a directory of archives and manuscript repositories, but I will return to the specifics of that part later.

Although the quality of printing, paper, and hard binding and the relatively large pressrun of 8,000 set the Lviv volume above many archival reference publications being issued in the Soviet Union today, the reference system itself is unusually difficult. Bracketed reference numbers in the body of the text send the reader to the bibliographical sections in the rear, which are grouped in alpha- betical order (following Lenin references at the beginning of each section) by author or title. The numbered entries, usually in relatively abbreviated form, are grouped by chapter and, in some cases, subsection number, but all the listings for each chapter or section are lumped together in a single continuous paragraph. Thus for chapter 1, covering archival history, there are 155 references in the rich, but nonetheless selective bibliography, which forms a single paragraph 5 pages long. Obviously a space-saving device, this bibliographical format is excessively inconvenient and inefficient.

If space is at such a premium, the relevance of many of the appendixes, which will certainly be of only tangential value to archival researchers, might be questioned. Most helpful is the list, covering a page and a half, of the most basic Soviet archival terms (pp. 292-93) and the list of instructions for archival inquiries of a biographical character (pp. 293-95), although it is doubtful whether the services mentioned would be available to foreign researchers.

Foreign access to archival reading rooms is mentioned in the Lviv directory with a citation to a 1958 publication of rules for archival use. In this connection, however, foreign researchers will want to become familiar with the more recent official set of rules for foreign researchers in state archives issued in mimeographed form in 1978. An additional set of regulations was issued in early 1981, which includes the unfortunate ruling limiting a foreign scholar to three months of work in a single state archive during a given academic year.4 Mention is also made in the Lviv volume of increased availability of microfilming facilities in state archives (pp. 54-55), but foreign researchers should be warned that this hardly applies to them, particularly in light of the absurdly inadequate two-

3. Highly puzzling, nevertheless, is the singling out of my own general directory for citation in connection with the effect of the October Revolution on Soviet archival transformation (Grossman and Kutik, Spravochnik, p. 29). Incidentally, this is the only place in the entire volume where my directory is cited.

-4. These official rules for foreign researchers were prepared by the Main Archival Administra- tion (GAU) and issued in three-page mimeographed form, "Pravila raboty inostrannykh issledovate- lei v chital'nykh zalakh gosudarstvennykh arkhivov SSSR" (Moscow, 1978). A copy is available for exchange scholars from IREX in New York. The 1981 regulations, issued under the same title, are also available from IREX in New York.



Archives and Manuscript Collections 513

hundred-frame limitation imposed since 1978 in state archives on microfilm orders by foreigners.5

The Lviv directory is basically sound in its bibliographical coverage of general reference literature of relevance for archival researchers. Lacunae exist, nevertheless, and a number of important publications have appeared subsequently. Among other recent reference publications, for example, a supplement to the general bibliography of archival literature prepared by the Main Archival Administration of the USSR appeared in 1977, covering publications for the years 1968-70; subsequent coverage is not yet available.6 Special mention should also be made of the most complete bibliography yet published on problems of documentary publication activities or archeography. Use of the series is difficult, however, because publications are listed alphabetically under year of publication, and indexes are inadequate. A comprehensive bibliography of Ukrainian archival publications was prepared in 1974. Unfortunately it was only produced in duplicated (rotaprint) form for internal use by archival workers, and it is unavailable even in Soviet libraries.8

Of fundamental interest to students of modern Russian literature is the recently published specialized bibliography of textology by E. D. Lebedeva.9 This basic compilation has several general rubrics, followed by comprehensive listings of manuscript catalogues, descriptions or analyses for major individual authors, and a separate list (with both books and articles) of all archival guides, inventories, and other manuscript catalogues or surveys in the field of modern Russian literature.

A new bibliographical compendium for early Russian literature by N. F. Droblenkova lists publications from the years 1958-67, supplementing the author's recently reprinted bibliography for the years 1917-57.1( Among the 3,777 entries - organized alphabetically by author under the year of publica-

5. The microfilm limitation of 10() to 200 frames is included as item no. 7 in the 1978 regulations, and, according to returning exchange scholars, it is being strictly enforced by state archives throughout the Soviet Union. It makes many types of research projects, particularly those requiring a large data base or the future verification of lengthy texts, virtually impossible for foreigners.

6. Katalog arkhivovedcheskoi literatury i sbornikov dokumentov (1968-1970), comp. M. G. Artsruni, S. M. Voenushkina, V. V. Liubimova, and N. A. Tasemnikova, ed. L. I. Panin (Moscow, 1977 [GAU/VNIIDAD]). The previous volume, covering publications during the years 1964-67, had appeared in 1970. As of spring 1981, the volume had still not reached major Soviet book distributors abroad, so there is little wonder it has not reached major U. S. libraries either.

7. Sovetskaia arkheografiia. Annotirovannyi katalog nauchnometodicheskoi literatury (1917- 1970 gg.), comp. I. F. Astrakhantseva et al., pt. 1 (Moscow, 1974 [GAU/VNIIDAD]) and Sovetskaia arkheografiia. Katalog .. . (1971-1973), comp. V. R. Kopylev et al., pt. 2 (Moscow, 1976 [GAU/ VNIIDAD]). Again, no further supplement has appeared.

8. Pokazhchyk dokumental'nykh publikatsii ta naukovo-dovidkovoi literatury arkhivnykh usta- nov Ukrains'koi RSR (1926-1974 rr.), comp. V. M. Solonynko and T. D. Suslo (Kiev: Vyd-vo "Naukova dumka," 1974).

9. E. D. Lebedeva, Tekstologiia russkoi literatury XVIII-XX vv. Ukazatel' sovetskikh rabot na russkom iazyke 1917-1975 (Moscow, 1978 [INION AN SSSR]).

10. N. F. Droblenkova, Bibliografiia rabot po drevnerusskoi literature, opublikovannykh v SSSR 1958-1967 gg., ed. V. P. Adrianova-Peretts and L. A. Dmitriev, 2 vols. (Leningrad: "Nauka" Leningradskoe otdelenie, 1978-79), vol. 1: (1958-1962 gg.), vol. 2: (1963-1967 gg.). The volume supplements Droblenkova's earlier Bibliografiia sovetskikh rabot po literature XI-XVII vv. za 1917-1957 gg., ed. V. P. Adrianova-Peretts (Moscow-Leningrad: AN SSSR, 1961; rpt. Leipzig, 1976).



514 Slavic Review

tion - are many manuscript descriptions and surveys of literature relating to archeographic and archival activities. The lack of subject rubrics makes the volume difficult to use, although subject and author indexes help.

An important recent methodological work is the revised, second edition of the basic Soviet textbook on archival affairs, Teoriia i praktika arkhivnogo dela v SSSR, which appeared under the editorship of F. I. Dolgikh (the current director-general of the Main Archival Administration of the USSR) and K. I. Rudel'son.11 This publication remains the basic exposition of Soviet archival practice, although it will prove of more interest to working archivists than to most researchers.

In the area of general reference tools, a notable Soviet achievement was the publication in 1962-63 of an extensive two-volume, all-union directory of personal and family papers. The long-awaited supplementary third volume of this directory was finally issued in 1980. Some 8,481 additionalfonds are listed in a far wider range of institutions than was the case in the original, and there are important addenda and corrigenda to the 1962-63 volumes. 12 The coverage is far from complete. Although the orientation is admittedly toward the Soviet period, the directory curiously avoids mention of personal fonds in Communist Party archives. Coverage of holdings in non-Russian areas is significantly extended (this is apparent in an appended list of institutions covered, giving the numbers of the entries in which they occur), but there is virtually no coverage of individuals listed from pre-Soviet periods in non-Russian areas. As a notable lapse, for example, there is not a single personal fond listed for the Stefanyk Library of the Academy of Sciences in Lviv (one fond was listed in the original two-volume directory), although that library itself issued a rotaprint directory several years ago listing 176 individuals and families whose personal papers are held by the library."3

The subject of "source study" (istochnikovedenie) would normally be handled under a separate rubric in Soviet university programs in history, which may explain its absence from the Lviv directory. A number of recent publications in the field, however, should be brought to the attention of archival researchers. Of particular importance covering the general field is the reference work by A. P. Pronshtein, Metodika istoricheskogo istochnikovedeniia. 14 Although again on the level of a university textbook, this volume provides helpful guidance to the student analyzing different types of prerevolutionary historical sources with respect to their provenance, internal and external aspects, and potential use for the historian. Although the Pronshtein volume lacks a bibliography, footnote citations acquaint the researcher with a variety of pertinent literature.

11. Teoriia i praktika arkhivnogo dela v SSSR, 2nd ed., ed. F. I. Dolgikh and K. I. Rudel'son (Moscow: "Vysshaia shkola," 1980).

12. Lichnye arkhivnye fondy v gosudarstvennykh khranilishchakh SSSR. Ukazatel', vol. 3, comp. N. B. Volkova, Iu. I. Gerasimova, S. S. Dmitriev et al., ed. I. E. Berezovskaia, Iu. I. Gerasimova, L. I. Dmitrienko et al. (Moscow, 1980). The first two volumes were issued under the same title in 1962-63.

13. Osobysti arkhivni fondy Viddilu rukopysiv. Anotovanyi pokazhchyk, comp. Ie. M. Hume- niuk, P. H. Bab'iak, and 0. 0. Dz'oban (Lviv, 1977 [LNB AN URSR]). Incidentally, this important Lviv publication is not even mentioned in the Grossman-Kutik directory.

