reagan's secret war, by martin anderson - excerpt
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REAGANS SECRET WAR
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REAGANS
SECRET WAR
The Untold Story of His Fight
to Save the World
from Nuclear Disaster
Martin Anderson and
Annelise Anderson
Crown Publishers
New York
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Copyright 2009 by Martin Anderson and Annelise Anderson
All rights reserved.
Published in the United States by Crown Publishers, an imprint of the Crown Publishing
Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York.
www.crownpublishing.com
CROWN and the Crown colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc.
Grateful acknowledgment is made to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation for
permission to reprint handwritten excerpts from Ronald Reagans diary.
All photographs in this book are courtesy of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Anderson, Martin, 1936
Reagans secret war / Martin Anderson and Annelise Anderson.
p. cm.
1. United StatesForeign relationsSoviet Union. 2. Soviet UnionForeign
relationsUnited States. 3. United StatesForeign relations19811989.
4. Reagan, Ronald. 5. Cold War. 6. Nuclear arms control.
I. Anderson, Annelise Graebner. II. Title.
E876.A556 2008
327.73047dc22 2008050918
ISBN 978-0-307-23861-0
Printed in the United States of America
Design by Leonard Henderson
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
First Edition
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For Nancy Reagan and George Shultz
Nancy, who was at Ronald Reagans side
for more than fifty years,
helping him as he shaped
our countryand then the world
And George, who as secretary of statewas with Reagan at every step he took
on the path to defeat the Soviet Union
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contents
Foreword ix
Introduction 1
1. Reagan the Man 9
2. The Awesome Power of a President 17
3. Juggling Priorities: 1981 27
4. Near Death from an Assassin 43
5. The Beginning of the End of the Cold War 49
6. Going for Zero 59
7. The Bond with Pope John Paul II 73
8. The Nuclear Abolitionist: 1982 93
9. Star Wars 111
10. Close to Nuclear War: 1983 133
11. Reagan Wins Reelection: 1984 153
12. Reagans Negotiating Strategy 177
13. The Ascent of Gorbachev: 1985 205
14. Star Wars in Moscow 219
15. The Geneva Fireside Summit 229
16. The Priority of Human Rights 247
17. Gorbachevs Gambit 265
18. Soviet Strategy at Reykjavik: 1986 28719. The Iran-Contra Controversy 317
20. Gorbachev Caves First: 1987 335
21. Treaty Signing in Washington 343
22. The Cold War Ends: 1988 367
Glossary of Acronyms 397
Notes 399
Acknowledgments 433
Index 437
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foreword
By George P. Shultz
How do you judge a presidency and a president?
Accomplishments are one yardstick. In the case of Ronald Rea-
gan, you can point to ample successes, both during his presidency
and throughout his life. He was successful as a negotiator when he
was head of the Screen Actors Guild. He was successful as an actor,
mastering the art of inhabiting a character or role. As a two-term
governor of California, he left the state in much better shape than
he found it and was even more popular when he left office thanwhen he entered.
During the Reagan presidency, I had the privilege of close as-
sociation with Ronald Reagan as he changed our country for the
better. Rather than looking for political glory, he always seemed
motivated by his view of what was best for America. His was a non-
partisan way of thinking.
I saw Reagan inherit an economy in shambles with inflation inthe teens and the prime rate at 20 percent. I watched as he worked
closely with Paul Volcker, chairman of the Federal Reserve Board,
to fight inflation and put us back on the right track. (Reagan was
fond of telling what were, in some respects, old chestnuts. I re-
member him saying, when people warned that a serious effort to
get rid of inflation might well lead to a recession, If not us, who?
If not now, when?)
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In the areas of national security and foreign policy, there was a
dramatic change for the better between the beginning and end of
Reagans presidency. When Reagan entered office, the Cold War
was as cold as it could get, and when he left, it was all over but the
shouting. Sometimes you hear doubters argue that whatever hap-pens just happensthat Reagans policies of strength, realism,
and diplomacy (let alone his skill in negotiations) had nothing to
do with it. But looking at his long list of accomplishments, most
people feel that he must have had something special to offer.
A presidents real legacy is ultimately about morethan accom-
plishments, thoughno matter how impressive they may be. Most
actions of consequence are, in the end, based on ideas. If the ideasare good, they have staying power.
Ronald Reagan was very much a man of ideas, and one of his
key convictions was that nuclear weapons are so destructive they
should not be in the hands of mankind. He recognized the argu-
ments for deterrence through mutual assured destruction. But he
thought this strategy was immoral. I heard him ask on many occa-
sions, Whats so good about a peace kept by the threat of destroy-ing each other?
Close as I was to Reagan, I learned a lot about the depth and
long history of his thinking on the nuclear threat from reading
Martin and Annelise Andersons thorough and illuminating analy-
sis of the recordmuch of it hidden until now in secret files.
Thanks to the Andersons truly vast accumulation of essays, stories,
and letters in the presidents own handwriting, we learn that Rea-gan committed his thoughts to paper almost continuously. This is
significant because the act of writing is fundamentally an act of
thinking. Reagan was a thinker as well as a doer.
Reagan made no secret of his view that we should abolish nu-
clear weapons. But most people did not take this idea seriously
until Reykjavik. I had the privilege of sitting beside Ronald Reagan
in that tiny room in Hofdi House as we talked for two days with
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Mikhail Gorbachev and Eduard Shevardnadze. There it emerged
that the leaders of the two countries that jointly controlled more
than 90 percent of the worlds nuclear weapons were calling for
the abolition of those weapons.
I remember vividly the reaction when we returned to Washing-ton. Almost immediately, Margaret Thatcher summoned me to the
British ambassadors residence. There I learned the meaning of a
British verb that derives from Thatchers characteristically carry-
ing a stiff handbag, for I was handbagged.
How could you let the president agree to abolish nuclear
weapons? she accused.
But Margaret, hes thepresident.Yes, but youre supposed to be the one who has his feet on the
ground.
Margaret, I agreed with him.
I emerged from the ambassadors residence bloodied. And
over the next few days, as I heard similar reactions from others, I
came to realize that this idea of abolishing all nuclear weapons was
one whose time had not yet come. But I still believed in the con-cept, and more important, so did Ronald Reagan.
Today, Reykjavik can be seen as a watershed meeting. Maybe it
was the beginning of the end of the Cold War. Clearly, the number
of nuclear weapons in the hands of the United States and Russia
has been sharply reduced since that time (although huge numbers
still remain and the possibility of proliferation is all too apparent).
The contrast between the resistance to nuclear abolition amongthe political intelligentsia during Reagans presidency and the cur-
rent growing acceptance that this might just be possible was brought
home to me in 2006, when my colleague Sid Drell, a physicist, and I
decided to hold a conference marking the twentieth anniversary of
the Reykjavik meeting with the objective of exploring its implica-
tions. Many outstanding individuals joined us and another of our
colleagues, Bill Perry, at this conference, and in other ways we in-
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cluded our friends Henry Kissinger and Sam Nunn in the effort.
Among the results was an essay in the Wall Street Journalpublished on
January 4, 2007, calling for a world free of nuclear weapons.
Of course, the essay caused some to speak out in opposition,
but the overwhelming response globally was positive. In the UnitedStates, some two-thirds of the former secretaries of state and de-
fense, as well as national security advisers, have publicly expressed
support for this effort.
Many people have commented on how refreshing it is to
have something advanced on a bipartisan basis. Those leading
the initiative all reply that this effort isnt bipartisan; its nonparti-
san. That was always the spirit of Ronald Reagan, who asked him-self what was good for the country and, in the case of nuclear
weapons, what was good for mankind.
Ultimately, the true test of a man and his presidency is whether
his ideas have staying power. And as Martin and Annelise Ander-
son incisively argue in these pages, Reagans idea of abolishing nu-
clear weapons once and for all was of immense importance. The
public was hesitant to embrace it. Advisers Reagan trusted andwho were experts in this arena didnt support it. But none of that
diminished Reagans conviction, and now we see that his idea lives
on and is attracting support in the United States and around the
world.
This book will make an immense contribution to the thinking
on this subject because the authors have defied assumptions about
what Reagan thought and said and conducted painstaking re-search to get at the truth of what he reallyplanned and executed.
All of us who are gripped by the transcendent importance of the
nuclear threat will learn, and be inspired by, this account.
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REAGANS SECRET WAR
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introduction
One eyewitness
is worth more than ten who
tell you what they have heard.
Plautus, Roman playwright, c. 190 b.c.
Ronald Reagan accomplished so much with such apparentease that the casual observer often assumes he had nothing to do
with it, nothing to do with the resurgence of the economy or the
reduction in nuclear arsenals or the end of the Cold War.
Perhaps he had advisers whose lines he read with such skill.
Perhaps it was Gorbachev or Thatcher or the Pope. Or maybe itwas just plain luck.
We think not.
