reading material, you will be able to: keeping your island ... · influenza and other similar...

Pacific EMPRINTS – University of Hawaii at Manoa – August 1-5, 2006

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feWith the help of the lectures and this additional reading material, you will be able to:

1) UnderstandwhattypesofactivitiescantakeplacenowtosupportbestmanagementpracticestokeepAvianInfluenzafromyourislands.

2) UnderstandwhattypesofactivitiescouldtakeplaceifAvianInfluenzaisfoundonyourislands.

3) Understandandbeabletosafelytakesamplesfromdeadbirdsforlaboratoryanalysis.


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Keeping your community safe from infection

Currently,thePacificIslandsarefreeofHPAIH5N1.Thissectionisdividingupintoactionsthatcanbetakennowtohelpkeepyourislandfreeofthevirus,andthenwhatdotoifyourislandsarethreatenedbythevirus.

Actions to take now when your island is free of HPAI H5N1(Steps1-3,andSteps5-8,andTables1-6,adaptedfromtheUSNationalParkService,BiologicalResourceManagementDivision,WildlifeHealthProgramdocument,“HighlyPathogenicAvianInfluenzainWildlifePreparednessandCommunicationPlan,”andtheUSNationalParkService,BiologicalResourceManagementDivision,WildlifeHealthProgramdocument,“HighlyPathogenicAvianInfluenzainWildlifeResponsePlan.”)

STEP 1: Identify designated regional and island avian influenza coordinators (HPAI coordinator)

BecauseofthepotentialrapidspreadofHPAIH5N1,eachislandnationshouldhaveacoordinatorwhoknowsaboutthediseaseandhowitcouldaffectcommunityresources.Inmanycases,theHPAIcoordinatormaybetheBioterrorismCoordinator.

Eachislandgroup(orregion)shoulddesignateaRegionalHPAIcoordinator.TheRegionalHPAIcoordinatorshouldhavealistofallislandHPAIcoordinatorsaswellaspublichealth,veterinaryhealthandNationalParkService(NPS),USGeologicalSurvey(USGS),andUSDepartmentofAgriculture-AnimalPlantHealthInspectionService(USDA-APHIS)contactsfortheregion.

STEP 2: Establish contact with cooperating agencies

Itissuggestedthatinitialcontactsbemadeimmediatelyinordertoestablishlinesofcommunicationandcoordination.Follow-upcommunicationshouldbemadeperiodically,particularlyifthereisachangeinthecurrentHPAI-freestatusofthePacificIslandregion.Examplesoftopicsfordiscussionareincludedbelow,inTable1.


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Table1:Coordinationandcommunicationwithotheragenciesandentities

Agency Discussion topicsOtherAvianInfluenzaorBioterrorismunits

•Shareinformationandconcerns.

•Shareexpertise(e.g.,theislandandRegionalHPAIcoordinator).

•Coordinatecommunicationwithstatesandotheragencies.

TerritorialorStatedivisionofwildlife,forestryoragriculture(asappropriate)andU.S.Fish&WildlifeService

•Discussavailablebaselineinformation(e.g.,migrationpatterns,congregationareasofhighpriorityspecies,orknowninteractionsbetweenwildanddomesticbirds).

•Shareaviansurveillanceplansandresults.

•Identifymajorissuesandconcerns.

•Askhowtheiragencywouldproposetodealwithwildlifeconcerns

TerritorialorStateveterinarian’sofficeandUSDAAPHIS-AreaVeterinarian-in-Charge

•ReiteratethatyourorganizationisconcernedaboutthepotentialimpactofHPAIoncommunityresourcesandhasconcernsaboutmanagementrequirementsifthediseaseoccurswithinthePacificIslandregion.

•Discussmanagementofdomesticbirdstominimizecontactwithwildbirds.


•Askthemtokeepyourorganizationinformedasappropriateandtocontactyourorganizationifasuspectcase(orpresumptivepositiveorconfirmedpositivecase)isreportedinornearyourisland.

TerritorialorStatePublicHealthDepartmentorMinistryofHealth

•Shareinformationaboutyourorganization’spreparationsandcommunicationmaterials.

•Offertocooperateinanystateorcommunityeffortsshouldtheybecomenecessary.

•Shareyourorganization’scontactinformation.

Entitieswithsharedboundaries:otherfederalagencies,nationalorstateparks,andcounties.

•Discussavailablebaselineinformation(e.g.,migrationpatterns,congregationareasofhighpriorityspecies,orknowninteractionsbetweenwildanddomesticbirds).

•Identifymajorissuesandconcerns.

•Shareyourinstitution’smissionandwillingnesstocooperate.


•AskhowtheywoulddealwithwildlifeconcernsrelatedtoHPAI.