14. A. P. Pronshtein, Metodika istoricheskogo istochnikovedeniia, ed. I. D. Koval'chenko, 2nd ed. (Rostov-on-Don: Izd-vo Rostovskogo universiteta, 1976). An initial edition was published under the same title in 1971.




Bridging the allied fields of source study and archeography (manuscript study, description, and publication), a volume of collected articles issued in 1978 by the Institute of History of the USSR, edited by V. T. Pashuto and his colleagues, contains a number of important studies of sources.15 The Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences has also recently issued the fourth in a series of volumes on source study for prerevolutionary history, Istochnikovedenie otechestvennoi istorii, under the general editorship of V. I. Buganov. 16 The latest volume for 1979 contains a wide range of specific studies varying in subject from Bolshevik publications in 1905 and records of joint-stock companies to an additional contribution by Buganov on the study of razriadnye knigi from the late fifteenth through early seventeenth centuries and V. I. Nedosekin's consideration of problems in dealing with the instructions (nakazy) to the legislative commission of 1767.

Another important reference aid for archival researchers is the collection of articles issued by the Institute of History in 1979 under the title Aktovoe istochnikovedenie. 17 The volume deserves a more thorough independent review, difficult as it might be for a single scholar to contend with the wide range of sources covered - from A. L. Stanislavskii's analysis of early "boyar lists" and other records of the Razriadnyi prikaz to A. Zeid's study of the records of Riga district courts (Amtsgericht) from the seventeenth to the mid-nineteenth century, and from A. I. Bavenko's study of the official seals of Ukrainian institutions in the early years of Soviet rule to the late A. A. Zimin's study of the diplomatics of grants of privilege from the Iosifo-Volokolamsk Monastery. Of particular value for family history and demographic research is the detailed study by A. V. Elpat'evskii of the history of recordkeeping in the field of vital statistics. Elpat'evskii's work ranges from the rules for retention of parish registers since the early eighteenth century to the regulations for the records of the Civil Registry Offices (ZAGS) in the Soviet period. Helmut Palli of the Estonian Academy of Sciences adds a further dimension to research in this field with his consideration of parish records in Estonia in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The articles by both Elpat'evskii and Palli suggest the growing interest in quantitative history and in the use of parish registers for demographic analysis.

A number of recent source-oriented publications will be of special interest to historians of Muscovite Russia. V. I. Gol'tsov's edition and commentaries on the earlier inventories of the records of the Ambassadorial Chancery (Posol'skii prikaz) deserve attention since the materials covered are among the most important records from the early Muscovite period."8 The detailed analysis and reconstruction of the so-called Tsar's Archive as it was before its virtual annihilation in the burning of Moscow in 1626 is one of the last published works

15. Teoriia i praktika istochnikovedeniia i arkheografii. otechestvennoi istorii. Sbornik statei, ed. V. T. Pashuto et al. (Moscow, 1978 [Institut istorii SSSR AN SSSR]).

16. Istochnikovedenie otechestvennoi istorii. Sbornik statei 1979, ed. V. I. Buganov et al. (Moscow: "Nauka," 1980). The first of the series was published in 1973. A second for 1975 appeared in 1976, and the third for 1976 appeared in 1977.

17. Aktovoe istochnikovedenie. Sbornik statei, ed. V. I. Buganov, S. M. Kashtanov et al. (Moscow: "Nauka," 1979).

18. V. I. Gol'tsov, Opis' arkhiva Posol'skogo prikaza 1626 goda, ed. S. 0. Shmidt, 2 vols. (Moscow: GAU, 1977; "Pamiatniki otechestvennoi istorii," no. 1).



516 Slavic Review

of A. A. Zimin, whose death in February 1980 prematurely ended the career of one of the most influential scholars of the Muscovite period.19 How unfortunate it is that this monumental monograph should have been issued in a flimsy rotaprint edition of only three hundred fifty copies. M. E. Bychkova's survey and analysis of boyar genealogical books (rodoslovnye knigi) is another notable example of sophisticated analysis of sources for Muscovite Russia.20 Also worth mentioning here is an additional segment of the earlier series of catalogues of sixteenth-century charters of immunity, this one covering the period 1584-1610.21

Researchers in early Ukrainian history will welcome the recent reference series by M. P. Koval's'kyi published by Dnipropetrovs'k University. Limited to sources for the period roughly 1500 to 1650, successive parts cover both documentary publications (in the first three small volumes) and archival sources.22 The fourth volume provides an exceedingly helpful, albeit limited and uneven, survey and discussion of selected archival sources - in relation to their creating agencies - in the central Ukrainian historical archives and in other collections in the Ukrainian republic as well as selected materials in Leningrad. Although its detailed comments are limited to the specified period, and sometimes to a few selected manuscripts, many of the archival records it discusses are pertinent to other fields of study. The fifth volume extends the analysis to sources for early Ukrainian history in the Central State Archive of Ancient Acts (TsGADA) in Moscow.23

Important work has been progressing in the Soviet Union in the identifica- tion and description of Slavic manuscript books, although the work that remains to be done makes recent efforts appear sadly inadequate. Too many manuscript collections in Soviet repositories lack even the most basic survey of their contents, and a thorough descriptive process will demand even more effort.24 Among recent developments, several conferences and collective volumes on the history of the book, with considerable attention to manuscript books, have provided a focus for writings in the field.25 Brief published reports of a 1979

19. A. A. Zimin, Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossii XVI stoletiia. Opyt rekonstruktsii, ed. L. V. Cherepnin, 3 vols. (Moscow, 1978 [Institut istorii SSSR AN SSSR]).

20. M. E. Bychkova, Rodoslovnye knigi XVI-XVII vv. kak istoricheskii istochnik (Moscow: "Kniga," 1975).

21. D. A. Tebekin, "Perechen' immunitetnykh gramot 1584-1610 gg.," Arkheograficheskii ezhegodnik za 1978 god (Moscow, 1979), pp. 191-235. See also Grimsted, Archives, PKG-A-19.

22. M. P. Koval's'kyi (N. P. Koval'skii), Istochnikovedenie istorii Ukrainy (XVI-pervaia polovina XVII veka), 5 vols. (Dnipropetrovs'k, 1977-79), vol. 1: Analiz sovetskikh arkheografiche- skikh publikatsii dokumental'nykh istochnikov. Uchebnoe posobie (1977); vol. 2, Analiz dorevoliu- tsionnykh otechestvennykh publikatsii istochnikov. Uchebnoe posobie po spetskursu (1978); vol. 3: Kharakteristika publikatsii istochnikov na inostrannykh iazykakh. Uchebnoe posobie (1978); vol. 4, Obzor osnovnykh otechestvennykh sobranii arkhivnykh istochnikov. Uchebnoe posobie po spetskursu (1979); vol. 5: Istochniki po istorii Ukrainy XVI - pervoi poloviny XVII v. v litovskoi metrike i fondakh prikazov TsGADA (1979).

23. See below, footnote 48. 24. See also Donald Ostrowski, "Recent Descriptions from the Soviet Union of Early Slavic

Manuscripts," Polata K"nigopis'naia (Nijmegen, The Netherlands), forthcoming. 25. For example, see the twelve published reports fom the manuscript section of the all-union

1974 Moscow conference, Knigovedenie i ego zadachi v svete aktual'nykh problem sovetskogo knizhnogo dela. Vtoraia Vsesoiuznaia nauchnaia konferentsiia po problemam knigovedeniia. Sektsiia rukopisnoi knigi. Tezisy dokladov (Moscow, 1974).




all-union conference in Leningrad devoted specifically to manuscript description, under the combined auspices of the Library of the Academy of Sciences (BAN) and the Archeographic Commission, bring us up to date on progress and plans in a number of related areas.26 And several important collective volumes have appeared,27 including the impressive series on the history of the book issued by BAN in Leningrad.28

Considerable attention to the analysis and description of manuscripts, the history of the book, and important library manuscript collections is to be found in the relatively elaborate new series Pamiatniki kul'tury, six volumes of which have appeared since 1975. Each of the successive yearbooks issued by the Scientific Council of the History of World Culture has a number of relevant articles deserving of more detailed analysis.29

Researchers interested in manuscript or archival work in the field of early Russian history and literature will want to follow the yearbook of the Archeo- graphic Commission of the Academy of Sciences, Arkheograficheskii ezhegodnik, which is the main publishing arm for developments in the field, under the editorship of S. 0. Shmidt.30 The series has published many important articles in recent years, but space precludes their mention here. Of particular interest is the brief report on the projected union catalogue of early Slavic manuscript books.31 The publication series put out under the editorship of N. E. Nosov by the Leningrad branch of the Archeographic Commission, Vspomogatel'nye istoricheskie distsipliny, also contains many articles of importance for source study and manuscript analysis for early Russian history and culture, along with some articles related to archival research in more recent history. The latest volume 11, issued in 1979, has a proportionately large number of articles relating to early history, including studies of early chronicles by Ia. S. Lur'e, Iu. S. Vasil'ev, and K. N. Serbina.32

26. Vsesoiuznaia nauchnaia konferentsiia "Problemy nauchnogo opisaniia rukopisei i faksimil'- nogo izdaniia pamiatnikov pis'mennosti, " Leningrad, 14-16 fevralia 1979 g. Tezisy dokladov (Lenin- grad: BAN, 1979).

27. Rukopisnaia i pechatnaia kniga, ed. T. B. Kniazevskaia et al. (Moscow: "Nauka," 1975). See also related publications issued by the Saltykov-Shchedrin State Public Library in Leningrad (GPB), listed in the discussion of that library below (footnotes 89 and 90).