The evidence for this conclusion comes primarily from Reagan
himselfwhat he wrote and what he said, his own words, written
in his own hand or spoken extemporaneously. This evidence
shows that throughout his presidency, Reagan carried out goals hehad long held, carefully plotted the strategy that brought about
the ends he achieved, and made all the major decisions of his ad-
ministration. He did not always reveal to friends, family, the press,
or his closest advisers how he intended to accomplish his objec-
tives or the purpose of his actions. Yet with the benefit of hind-
sight, we see intent, planning, and timing. And as we look back we
begin to understand the origins of the ambitious goals he broughtto his presidency.
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Especially important to this understanding is a new block of ev-
idence declassified for use in this book: the minutes of the National
Security Council (NSC), documents previously classified as Top Se-
cret or Secret, unavailable to researchers or the public until now.
The NSC is the group that advises the president on the mostdifficult decisions he must makethose about national security. In
the Reagan White House, the meetings of the NSC were not tape-
recorded, but a scribe usually took careful notes on what each of
the participants said, including the president. In quoting Reagan,
these minutes reveal his decisions and directions to his staff on na-
tional defense, arms control negotiations, and U.S. strategy with re-
spect to the Soviet Union, the Middle East, and Latin America.Reagan chaired 355 meetings of the NSC or its smaller and
more secretive component, the National Security Planning Group
(NSPG). Minutes were found for 192 of them, and of these more
than 80 have been declassified for use in this bookthose most re-
vealing of Reagans thinking and decision making on national de-
fense, arms control, and dealing with the Soviets.
Martin Anderson was given access to these minutes (and toother classified documents) in a rare confluence of events: he had
the necessary clearances, and both the office of President Reagan
(where Nancy Reagan was making the final decisions) and the
current president had to agree. So did the Central Intelligence
Agency, the National Security Council, the National Security
Agency, and the departments of State and Defense. Each wrote a
letter granting access and giving conditions.To access the documents, Martin went into the vault at the Rea-
gan Library through four locked and secured steel doors and was
given a small desk in the archivists workroom at which he could
take notesnotes that were immediately classified and could not
be taken out of the library. He had to leave his cell phone behind,
and was always accompanied by one of the few archivists at the Rea-
gan Library authorized to handle classified documents, an addi-tional burden on these hardworking people. Security became even
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touchier a short time after Martin began his work, when President
Clintons former national security adviser, Samuel Sandy Berger,
was caught extracting documents from the Clinton Presidential Li-
brary by concealing them in his clothing, even hiding them in his
socks. Henceforth Martins library visits involved pulling up hispant legs to demonstrate that there were no precious papers con-
cealed in his socks.
The NSC minutes are critical to knowing who Reagan was and
how he accomplished his goals, and they are the final block of evi-
dence necessary to understanding Ronald Wilson Reagan. Only in
these records do we find out what Reagan decided, how he han-
dled controversy among advisers, and what instructions he gaveon negotiating with the most formidable foe of the United States
during the Cold War, the Soviet Union. They are the ultimate evi-
dence of Reagans own role in dealing with the threat of nuclear
catastrophe and ultimately ending the Cold War.
They will not come as a surprise to his closest staff and advisers,
who, after all, were there and have always said that he made all the
decisions, but they will astonish many others, even those who al-ready admire Reagan as a communicator, a politician, and a man
with firm convictions.
Martin Anderson had access to other classified documents in
the Reagan Library, including memorandums of conversations,
known as memcons for short, prepared as a record when the
president met foreign leaders or talked to them on the phone.
One of the documents declassified for this book is a memcon ofReagans December 15, 1981, meeting with the representative of
Pope John Paul II, Vatican Secretary of State Agostino Cardinal
Casaroli.
Of special interest are the transcripts of the four historic U.S.-
Soviet summit meetings where Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev de-
bated and negotiated. The transcripts record not only the plenary
sessions, attended by staff and advisers, but also the private ses-sions between the two men, where only translators and note takers
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were present. Many Soviets and Americans worked on the negotia-
tions, but the man-to-man negotiations between the two leaders
were of key importance. We have excerpted many of these tran-
scripts to give the reader a feel for what happened at these sum-
mits and why.Also of great interest and importance are the dozens of letters
that went back and forth between Reagan and the four men who
led the Soviet Union while he was presidentLeonid Brezhnev,
Yuri Andropov, Konstantin Chernenko, and finally Mikhail Gor-
bachev. Reagan took up his own pen to write some of these letters.
Now declassified, they give us a strong understanding of Reagans
approach to the Soviets and how much was accomplished beforeGorbachev ever took office.
Other evidence abounds, but much of it did not begin to be-
come available until long after Reagan had left the presidency. As
this information became available, even Reagans own staff was
surprised at the extent to which he had been developing his own
policy views and crafting his own speeches over the years. They did
not know that Reagan was, in truth, a writer. Whatever else he wasdoingas student, sportscaster, Hollywood actor, representative
for General Electric, governor, private citizen, presidentRonald
Reagan wrote. He wrote short stories, articles, radio commen-
taries, speeches, letters, two autobiographies, and, during his years
in the White House, a personal diary.
Even we, the co-authors of this book, did not know how much
Reagan had written over the years until we began researching him.And we were intimately acquainted with Reagans political life. We
had worked in Reagans presidential campaigns of 1976 and 1980,
the 1980 transition to the new administration, and the Reagan
White House. Martin Anderson joined Reagans 1976 campaign in
October 1975, taking a leave of absence from Columbias Gradu-
ate School of Business. Martin was in charge of policy develop-
ment and traveled with Reagan, travels that ended at the 1976convention when Reagan lost his challenge to sitting president
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Gerald R. Ford for the Republican nomination. Annelise Ander-
son joined the Reagan campaign in the summer of 1976 when her
teaching responsibilities at California State University, Hayward,
were over for the school year, and staffed a policy research center
at the 1976 convention.In 1979 Martin, again on leave, was back on the campaign trail,
often traveling with Reagan. Both of us were heavily involved with
the Republican Party platform at the convention. During the fall
1980 campaign, Martin traveled with Reagan, and Annelise was se-
lected to travel with vice presidential candidate George H. W. Bush
as his policy adviser and a link to the Reagan campaign. In the
transition following Reagans November 4, 1980, victory, Annelisewas the lead person in developing recommendations for presiden-
tial appointments in the departments of Treasury, Commerce, and
Transportation. When the administration took office, Martin be-
came assistant to the president for policy development, and An-
nelise became an associate director of the Office of Management
and Budget with responsibility for overseeing the budgets of five
cabinet departments and forty agencies with $80 billion in discre-tionary spending.
Despite our years working with Reagan, neither of us knew
that he had writtenin his own hand, usually on yellow tablets
685 essays on domestic and foreign policy for his five-days-a-week
radio commentary program, which was on the air every weekday
from 1975 through 1979 except when he was a declared candidate
for the presidency. The handwritten commentaries were discov-ered in Reagans personal pre-presidential papers in the Reagan
Presidential Library. Some were in dated folders, but more than
sixty had been unceremoniously dumped in one cardboard box,
and the task was to figure out which handwritten drafts went with
which typed broadcastsfound in the Ronald Reagan Subject
Collection in the Hoover Institution Archivesso that we knew
what Reagan had himself written. At the same time we were find-ing handwritten drafts of speeches on foreign policy, national
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defense, agriculture, and much more. Suddenly it was obvious that
Reagan himself had written most of the lines he was delivering.
(Many of the commentaries and some handwritten speeches were
published in the book Reagan, In His Own Hand.)
But we found much more than radio commentaries. Anothertreasure trove was Reagans correspondencehandwritten letters
or drafts of letters on yellow pads to be typed up for signature, and
sometimes letters dictated on tape. Our search went far beyond
the Reagan Library, and we collected copies of handwritten letters
from other archives and from people who had collections of let-
ters because they had corresponded with Reagan frequently. Rea-
gan wrote hundreds of letters a year while governor of California(196775) and hundreds a year while president. (We selected
more than a thousand of these letters for publication in Reagan: A
Life in Letters, but this amounts to only about 10 percent of his total
handwritten or dictated correspondence.) In many of these let-
ters, Reagan wrote about policy and politics, often with ideas and
viewpoints that had not yet made their way into public speeches.
The final treasure trove of Reagans own words is the personaldiary he kept as president. He usedfrom the very beginning
blank books: leather-bound volumes with 812-by-11-inch pages.
He could not add or replace a page. By the end of his presidency
there were five volumes, all filled with his own script. He was con-
cise and to the point, and he wrote about everythingevents, pol-
icy decisions, working with the Congress, impressions of foreign
leaders, personality conflicts in his administration, family, friends,horseback riding, the weather, and social engagements. For years
no oneexcept Nancyknew he was keeping a diary. The diary is
invaluable as a contemporaneous account and as a record of the
consistency of his policies and the persistence of his efforts to
make those policies reality on issues such as taxes, the budget, and
national defense. Many of the diary entries become clear only in
the context of events.
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Another major resource mined by the authors are the tran-
scripts of Reagans frequent meetings with members of the press.