•Askthemtokeepyourorganizationinformedasappropriate.Askthemiftheywillcontactyourorganizationiftheyhaveasuspectcase(andcertainlyapresumptivepositiveorconfirmedpositivecase).

Poultry/domesticfowloperations(bothbackyardflocksandcommercialflocks)

•ReiteratethatyourorganizationisconcernedaboutthepotentialimpactofHPAIonislandresourcesandhasconcernsaboutmanagementrequirements

•AskiftheyareawareofhowtomonitorforHPAI,howtoprotecttheirflocks,andwhotocontactiftheyhaveconcerns(theirprivateveterinarypractitionerwouldbeagoodplacetostart).

• Sharegeneralinformationaboutyourorganization’spreparationsandcommunicationmaterials.


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STEP 3: Provide basic information to colleagues and have information available for the public

Generalbackgroundinformationshouldbeprovidedtoallcolleaguessothattheyareawareofthediseaseanditspotentialthreattoislandandcommunityresourcesandhumanhealth.Workersshouldbemadeawarethatyourisland,state,orterritoryhas,orispreparinganEmergencyPreparednessandResponsePlanforHPAIH5N1.Itiscriticalforeveryonetoknowhowtoreportmortalityevents(deadbirds).Alocalprocessshouldbedevelopedandconnectedtoregion-wideorinternationalreportingsystem.SomeothertopicsfordiscussionarefoundinTable2.

Methodsofdistributioncanincludee-mail,hardcopiespostedonbulletinboardsandsenttoindividualmailboxes,all-employeemeetings,andtrainingevents.

Table2:Informationtoprovidetoemployees

Worker category Information provided

Allpersonnel • Generalinformationondiseaseanditspotentialthreatstoresourcesandhumanhealth.

• ContactinformationforHPAIcoordinatoronhowtoreportunusualmortalityevents.

• Generalsanitation,hygiene,andhealthprecautions.

• InternationaltravelalertiftravelingtoHPAIaffectedarea.

Livestock,Veterinary,Paraveterinary,orNaturalresourcesstaff

• TrainingonwildlifediseaseinvestigationandassociatedpersonalsafetyandPPE.

• ContactinformationforHPAIcoordinatorandhowtoreportunusualmortalityevents.


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STEP 4: Keep informed of local, regional, and international developments

Keepapprisedoflocal,regional,andinternationaldevelopmentsinthespreadandthreatofHPAIH5N1byvisitingtheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)websiteatwww.who.int.TheWHOiscoordinatingtheglobalresponsetohumancasesofH5N1avianinfluenzaandmonitoringthecorrespondingthreatofaninfluenzapandemic.

TobeconnectedonaconsistentbasisabouteventssurroundingAvianInfluenzaandothersimilarsituations,subscribetofreeProMedemaillist:

• Sendane-mailmessageto:[email protected]

• Typeinthebodyofthemessage:subscribepromedigest<youremailaddress>end

Similarly,periodicallycheckouttheUniversityofMinnesota’sCenterforInfectiousDiseaseResearch&Policy(CIDRAP)websiteat:

http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/avianflu/index.html

STEP 5: Assess the local circumstances in coordination with cooperating agencies

IfthethreatofHPAIH5N1nearsyourisland,orregion,itisnecessaryfortheHPAIcoordinatortocontacttheappropriatecooperatingagenciesandre-evaluatetheisland’sparticularsituation.Discussiontopicsmayincludeplanningefforts,surveillanceactivities,andjurisdictionalissuesshoulddiseasedetectionoccur.

STEP 6: Working with cooperating agencies, provide information to employees and the public

ProvideupdatedinformationtoemployeesandthepubliconwhatisbeingdonewithinyourorganizationoronaregionalleveltorespondtothethreatofHPAIifitshouldoccurinthatarea,andwhattheycandotohelpprotecttheisland.Informationonrelativeriskshouldbeprovidedtohelpyourstaff,visitors,andthegeneralpublicinunderstandingdiseaserisktohumans.Additionaltopicsmaybediscussedwithspecializedusegroups(Table3).

http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/avianflu/index.html


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ManymethodscanbeusedtocommunicateinformationaboutHPAIandpreventingitsspread.Methodsofcommunicationmayincludeelectronicmail,employeemeetings,communitymeetings,postingsandsignage,hardcopymailings,personalcontact,interpretiveprograms,faxesandwebsites.Itisimportanttoreachouttoownersofducks,chickens,andfightingchickens.

Table3:Usergroupcontactsanddiscussiontopics.

User group Discussion topicsPoultryfarmersorowners,hunters,scientists,generalpublic

• Up-to-dateinformationonislandriskstatus.

• Goodhygienereminders.

