Rebecca Ochong, UN-Habitat, GLTNPeter Ngau, University of Nairobi, KenyaLowie Rosales-Kawasaki, UN-Habitat, GLTNSolomon Abebe Haile, UN-Habitat, GLTN

1. Introduction: The Argument2. Declarations, Legal and Policy Framework3. Gender Dynamics of Land Governance4. Gender Evaluation Criteria5. The Gender Parity Question6. Indicators and trends7. Role of African Land Professionals8. Concluding Remarks

1. The paper highlights a neglected aspect of Land Reform in Africa – the Gender Parity Question from the perspective of land professionals.

2. Over the last decade, land reform has taken center stage particularly in Africa

- Need to rationalize distortions in land relations- Need for laws that protect land rights of the most

vulnerable members (women, children and people with disabilities)

3. About 60% of the population derives their livelihood and income primarily from Land.

4. Land contributes - more than 25% of GDP

The question of women land rights is a key distortion in the land reformWomen are discriminated against in terms of access to, ownership of, and control over land and income produced from it.Low shares of registered women land right holders -about 2% in developing countries (estimated 5-7% in Kenya)women represent 43% of the agricultural workforce and produce more than half of the world’s food (ILO 2012).

The gender parity question- Progress in Reforms

- 2003 – The Maputo declaration – the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights (ACHPR) on the rights of Women in Africa

2004 Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in African

2006 Framework and Guidelines on Land Policy in Africa (F&G)

The 2009 Declaration of Land Issues and Challenges in Africa by heads of Government of the African Union

2014, African Union Ministers of Gender and Women’s Affairs

Despite the above declarations the low recognition of women rights remains a major challenge.

Tool developed by GLTN and useful in assessing the extent to which land tools are responsive or non-responsive from a gender perspective.Primarily intended to meet the needs of land professionals who seek practical knowledge and understanding of how land tools upholds and contributes to the attainment of gender equality in land access and tenure security The gender evaluation tool is based on six key criteria outlinedbelow:Participation – equal participation by women and men alongside gender responsive governance.Capacity building – empowerment of both men and women to use, access and benefit from any tools used in relation to landLegal and institutional considerations – how the legal rights are protected and promotedSocial and cultural impacts – reducing the prejudices and practices that effectively discriminate against women’s right to land security of tenure and land rightsEconomic impact – how women’s access to economic independence and resources are supported and promoted by utilizing a land toolScale and sustainability –how effective is a land tool

Male Female

Resident Surveyors 31 (30.10%) 1 (0.97%)

Non-resident Surveyors 69 (66.99%) 2 (1.94%)

Total 103 (100%)

Table 1: Surveyors in Practice: Osun State NigeriaSource: Nigerian Institution of Surveyors, Osogbo: 2010

Total Male FemaleOsun State College of Technology, Esa-Oke

99 (100%) 68 (67.7%)

31 (32.3%)

Federal Polytechnics, Ede 30 (100%) 18 (60%) 12 (40%)

Total Male % Female%1999/2000 8 75 25

2000/2001 5 80 20

2002/2003 62 90 10

2003/2004 10 100 0

2006/2005 18 72.2 28.8

2006/2007 8 77.8 23.2

2007/2008 25 88 12

2008/2009 78 74 26

215 174 (80.9%) 41 (19.1)

Survey Student Enrolments 2009/2010 Session

Source: Nigerian Institution of Surveyors, Osogbo: 2010

Student who have Graduated between the period 1999/2000 – 2008/2009

Source: Department of Surveying and Geo-informatics, Esa-Oke and Fieldwork: 2010

Total NumberApproved In Post

Department Female Male Total % In Post

Administration 304 121 154 275 90.5Lands 1246 332 427 759 60.9Survey 2037 268 502 770 37.8KISM 98 16 26 42 42.9Physical Planning 390 102 148 250 64.1

Land Adjudication & Settlement 2585 303 618 921 35.6Total 6660 1142 1875 3017 45.3

Staffing in the Ministry of Lands, Kenya (June 2011)Source: Ministry of Lands.

Department/Unit Female % Male % TotalAdministration 121 44.0 154 56.0 275Lands 332 43.7 427 56.3 759Surveys 268 34.8 502 65.2 770KISM 16 38.1 26 61.9 42Physical Planning 102 40.8 148 59.2 250Land Adjudication & Settlement 303 32.9 618 67.1 921Total 1142 37.9 1875 62.1 3017

Table 3.2 Staffing by Gender (In Post, June 2011) Source: Ministry of Lands.

Gender

Below O-level

O-level Certificate Ordinary diploma

Higher Diploma

Degree Masters

Male 11.0% 19.2% 21.4% 8.5% 13.2% 21.7% 5.0%Female 10.0% 25.4% 32.5% 10.5% 7.7% 11.0% 2.9%All 10.6% 21.8% 26.1% 9.4% 10.8% 17.1% 4.1%

Below O-level

O-level Certificate Ordinary Diploma

Higher Diploma

Degree Masters

Male 2.6% 20.5% 12.8% 23.1% 10.3% 21.8% 9.0%

Female 0% 25.5% 20.0% 32.7% 9.1% 7.3% 5.5%

All 1.5% 22.6% 15.8% 27.1% 9.8% 15.8% 7.5%

Table 3.8 Highest Academic Qualification by Gender - Provinces and Sample Districts Source: Provinces and Sample districts.

Table 3.9 Highest Academic Qualification by Gender Headquarters – Nairobi

Developing core competencies of land professionals to be:

- Gender sensitive- Facilitators- Dispute resolution- Negotiators

Era of new technologies - Digital vs analogue

- Recognizing women as stakeholders in land- Having both male and female role models as key

players- Providing opportunity to explicitly recognize women’s

rights- Including the name of spouse in all legal documents- Explaining the rights and obligations - Learning about the local situation with regard to

women’s rights when implementing land related projects

- Inclusion of women land professionals who have a good understanding of the gender dimension

- Sharing information and experiences by documenting lessons learnt

Land Policy Reforms should be gender sensitive

- Applying Gender Evaluation Criteria guidelinesMentorship Address gender parity question – in regard to land professional.

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