Reagan gave a number of formal news conferences during his pres-
idency, five or six a year, but he also met with various members of
the press or particular groupsforeign correspondents, radio cor-respondents, regional groups, editorial boards of newspaperson
many occasions. He also did question-and-answer sessions with stu-
dents and other citizen groups where the press was present. Includ-
ing his formal news conferences, he met more than eighty times a
year with one or more members of the pressa total of 678 meet-
ings during the eight years. The transcripts of these interactions
alone are massive, over three thousand pages. All are included inthe official public papers of Ronald Reagan, but they are difficult to
search either in printed form or online. Yet they are important, as
Reagan often revealed his positions on issues and objectives in
these less formal meetings before he made official statements. We
have made a special collection of these transcripts and created our
own index.
Reagans speeches and Saturday radio addresses are also im-portant, not only because they embody his skills in communicat-
ing with the public but also because he wrote so many of them
himself, even though he had superb speechwriters. Reagan had al-
ways drafted many of his own speeches, and he continued to write
a considerable number of them when he was president. In addi-
tion, he held meetings with his speechwriters to give them direc-
tion. Several specific instructions survive in his own hand, as wellas his own editing on speeches drafted by others. The Presidential
Handwriting File of Speeches at the Reagan Presidential Library
includes 2,639 speechesalmost one a day for the 2,922 days of
his presidencythat his hand touched in one way or another. Of
these, sixty-four have significant sections (sometimes the entire
speech) drafted in his own hand, and almost half include his own
edits and rewriting.
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A final resource for us has been the White House Daily Diary,
not to be confused with Reagans personal diary. The daily diary is
actually a by-the-minute log of the presidents comings and goings,
his phone contacts, and his meetings, listing all participants
including those attending meetings of the NSC and the NSPG.The log is maintained by representatives of the National Archives
stationed in the White House. The entire log is some eighteen
thousand pages. A classified electronic copy is maintained by the
Ronald Reagan Library. The declassified log, which excludes some
family matters and private information such as Social Security
numbers of White House guests, was copied, and Lawrence Liver-
more National Laboratory agreed to use its best scanning technol-ogy to create a searchable electronic copy, so we could check the
times and attendance of meetings, phone conversations, travel,
and so forth. It has proved invaluable for us in such tasks as deter-
mining how often he met with given members of Congress, where
he was when he recorded his weekly radio broadcasts, and with
whom he met in the press.
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Chapter 1
reagan the man
Ronnie became a loner. . . .
He doesnt let anybody get too close.Theres a wall around him.
Nancy Reagan, 1989
The best clue to understanding Ronald Reagan is Nancy Rea-gan. She is a graduate of Smith College in Massachusetts, a highlyintelligent woman, an actress who met Ronald Reagan in Holly-
wood and married him in 1952. They were happily in love for
more than fifty years. Nancy was also his closest friend, perhaps his
only real friend, and she knew far more about him than anyone
else in the world.
In 1989, just after they had left office, Nancy wrote a book
about her life in which she told us more about Ronald Reaganthan anyone. She knew the key to his self-assurancehe was a
loner. Here is how she explained Reagan in her book:
Its hard to make close friends or to put down roots when youre
always moving, and I think thisplus the fact that everybody
knew his father was an alcoholicexplained why Ronnie became a
loner. Although he loves people, he often seems remote, and hedoesnt let anybody get too close.
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10 REAGANS SECRET WAR
Theres a wall around him. He lets me come closer than any-
one else, but there are times when even I feel that barrier.
Ronnies closest friends and advisers have often been disap-
pointed that he keeps this distance. . . .
Ronnie is an affable and gregarious man who enjoys other peo-
ple, but unlike most of us, he doesnt need them for companion-
ship or approval.
As he himself has told me, he seems to need only one other
personme.1
Despite all appearances, then, Reagan was a very private man.
His pollster, Richard Wirthlin, met with him one day in March1983, to give him the latest results. It was good news; the national
polls were showing that Reagans policies were widely supported.
While he was reporting the polls, Reagan interrupted in midsen-
tence and said:
You know what I really want to be remembered for?
I want to be remembered as the President of the UnitedStates who brought a sense and reality of peace and security. I
want to eliminate that awful fear that each of us feels some-
times when we get up in the morning knowing that the world
could be destroyed through a nuclear holocaust.2
As far as we know he only said that once, in private. His usual
answer about his legacy was a response about restoring the Ameri-can economy.
Another foundation for Reagans actions, perhaps, was his
high intelligenceand his ability to hide it. He was an extraordi-
narily bright pupil who even taught himself how to read a newspa-
per when he was five years old.3 But as time went on, he seemed to
quickly learn something that most highly intelligent people learn
as they grow older: a child who seems to know all the answers soon
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has few friends. So he spent more time playing ball and being a
regular student.
Unlike many intelligent people, Reagans self-confidence was
also great enough that he never felt he had to demonstrate his
knowledge or his quickness. Indeed, on the front of his desk in theWhite House was a small sign that carried the words Theres no
limit to what a man can do or where he can go if he doesnt mind
who gets the credit.
One of Reagans key tactics while deep in long and arduous
negotiations was to accept what his opponent had offered. He
never crowed over what he was given; he just said thanks. As he ex-
plained it one day inFortunemagazine:
Ive never understood people who want me to hang in
there for a hundred percent or nothing. Why not take seventy
percent or eighty percent, and then come back another day for
the other twenty or thirty percent.4
One of the few people who seemed to understand how Reaganmanaged the White House was Washington Posteditor Meg Green-
field. In 1984 she wrote an essay for Newsweek titled How Does
Reagan Decide? As a liberal Democrat, she observed something
that even many of Reagans closest conservative supporters failed
to understandthat he made decisions like a labor negotiator for
a workers union. She summed up part of his decision-making
style like this:
The long waiting out of the adversary, the immobility meanwhile,
the refusal to give anything until the last moment, the willing-
nessnonethelessfinally to yield to superior pressure or force
or particular circumstance on almost everything, but only with
something to show in return, and only if the final deal can be in-
terpreted as furthering the original Reagan objective.5
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12 REAGANS SECRET WAR
Reagan was also an unusual boss. Those who worked for him
liked him. They did not necessarily agree with all of his policies,
but they still found him pleasant and friendly. He didnt criticize
his advisers in front of others. He didnt chew people out. He
didnt reprimand them, he didnt complain to them face-to-faceand he never yelled at them. Sometimes he might look a little dis-
appointed when things went wrong, but you rarely felt a sense of
failure or humiliation.
When people first met Reagan, they often thought he was too
easygoing and friendly to be tough. The impression was like a soft
down pillow. What people failed to see was the two-inch-thick rod
of steel right down the inside of the pillow.Perhaps the most important key to Reagans success was the
quality of his advisers and staff. Individually the men and women
in his staff were very different, and they all had skills that matched
the jobs they held. But the one thing they all shared was that they
were all smart and sensible. Some presidents have felt uncomfort-
able with brilliant men and women; Reagan thrived on them.
Even his political opponents noted that the group of advisersand staff was unusual. Robert Strauss, perhaps the most savvy Dem-
ocrat around when Reagan was elected, called Reagans staff sim-
ply spectacular. Its the best White House staff Ive ever seen.6
President Reagans management philosophy was best summed
up when a reporter asked: Your friend Roger Smith, chairman of
General Motors, says that youve done a great job of focusing on
the big picture without getting bogged down in detail. How do youdecide which problems to address personally, and which to leave
to subordinates? Reagan replied:
You surround yourself with the best people you can find,
delegate authority, and dont interfere as long as the overall
policy that youve decided upon is being carried out.
In the Cabinet meetingsand some members of the Cabi-net who have been members of other Cabinets told me there
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reagan the man 13
have never been such meetingsI use a system in which I want
to hear what everybody wants to say honestly. I want the deci-
sions made on what is right or wrong, what is good or bad for
the people of this country. I encourage all the input I can
get. . . .
And when Ive heard all that I need to make a decision, I
dont take a vote.
I make the decision.
Then I expect every one of them, whether their views have
carried the day or not, to go forward together in carrying out
the policy.7
All this does not mean that Reagan was some kind of superhu-
man who could not be riled or upset. In fact, one of the most un-
appreciated facets of Reagans character was his temper; it flared
rarely, but was memorable when it did. If Reagan was crossed
crossed badlyhe exploded into what could be called a black
Irish rage. His face darkened, his jaw muscles clenched and
bulged, and his lips got thin and tight. In public he might showsporadic flashes of displeasure, but never real anger. It wasnt that
he did not get angry, but rather that he usually covered it up.
During his presidential campaign, on one of those rare occa-
sions of real furya well-justified one, we might addwe watched
him lean back a bit, reach up and grab the right side of his eye-
glasses, rip the glasses off, and fling them across the room into the
wall closest to him. After he smashed his glasses into the wall, hecalmed down quickly and carried on. No one who was there can
remember what happened to the eyeglasses. That kind of outburst
didnt happen oftenbut it did happen.
Once during the campaign in 1976 Reagan was holding an im-
promptu press conference outside a building with a narrow alley.
Some of the reporters were asking questions that had an insulting
tone. After Reagan finished answering the last question, he turnedand headed through the alley into the building, with the Secret
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Service clearing the way. When he was about halfway down the
alley, one of the reporters, a particularly provocative one, yelled:
Whats the matter? Are you afraid to answer the question?