28. Sbornik statei i materialov Biblioteki AN SSSR po knigovedeniiu, 3 vols. (Leningrad, 1965-73); Istoriia knigi i izdatel'skogo dela (Leningrad, 1977); Knigopechatanie i knizhnye sobraniia v Rossii do serediny XIX v. (Leningrad, 1979); Russkie biblioteki i chastnye knizhnye sobraniia XVI-XIX vv. (Leningrad, 1979); and Knizhnoe delo v Rossii v XVI-XIX vekakh. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov (Leningrad, 1980). See also the relevant articles on the history of manuscript and printed books in other BAN publications mentioned in the discussion of that library below (see footnotes 100, 101, and 102).

29. Pamiatniki kul'tury. Novye otkrytiia. Pis'mennost'. Iskusstvo. Arkheologiia. Ezhegodnik 1974-. . . Ezhegodnik 1979 (Moscow, 1975-80 [AN SSSR. Nauchnyi sovet po istorii mirovoi kul'tury]). A title page and list of contents in English are provided in each volume.

30. The 1978 volume appeared in 1979, but the 1979 volume did not appear until 1981 and hence will not be considered here.

31. M. N. Vorob'ev and A. I. Rogov, "K vykhodu 'Predvaritel'nogo spiska slaviano-russkikh rukopisei XV v., khraniashchikhsia v SSSR' (dlia Svodnogo kataloga rukopisei, khraniashchikhsia v SSSR)," Arkheograficheskii ezhegodnik za 1977 god, pp. 49-55. A report on this project was also presented to the 1979 Leningrad conference by N. B. Shelamanova (see footnote 26, p. 49), who has been associated with the project from its start.

32. Vspomogatel'nye istoricheskie distsipliny, vol. 11 (Leningrad: "Nauka," 1979).



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Members of the Leningrad branch of the Archeographic Commission have been particularly active under the enthusiastic leadership of Academician D. S. Likhachev, whose editorship of Trudy Otdela drevnerusskoi literatury (TODRL) has seen that organ become a regular outlet for work on early manuscripts.33 Scholars interested in early manuscripts will also want to note the recent volume studying illuminated manuscripts from Pskov and Novgorod, which are held by different repositories in Moscow and Leningrad,34 although this is not strictly a catalogue or a manuscript description. Other regional branches of the Archeo- graphic Commission have also been actively publishing in this field, as witnessed by the series of the northern branch of the Archeographic Commission35 and by the very active Siberian division.36

Unfortunately, in the Ukraine there has been no published evidence of the revival of the republic-level Archeographic Commission.37 Since the regrettable demise of the scholarly series Istorychni dzherela ta ikh vykorystannia after the seventh issue in 1972,38 the most serious work on early manuscripts and source study is being published in Dnipropetrovs'k.39

Descriptive work and surveys have also been proceeding for manuscripts in other languages. B. L. Fonkich's study of Greco-Russian cultural relations in the fifteenth through seventeenth centuries, for example, includes listings of Greek manuscripts from that period in many Soviet repositories.40

Of importance to Orientalists searching for manuscripts in the Soviet Union is the recent general survey of Arabic manuscripts in repositories throughout the entire country, which was prepared by A. B. Khaligov as prelude to a projected union catalogue.41 This helpful study sets a pattern for the surveys of Oriental- language manuscript holdings in repositories throughout the Soviet Union being prepared under the auspices of the Leningrad Branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies.

33. Three important publications in volume 35 (1980) of Trudy Otdela drevnerusskoi literatury (hereafter cited as TODRL) are mentioned below. See footnotes 50, 92, 93. Space precludes discussion of others here.

34. I. V. Il'ina, Dekorativnoe oformlenie drevnerusskikh knig. Novgorod i Pskov. XII-XV vv. (Leningrad: Izd-vo LGU, 1978).

35. See, for example, the published series Severnyi arkheograficheskii sbornik, seven volumes of which have appeared in Vologda or Syktyvkar between 1970 and 1979. Many under the subtitle Materialy po istorii evropeiskogo severa SSSR contain articles surveying or describing early manuscripts. The fourth volume (Syktyvkar, 1977), of particular interest in this respect, bears the subtitle Arkheografiia i istochnikovedenie.

36. See, for example, Arkheografiia i istochnikovedenie Sibiri (Novosibirsk: "Nauka," 1975); Istochnikovedenie i arkheografiia Sibiri (Novosibirsk: "Nauka," 1977).

37. An Archeographic Commission exists under the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, but there has been no recent published work on manuscript description under its auspices.

38. Seven issues were published between the years 1964 and 1972. An eighth volume was reportedly prepared, but withdrawn before its scheduled release in 1973.

39. See, for example, the series compiled by M. P. Koval's'kyi mentioned in footnote 22. A number of other, limited-edition series and separate rotaprint publications were issued by Dnipro- petrovs'k University during the 1970s with many articles devoted to source study and archival surveys.

40. B. L. Fonkich, Grechesko-russkie kul'turnye sviazi v XV-XVII vv. (Grecheskie rukopisi v Rossii) (Moscow: "Nauka," 1977).

41. A. B. Khaligov, "Arabskie rukopisi v SSSR i ikh izuchenie," Arkheograficheskii ezhegodnik za 1977 god (Moscow, 1978), pp. 62-78.




In turning now to developments and publications of specific archives and manuscript repositories, we should examine more closely the second part of the Lviv directory. As mentioned earlier, the outstanding contribution of the Lviv volume is the extensive description of holdings and bibliographies of finding aids for major archives (chapter 3) and libraries (chapter 4) throughout the USSR. It would have been pleasant to report that the Lviv directory obviates the need for a further supplement to my Moscow and Leningrad directory, since the Grossman-Kutik effort is more comprehensive than any other single archival reference work published in the Soviet Union. Under closer scrutiny, however, its description of holdings and its unannotated bibliography of finding aids serve merely to supplement and update my own coverage of many institutions in Moscow and Leningrad. While the Lviv volume adds brief, introductory coverage of many institutions outside the two Russian capitals, it omits many of the Moscow and Leningrad institutions and especially much of the basic coverage and earlier bibliography listed in my own directory. The coverage of institutions and literature it does provide is relatively incomplete and uneven, as has already been pointed out in a review in the Soviet archival journal, Sovetskie arkhivy.42

The first Lviv subsection under archives (and for the purpose of reference to the bibliography at the end, readers must take careful note of the subsection numbers and divisions) basically extends and updates previous published information about the central state archives of the USSR. The references cited extend through imprints of 1978 (although no strict cut-off date is observed). This subsection (pp. 70-87; bibliography pp. 251-53) is based principally on data provided in previous published literature. Of great importance in this respect is the admirable 1977 textbook survey of the history and holdings of central state archives by G. A. Dremina, to which researchers should refer for a more detailed account.43 Neither the Lviv directory (with only sixty-four entries) nor Dremina herself provides a full bibliography of publications prior to 1970, although the basic guides (putevoditeli) and a few related important earlier publications for each archive are listed in both cases.

The descriptions of individual archives in the Lviv directory are rather uneven. The coverage of the Central State Archive of the October Revolution of the USSR (TsGAOR) is augmented by a survey of foreign microfilm receipts.44 The data on the Central State Archive of Scientific and Technical Documenta- tion of the USSR (TsGANTD) supersede the coverage in my own directory, since I was unable to visit that recently organized repository in Kuibyshev, which opened in 1968.

The coverage of the three major historical archives- TsGADA, the Cen- tral State Military History Archive (TsGVIA), and the Central State Historical Archive of the USSR (TsGIA SSSR) - is by comparison extremely thin, and none of the published finding aids, aside from the basic Soviet survey guides, is

42. S. P. Liushin, review in Sovetskie arkhivy, 1980, no. 5, pp. 69-71. 43. G. A. Dremina, Tsentral'nye gosudarstvennye arkhivy SSSR 1945-1970 gg. Uchebnoe

posobie (Moscow, 1977 [MGIAI]). Coverage in these sections should be compared to Grimsted, Archives, pp. 121-95 and Grimsted, Supplement, pp. 29-56. It would appear that Grossman and Kutik did not have an opportunity personally to visit the central state archives covered in an effort to update and expand their information.

44. More detailed lists of microfilms acquired are available in the published articles cited by the authors, from which apparently their information was drawn.



520 Slavic Review

listed. Apart from the Dremina historical survey, only a few new reference publications have appeared from any of these three archives.

A new guide is in the planning stage for TsGADA, which should be welcome news to researchers in that institution, where the two-part 1946 guide is sorely out of date and inadequate with respect to many groups of holdings.45 An important recent article surveying the history of TsGADA by its director, M. I. Avtokratova, provides a good orientation for researchers and also helpful bibliographical footnotes.46 Scholars of the early modern period welcome the appearance of the first in a series of planned documentary publications by S. P. Mordovina and A. L. Stanislavskii of boyar lists of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries; a lengthy introduction (pp. 6-82) discusses earlier inventories and related research problems.47 The fifth volume of the Koval's'kyi series mentioned above (p. 516) provides a rather cursory and flawed survey of parts of the Lithuanian Metrica and of related materials in the records of the Razriadnyi prikaz in TsGADA of interest to scholars of Ukrainian history.48 An updated inventory of the entire Lithuanian Metrica collection is scheduled for publication soon in the United States, which will shed more light on many of the materials Koval's'kyi discusses.49

Students of early Slavic manuscripts should note that the Slavic manuscript collection previously held by the Central State Archive of Literature and Art (TsGALI SSSR) is now under the jurisdiction of TsGADA. The most recent extension of the catalogue of this collection, prepared by L. N. Pushkarev, was published in 1980.50

Of exceptional importance for research in the Central State Military History Archive is the detailed directory and index to documents there pertaining to the

45. See, for example, the brief report by S. M. Dushinov of discussions regarding a new guide, printed in Sovetskie arkhivy, 1980, no. 4, p. 89, concluding with a proposed publication date of 1986.