• Importanceofsurveillanceeffortsandreporting.

• Importanceofseparationbetweendomesticandwildbirds.

• Managementactions(SeeStep7).

• Provideinformationonsafehandlingandpreparationofharvestedbirds.

• Importanceofreducingartificialcongregationsofbirdstoreducepotentialfordiseasetransmission.

• AssurethatavianresearchersareawareofthethreatofHPAIandimplementappropriatepersonalsafetypracticesandmeasurestopreventdiseasestransmission.

• CooperatewithresearchersperformingHPAIlivebirdsurveillance.

Human-useinterests:

•Chamberofcommerce

• AssureoperatorsthatyourorganizationisawareofHPAIanditspotentialthreattoislandresourcesandhumanhealth.

Allcommunitymembers

• Encouragereportingofwildlifemortalityevents,particularlyinbirds.

• Observewildlifefromadistance.

• Communicaterelativerisk(e.g.,whyPPEisrequiredforstaffdespitelowrisktoothers).


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STEP 7: Implement preventative management actions to reduce the risk of HPAI

EachoftheUS-AffliatedPacificIslandscantakepreventativemeasurestoreducetheriskofintroductionofHPAI(Table4).

Table4.ManagementactionstoreducetheriskofHPAI

Management objective ActionMinimizeinteractionbetweendomesticandwildbirds.

• Reduce/eliminateferalpoultryfromresidentialareas

• Reduceoreliminatecontactbetweenwildbirdsandpoultry/petbirdsbymovingthemindoors

• Donotacceptillegalshipmentsofbirds(liveordead)

• Complywithexistingagriculturalhealthinspectionregulationswhenmovingbirdsbetweenvillagesorislands

• Promptlyreportunusualdeathorsicknesseventsinpoultryorwildbirdstoappropriateauthorities


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STEP 8: Surveillance and detection action implementation

Over40speciesofwildbirdshavebeenshowntobesusceptibletoinfectionwithHPAIH5N1virus.Whilenotallspeciesinfectednecessarilyexhibitclinical,visiblesigns,ofthedisease,thecurrentvirusstrain(s)havecausedmorbidity(illness)andmortality(death)inavarietyofavianspecies,particularlywaterfowlandshorebirds.FivesurveillancestrategieshavebeenidentifiedforcollectingmonitoringandsurveillancedataonH5N1virusinwildbirds.Currently,therearenosurveillanceplansfordomesticbirds,butthiswildbirdplandoesprovidesomesolidideasforsurveillancebestmanagementpracticesandsoitissharedhere.

ThesystematicinvestigationofillnessanddeathinwildbirdstodetermineifH5N1isplayingaroleincausingthesemaladiesoffersthehighestandearliestprobabilityofdetectingthevirusifitisintroducedby,orto,migratorybirdsintheUSandthePacificIslandsregion.Atthisstep,investigationoftheseeventswillbeusedastheprimarymeansforsurveillanceanddetectionofHPAIH5N1(Table5).

Itisimportanttoemphasizethatillnessanddeathinwildbirdscanbeduetoavarietyofcauses.LaboratorytestingisrequiredtodeterminecauseofdeathandtorefuteorconfirminfectionwithHPAI.InstructionsforHPAIsurveillanceareincludedintheNPSHighlyPathogenicAvianInfluenzainWildlifeResponsePlan.Whileawaitingdiagnosticresults,interimactionsmayneedtobetaken(Table6).


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Table5:ComponentsofHPAIsurveillanceanddetectionactivities

Action ActivityProcuresampling/shippingmaterials

• Carcassbags,shippingboxes,ice,disinfectant

• PPE

• Carcasstransportation

Obtainnecessarytraining • Providedbylocalgovernment,SPC,UH,USFWS,otherDOIbureausorothercooperators

Obtainnecessaryemployeehealthreview

• Respiratoruse

Identifylaboratoryforsamplesubmission

• USGSNationalWildlifeHealthCenter

• OtherveterinarylaboratoriescertifiedtoconductHPAIH5N1virusdiagnostics

Identifypriorityspecies • Birdspeciesmigratingfromaffectedareas

• Waterfowlandshorebirds

• Birdspecieswithhighinfectionrates(currentlyunknown)

Reportingsystem • Identifykeycontactindividuals

• Developsystemforreportingbyemployees,visitors,andresidents

Respondtomortalityevents • Communicationofevents

• Evaluationofimportance

• Availabletrainedstaff

• Transportationandlogistics

Implementactivesurveillanceandadditionalsurveillancestrategies

• Seekoutmortalityeventsratherthanpassivelyawaitingreporting.

• Implementothersurveillancestrategiesasneededonasite-specificbasis.