Reagan stopped, his face turning red. Abruptly he turned and
headed back out through the alley. His eyes were blazing, focusedon the heckler waiting outside. As he moved through the alley, one
of the advisers was standing in the way. Reagan, with one swift thrust
of his arm, shoved him aside, slamming him against the wall. Out-
side he angrily answered the reporters question, then turned back
and went into the building. (The fellow he moved was fine.)
Another rare example of what could make Reagan upset was a
rewritten draft of one of his speeches. One day, Peter Hannaford,one of his oldest and most valued speechwriters, handed him a
new redraft of a major speech for him to read on the plane. Rea-
gan smiled, slipped on his reading glasses, and started to read.
After two or three pages, his eyebrows narrowed and his jaw tight-
ened. Then, after reading the next page, he lifted it, raised it high
in the air, and slammed it down hard onto the small pile he had
just read. He continued to read, slamming each succeeding pagedown harder and harder. It was clear he didnt like the redraft of
the speech.8
After Reagan had been in office for nearly six months, very few
people understood his foreign policy. It especially bothered some
of the reporters writing about him. They feared that he was on a
course that could be dangerous, even leading the United States to
a nuclear war. It was true that Reagan had never spelled out a de-tailed picture of what he wished to do in foreign policy, but it did
not seem to bother him. A letter he dictated to a friend, John O.
Koehler, on July 9, 1981, explains his reluctance to do soand
serves as a perfect example of his quietly self-confident approach:
I know Im being criticized for not having made a great
speech outlining what would be the Reagan foreign policy. Ihave a foreign policy; Im working on it.
14 REAGANS SECRET WAR
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I just dont happen to think that its wise to always stand up
and put in quotation marks in front of the world what your for-
eign policy is. Im a believer in quiet diplomacy and so far
weve had several quite triumphant experiences by using that
method.
The problem is, you cant talk about it afterward or then
you cant do it again.9
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index
Able Archer exercise, 141143ABM treaty (seeAnti-Ballistic Missile
[ABM] Treaty [1972])Abramowitz, Morton, 148Adelman, Kenneth, 148, 287288,
300301, 327Afghanistan, 37, 44, 53, 133, 160, 206, 226,
402n24Airborne Warning and Control Systems
(AWACS), 341
Allen, Richard V., 45, 50, 6263, 67, 113,250, 339
Al Shiraanewspaper, 318, 319American Life, An(Reagan), 332333
Amnesty International, 358Anderson, Annelise, x, xii, 46Anderson, Martin, x, xii, 26, 31, 112114,
416n21Andrew, Christopher, 135136Andropov, Yuri, 122, 129, 143, 149, 153,
160, 164, 210, 290
death of, 155, 156Gorbachev and, 190, 207health of, 137, 141letter to Reagan (August 4, 1983), 137letter to Reagan (August 27, 1983),
139140personality of, 135Reagan and, 4, 135141, 145, 147Reagans letter to (July 11, 1983),
137139Reagans letter to (August 24, 1983), 139
Reagans letter to (December 23, 1983),147RYAN and, 136, 141, 210, 289succeeds Brezhnev, 109
Angola, 35, 37Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) system, in
Soviet Union, 212, 217, 218, 219,272273, 325
Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty (1972),129, 217, 218, 293, 295, 296,298304, 306, 308, 309, 314, 325
interpretations of, 238239, 280, 283,290296, 298, 300304, 306, 314,325
NSPG discussion of, 280, 325Reagans views on, 129Soviet violations of, 218, 274, 289, 291,
293, 295, 298, 303, 308309, 311,325
at summit meetings, 238239, 290296,298304, 306, 308
Anti-satellite (ASAT) interceptor, 182, 184Anti-satellite (ASAT) weapons, 273, 289,
301, 309
Arab oil embargo, 340Arbatov, Georgy, 215Are Liberals Really Liberal? (Reagan),
339Arms buildup, 1718, 28, 3839, 82, 95,
102103, 130, 133, 135, 143, 169,180, 205, 279, 289290, 309310
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency,158, 288, 300
B-1 bomber, 38, 39
B-52 bomber, 38, 39Backis, Audrys, 77Baker, Howard H., 354, 361, 389Baker, James A., III (Jim), 45, 77, 116, 120,
145, 206, 215, 319Baltimore Sun, 173Barton, Sir Andrew, 43Baruch plan, 108Bay of Pigs fiasco, 36Bendetsen, Karl, 114Berger, Samuel (Sandy), 3
Berlin Wall, 249, 250, 345347, 357358,360, 375, 385, 392Bessmertnykh, Aleksandr A., 389Brady, James, 46Brezhnev, Leonid, 4, 33, 61, 79, 153, 156,
158, 160, 164, 166, 179, 225, 290death of, 109on dtente, 184, 186187health of, 61, 136on human rights 225, 248letter to Reagan (March 6, 1981), 4345,
49, 135Reagans letter to (April 18, 1981),
4955, 71, 135, 248
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Brezhnev, Leonid (contd)Reagans letter to (December 23, 1981),
8788, 89SALT agreements and, 103
Brokaw, Tom, 359Bukovsky, Vladimir, 250, 251
Burns, Arthur, 31Burns, Robert, 265Bush, George H. W., 5, 77, 83, 84, 116,
145, 156, 204, 319, 394on human rights, 215216
Cadell, Patrick, 318California State University, Hayward, 5Camp David, 123124, 192193, 219, 220,
353Captive Nations Committee, 358Carlucci, Frank C., 83, 324326, 353, 354,
389Carter, Jimmy, 23, 25, 28, 36, 38, 39, 103,
402n24Casaroli, Agostino (Cardinal), 3, 73,
7782, 91Casey, William, 35, 64, 67, 83, 146, 181,
183, 215, 222223, 319, 340, 408n23infighting and, 179, 207Iran-Contra and, 322324, 333health of, 322323Reagan and, 207
Caterpillar, 83Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 2, 50,
94, 127,Chteau Fleur dEau, Geneva, 230Chernenko, Konstantin, 4, 163, 164, 186
address to Twenty-seventh Congress ofCommunist Party (February 23,1985), 199200
death of, 203204health of, 156157, 160, 176, 181, 196letter to Reagan (December 20,1984),
191192, 195196letter to Reagan (February 23, 1984), 158letter to Reagan (November 8, 1984, 178letter to Reagan (November 17,1984),
179181Reagan and, 156158, 160, 177181,
184185Reagans letter to (February 14, 1984),
157Reagans letter to (December 7, 1984),
185
SDI and, 195196, 210Chernobyl nuclear power plant explosion,
277280, 290, 310, 372, 390391
Chernyaev, Anatoly S., 313315, 389Church, George J., 205Churchill, Winston, 40CIA (seeCentral Intelligence Agency
[CIA])Clark, William P., 83, 101, 114, 116, 124,
127, 408Clifford, Clark, 25Clinton Presidential Library, 3Cohn, Harry, 119Cold War, x, 3, 60, 135, 140142, 154
Brezhnev letter and end of, 55end of, xi, 1, 5, 165, 201, 339, 342, 367,
394395Moscow summit and end of, 369377,
387389Thatcher statement on end of, 367
Columbia University Graduate School ofBusiness, 4
Commerce, U.S. Department of, 5Confessions of a Nazi Spy(movie), 85Congress, U.S., 6, 8, 3034, 38, 5558, 95,
115, 149150, 201, 228, 255, 263,279, 284, 299, 314
composition of, 25, 30, 317319House of Representatives and, 2425Iran Contra and, 219, 319, 321, 322, 337Reagan fighting and, 33, 325, 341, 337,
356357
Reagan meeting with, 3031, 56,369370
Reagans need for support of, 49, 55,201, 226, 255257, 262, 314, 326,353, 367
visit to Soviet Union and, 258259Congressional elections of 1986, 317Consumer price index, 28Contras, 319, 320, 322, 331333, 335, 341Cooke, Terrance (Cardinal) 75Coors, Joseph, 114
Corwin, Norman, 9798Council of Economic Advisers, 31Cronkite, Walter, 3334Cruise missile, 38, 44, 82Cuba, 3435Cuban missile crisis, 35, 38, 173, 369
Daniloff, Nicholas, 284, 285Davis, Edith, 354355
Deadly Gambits: The Reagan Administration
and the Stalemate in Nuclear Arms
Control(Talbott), 153Deaver, Michael, 93, 120, 145, 206Declaration of Independence, 84, 383
438 index
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Gorbachev, Mikhail (contd)nuclear weapons, elimination of, xi, 214,
240241, 266267, 301304, 307,314, 364
nuclear weapons, reduction of, 245,266267, 296, 298, 301304, 307,
314, 368Reagan, negotiations with (seeGenevasummit; Moscow summit; Reykjaviksummit; Washington summit)
Reagans letter to (March 11, 1985),208209
Reagans letter to (April 30, 1985),210211
Reagans letter to (February 16, 1986),272273
Reagans letter to (February 22, 1986),273274
Reagans letter to (April 11, 1986), 276Reagans letter to (May 23, 1986), 278Reagans letter to (July 1, 1986),
282283Reagan and, 207, 211212, 216,
223224, 233, 239, 245246,261265, 269, 307, 310, 313, 315,342, 344345, 361362, 365,376380, 385, 388, 390, 394
resignation of, 268, 301rise of, 190
SDI, opposition to, 191, 193195, 210,213215, 217, 224, 237, 238,240243, 245, 263264, 281, 288,289, 292, 295, 297298, 300303,305314, 336
space ban and, 212, 214, 237, 240242,263, 267, 272, 284, 306, 308, 338
statement on INF (February 28, 1987),335336
sudden agreement with Reagansdemands, reasons for, 338339,
342Thatcher and, 191, 193U.S. grain shipments and, 299300,
341visit to London (December 17, 1984),
190191zero-zero and, 294295
Gorbachev, Raisa, 193, 365Gordievsky, Oleg, 134Graham, Daniel, 114Grain shipments, to Soviet Union,
299300, 341Greenfield, Meg, 11Greenspan, Alan, 31
Gromyko, Andrei A., 157, 160, 180, 186,196, 205, 210, 252, 389
human rights and, 252meeting with Reagan (September 28,
1984), 164171speech at United Nations (1962),
210211speech at United Nations (September27, 1984), 163
Ground-launched cruise missiles(GLCMs), 44, 65, 71, 271
GRU, 136
Haig, Alexander, 36, 4445, 4950, 52, 77,103, 106, 252
NSC meeting on Poland and, 83,8586
Reagan and, 50, 52, 108resignation of, 108109zero-zero initiative and, 6570
Hannaford, Peter, 14Helsinki agreement, 84, 89, 211, 215, 253,
360, 374375Helsinki Watch, 358Hezbollah, 318High frontier concept, 114Hill, James, 112Hinckley, John, 45, 47Hiroshima, 97, 180
Hitler, Adolf, 40, 63, 194Hollywood Independent Citizens
Committee of the Arts, Sciencesand Professions, 97
Hoover Institution Archives, RonaldReagan Subject Collection, 5
House of Representatives (seeCongress,U.S.)