46. M. I. Avtokratova, "Tam, gde tsenneishie dokumenty . . . ," Voprosy istorii, 1977, no. 7, pp. 118-36. This article, along with others published contemporaneously honoring the one hundred twenty-fifth anniversary of TsGADA, is listed in the bibliography of the Lviv directory. The article dates the archive to 1852, from the founding of the Moscow Archive of the Ministry of Justice (MAMIu). The holdings of this important prerevolutionary archive now form part of TsGADA, and TsGADA now occupies the former building of the archive in Moscow. See also the later article by M. I. Avtokratova and S. M. Dushinov, "Nauchno-izdatel'skaia deiatel'nost' TsGADA za 60 let," in Arkheograficheskii ezhegodnik za 1978 god, pp. 22-34.

47. S. P. Mordovina and A. L. Stanislavskii, Boiarskie spiski poslednei chetverti XVI - na- chala XVII vv. i rospis' russkogo voiska 1604 g. Ukazatel' sostava gosudareva dvora po fondu Razriadnogo prikaza, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1979 [TsGADA]). For Muscovite sources in TsGADA see also the articles in the collective volumes cited above (footnotes 15, 16, and 17, and the monographs cited in footnotes 18 through 22).

48. See the fifth (unnumbered) volume of the Koval's'kyi series cited in footnote 22. The Koval's'kyi study has a number of inadequacies in terms of his coverage of the fond of the Lithuanian Metrica in TsGADA.

49. Patricia Kennedy Grimsted and Irena Sulkowska-Kurasiowa, "The Lithuanian Metrica in Vilnius, Warsaw and Moscow: An Annotated Edition of the 1887 Ptaszycki Inventory" (Newton- ville, MA: Oriental Research Partners, forthcoming).

50. L. N. Pushkarev, "Rukopisnye sborniki nravstvenno-pouchitel'nogo kharaktera sobraniia TsGALI v TsGADA," TODRL 35 (1980): 397-416. In the initial note, the author provides references for earlier parts of this catalogue. See also the report by B. N. Morozov, "Novoopisan- naia kollektsiia 'Rukopisnoe sobranie TsGADA,"' in the reports of the 1979 Leningrad conference cited in footnote 26 (pp. 37-38).




Decembrists.51 The impressive publication includes an introductory survey (pp. 19-78) of related materials with references to many fonds in the archive. The rest of the three-volume compendium - arranged under the names of the persons associated with the Decembrist movement - lists fonds and item numbers for appropriate references.

The Lviv directory gives somewhat more information than mine regarding the holdings in the Central State Naval Historical Archive (TsGAVMF), although again none of the earlier published catalogues is mentioned. The Lviv directory mentions and draws on a short 1966 guide that I have been unable to locate.52

In its coverage of the Central State Archive of Literature and Art, the Lviv directory lists many examples of personal fonds available there, all of which are described - as is duly pointed out - in published guides. Appropriately listed in the bibliography is the fourth (1976) volume of the guide to the archive, extending the coverage of personal fonds in that important Moscow repository for materials in the realm of literature and art, as well as related areas of culture.53 Further notice is also due the new serial publication started in 1970 by that archive, Vstrechi s proshlym, three volumes of which have appeared through 1980, which include brief, popular, but nonetheless helpful surveys of significant groups of papers.54

The survey of holdings in Communist Party archives, which constitutes a second subsection in the Lviv directory (pp. 87-90), adds some new information -and updates available bibliography. Yet it fails to mention the most extensive 1973 survey of sources for party history prepared by M. A. Varshavchik and does not update the regular reports on acquisitions to the Central Party Archive in Moscow beyond 1974.55 Although it mentions the network of republic-level and regional party archives, the only works covered in those cases are a few articles relating to Ukrainian party archives.

Only half a page is devoted to the rich Foreign Ministry archives but, aside from those pre-nineteenth-century records described as part of the TsGADA 1946 guide before they were moved to the Archive of the Foreign Policy of Russia (AVPR), there has still been no guide published for that archive.56 Of

51. Dvizhenie dekabristov. Imennoi ukazatel' k dokumentam fondov i kollektsii TsGVIA SSSR, ed. I. G. Tishin, 3 vols. (Moscow, 1975 [TsGVIA]).

52. Tsentral'nyi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Voenno-Morskogo Flota SSSR. Tematicheskii putevoditel' (Leningrad, 1966). I have not been able to verify elsewhere the publication of this volume. Reportedly, it was not available for public use in the Lenin Library in spring 1981.

53. Tsentral'nyi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv literatury i iskusstva SSSR. Putevoditel', pt. 4: Fondy, postupivshie v TsGALI SSSR v 1967-1971 gg. (Moscow, 1976 [GAU]).

54. Vstrechi s proshlym. Sbornik neopublikovannykh materialov Tsentral'nogo gosudarstven- nogo arkhiva literatury i iskusstva SSSR, vol. 1 (Moscow, 1970); vol. 2 (Moscow, 1975); vol. 3 (Moscow, 1978; 2nd ed., 1980).

55. See the additional data and bibliography of party archives in Grimsted, Archives, pp. 243-47 and idem, Supplement, p. 81 and PKG-D-2.2. New acquisitions in the Central Party Archive are reported periodically in the journal Voprosy istorii KPSS; those through 1974 are available in a combined microfiche edition (see Grimsted, Supplement, PKG-D-8.1). Acquisitions for 1974 and 1975 are reported in the article by Iu. Amiantov, M. S. Veselina, and L. I. Zueva, "Popolnenie fondov Tsentral'nogo partiinogo arkhiva IML pri TsK KPSS v 1974-1975 gg.," Voprosy istorii KPSS 7 (1976): 116-22. No subsequent reports have been published.

56. See the survey description in Grimsted, Archives, pp. 248-55 and idem, Supplement, pp. 82-83. See also the article by S. L. Tikhvinskii, "Arkhivy MID SSSR na sluzhbe miroliubivoi



522 Slavic Review

interest to foreign researchers, however, is the brief recent note regarding access opportunities to prerevolutionary records in the Archive of the Foreign Policy of Russia published in the newsletter of the American Historical Association.57

The two-page coverage of archives under the Ministry of Defense (pp. 91-93) includes much more information than was available to me about the main ministry archive in Podol'sk (Moscow oblast), which is listed as the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR. A separate Central Naval Archive is also described for post-1940 naval records.

An extensive two-page survey covers the holdings for the main Archive of the Academy of Sciences and its Leningrad branch. In particular, the Lviv bibliography lists many of the important descriptive publications, although it makes no attempt at comprehensive coverage. It includes the seventh (1977) volume of the archive's basic survey guide, which extends the coverage of personal papers in the archive with an additional seventy-four fonds in various fields of Academy activity.58 It mentions some, but hardly all of the detailed surveys of papers of leading scholars published in the series Arkheograficheskii ezhegodnik through the issue for 1975.59 It would also be helpful to add the comprehensive 1971 bibliography of descriptive publications regarding the Academy archive, two supplements for which have since appeared.60

A separate paragraph is devoted to the Archive of the Geographic Society, although this is only one of many other important archival institutions under the Academy of Sciences' jurisdiction deserving more extensive treatment. The Lviv directory lists in passing a few other Academy holdings in Moscow and Lenin- grad, but omits surveys and fails even to mention any of the rich archival holdings under republic-level academies.

This serious lacuna has now been filled on the all-union level with the almost simultaneous publication of an admirable guide to the main holdings of major Academy institutes in Moscow and Leningrad, to which researchers will want to devote considerable attention.61 It covers archives and manuscript

vneshnei politiki Sovetskogo Soiuza," Sovetskie arkhivy, 1978, no. 3, pp. 43-49. This first Soviet publication about the Foreign Ministry archives since World War II is almost completely devoted to a list of documentary publications of the archive rather than the much-needed description of holdings.

57. Milton D. Gustafson, William Z. Slany, and S. Frederick Starr, Jr., "Access to Russian Diplomatic Archives in the USSR," AHA Newsletter 15, no. 7 (October 1977): 11-13. This article contains a number of minor errors, some of which were pointed out by the director of the Archive of the Foreign Policy of Russia (AVPR), Valerii Mazaev, in a subsequent letter to Milton Gustafson. Mazaev's letter was never published. The full text of the access regulations for the prerevolutionary diplomatic archive, AVPR, is available in the Diplomatic Branch of the U.S. National Archives.

58. Arkhivy Akademii nauk SSSR. Obozrenie arkhivnykh materialov, ed. B. V. Levshin, E. S. Kuliabko, and A. A. Bogdanova (Leningrad, 1977; "Trudy Arkhiva AN SSSR," vol. 27).

59. Among the subsequent four volumes now available, of particular interest in the volume for 1978 are the surveys of the papers of A. I. Andreev, S. V. Bakhrushkin, and V. V. Maksakov, all in the Academy Archive.

60. Arkhivy Akademii nauk sotsialisticheskikh stran. Bibliografiia, ed. Iu. A. Vinogradov, vol. 1: 1917-1968 gg. (Leningrad, 1971) (see Grimsted, Supplement, PKG-C-3.5). Supplemental coverage of descriptive publications for the Archive of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR for 1969-75 is provided in vol. 2: 1969-1972 gg. (Leningrad: "Nauka," 1975), pp. 101-209 and ibid., vol. 3: 1973-1975 gg. (Leningrad: "Nauka," 1979), pp. 89-158.

