1. Dr. Y. NARASIMHA MURTHY Ph.D Sri Sai Baba National College(Autonomous) ANANTAPUR- 515001-A.Pyayavaram @ yahoo.com

2. Recent advances inElectronics Engineering&Technology has revolutionized almost every aspect of human life. Communications, household appliances, medical are few names from the vast list of areas. 3. Contd..Rapid advancement in the field of Electronics Engineering promises a new future to the mankind by redefining all aspects of human life.Let us try to see these developments in a systematic order. 4. First generation Electronics-Vacuum Tubes 5. Contd.. In 1875, American, G.R. Carey inventedthe phototube. In 1878, Englishman Sir WilliamCrookes invented the Crookes tube, anearly prototype of cathode-ray tube. In 1895, German, Wilhelm Roentgeninvented an early prototype X-ray tube. 6. Contd.. In 1897, German, Karl Ferdinand Brauninvented the cathode ray tubeoscilloscope. In 1904, John Ambrose Fleminginvented the first practical electrontube called the Fleming Valve. Leminginvents the vacuum tube diode. 7. Contd.. In 1906, Lee de Forest invented theaudion later called the triode, animprovement on the Fleming Valvetube. In 1913, William D. Coolidge inventedthe Coolidge Tube, the first practicalX-ray tube. In 1920, RCA began the firstcommercialelectron tubemanufacturing. 8. Triode , Tetrode 9. Limitations !! Large size Power dissipation Time of operation Poor responce Cost 10. Second Generation -Solid stateelectronics Started in 1930s with the first solid- state device the "cats whisker" detector, first used in radio receivers. A whisker-like wire is placed lightly in contact with a solid crystal (such as a germanium crystal) in order to detect a radio signal by the contact junction effect. 11. Revolution in Solid state electronics Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley inventedin 1947 the first bipolar point-contacttransistor As an acknowledgement of thisaccomplishment, Shockley, Bardeen, andBrattain were jointly awarded the 1956Nobel Prize in Physics "for theirresearches on semiconductors and theirdiscovery of the transistor effect. 12. John Bardeen, William Shockley and Walter Brattain atBell Labs, 1948. 13. Contd. Thefirst silicon transistor wasproduced by Texas Instruments in 1954. The first MOS transistor actually builtwas by Kahng and Atalla at Bell Labs in1960 14. Advantages Small size and minimal weight, allowingthe development of miniaturizedelectronic devices. Highly automated manufacturingprocesses, resulting in low per-unit cost. Lower possible operating voltages,making transistors suitable for small,battery-powered applications. 15. Contd.. No warm-up required for cathode heatersafter power application Lower power dissipation and generallygreater energy efficiency. Higher reliability and greater physicalruggedness. Extremely long life. Sometransistorized devices have been inservice for more than 50 years. 16. Contd.. Complementarydevicesavailable, facilitating the design of complementary- symmetry circuits, which is not possible with vacuum tubes. Insensitivityto mechanical shock and vibration, thus avoiding the problem of micro phonics in audio applications 17. Limitations Silicon transistors typically do not operate at voltages higher than about 1000 volts (SiC devices can be operated as high as 3000 volts). In contrast, vacuum tubes have been developed that can be operated at tens of thousands of volts. 18. IC TECHNOLOGY The integration of large numbers of tiny transistors into a small chip was an enormous improvement over the manual assembly of circuits using discrete electronic components. 19. Contd.. Early developments of the integrated circuit go back to 1949, when the German engineer Werner Jacobi (Siemens AG) filed a patent for an integrated-circuit-like semiconductor amplifying device showing five transistors on a common substrate in a 2-stage amplifier arrangement. Jacobi disclosed small and cheap hearing aids as typical industrial applications of his patent. A commercial use of his patent has not been reported. 20. First Commercial ICJack Clair Kilby an Americanelectrical engineer took part(along with Robert Noyce)in the realization of the firstintegrated circuit whileworking at Texas Instrumentsin 1958. He was awarded theNobel Prize in Physics in 2000. 21. Jack Kilbys original integrated circuit 22. VLSI SSI : "small-scale integration , digitalcircuits containing transistors numbering inthe tens MSI : Contained hundreds of transistors ona single chip, called "medium-scaleintegration" (MSI)-1960s. LSI :Large-scale integration with tens ofthousands of transistors per chip-mid 1970s 23. contd.. The final step in the development process, starting in the 1980s and continuing through the present, was "very large-scale integration" (VLSI). The development started with hundreds of thousands of transistors in the early 1980s, and continuesbeyond severalbillion transistors as of 2009. 