How Does Reagan Decide? (Greenfield),11
Howe, Sir Geoffrey, 190
Human rights, 205, 215, 225, 247248,250263, 268, 291, 297, 313, 347,357362, 365, 368, 373375, 378
Geneva summit and, 247264Gorbachevs views on, 212, 235,
258261, 268, 291, 359, 362, 368,374375
Moscow summit and, 381387NSC minutes on, 3536, 84Reagans radio commentaries on, 74,
250251
Reagans speeches on, 75, 248249, 324,345347, 357359, 373375,381387
440 index
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Reagans views on, 5355, 84, 8789,168, 211215, 225, 248262, 268,360365, 368
Reykjavik summit and, 290291, 297Washington summit and, 360, 362, 364,
365
ICBMs (seeintercontinental ballisticmissiles [ICBMs])
Ikle, Fred, 215Inflation, ix, 2831INF Treaty, 361, 363365, 367, 368,
371373, 376, 377, 386389, 391negotiations and, 117, 271, 336338,
347353, 355357, 361, 372Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs),
18, 103, 112, 135, 182, 217, 245,276, 290, 293, 294, 392, 394
Interest rates, 28Intermediate-range nuclear force (INF),
106, 123125, 159, 182, 187, 189,238, 271, 283, 290, 335338,347349, 355357, 363365
International Harvester, 83Iran-Contra scandal, 318323, 330333,
335, 339, 342Iranian hostage crisis, 37Iranian revolution of 1979, 340Iran-Iraq War, 340
Israel, 37, 318319, 341
Jackson-Vanik Amendment (1973), 225James, Penn, 74Jefferson, Thomas, 247, 281, 370Jennings, Peter, 359Jews, in Soviet Union, 205, 225, 256,
258259, 362John Paul II, Pope, 1, 3
(seealso Vatican)assassination attempt, 75
communism and, 7475human rights and, 75information channel for, 82, 90, 408n23nuclear war and, 76, 7982, 9091, 108Reagan and, 7475, 76, 9091, 108,
408n23representatives secret meeting with
Reagan (December 15, 1981), 7782Soviet Union and, 79, 82
visit to Poland (1979), 74, 77Wilson meeting with, 7374
Johnson, Lyndon B., 23Joint Chiefs of Staff, 115116, 119, 128Jones, David, 35
Kalb, Marvin, 174Kampelman, Max, 202, 336, 337Kandinski, Wassily, 385Kennedy, Edward M., 111Kennedy, John F., 23, 35, 36, 173Kennedy, Robert F., 249
Keyworth, George (Jay), 113, 114KGB, 46, 6364, 109, 135, 136, 284, 340, 354Directorate T and, 6265, 225, 339340Line X and, 64
Khrushchev, Nikita, 346Kings Row(movie), 237Kirkpatrick, Jeane, 83Kissinger, Henry, xii, 93, 173Koehler, John O., 14Korean Airlines incident (September 1,
1983), 140, 141Krasnoyarsk Radar Station, Siberia, 274,
276, 289, 294, 303, 309310Krol, John (Cardinal), 75, 408n23Kuhn, Jim, 230231
Laghi, Pio, 77, 408n23Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 8League of Finnish-American Societies, 375Lehman, Ron, 336, 337Lenin, V. I., 299, 380Letters of Ronald Reagan
to Andropov (August 24, 1983), 139
to Andropov (December 23, 1983), 147to Andropov (July 11, 1983), 137, 138to Brezhnev (April 18, 1981), 4955,
135, 248to Brezhnev (December 23, 1981),
8788, 89to Chernenko (December 7, 1984),
184185to Chernenko (February 14, 1984), 157to Col. Barney Oldfield (March 17,
1986), 274
to Gorbachev (March 11, 1985),208209
to Gorbachev (April 30, 1985), 210211to Gorbachev (February 16, 1986),
272273to Gorbachev (February 22, 1986),
273274to Gorbachev (April 11, 1986), 276to Gorbachev (May 23, 1986), 278to Gorbachev (July 1, 1986), 282283to John O. Koehler (July 9, 1981), 14, 15
to John Tringali (January 6, 1988), 369to Pope John Paul II, 9091to Virginia Adams (April 21, 1982), 106
index 441
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Lettow, Paul, 59Liberation theology, 74Lincoln, Abraham, 155Lomonosov, Mikhail, 382Longfellow, H. W., 335
Machiavelli, Niccol, 17MAD (seeMutual Assured Destruction[MAD] policy)
Magazine Publishers Association, 207Marshall Plan, 83, 84Marx, Karl, 299Matlock, Jack F., 215, 338, 380, 389, 394McCarthy, Timothy, 46McClelland, Woodford, 252McFarlane, Robert C. (Bud), 120, 145, 146,
187, 202, 215, 231, 318, 322, 323Meese, Edwin, III (Ed), 45, 67, 83, 93, 113,
114, 116, 120, 145, 146, 148, 206,215, 318, 320, 321
Mein Kampf(Hitler), 63Midgetman missile, 301Military, U.S.