61. Kratkii spravochnik po nauchno-otraslevym i memorial'nym arkhivam AN SSSR, ed. B. V. Levshin (Moscow: "Nauka," 1979).




collections of the Geographic Society, the Leningrad Branch of the Institute of Archeology, the Leningrad Branch of the Institute of History of the USSR, the Leningrad Branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies, the Leningrad Branch of the Institute of Ethnography, the Gor'kii Institute of World Literature in Moscow, and the Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskii dom). It lists most of the fonds and collections, giving their names and numbers, along with inclusive dates and extent of holdings in each case. This welcome reference aid should provide considerable assistance and general orientation to researchers in a wide variety of fields, opening up as it does the extensive resources of many of these little-used and often too obscure repositories. For the Institute of Russian Literature, researchers should follow the recent issues of the yearbook of the Manuscript Division.62 For the Sector for Early Manuscripts, the so-called Drevlekhranilishche, in the Institute of Russian Literature, researchers should also be aware of the updated list of accessions and annotated bibliography of relevant publications covering the years 1965-74, prepared by the late V. I. Malyshev.63

Turning back to the "agency archives" subsection of the Lviv directory, questions remain about the last two entries. Mention is made of a separate archive of Moscow State University (p. 95), and yet two pages later, the authors list the Moscow State University records as being held by the Central State Historical Archive of the city of Moscow (TsGIAgM). To be sure, Moscow University, like many major Soviet institutions, retains part of its own records, but it would have been helpful to explain at the outset that the institutional archive retains only recent, postrevolutionary holdings while almost all earlier university records have been transferred to the local state archive.64 The same confusion arises with the listing of a separate institutional archive of trade-union organizations with its 1958 guide. According to information furnished me, most of the holdings listed in that 1958 guide are now under the administration of the Central State Archive of the October Revolution of the USSR, just as similar earlier trade-union records had been transferred to the archive at the beginning of World War 11.65

The subsection of the Lviv directory covering state archives of union republics, although exceedingly uneven, signals a number of important develop-

62. Ezhegodnik Rukopisnogo otdela Pushkinskogo doma (see Grimsted, Supplement PKG-C-3.5). See the most recent volumes: . .. na 1973 god (1976) through ... na 1978 god (1980).

63. V. I. Malyshev, Drevlekhranilishche Pushkinskogo doma (Literatura 1965-74 gg.) (Lenin- grad: "Nauka," 1978).

64. For a description of the Moskovskii gosudarstvennyi universitet (MGU) records in the local state archive, see Gosudarstvennyi istoricheskii arkhiv Moskovskoi oblasti. Putevoditel', comp. L. I. Gaisinskaia et al., ed. S. 0. Shmidt (Moscow, 1961), pp. 216-17, 328. See also Grimsted, Archives, PKG-G-7. These prerevolutionary records are now held in the recently reorganized Central State Historical Archive of the city of Moscow (TsGIAgM), fond 418.

65. In addition to Grimsted, Archives, PKG-B-3, researchers interested in trade-union records should also refer to the Soviet contribution in the international guide to records for labor history, "Les archives des syndicats et l'histoire du mouvement ouvrier en U.R.S.S.," Labour Trade Union Archives/Les archives des syndicats et mouvements ouvriers, published as Archivum. International Review on Archives/Revue internationale des archives, 27 (1980): 130-35. The article explains that labor-union records are initially deposited in the separate archive, but transferred to the Central State Archive of the October Revolution of the USSR after fifteen years.



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ments and literature that had not been listed in earlier compendia. For the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR), however, it is now overshadowed by a new 1980 directory, Gosudarstvennye arkhivy RSFSR. Spravochnik-putevoditel', which provides a brief, albeit superficial, survey of all the permanent state archives down to the oblast level.66 While updating the 1956 all-union directory in terms of RSFSR archives, the 1980 volume shows the same level of description and the same lack of bibliography of finding aids that had been a drawback in that earlier treatment.67 The Lviv directory lists a short 1973 guide for the Central State Archive of the RSFSR in Moscow, which curiously enough does not appear in the 1980 directory.68

Between these two new publications, researchers can now ascertain the results of the complicated reorganization of local archives in Moscow and Leningrad.69 Because of the series of changes, foreign researchers have hitherto had difficulty not only in gaining access to these rich repositories, but even in getting precise information about their jurisdiction. The State Archive of Mos- cow Oblast (GAMO) has remained unchanged and its post-1917 holdings stable. But what had been before 1963 the State Historical Archive of Moscow Oblast (for prerevolutionary holdings), and was subsequently the Central State Archive for the city of Moscow (TsGAgM), was in 1976 split into three separate archives, all of which are now located in a new building (Profsoiuznaia 82). The Central State Archive of the October Revolution and Socialist Development of the city of Moscow (TsGAORSSgM) now holds local records for the capital from the postrevolutionary period, except for audio-visual records, which are now housed in the separate Central State Archive of Film, Photographic, and Phonographic Documentation of the city of Moscow (TsGAKFFDgM). Pre- revolutionary documentation, including records of Moscow guberniia institutions, is housed in what is now called the Central State Historical Archive of the city of Moscow. The new RSFSR guide provides a brief survey of the holdings in these institutions, but neither that volume nor the Lviv directory cites most of the previously published finding aids listed in my own directory.

Local archives in Leningrad have also undergone some changes since the publication of my directory. There are now six local archives of which visiting researchers should be aware: (1) the former Leningrad State Archive of the October Revolution and Socialist Development (LGAORSS) was renamed in 1974 and is now the Central State Archive of the October Revolution and Socialist Development of the city of Leningrad (TsGAORSSgL) (ul. Varfolo- meevskaia 15); (2) the former branch of LGAORSS in Vyborg before 1969 has

66. Gosudarstvennye arkhivy RSFSR. Spravochnik-putevoditel', comp. E. M. Korneva et al., ed. V. A. Tiuneev et al. (Moscow: Sovetskaia Rossiia, 1980).

67. Gosudarstvennye arkhivy Soiuza SSR. Kratkii spravochnik, ed. G. A. Belov, A. I. Logi- nova, S. V. Nefedova, and I. N. Firsov (Moscow, 1956 [GAU]); for the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, see ibid., pp. 57-263.

68. Arkhivnye fondy TsGA RSFSR. [Kratkii spravochnik] (Moscow, 1973). I have as yet been unable to verify the publication of such a volume. See also the short article celebrating the twentieth anniversary of the archive by V. A. Sidorova and F. I. Sharonov, "Tsentral'nyi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv RSFSR (1957-1977 gg.)," Sovetskie arkhivy, 1977, no. 6, pp. 4048.

69. The new organization of Moscow local archives was earlier explained in the article by E. I. Platonov, under the curious title, "Leninskii dekret v deistvii," Sovetskie arkhivy, 1978, no. 6, pp. 13-16.




now become the State Archive of Leningrad Oblast (GALO) (Vyborg, ul. Shturma 1), with holdings remaining there from the seventeenth century to 1970; (3) the Leningrad State Archive of Literature and Art (LGALI), founded in 1969, retains only post-1917 documentation in the cultural realm; it occupies the building of the former LGAORSS (ul. Voinova 34); (4) the Leningrad State Archive of Scientific-Technical Documentation (LGANTD), founded in 1972 (5-ia Sovetskaia ul. 33), retains local technical documentation in the realm of engineering and city planning dating from the postrevolutionary period; (5) the Leningrad State Historical Archive (LGIA) continues unchanged with documentation dating from the eighteenth century to 1917; and (6) the local audio- visual archive, founded as a separate repository in 1966, remains unchanged, although the time period of its holdings now ranges from 1839 to 1976.

The work of many foreign scholars has involved materials in local and republic-level archives in Moscow and Leningrad. Yet in recent decades, the process of reorganizing the archives, among other factors, has tended to keep them closed - or at least extremely difficult of access - to foreigners. In the few cases where selections from their riches have been made available, foreign scholars have not usually been given access to their reading rooms and local reference services, since materials are usually presented to foreigners in isolated reading rooms in the state archival headquarters in Moscow or Leningrad. Now that the reorganization has been completed and their new locations stabilized, it is hoped that they too will be open for normal scholarly research by interested scholars from abroad.

Continuing with other areas of the RSFSR, the Lviv directory briefly mentions the structure and general organization and jurisdiction of holdings in state archives on the level of the autonomous republics, krais, and oblasts, and a list of many of the basic oblast archive guides is included in a separate section of the bibliography (pp. 255-57). Researchers interested in areas outside Moscow and Leningrad, however, will want to refer to the newer RSFSR directory. Despite its somewhat superficial treatment and popularized descriptions, the book presents data on general categories of holdings. The bibliography in the RSFSR volume, however, is exceedingly thin in most cases. Selected finding aids and documentary publications are lumped together indiscriminately at the end of each archive entry.

Coverage of state archives in the non-Russian republics is again extremely uneven in depth in the Lviv directory. For the most part, up-to-date listings are provided for all republic-level, central state archives with indication of their scope and holdings. Regrettably, local-language names are not indicated, although certainly for both Soviet and foreign readers it would be helpful to know the local names in the official language of the republic as well as their Russian counterparts.70 In almost all cases, the bibliography of finding aids and related reference or historical literature is woefully inadequate, and usually only Russian-language literature is cited; in this respect there is little improvement over the 1956 Soviet directory, except for the addition of a few more recent

70. My own listing of central state archives in the union republics is now considerably out of date, but could provide a starting point (see Patricia Kennedy Grimsted, "Regional Archive Development in the USSR: Soviet Standards and National Documentary Legacies," American Archivist 36, no. 1 [January 1973]: 62-66).