24. ADVANTAGES Size : Sub-micron size Speed and Power:Smaller size of ICcomponents yields higher speed and lowerpower consumption due to smaller parasiticresistances, capacitances an.d inductances. Design is versatile , Simply change the maskto change the design . But designing the lay-out is a timeconsuming process 25. MICROPROCESSOR The first known advertisement for the 4004 isdated November 15, 1971 and appeared inElectronic News. The Intels 4004 is generally regarded as thefirst commercially available microprocessor. Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin and Busicomengineer Masatoshi Shima are the people whotook part in the design of first 4-bitmicroprocessor INTEL 4004. 26. The 4004 with cover removed (left) and asactually used (right) 27. Microprocessor chronology 28. Contd 29. Contd 30. Microcontroller TI engineers Gary Boone and MichaelCochran succeeded in creating the firstmicrocontroller(also calledamicrocomputer) in 1971. The result of their work was the TMS1000, a 4-bit microcontroller and releasedcommercially into market in 1974 31. ASIC Technology An application-specific integrated circuit, or ASIC , is an integrated circuit (IC) customized for a particular use, rather than intended for general-purpose use. For example, a chip designed to run in a digital voice recorder is an ASIC. Application-specific standard products (ASSPs) are intermediate between ASICs and industry standard integrated circuits like the 7400 or the 4000 series. 32. A tray of Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)chips 33. SOC- System on -chip Modern ASICs often include entire microprocessors,memoryblocks including ROM, RAM, EEPROM, Flash and other large building blocks. Such an ASIC is often termed a SoC (system-on- chip) 34. The implications of these developmentsThe rapid advancements in electronics influenced : Consumer Electronics Communications & Wirelesscommunication Medical electronics Transport Electronics(Automobile) Optoelectronic systems Remote sensing & Power Electronics 35. Consumer ElectronicsHigh-definition TV setshave become a partof almost every household .Resolution is now upto 4096 x 2160 (4K) pixels, equivalent to more than 8 megapixels, and visitorswill be amazed by the pin-sharp images. With four timesthe resolution of full HD now available this technologyis ideal for beamers and large screens. 36. HDTV Pictures 37. OLED displaysOLED displays are very thin, making themideal for devices with very slim designs. To date they have found their way ontomobile phones, smart phones and tabletPCs. Small OLED TVs have been on the marketfor some time and this year the first large(55-inch) OLED are ready for sale. 38. Smart TVs Conventional broadcasts are not the only thing that smart TVs can receive. They can also access internet content and services. Owners can start apps on-screen, play games with partners in the cloud, take out films from media theques, or keep in touch with friends through e-mails, Skype, Twitter or Face book. 39. Contd By 2011 some 6 million internet TVs hadalready been sold. According to marketresearchers, in 2012 every second set soldin Germany will be a smart TV. In addition to apps some smart TVsalso feature browsers that can surf theinternet, similar to a PC. 40. Ultra Books Last year tablets were the big hit and in 2012 ultra books are setting a new trend. They are extremely thin, feature extended battery life, boot up in seconds and sport handsome looks. Some models even let the user decide whether to operate this mobile device as a notebook or tablet. Weighing only 1 to 2 kilograms, ultra books fully match the performance of a conventional notebook. 41. Samsung Series 9 Ultra book 42. Contd Photos, music and videos are no longer stored on shelves, in albums and shoe boxes. All that is a thing of the past. Nowadays they are archived digitally on PCs, notebooks and network hard drives and via a home network can be retrieved by virtually any digital device, be it a smart phone, networked TV set or a tablet. Standards such as UPnP and DLNA make accessing media in a home network easy 43. Contd.. Communication between CE components and household appliances opens up wealth of possibilities for future applications. Washing machines can be monitored via a smart phone or tablet while their owners are on the move. The lighting or blinds in the house can be activated even when on holiday. When shopping, users can be alerted to low food stocks in the fridge. 