importance of economic recovery tostrength of, 24, 2829, 54, 5758,176, 367, 370
morale and, 2324, 367peace without surrender and, 39, 142,
206, 290, 342, 347
Reagans statements on, 165, 347, 370spending and, 32, 38strength of, 24, 3233, 39, 54, 163, 290
Minuteman missile, 38, 112Missile defense, 111116, 119121,
128131, 136, 144, 174175(see alsoStrategic Defense Initiative
[SDI])Mitrokhin, Vasili, 135136Mitterand, Franois, 6364, 157, 192Mondale, Walter, 158, 160, 172175
Moscow State University, Reagans speechat (May 31, 1987), 380387
Moscow summit (May 1988), 344,371372, 375391
Mutual and Balanced Force Reduction(MBFR) talks, 147149
Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) policy,x, 22, 125, 129, 166, 192, 282, 369
MX multiple-warhead missile, 38, 39, 120,301
Nagasaki, 97Nathan, Richard, 24National Archives, 8
National Association of Evangelicals,121122
National Conference of Christians andJews, 93
National Conference on Soviet Jewry, 358National Intelligence Estimate (1982), 217
National Press Club, Reagan speech to(November 18,1981), 7071National Security Agency, 2National Security Council (NSC)
meetings, 2, 3, 8, 3437, 101102,413n21
on arms control strategy, 61, 6566,6870, 102106, 119, 148, 276277
chaired by Reagan, 1921, 3436, 61, 63,6566, 89, 144, 201, 276
first Reagan meeting of (February 6,1981), 1921, 3436
on human rights, 3536, 8386, 90,215216, 252
on Latin America, 3436on Middle East, 3637on Mutual and Balanced Force
Reduction (MBFR) talks (January13, 1984), 147149
on negotiating strategy, 61, 6566,6870, 103, 147148
on Poland (December 1981), 8386,8990
Reagan as decision maker at, 1921, 108on SDI, 144, 216on Soviet Union, 3436, 6263, 66, 69,
8386, 8990, 101102, 144, 147,215216
on START (April 21, 1982), 102106on U.S.-Soviet negotiations (March 4,
1985), 201on U.S.-Soviet negotiations (September
20, 1985), 215216on zero-zero initiative, 6768
National Security Decision Directive 86(March 28, 1983), 124125
National Security Decision Directive 192(October 11, 1985), 325326
National Security Planning Group (NSPG)meetings, 2, 8, 34, 413n21
on arms control strategy, 39, 117119,143, 181182, 187188, 220,270271, 280, 326330, 348351,371372
chaired by Reagan, 1921, 34, 145, 208,
218, 270, 275, 279, 324, 371on Gorbachevs proposal (February 3,
1986), 270271
442 index
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on Iran-Contra scandal (November 25,1986), 319320
on Latin America, 319320on Moscow summit (February 9, 1988),
371373on NATO summit (February 26, 1988),
372373on negotiating strategy, 118, 183189,220, 270271, 280, 326230,371372
on Pershing II missile deployment(January 13, 1983), 143
review of Reagans arms controlpositions (September 8, 1987),348352
on SDI, 184, 187189, 270271,280281, 324330, 348351
on Soviet noncompliance with armscontrol agreements (March 25 and
April 16, 1986), 275277on Soviet plans for protracted nuclear
war (December 9, 1983), 145146on Soviet strategic defenses (October 7,
1985), 218on Soviet Union, 183188, 218, 273,
275, 279280, 325326on status of arms control negotiations
(March 19, 1984), 158160on U.S.-Soviet negotiations (June/July
1986), 279281on U.S.-Soviet negotiations
(November/December 1984),181183, 185189
on zero-zero initiative (January 13,1983), 117119
NATO (seeNorth Atlantic TreatyOrganization [NATO])
Navoi, Alisher, 385Neuman, Johanna, 197198Newsweekmagazine, 11, 201
New York Post, 9394New York Times, 111112, 249, 312Nicaragua, 35, 37, 319, 331333Nitze, Paul H., 118, 119, 159, 338, 389Nixon, Richard M., 23, 53, 216
1972 summit, 225Reagan and, 220221resignation of, 321Safeguard ABM program and, 111SALT agreements and, 103
North, Oliver, 320, 322, 333
North American Aerospace DefenseCommand (NORAD), 65, 112,114
North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO), 37, 38, 65, 86, 187, 267
summit (March 1988), 372373Notre Dame University, Reagans
commencement address at (March9, 1988), 75, 9596
NSC meetings (seeNational SecurityCouncil [NSC] meetings)NSPG meetings (seeNational Security
Planning Group [NSPG] meetings)Nuclear weapons
Able Archer exercise, 141143ABM (Anti-Ballistic Missile) Treaty
(1972), 217, 238, 274, 280, 283, 289,293, 295, 296, 298304, 306, 308,309, 314, 325
Eisenhower and, 106, 107, 145, 159Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 97intercontinental ballistic missiles
(ICBMs), 18, 103, 112, 135, 182,217, 245, 276, 290, 293, 294, 392,394
intermediate-range nuclear force (INF),106, 123125, 159, 182, 187, 189,238, 271, 283, 290, 335338,347349, 355357, 363365
Mutual and Balanced Force Reduction(MBFR) talks, 147149
Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)
policy, x, 22, 78, 125, 129, 166, 192,282, 369
nuclear attack warning (September 25,1983), 140, 141
reduction and abolition aims of Reagan,5962, 65, 7879, 94, 95, 101,106109, 115117, 123131, 134,142, 146, 150151, 161162,169171, 186, 188189, 191192,196, 198
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I
and II), 103, 159, 165, 182, 226,274277, 294
Strategic Arms Reduction Talks(START), 102106, 159, 187, 338,348, 365
zero-zero initiative, 6571, 117119,124126, 137, 150, 189, 294295,297, 310, 317, 336, 352, 353, 357,363
(see alsoGeneva summit; Missile defense;Moscow summit; Reykjavik summit;
Washington summit)(see alsoStrategic Defense Initiative
[SDI])
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Nuclear arsenals of U.S., 1718, 38, 6566,101, 135, 165, 180, 206, 279, 290,363, 392394
Nuclear arsenals of USSR, 1718, 38,6566, 101, 135, 165, 180, 182,205206, 279, 289290, 310, 363,
392394Nuclear freeze movement, 119, 357Nuclear war impossibility of winning, 19,
79, 131, 142, 209, 214, 387389joint statement at Geneva summit on, 264threat of (1983), 21, 22, 136143
Nuclear winter, 188Nunn, Sam, xii
Oberdorfer, Don, 142, 376Office of Management and Budget, 5, 31,
37Oil prices, 2829, 299300, 340, 341Oldfield, Barney, 274Olympic games, 156Omnibus Budget and Reconciliation Act
of 1981, 57ONeill, Thomas (Tip), 24, 25, 55, 56, 210Open sky proposal, 159Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC), 340Ottawa economic summit meeting (1981),
63
Pakistan, 37Parr, Jerry, 46Pasternak, Boris, 385Peaceful coexistence, 387388Perry, Bill, xiPershing II missile, 44, 65, 71, 82, 117, 136,
143145, 271, 294, 363Petrov, Stanislav, 140Pipes, Richard, 45, 50, 83, 404n3Plautus, 1
Poindexter, John, 200, 269, 320, 322, 324,333
Poland, 34, 36, 133, 254John Paul IIs visit to (1979), 74, 77martial law in, 76, 77, 82, 89NSC meetings on (December 1981),
8386, 8990sanctions against, 82, 85, 86Solidarity movement in, 76, 77, 82, 85,
86Polybius, 153
Pontifical Academy of Science, 76, 91Powell, Colin L., 324, 361, 371, 372, 389Pravda, 199
Presidential elections1964, 3391976, 45, 1314, 1001980, 4, 5, 23, 24, 27, 28, 30, 4042, 1131984, 153155, 158, 160, 161, 172176
Presidents Economic Policy Advisory
Board (PEPAB), 31Price and allocation controls, 28, 29Providence St. Mel High School, Chicago,
107
Qadhafi, Muammar, 187, 239
Rancho del Cielo, California, 155, 160,213, 338
Rather, Dan, 359Reagan: A Life in Letters(ed. Skinner,
Anderson, and Anderson), 6Reagan, In His Own Hand(ed. Skinner,
Anderson, and Anderson), 6, 66Reagan, Maureen, 154Reagan, Nancy, 2, 6, 93, 106, 153154, 170,
192, 236death of mother, 354355influence of, 197198in Moscow, 376, 378379, 391393on Ronald, 910, 47, 197198, 355, 376,
378379, 391Reagan, Ron (son), 378
Reagan, Ronaldadvisers and staff, 12, 50, 52, 183, 269,
282, 323, 390Andropov and, 4, 109, 135141, 145,
147Andropovs letter to (August 4, 1983),
137Andropovs letter to (August 27, 1983),
139140approach to negotiating, 11, 33, 119,