526 Slavic Review

publications. Of course, no other all-union Soviet bibliography gives any further coverage of the subject. Space does not permit comment here on all of the republic-level coverage, but a few examples may be helpful.

In the case of Armenia, in addition to the state archives, it is helpful to find coverage of the rich state manuscript book depository, the Matenadaran. In this case several Russian-language guides and survey articles are cited, but the basic Armenian-language catalogue series is not mentioned.71 Western researchers will be particularly interested also in the newly published catalogue of Latin- alphabet manuscripts in the Matenadaran.72 By contrast, in Georgia the similar manuscript depository, the Kekelidze Institute of Manuscripts, is not listed.

For the Baltic republics and Belorussia, the Lviv directory virtually ignores non-Russian-language publications.73 Under Lithuania, the directory mentions the first (1974) volume of the thematic guide series for holdings in Lithuanian state archives. But researchers should note that a total of eight volumes had appeared by 1979.74

For Latvia, the only finding aid listed is a brief survey article published in Moscow on the state film archive. The most important Soviet publication for this republic unfortunately came too late to be included either in the Lviv directory or my own - a Russian-language list of prerevolutionary fonds - for the Central State Historical Archive of the Latvian SSR, released in a very small rotaprint edition in 1980.75 The detailed, carefully documented history of Latvian recordkeeping and archival holdings by the retired archival director Georgii Jens (G. A. Ensh) has been promised for publication.76

71. Ts'uts'ak dzergrats' Mashtots'i anvan MatenadaranilKatalog rukopisei Matenadarana imeni Mashtotza, comp. 0. Eganian et al., 2 vols. (Erevan: Izd-vo AN Armianskoi SSR, 1965-70). This continuing scholarly catalogue should be the starting point for any serious researcher in the Matenadaran, but only two volumes have appeared.

72. Katalog rukopisei i fragmentov latinskogo alfavita khraniashchikhsia v Matenadaranel Ts'u- ts'ak Matenadarani latinatar dzeragreri ev patarikneri, comp. L. I. Kiseleva (Erevan: Izd-vo AN Armianskoi SSR, 1980).

73. The shortcomings and lacunae in the Lviv coverage of the Baltic republics and Belorussia are now filled in with the 1981 appearance of the second volume of my own directory (see Patricia Kennedy Grimsted, Archives and Manuscript Repositories in the USSR: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Belorussia [Princeton, 1981]). Seventy-five institutions are covered with over seven hundred bibliographical entries. Almost all of the reference publications listed are available in coordinated microfiche editions, which are listed in the separate catalogue, idem, Archives and Manuscript Collections in the USSR, series 2: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Belorussia: Finding Aids on Microfiche (Zug, Switzerland: Inter Documentation Company, 1981) (hereafter cited as Finding Aids).

74. Lietuvos TSR valstybiniq arkhyvi fondy trumpas linynas, 8 vols. (Vilnius, 1974-79). See also vol. 5, Finansai. Draudimas (1977); vol. 6, Sveikatos apsauga. Socialinis aprdpinimas. Fizkul- tura ir sportas (1977); vol. 7, Justicija (1978); vol. 8, Valstybine valdzia ir valstybes valdymas (1979). The first four volumes are described in the Grimsted Baltic directory, PKG = Archives, no. K-5. The latest four volumes are included in the IDC microfiche edition (ER-14, 255), and listed in Grimsted, Finding Aids.

75. Tsentral'nyi gosudarstvennyi istoricheskii arkhiv Latviiskoi SSR. Kratkii spravochnik, pt. 1: (1220-1918), comp. N. N. Ryzhov, A. Ia. Zeida, and I. G. Druz' (Riga: "Avots," 1980). This guide provides a list of major fonds in the archive, but gives no details about their contents or structure. In all cases, only Russian versions (or translations) of the institutional names are provided, further complicating use of the materials.

76. Georgii Ensh (Jens), Istoriia arkhivnogo dela v Latvii (Riga, 1981). The typescript of this monumental, scholarly study, commissioned by the Central State Historical Archive of the Latvian SSR in Riga and prepared by its former director, was completed in 1967, with several revisions later.




In connection with the coverage of sources in Baltic archives, another publication that came out too late to be included in either my directory or the Lviv text is the two-volume collection of reports from the 1978 conference in Vilnius on source study and historiography. The first volume on source study has many contributions relating to Baltic archival holdings. Although the published versions of the reports are highly abbreviated, the collection is indicative of some of the current research in the field by a number of leading Soviet historians.77

Among republic-level state archives, as might be anticipated in the Lviv publication, most detail is found for Ukrainian archives, with a survey background of ten pages (pp. 100-10), in contrast to two or three pages for other republics. The Lviv coverage provides prospective researchers with a concise but selective orientation.78

The coverage of the manuscript divisions of libraries in the Lviv directory - in a chapter almost as long as the one on archives - presents for some libraries a much more thorough treatment, yet its choice of libraries raises some serious questions. For the Lenin Library in Moscow (pp. 141-56; bibliography, pp. 261-65) and the Saltykov-Shchedrin State Public Library in Leningrad (pp. 156-73; bibliography, pp. 265-71) - neither of which has an up-to-date basic published guide - the Lviv directory provides the best available surveys of their manuscript riches with a relatively comprehensive bibliography, albeit often with abbreviated data, of published finding aids.

Indeed, the survey of manuscript and archival holdings in the Lenin Library alone is actually longer than the treatment of all the central state archives of the USSR in the preceding chapter. The extensive bibliography picks up a few scattered earlier Soviet publications missed by my own directory and is more complete in its analysis of the contents for the Zapiski of the library Manuscript Division through the volume published in 1978.79 Researchers will now want to consult the subsequent two volumes of Zapiski, volume 40 (1979)80 and vol-

It was announced for publication in 1979, and an abridged version was issued in 1981 as this article was being prepared.

77. Materialy mezhrespublikanskoi nauchnoi konferentsii po istochnikovedeniiu i istoriografii narodov Pribaltiiskikh respublik Soiuza SSR (Vilnius, 1978 [Institut istorii Akademii nauk Litovskoi SSR]). A second volume with the subtitle Istoriografiia was published simultaneously, but had no reports with direct coverage of archival materials.

78. Foreign scholars interested in pursuing research in Ukrainian archives in the near future may want to consult the preliminary version of my own extensive Ukrainian directory, which has brief surveys of holdings and a comprehensive bibliography of over twelve hundred entries listing finding aids and related reference literature (see Patricia Kennedy Grimsted, "Archives and Manuscript Repositories in the USSR: The Ukraine and Moldavia," vol. 1: General Bibliography and Directory of Repositories [Princeton: Princeton University Press, forthcoming]). The latest version of that first volume (revised July 1981) is available for consultation at the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. For archives in Lviv, see also Patricia Kennedy Grimsted, "The Fate of Early Records in Lviv Archives: Documentation from Western Ukraine (Galicia) under Polish Rule (fifteenth century to 1772)," Slavonic and East European Review, 60, no. 2 (July 1982): 321-346.

79. The Lviv directory mentions selected articles appearing in Zapiski Otdela rukopisei through volume 39 (1978).

80. Volume 40 (1979) updates acquisitions through 1976 and includes survey articles of the archive and manuscript collection of the nineteenth-century publicist and editor I. E. Betskii, of autographs and other archival materials in the division relating to N. G. Chernyshevskii, and briefer surveys of the newly received manuscript collection from the Iaroslavl' region (fond 739) and the manuscript collection of I. K. Andronov (fond 726).



528 Slavic Review

ume 41 (1980).81 Readers should also note that as of 1976 the division has started new fonds for miscellaneous new acquisitions.82

Aside from the latest volumes of the Zapiski, the most significant recent publication of the Lenin Library is the new directory of manuscript memoirs and diaries, a tribute to the scholarly energy and editorship of S. V. Zhitomirskaia, until 1978 director of the Manuscript Division.83 One small publication that did not come to the attention of the Lviv authors deserves note, providing as it does considerable guidance to the records of the Society for the Study of Moscow Guberniia, founded in 1926 on the basis of the earlier "Old Moscow" Society.84 Unfortunately, none of the volumes of the announced five-volume handbook of the manuscript collections in the division has appeared, although the first volume, with an updated survey of all of the early manuscript collections, was promised for 1978.85 Incidentally, research by foreigners in the Lenin Library Manuscript Division has become exceedingly difficult in recent years.

For the Saltykov-Shchedrin State Public Library in Leningrad, the pre-1971 descriptions of holdings not included in my own directory are all listed in that library's 1971 comprehensive bibliography of finding aids for its Manuscript Division.86 An update in 1980 provides a complete list of 158 books and articles describing the holdings published by the library staff during the 1970s.87 The division has recently published a catalogue of its new acquisitions during the years 1974-78, continuing the series started earlier.88 Of special interest to a variety of scholars, the Manuscript Division has recently issued 2 rotaprint

81. Volume 41 (1980) in addition to a report on new accessions through 1977 contains a detailed catalogue of the manuscripts of A. A. Blok, a survey and brief inventory of the important N. P. Rumiantsev collection, a survey of the records of the Verkhotursk prikaznaia izba from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and a survey of the papers of A. A. Arakcheev.

82. These changes and several internal rearrangements of earlier fonds are explained in Zapiski Otdela rukopisei, 40 (1979):,126-27. Fond 722 contains manuscript books, and fond 743 contains miscellaneous archival materials.

83. Vospominaniia i dnevniki XVIII-XX vv. Ukazatel' rukopisei, ed. S. V. Zhitomirskaia (Moscow: "Kniga," 1976), should be used in conjunction with the 1951 directory since it does not include materials covered in the earlier volume. See also Grimsted, Archives, PKG-E-15.