44. Communications Wireless GPS, Bluetooth ,CDMA ,2G,3G ,WiFi ,Zigbee etc.. are the recent trends incommunication technology. The mobile phone technology hasrevolutionized the entire communicationdomain 45. Contd.. The Cell Phone Has Become the BiggestPlatform Created. Nearly 3 ~ 4.6 B Total Wirelesssubscribers and nearly 950 M 3GSubscribers are now enjoying . It isexpected to be ~2.7B by 2014 46. Samsung Galaxy- Icon for Innovative technology ? 47. ContdThe recent technology that revolutionized the home security is the Zig Bee. i.e Zig Bee enabled digital home. 48. A ZigBee-enabled digital home As soon as you use your digital key to unlock the door, your house adjusts the lighting, heat, and window blinds to your liking and puts on your favorite CD in the kitchen. While you were at work, the house fed the cat, turned off the space heater your kids accidentally left on in the basement, and recorded motion-triggered video from security cameras around the property. 49. Contd Your refrigerator detect an almost empty milk carton and add a gallon of two percent to the shopping list that it will e- mail to you automatically. Your house was ready to detect water or gas leaks, freezing pipes, and fire and could have called you or the fire department or a plumber. 50. Safety trends in automotive electronics Safety awareness for vehicles has been increasing strongly since the 1980s. It started with simple seat-belt systems continued with airbags, and has now led to the first really intelligent safety systems. 51. Contd -- With todays advances in sensor and processor technology, the possibilities are growing rapidly. Governments are also viewing these as ways to decrease traffic casualties, and legislation is starting to demand that car manufacturers make use of the technology. 52. Night vision camera 53. Most car headlights can light the road up toaround 60 meters away. Lamps like High-Intensity Discharge (HID) types havegradually increased the range, but it is stilllimited. Infrared imaging systems will allow driversto gain information about traffic up toaround 150 meters away - more than twicethe distance of ordinary low beamheadlights. 54. Blind spot detection Most blind spot detection systems useradar sensors located behind the rearbumper that can monitor both sides of avehicle. The driver is alerted to anypotential hazard when another vehicleenters the blind spot. Very often, this isdone by a visible icon displayed in theside view mirror, although some vendorsare now also using cameras for blind spotdetection. 55. Contd.. Radar has the advantage of operating in all weather conditions, and accurately measures the distance to moving objects. Cameras can identify moving and stationary objects, though, and can therefore improve the accuracy of radar obstacle detection systems. 56. Blind spot detection 57. Driver alertness Drivers not being alert, whether from fatigue or distraction, is one of the main causes of vehicle crashes. For some high- end cars, buses and trucks offer an option that monitors the drivers face using a camera located in the vehicle instrument panel. 58. Contd.. The camera monitors a drivers head and eye position , and the frequency at which the driver blinks his or her eyes. When needed, it sounds an alert to keep the driver awake, and can apply additional braking force when other sensors predict an imminent collision. 59. Driver alertness systems 60. Lane departure warning In US alone, around 4,500 deaths occur each year from head-on collisions or sideswipes when vehicles cross the enterline and collide with oncoming traffic. Lane departure warning systems can indicate when its possible to cross the centerline using a green symbol on the dashboard display. 61. They can provide an auditory alert if a driver crosses a lane marking without first having indicated. Most recent systems use CMOS cameras to "follow" the centerlines. Besides lane departure warning systems, these cameras will in the near future also be used for traffic sign recognition. 62. Lane departure warning system 63. Medical Electronics Recent developments in electronics has also revolutionized the medical domain especially patient monitoring and diagnosis. Tele medicine ,remote patient monitoring technology is slowly gaining momentum 64. contd The huge advances in medical devices, especially the new mobile and connected devices, are being driven by the latest developments in semiconductors. These include large scale integration and reduced power consumption, but also semiconductor devices specifically targeted at medical applications. 65. Texas Instruments thermometer 66. Wrist-Worn Pulse Oximeter 67. Electroencephalograph-EEG 68. vision of personal medical devices. 69. Insulin pump with wireless control. 70. Radiotherapy and Radiosurgery 71. Wireless technology in patientmonitoring 72. Contd.. The electronics has given everything to make lives happy, but its up to the humans to use the technology for the betterment of their lives. Otherwise. 73. Imagine !!!!