157, 162, 202, 223227
as decision maker, 13, 1112, 1920,67, 84, 105106, 123, 140, 147148,159160, 164169, 178179,197198, 208, 245, 388, 394
assassination attempt, 4548, 58, 75,155
autobiography of, 332333Brezhnev and, 4, 71, 4955, 8788, 89,
135, 248Brezhnevs letter to (March 6, 1981),
4345
at California ranch, 155, 160, 213, 338at Camp David, 123124, 192193, 219,
220, 353
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challenges of, 2324, 73character and personality of, 914, 20,
119Chernenko and, 4, 156158, 160,
177181, 184185, 195196Chernenkos letter to (February 23,
1984), 158Chernenkos letter to (November 8,1984), 178
Chernenkos letter to (November 14,1984), 179180
Chernenkos letter to (December 20,1984), 191192
communism and, 22, 60, 87, 150, 235,254, 299, 382
conditions in U.S. on taking office,2024, 37, 340, 392
Congress, meetings with, 8, 30,263264,320
death of mother-in-law of, 354355defense philosophy of, 3942, 102, 206as Democrat, 96on dtente, 60diary entries of, 6, 3132, 39, 4748, 50,
52, 56, 57, 7476, 86, 87, 101,108109, 119121, 129130, 133,143, 145146, 149, 150, 154, 156,157, 161, 172173, 179, 181, 183,185, 186, 189, 201204, 218,
220221, 223, 230, 262, 263, 269,271272, 275, 284285, 289, 311,318319, 330, 337, 353357, 379,380, 391, 392
early life and, 1011, 9596economic condition on taking office, ix,
2324, 28, 38economic policies of, ix, 2425, 2733,
37, 39, 57, 115, 367, 392economic recovery program, passage of,
49, 5558
favorite poem of, 43finances of, 97first welcome to Washington, 2425focus of evil statement by, 55, 122, 206,
379Gold Medal for Courageous Leadership
in Government, Civil, and HumanAffairs awarded to, 93
Gorbachev, negotiations with (seeGeneva summit; Moscow summit;Reykjavik summit; Washington
summit)Gorbachevs letter to (March 24, 1985),
209
Gorbachevs letter to (June 10, 1985),211212
Gorbachevs letter to (June 22, 1985),212213
Gorbachevs letter to (September 12,1985), 214
Gorbachevs letter to (April 2, 1986),275276Gorbachevs letter to (May 30, 1986),
278279Gorbachevs letter to (September 15,
1986), 283284, 288Gorbachevs proposal (January 15,
1986) and, 266, 269, 273Gorbachevs statement on INF
(February 28, 1987) and, 335337as governor of California, ix, 6, 24, 25,
40, 53, 100Gromyko and, 160162, 164172Haig resignation and, 108109health of, 203, 213Hollywood and, 85, 9699, 119, 237human rights and, 3536, 5355, 75, 84,
8789, 168, 211, 215, 225, 247264,268, 290291, 313, 324, 345347,357362, 364365, 368, 373375,378, 381387
humor, use of, 37, 4647, 86, 89, 99100,118, 173174, 185, 207
intelligence of, 1011Iran-Contra scandal and, 318323,
330333, 335, 339, 342John Paul II and, 7475, 76, 9091, 108on leadership, 1213, 20, 78, 202, 208,
332on legacy, 10, 111legacy of, x, xii, 370, 390391, 395letters of (seeLetters of Ronald
Reagan)on MAD policy, x, 22
meeting with representatives of JohnPaul II (December 15, 1981),7782
meetings with the press, 1314, 5961,71, 90, 130, 145146, 150, 162, 171,192, 201, 207208, 213, 228, 287,312, 331332 , 356
memorandum on negotiations withGorbachev, 223227
military buildup of, 3339missile defense and, 22, 111116,
119121, 128131, 136, 144,174175
Nancy and, 910, 47, 197198
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Reagan, Ronald (contd)negotiating strategy of, 11, 34, 57, 59,
61, 6870, 85, 117, 123,148,154,159, 178, 181, 183185, 188, 201,215216, 220228, 270271,282283
news conferences of, 7, 5962, 196197,319322, 343344New York Postinterview with (March
1982), 9394Nixon and, 220221NSC and NSPG meetings and (see
National Security Council (NSC)meetings
nuclear responsibility, 1719, 9091,112113, 137, 152, 192, 391
nuclear war, impossibility of winningand, 131, 134, 142, 145, 150151,161, 164, 171, 195, 264, 349, 368
on nuclear weapons, 9798, 101, 112,303
on nuclear weapons, elimination of,xxii, 10, 22, 59, 69, 91, 106107,111, 114115, 117, 120, 123, 125,128131, 146, 150, 162, 166,169172, 181, 186, 193, 195,199203, 208209, 213214, 228,245, 269, 273274, 304305, 310,324, 347, 349, 352, 357, 363364,
370371on nuclear weapons, elimination of and
SDI, 144, 175, 183185, 188,196198, 216217, 222, 280281,283, 309, 313, 327
on nuclear weapons, first public recordon elimination of, 9395, 101
on nuclear weapons, reduction of, 33,59, 62, 71, 7879, 103, 109, 116,128, 139, 153, 156, 158, 161162,166, 169172, 183, 245, 263, 275,
283, 293294, 299, 304, 324, 336,344, 347, 357358, 363365, 369,386
on nuclear weapons and internationalcontrol, 79, 82, 98, 107108 (see alsoSDI and international control)
at Ottawa economic summit meeting(1981), 63
as pacifist, 93, 9598on peace without surrender, 29, 3334,
3942, 58, 79, 121, 142143,
150152, 156, 184, 202, 208, 367,370, 373
political background of, 25, 96, 100, 339
Polish situation and, 76, 77, 8290presidential election of 1976, 45,
1314, 100101presidential election of 1980, 4, 5, 23,
24, 27, 28, 30, 4042, 75, 113presidential election of 1984, 153155,
158, 160, 161, 172176presidential powers of, 1720, 23, 112,198, 200201, 332, 367
priorities of, 1, 2729, 48, 60, 95, 97,111117, 134, 150, 153, 155, 175,186, 202, 248, 323, 344348,359360, 370371
public approval of, 32, 47, 56, 222quiet diplomacy and, 15, 135, 168169,
215216, 226227, 231, 236237,247, 252, 255257, 285, 361362
radio broadcasts by, 5, 7, 4041, 74,155156, 249251, 353354
religious views of, 4748, 88, 9899,122123, 154155, 202, 230, 249,355, 374
Screen Actors Guild and, ix, 227, 384SDI and (seeStrategic Defense Initiative
[SDI])Shultz and, 109, 115, 178179, 181,
206Soviets and, 4142, 55, 60, 63, 83, 94,
102, 122123, 133, 143144,
149151, 171, 173, 183186, 189,200, 222223, 249, 252254, 274,346, 373374, 379
Soviet economy and, 339342Soviets and trust, 6667, 233235,
240241, 245, 263, 313, 337, 344,347348, 356, 369, 372, 384386
space ban and, 283, 306speeches of (seeSpeeches of Ronald
Reagan)Thatcher and, 193195
in West Berlin, 345346, 358, 360World War II and, 9697as writer, x, 1, 14, 3031, 41, 88, 9899,
121129, 164169, 198, 223227,230, 244, 310311, 332333, 339,394 (see alsospeeches of RonaldReagan, letters of Ronald Reagan,diary entries of)
on zero-zero, 6571, 106, 117119,123126, 150, 271, 295, 310, 336,353, 357, 363
Reagan Presidential Library, 23, 58handwriting file at, 7
Reed, Tom, 101
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Reeves, Richard, 249Regan, Donald T., 31, 85, 202, 215,
230231, 319Religion, in Soviet Union, 77, 223, 362,
378Republican National Convention
1976, 1001984, 161Reykjavik summit (October 1986), xxi,
285315, 317318, 324, 338, 341,376, 388
first Reagan/Gorbachev meeting,290291
second Reagan/Gorbachev meeting,292293
third Reagan/Gorbachev meeting,293297
fourth Reagan/Gorbachev meeting,297300
fifth Reagan/Gorbachev meeting,300303
sixth Reagan/Gorbachev meeting,304309
Gorbachevs thoughts on, 312315reaction to, xi, 312315, 317318Reagans thoughts on, 310311
Ridgway, Rozanne L., 338, 389Rogue-state argument, 114, 280, 296Ronald Reagan and His Quest to Abolish
Nuclear Weapons(Lettow), 59Roosevelt, Franklin D., 8485, 96, 99, 222Rostow, Eugene, 69, 103Rowny, Edward L., 103, 159, 389Russia (see Soviet Union)RYAN Raketno-Yadernoye Napadenie
(Nuclear Missile Attack), 136,141
Safeguard ABM program, 111112Sakharov, Andrei, 375
SALT (seeStrategic Arms LimitationTalks/Agreements [SALT I and II])
SALT and Soviet violations of, 276277Saudi Arabia and airborne warning and
control system (AWACS), 340341Savimbi, Jonas, 35Screen Actors Guild, ix, 227, 384Scriabin, Aleksandr, 385SDI (seeStrategic Defense Initiative [SDI])Sea-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs),
18, 392
Second Inaugural Address (January 21,1985), 198
Senate, U.S. (seeCongress, U.S.)