84. S. B. Filimonov, Istoriko-kraevedcheskie materialy fonda Obshchestva izucheniia Moskov- skoi gubernii (oblasti). K metodike izucheniia istorii sovetskogo istoricheskogo kraevedeniia, ed. S. 0. Shmidt (Moscow, 1976 [Institut istorii SSSR AN SSSR]).

85. The publication is planned under the title "Rukopisnye sobraniia Gosudarstvennoi biblioteki SSSR im. V. I. Lenina." The first volume, apparently already completed in typescript draft, provides a short survey and bibliography for each of the seventy-four Slavonic-Russian manuscript collections in the division, thus enlarging and updating the 1958 typescript survey available in the reading room'.(see Grimsted, Archives, PKG-E-5).

86. Rukopisnye fondy Publichnoi biblioteki. Pechatnye katalogi i obzory, comp. N. A. Zub- kova, ed. A. S. Myl'nikov (Leningrad, 1971 [GPB]). See also Grimsted, Supplement, PKG-F-8.1. Unfortunately this basic bibliography was issued in a poor quality, rotaprint edition of one hundred copies, and has still not been reissued there. A microfiche edition by Inter Documentation Company is available (IDC-R-11,099).

87. N. A. Zubkova, "Bibliograficheskii spisok," in Problemy istochnikovedcheskogo izucheniia rukopisnykh i staropechatnykh fondov. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov, vol. 2 (Leningrad, 1980), pp. 198-216. The bibliography is preceded by a chronicle of developments in the division during the period (ibid., pp. 194-98).

88. Novye postupleniia v Otdel rukopisei i redkikh knig (1974-1978 gg.). Katalog, comp. L. S. Georgieva and A. N. Mikhailova (Leningrad, 1980 [GPB]). The previous report covering accessions for the years 1969-73 had been published in 1974 (see Grimsted, Supplement, PKG-F-8.2).




collections of articles with a total of 20 studies involving various archival fonds and early manuscripts in the division.89 A third recent rotaprint collection of articles includes a number of additional helpful studies of manuscript collections in the division with emphasis on their history and fate. These range in coverage from Plekhanov materials to early manuscripts from Mt. Sinai monasteries and from Persian manuscripts to the collection of I. Iu. Krachkovskii.90 An important 1979 catalogue of parts of the Dubrovskii collection joins the library's list of major rotaprint issues.91 Unfortunately, these important publications are issued in such flimsy and limited editions that their durability and acquisition by many libraries will be severely curtailed.

As an example of the fine scholarly work being done in Leningrad on early manuscripts, the detailed description of five fifteenth-century manuscript codices prepared by the monk Efrosin from the Kirillo-Belozerskii Monastery collection in the Public Library has been published in the latest volume of TODRL.92 The volume also includes a Russian version of Joan Afferica's perceptive study of Russian manuscripts from the Shcherbatov library in the Hermitage Collection now in the Public Library.93 A complete paper edition was published recently in Leningrad of Daniel C. Waugh's analysis and correlation for the P. A. Tolstoi collection of Slavic manuscripts, the largest part of which are held in the Public Library, but some of which are found in the Library of the Academy of Sciences and in the Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskii dom).94

The Lviv directory coverage of the manuscript holdings at BAN (pp. 173-79; bibliography, pp. 271-72) also deserves attention, since it is more detailed than mine and provides significant bibliographical updates. In the case of BAN, however, many of the manuscript holdings have already been well covered in more detailed surveys and catalogues put out by the library itself. The second part of the fourth volume of the BAN manuscript description series came

89. Problemy istochnikovedcheskogo izucheniia rukopisnykh i staropechatnykh fondov. Sbor- nik nauchnykh trudov, vol. 1, ed. I. N. Kurbatova and M. A. Tarasov (Leningrad, 1979 [GPB]) and ibid., vol. 2, ed. I. N. Kurbatova and N. A. Efimova (Leningrad, 1980 [GPB]). Unfortunately the small rotaprint press run will make these collections hard to find abroad.

90. Iz istorii rukopisnykh i staropechatnykh sobranii (Issledovaniia. Obzory. Publikatsii). Sbornik nauchnykh trudov, ed. L. L. Al'bina, I. N. Kurbatova, and M. Ia. Stetskevich (Leningrad, 1979 [GPB]).

91. Sborniki dokumentov kollektsii P. P. Dubrovskogo. Katalog, comp. T. P. Voronova and T. V. Luizova (Leningrad, 1979 [GPB]), covering documents from the thirteenth through the eighteenth centuries.

92. M. D. Kagan, N. V. Ponyrko, and M. V. Rozhdestvenskaia, "Opisanie sbornikov XV v. knigopistsa Efrosina," Rukopisnoe nasledie drevnei Rusi, published as TODRL, 35 (1980): 1-300. Ihe sixth Efrosin manuscript codex described is from the Uvarov collection in the manuscript division of the State Historical Museum in Moscow.

93. D. Afferika (Joan Afferica), "K voprosu ob opredelenii russkikh rukopisei M. M. Shcher- batova v Ermitazhnom sobranii Publichnoi biblioteki im. M. E. Saltykova-Shchedrina," TODRL, 35 (1980): 376-93. The full text of Afferica's study appeared in Forschungen zur Osteuropaischen Geschichte, 24 (1978): 237-336 (see Grimsted, Supplement, PKG-F-13.1). A further edited and corrected version is available in microfiche from Inter Documentation Company (IDC-R-9899).

94. Daniel' Klark Uo (Daniel Clarke Waugh), Slavianskie rukopisi sobraniia F. A. Tolstogo. Materialy k istorii sobraniia i ukazateli starykh i novykh shifrov (Leningrad, BAN, 1980). The text was published earlier in a micro-book edition with the added English title The F. A. Tolstoi Collection: The Slavic Manuscripts in the Collection of Count F. A. Tolstoi: Materials on the History of the Collection and Indexes of Former and Current Code Numbers (Zug, Switzerland: Inter Documentation Company, 1977).



530 Slavic Review

out too late for inclusion in the bibliography.95 Also of more recent issue is the sixth volume describing Latin manuscripts from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.96 An additional volume describing earlier Latin manuscripts in BAN was issued in 1978, but curiously was not included in the numbered BAN series.97 Mentioned in the Lviv bibliography, but deserving of special note here, is the separate catalogue of parchment manuscripts in BAN, which is also not included in the library series,98 and the study of early monastic libraries in the Russian north by the energetic director of the Division of Manuscripts and Rare Books M. V. Kukushkina, which is based on and provides background for the study of several manuscript collections in the division.99

Also of special note is the separate catalogue of the library of Peter the Great issued in 1978, covering both manuscripts and printed books in BAN."'0 The Lviv bibliography is hardly complete in terms of earlier publications covering the division, but its more recent listings are especially helpful for their analysis of the contents of the major collections of articles published by the division, one from 1976101 and a second from 1978.102 Several articles in these collections will be of value to scholars interested in Western manuscripts held by BAN. Several other volumes sponsored by BAN, including studies of the history of the book and other aspects of bibliology, were mentioned earlier.103 In short, the remarkable output and quality of publication by BAN in recent years deserve special commendation here. It is to be hoped that the quality publication by the Academy library of scholarly catalogues and surveys of holdings will be emulated by other Soviet repositories whose riches remain in sore need of thorough description and, in many cases, still in need of initial surveys.

In contrast to these three major library manuscript divisions, in fact the three richest and most extensive in the Soviet Union, four other Moscow libraries are covered in the Lviv directory that are not included in mine. The Library of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism (pp. 180-82) has a "Fond of Archival Storage" [Fond arkhivnogo khraneniia], which is essentially a rare book collection with first editions of Marxist classics. It also houses the institute's

95. Opisanie rukopisnogo otdela Biblioteki Akademii nauk SSSR, vol. 4, pt. 2: Stikhotvoreniia, romansy, poemy i dramaticheskie sochineniia XVII- pervaia tret' XIX v., comp. I. F. Martynov (Leningrad: "Nauka," 1980).

96. Opisanie Rukopisnogo otdela Biblioteki Akademii nauk SSSR, vol. 6: Rukopisi latinskogo alfavita XVI-XVII vv., comp. I. N. Lebedeva (Leningrad: "Nauka," 1979).

97. Latinskie rukopisi. Biblioteki Akademii nauk SSSR. Opisanie rukopisei latinskogo alfavita X-XV vv., comp. L. I. Kiseleva (Leningrad: "Nauka," 1978).

98. Pergamennye rukopisi Biblioteki Akademii nauk SSSR. Opisanie russkikh i slavianskikh rukopisei XI-XVI vekov, comp. N. Iu. Bubnov, 0. P. Likhacheva, and V. F. Pokrovskaia (Lenin- grad: "Nauka," 1976).

99. M. V. Kukushkina, Monastyrskie biblioteki russkogo severa. Ocherki po istorii knizhnoi kul'tury XVI-XVII vekov (Leningrad: "Nauka," 1977).

100. Biblioteka Petra I. Ukazatel'-Spravochnik, comp. E. I. Bobrova; ed. D. S. Likhachev (Leningrad: BAN, 1978).

101. Rukopisnye i redkie knigi v fondakh Biblioteki AN SSSR. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov, ed. S. P. Luppov and A. A. Moiseeva (Leningrad: BAN, 1976).

102. Materialy i soobshcheniia po fondam Otdela rukopisnoi i redkoi knigi, vol. 2, ed. M. V. Kukushkina (Leningrad: "Nauka," 1978). Indications (undoubtedly typographical errors) in the Lviv bibliography to the contrary, the only early volume in this series was issued in 1966 under the editorship of A. I. Kopanev.