Seneca, 174Set Your Clock at U-235 (Corwin), 9798Shakespeare, William, 219Shamir, Yitzhak, 37Shcharansky, Anatoly, 252Shcherbitsky, Vladimir, 202
Shevardnadze, Eduard A., xi, 210, 231,283, 285, 291292, 337, 338, 343,355, 356, 361, 389
Shultz, George P., 31, 140, 143, 160,177178, 180, 185, 202, 209, 218,222, 269, 319, 361, 371
becomes secretary of state, 109Daniloff release and, 285foreword by, ixxiiGeneva summit (November 1985) and,
196, 204, 206, 231, 262Gromyko meeting with Reagan
(September 28, 1984) and, 164, 169human rights and, 337338INF Treaty and, 365, 389Iran-Contra scandal and, 322323NSC and NSPG meetings and, 144, 148,
159, 188, 215, 279280, 319, 324on nuclear weapons, elimination of, xii,
305Reagan and, 109, 115, 127, 143, 160,
164, 178179, 181, 206, 289, 310,323, 338, 344, 356, 365
Reykjavik summit (October 1986) and,xxi, 291292, 295, 305, 310
visits to Moscow (April/September1987), 337338, 343, 348, 353, 354
Weinberger and, 179on zero-zero, 117
Shultz, Helena OBrien (Obie), 390Sinai Peninsula, 37Single Integrated Operational Plan
(SIOP), 142SLBMs (seeSea-launched ballistic missiles
[SLBMs])Smith, Roger, 12Socialism, 235, 299, 369Solidarity labor union movement, 76, 77,
82, 85, 86South Korea, nuclear weapons in, 295Soviet Ballistic Missile Defense (Central
Intelligence Agency), 217Soviet Military Power(1983 edition), 121Soviet Union
Able Archer exercise and, 141143
Afghanistan and, 37, 160, 206, 226Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) system of,
212, 217, 218, 219, 272273, 325
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Soviet Union (contd)Chernobyl explosion and, 277280, 290,
310, 372, 390391collapse of, 83, 339, 392Cuba and, 3436disarmament proposals, 220, 266271,
273, 276, 292, 298, 301, 335337economy of, 6263, 83, 94, 102, 133,163, 176, 182, 196, 204, 223, 224,279280, 290, 339342, 344, 374
espionage by, 6665, 134, 284, 339340expansion of, 101102, 206, 212expansion in Latin America, 3437, 133,
205, 226, 250glasnost and perestroika, 262, 338, 346,
359360, 374, 385387grain agreements, 54, 168, 215, 256257,
299300, 341human rights and, 205, 225, 247248,
250263, 268, 291, 297, 313, 323,357359, 361362, 374375, 378,384
Jews in, 205, 225, 256, 258259, 362Korean Airlines incident (September 1,
1983), 140, 141Krasnoyarsk radar station and, 274, 276,
289, 294, 303, 309310military buildup of, 33, 3738, 77, 94,
101, 106, 117, 131, 133135, 146,
188, 205, 244, 344missile defense, 115, 182, 183, 194,
210212, 217220, 242, 268,272273, 293, 297, 300304, 325,412n10
Mutual and Balanced Force Reduction(MBFR) talks and, 147148
new thinking in, 196, 199, 272noncompliance with arms control
agreements, 275277, 289, 294, 295nuclear attack warning (September 25,
1983), 140, 141nuclear strength of, 18, 38, 41, 180, 182,
205, 279, 289290, 310nuclear weapons and (seeNuclear
weapons)Pentecostals, 168, 250252, 256257Poland and, 76, 77, 8289religion in, 77, 223, 362, 378SDI, opposition to, 136, 191, 193196,
210, 213215, 217, 224, 237, 238,240243, 245, 263264, 266268,
270, 273274, 281, 288, 289, 292,295, 297298, 300303, 305314,326, 336, 354
statements on eliminating nuclearweapons, 163, 170171, 178, 180,186, 196, 199
suspension of talks in Geneva by,144145, 147, 153
technology, theft of (seeKGB; Farewell
Dossier)trans-Siberian oil pipeline and, 6265(see alsoAndropov, Yuri; Brezhnev,
Leonid; Chernenko, Konstantin;Gorbachev, Mikhail; Gromyko,
Andrei)Speakes, Larry, 9394Speeches of Ronald Reagan
addresses to Congress, 3132, 5556, 58address to nation (February 5, 1981),
3031address to nation (December 23, 1981),
87, 8889address to nation (October 12, 1985),
219220address to nation (November 14, 1985),
228address to nation (October 13, 1986),
313address to nation (December 2, 1986),
321322address to nation (March 4, 1987),
330332
address to nation (August 12, 1987),347348
Berlin Wall speech (June 12, 1987),345347
to British Parliament on human rights(June 8, 1982), 253
commencement address at EurekaCollege (May 9, 1982), 106107
commencement address at Notre Dame(March 9, 1988), 75, 9596
commencement address at William
Woods College (June 2, 1952),248249
to Economic Club of Detroit (October1, 1984), 171172
at Eureka College (September 28,1967), 100
at Eureka College (May 19, 1982),252253
farewell address (January 11, 1989),395
First Inaugural Address (January 20,
1981), 2829to Future Farmers of America (1986),
99100
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on Helsinki agreement on humanrights, Finland (May 27, 1988), 375
on human rights and the Soviet Union,Chicago (May 4, 1988), 373375
to human rights supporters (December3, 1987), 358359
at Moscow State University (May 31,1988), 380387to National Association of Evangelicals
(March 8, 1983) (Evil Empirespeech), 121124
to National Press Club (November 18,1981), 7071
New Years message (January 1, 1988),367368
radio broadcasts, 5, 7, 4041, 155156,249251, 353354
at Republican National Convention(1976), 100101
at Republican National Convention(1984), 161
Second Inaugural Address (January 21,1985), 198
Star Wars speech (March 23, 1983),125, 127130
State of the Union address (January 25,1984), 150151, 155
State of the Union address (February 6,1985), 198199
State of the Union address (January 25,1988), 369370, 371
at United Nations (June 17, 1982),107108
at United Nations (September 24,1984), 162
at United Nations (September 21,1987), 352353
on U.S.-Soviet relations (January 16,1984), 149150
on Voice of America (November 9,
1985), 221222on Voice of America (January 1, 1987),
323324on Voice of America and Worldnet
television (November 4, 1987),357358
SS-4 missile, 65, 71, 357SS-5 missile, 65, 71SS-12 missile, 357SS-20 missile, 37, 6566, 6869, 71, 119,
125, 271, 357, 363, 372
SS-23 missile, 357SS-24 missile, 301SS-25 missile, 301
SS-X-24 missile, 187Stagflation, 28Stalin, Joseph, 156START (seeStrategic Arms Reduction Talks
[START])Star Wars (seeStrategic Defense Initiative
[SDI])Star Wars speech (March 23, 1983), 125,127130
State, U.S. Department of, 2, 4445, 50, 52,55, 74, 113, 127, 218, 219, 282
State of the Union addressJanuary 25, 1984, 150151, 155February 6, 1985, 198199
January 25, 1988, 369370, 371Stealth (ATBadvanced technology)
bomber, 39, 221, 397Stockman, David, 31, 33, 37Stoessel, Walter, 50Strategic Arms Limitation
Talks/Agreements (SALT I and II),103, 159, 165, 182, 226, 274277,294
Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START),78, 91, 102106, 159, 187, 338, 348,365
START Treaty, 372, 392Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 120,
174175, 192, 197, 200, 215, 266,
282, 283, 335336, 349, 353, 354, 367elimination of nuclear weapons, 144,
175, 183185, 188, 196198,216217, 222, 280281, 283, 309,313, 327
international control of, 187188, 197,216217, 222, 270272, 288289,293298, 302, 326330, 349, 367
issue at Geneva summit, 187189, 237,238, 240243, 245, 263264
issue at Reykjavik summit, 288, 289, 292,
293, 295, 297298, 300303,305314
NSC and NSPG meetings on, 144,216217, 270271, 280, 281,324330
Soviet efforts, 182, 268Soviet opposition to, 136, 193194, 196,
210214, 218, 224, 237245,266268, 270, 273274, 281282,288, 293298, 300314, 326, 354
Thatcher and, 193195
Strategic nuclear delivery vehicles(SNDVs), 182
Strauss, Robert, 12
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Summit meetings (see alsoGeneva summit;Moscow summit; Reykjavik summit;
Washington summit), 34, 33, 209,225
Sunday Timesof London, 161162Sun Tzu, 229
Sword and the Shield, The(Andrew andMitrokhin), 135136
Talbott, Strobe, 11, 153Tarasenko, Serge, 246TASS (Soviet news agency), 122, 170, 171,
375Tax policy, 28, 30, 32, 57Teller, Edward, 114Tennyson, Alfred, 177Thatcher, Margaret, xi, 1, 192, 367
Gorbachev and, 191, 193194, 207Reagan and, 193196on SDI, 194195
Threshold Test Ban Treaty, 338Timemagazine, 56, 205, 312Tocqueville, Alexis de, 352Tower, John, 202Tower board, 330331, 333, 335Transportation, U.S. Department of, 5Trans-Siberian oil pipeline, 6265Treasury, U.S. Department of, 5, 29, 31, 85,
206
Trewhitt, Henry, 173174Trident II missile, 38Tringali, John, 369Truman, Harry S., 96Turn, The(Oberdorfer), 142
Unemployment, 28, 31United Nations, Reagans speeches to
June 17, 1982, 107108September 24, 1984, 162September 21, 1987, 352353
United States Information Agency, 357Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
211, 254, 374USA Today, 197198USSR (seeSoviet Union)
Vasyanin, Mikhail, 387Vatican, 77, 8283
papal delegation on nuclear war, 7678,91
U.S. Envoy to, 7374, 8081
Vessey, John, 115116, 148Vetrov, Vladimir I., 6364Vietnam War, 23, 24Voice of America, 221222, 323324,
357358Volcker, Paul, ix, 29
Walesa, Lech, 86Wall Street Journal, xii
Warner Brothers, 85, 97, 98Warsaw Pact, 38Washington Post, 11, 28, 312, 318, 376
Washington summit (December 1987),244, 278, 343, 365, 368, 376, 386,388
Watergate scandal, 23Weidenbaum, Murray, 31Weinberger, Caspar (Cap), 116, 120, 121,
145, 202, 218, 222, 323defense readiness and, 33, 39, 46,
206NSC and NSPG meetings and, 6567,
69, 70, 116, 144, 146, 148, 159,188, 216, 275, 281, 319, 324, 327,330
on nuclear testing, 281Reagan and, 206207, 216, 323on SDI, 327, 330Shultz and, 179, 323
zero-zero initiative and, 6567, 69, 70Weiss, Gus, 64, 65Weiss, Seymour, 50West Berlin, 345346, 358, 360West Germany (Federal Republic of
Germany), 66White House Daily Diary, 8Wickman, John, 215William Woods College, Missouri,
248249Wilson, William A., 7374, 77, 114
Wirthlin, Richard, 10, 32, 222Worldnet television, 357World War II, 9697
Yakovlev, Aleksandr N., 361, 389Yazov, Dimitri T., 389
Zero-zero initiative, 6571, 117119,124126, 137, 150, 189, 263,294295, 297, 310, 336, 337, 352,353, 357
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