103. See footnote 28.




museum fonds, with graphic and iconographic materials, which could be classi- fied as archival in nature. It is doubtful, however, whether these holdings qualify the library as a major collection to be listed under the chapter title of "Library Manuscript Divisions."

The rich bibliographic and newspaper collections of the Institute of Scien- tific Information for the Social Sciences of the Academy of Sciences (INION) (pp. 179-80) should also be mentioned in connection with major research facilities in Moscow. The institute, however, does not deserve to be listed among the major library manuscript collections of the country. The same can be said for the Library of Foreign Literature (pp. 182-83), which has significant rare book holdings, but to my knowledge does not even have a separate manuscript division. The State Public Historical Library in Moscow (pp. 187-89) does have a small collection of manuscript books within its Rare Book Division, which I overlooked in my directory. A mimeographed catalogue was issued in 1976 listing 185 manuscripts dating from the sixteenth through the early twentieth centuries.104 However small their actual manuscript holdings, the information in the Lviv directory about thepublished works and bibliographical resources, card catalogues, and other reference materials of these libraries merits the attention of foreign researchers in Moscow.

The two university libraries in Moscow and Leningrad are well covered in a later section of the Lviv directory. The one-page coverage of each, both with comprehensive bibliography, is more detailed and more up-to-date than my own ireatment. In the case of Moscow University, although the promised continua- tion of the 1963 catalogue of Slavic manuscripts has still not appeared, an important collection of articles with studies and surveys of various manuscript holdings in the division deserves singling out here.105 There are no recent additions to the literature about Leningrad University manuscript holdings.

The inclusion of a number of libraries outside Moscow and Leningrad greatly enhances the usefulness of the Lviv directory, although there are grounds for questioning the relative extent of coverage of those libraries included. Most crucial among those excluded - for which there is neither explicit nor implicit reason - are the numerous libraries under the jurisdiction of republic-level academies of sciences. Their total exclusion from this volume means that the directory fails to cover many of the largest and most significant library manuscript collections in the Soviet republics in which they are located.

In Lithuania, for example, there is short, bibliographically inadequate coverage of the Manuscript Division of Vilnius University Library (with approxi- mately eighty-eight thousand manuscript units). Heir to the building - but only part of the manuscript holdings - of the prerevolutionary Vilnius Public Library, this library is now significantly overshadowed by the Central Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences (with over one hundred fifty-seven thousand manuscript units as of 1976 and a 1963 published guide to its holdings), which is nowhere mentioned. A new list of fonds in the library appeared in

104. Z. V. Fedotova and N. F. Chernysheva, Katalog rukopisnykh knig [Gosudarstvennaia Publichnaia istoricheskaia biblioteka, Otdel redkikh knig] (Moscow, 1976 [GPIB]).

105. Iz istorii fondov Nauchnoi biblioteki Moskovskogo universiteta, ed. E. S. Karpova (Mos- cow: Izd-vo Moskovskogo universiteta, 1978).



532 Slavic Review

1977.106 Neither is there coverage of the significant Manuscript Division of the Fundamental Library of the Latvian Academy of Sciences, with a tradition going back five hundred years."17

The lack of coverage of Academy holdings in the Ukrainian SSR is even more regrettable. The Central Scientific Library of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (TsNB AN UkrSSR) in Kiev boasts the largest manuscript division outside of Moscow and Leningrad, with over three hundred thousand manuscript units."8 The Shevchenko Institute of Literature in Kiev has much more significant holdings in the realm of Ukrainian literature than the relatively new Central State Archive-Museum of Literature and Art in Kiev, which is covered earlier in the Lviv directory (p. 109).

The Stefanyk Library of the Academy of Sciences in Lviv (with approxi- mately two hundred fonds, and over one hundred thousand manuscript units) is heir to the major manuscript collections of Western Ukraine. Yet the holdings and relevant publications of the largest library in the area are inexplicably not mentioned in the Lviv directory. 10 By contrast, coverage of the Lviv University Library manuscript holdings (pp. 193-94; bibliography, pp. 279-80), totaling one thousand seven hundred forty-three units, is among the most comprehensive and bibliographically complete of any of the library collections included.

Despite the omission of some of the most important manuscript holdings, foreign researchers have reason to be thankful for the helpful survey of a number of other important state and university libraries in the Ukrainian SSR, which are too often overlooked, such as the Korolenko State Library in Kharkiv (p. 187) and the Gorki State Scientific Library in Odessa (pp. 186-87). Accord- ing to information I have gathered. however, a number of errors and deficiencies exist in the coverage of manuscript holdings in the Odessa University Library (p. 195), the Uzhhorod State University Library (p. 197, p. 282), and the Chernivtsi University Library (p. 198, p. 282).11I It would have been helpful had the Lviv authors coordinated their coverage of holdings in the Simferopol' University Library with the major Simferopol' collection which was earlier transferred to the Lenin Library in Moscow (fond 445).111

106. Rankra?eiq rinkiniq rodyklel Ukazatel' rukopisnykh sobranii, comp. E. Treiniene (Vil- nius, 1977 [Lietuvos TSR Moksly akademijos Centrine biblioteka]). The new volume lists, in both Lithuanian and Russian, 187 fonds under several categories, providing fond numbers, dates, and extent of holdings for each.

107. For detailed coverage of Lithuanian and Latvian holdings and appropriate bibliography, see the listings in my Baltic directory (footnote 73). Similarly, details can be found there about Estonian and Belorussian collections, the coverage of which in the Lviv directory is equally inadequate and unbalanced.

108. Full coverage of the manuscript holdings of this library is available in the preliminary version of my Ukrainian volume (see footnote 78). A separate article on these collections is in preparation for Harvard Ukrainian Studies.

109. On the manuscript holdings in that library see also Patricia Kennedy Grimsted, "The Stefanyk Library of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences - A Treasury of Manuscript Collections in Lviv," Harvard Ukrainian Studies 5, no. 2 (June 1981): 195-229 and idem, "Lviv Manuscript Collections and Their Fate," Eucharisterion. Essays in Honor of Omeljan Pritsak on the Occasion of his Sixtieth Birthday. Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 3/4 (1979): 349-75. The guide to personal papers in that library is listed in footnote 13.

110. Cf. coverage in the preliminary version of my Ukrainian directory (footnote 78). 111. Simferopol' Pedagogical Institute was recently raised to the level of a university. However,

the most valuable manuscripts from the Crimean (Simferopol') Pedagogical Institute now constitute




The longest treatment of all university libraries in the directory is for Kazan', with its rich early Slavic holdings and even richer Oriental manuscripts. Such a detailed survey with appropriate bibliography is most welcome, although it appears somewhat out of balance with the coverage of other institutions. As a further example, in the RSFSR, there is no coverage at all of the Novosibirsk Library of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, which has developed significant manuscript holdings, including the Tikhomirov collection of early Slavic manuscripts .112

Among other obvious lacunae, the Lviv directory fails to mention the extensive manuscript holdings in many museums throughout the USSR. The Lviv authors might at least have pointed out a few examples, particularly since these holdings have been a relatively neglected subject of basic reference coverage. Although adequate coverage of museum holdings would necessitate a separate volume, it is difficult to justify the total exclusion of such a major manuscript repository as the State Historical Museum (GIM) in Moscow in even the most elementary survey. Researchers interested in early manuscripts there will be pleased to hear that a catalogue of its Chudovskii Monastery collection has just appeared.113

The Lviv directory deserves considerable praise for pulling together information about major archives and manuscript holdings throughout the Soviet Union to an extent not hitherto attempted in any single Soviet publication. To be sure, there are major gaps and considerable unevenness in the coverage provided. I have attempted to assess many more of these than might normally be appropriate in a review so that foreign researchers may not be misled by the nature of descriptions and extent of bibliography. A new edition of the Lviv directory is reportedly in preparation. Perhaps once the tradition of a truly comprehensive directory is established, the authors will be able to improve their channels of information and to expand, correct, and update the coverage they provide. Certainly the central directory chapters of the volume deserve expan- sion in their own right, because the information and bibliography they provide is what makes the volume surpass in importance and impact all other Soviet archival reference publications.

Reviewing the volume in the context of other recent Soviet archival literature may help to bring foreign scholars up to date in this realm. At the same time, it may help make all more aware of the serious gaps in published information about the extent and variety of the rich archival holdings in the Soviet Union.

fond 445 in the Manuscript Division of the Lenin Library in Moscow, where a typewritten catalogue is available. See also the published coverage in Zapiski Otdela rukopisei, 27 (1965): 191-204.

112. See M. N. Tikhomirov, Opisanie Tikhomirovskogo sobraniia rukopisei (Moscow: "Nauka," 1968), and the earlier survey by A. L. Rogov and N. I. Pokrovskii, "Sobranie rukopisei akademika M. N. Tikhomirova, peredannoe Sibirskomu otdeleniiu AN SSSR (g. Novosibirsk)," in Arkheograficheskii ezhegodnik za 1965 goda, pp. 162-72.

113. T. N. Protas'eva, Opisanie rukopisei Chudovskogo sobraniia (Novosibirsk: "Nauka," Sibirskoe otdelenie, 1980). See also the recently released collection of watermarks from seventeenth-century manuscripts, Vodianye znaki rukopisei Rossii XVII v. Po materialam Otdela rukopisei GIM, comp. T. V. Dianova and L. M. Kostiukhina, ed. V. I. Buganov (Moscow, 1980).



recent publications on archives and manuscript collections in the soviet union: a selective survey

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