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Table6:StepstotakewhileawaitingHPAIH5N1diagnosticresults

Action ActivityEventinvestigation • Documentmortalityevent(e.g.,location,

species,ageclass,numbers).

• Maintainsurveillanceofsite.

• Collectcarcassesandimplementbiosafetymeasures.

• Assessneedforinvolvementofawildlifediseaseinvestigationteam.

Consultationwithregionalandnationalprograms

• Wildlifehealth

• Publichealth

• Riskmanagement

• Publicaffairs

• Directorate(basedonassessmentofrisk)

• ReviewNationalandDepartmentalPlans

Communication • Pressrelease

• Contact:

• Statewildlifemanagementagency

• Stateveterinarian’soffice

• Statedepartmentofhealth

• USDAAPHIS

• USGS,USFWS

Humansafety • Limitvisitationtoaffectedarea.

• Assessemployeehealthriskandimplementnecessaryactions.

Otheractionstotakewhilewaitingincludethecontinuedsurveillanceofaffectedandsurroundingareasforavianmortalities,limitmovementofdomesticbirds,andcontinuedcommunicationswithlaboratoriesandhealthauthorities.


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What is an unusual mortality or morbidity event?

Amortalityeventisananimaldeath;amorbidityeventisananimalillnessthatpotentiallyleadstoananimaldeath.AccordingtotheNPS,“Unusualmortalityeventsarewildlifedeathsthatoccuroutsidetherangethatisusuallyobserved.Professionaljudgment,historicalknowledgeoftheareas,andconsultationwithdiseaseexpertsmaybeusedtomakethedetermination.Unusualmortalityeventscantakedifferentforms,includingincreasednumbersfounddead,durationofmortalitiesovertime,ormortalitythatoccursatadifferentplaceortimeofyearthanexpected.Generally,asingledeadbirddoesnotconstitutean‘event,’however,thisobservationmayinitiatemonitoringforadditionalmortalities.”

TheFoodandAgricultureOrganization(FAO)hassimilarrecommendationsforsurveillanceforunusualmortalityormorbidityevents.AccordingtotheFAO,“anofficialveterinaryfieldinvestigationshouldbelaunchedwhenthesurveillanceeffortsrevealthata“triggerpoint”hasbeenreached.”(FAOExpertMeeting,July21-23,2004)

Triggerpointsforchickensineachproductionsector

(FAOExpertMeeting,July21-23,2004)

Sector Trigger point for chickens ProductionSector1 Foodandwaterintakereducedby20%for

oneday;ormortalityof1%for2daysProductionSector2 Dailymortalityof1%for2daysProductionSector3 Dailymortalityof1%for2daysProductionSector4 Dailymortalityof5%for2days

Sector 1: Industrial integrated system with high level biosecurity and birds/products marketed commercially (e.g. farms that are part of an integrated broiler production enterprise with clearly defined and implemented standard operating procedures for biosecurity).

Sector 2: Commercial poultry production system with moderate to high biosecurity and birds/products usually marketed commercially (e.g. farms with birds kept indoors continuously; strictly preventing contact with other poultry or wildlife).

Sector 3: Commercial poultry production system with low to minimal biosecurity and birds/products entering live bird markets (e.g. a caged layer farm with birds in open sheds; a farm with poultry spending time outside the shed; a farm producing chickens and waterfowl).

Sector 4: Village or backyard production with minimal biosecurity and birds/products consumed locally.


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AccordingtotheFAOrecommendations,thetriggerpointforvillageorbackyardproductionisadailymortalityof5%fortwodays.Forexample,ifyouhave20chickensinyourbackyardorvillageflock,thetriggerpointwouldbereachedifyoufoundone(1)deadchickenonMonday,andthenanothersingle(1)deadchickenonTuesday.Forthisreason,itisessentialtobevigilantaboutwatchingandcaringforyourflock.

What to do with sick or dead birds(FromtheFAOdocument,“PROTECTPOULTRY–PROTECTPEOPLE”)

• Reportsickordeadbirdsimmediatelytotheveterinaryauthorities(orlocalequivalent)

• Donotleavedeadanimalslyingaround• Donotfeeddeadbirdstopigs,otherdomesticanimals,orfish• Donotthrowdeadanimalsintorivers,lakes,ocean,orother

bodiesofwater• Ifyouhaveanintactplasticbag,placethecarcassinthebag;if

youdonot,takethecarcassawayfromtherestoftheflockandoutofreachofchildrenandothers

• Leavedisposalofbirdcarcassestotheveterinaryauthorities(orlocalequivalent)andhelponlyiftheyask

• Iftherearenoveterinaryauthorities(orlocalequivalent),seekhelpfromyourlocalcommunitytodisposeofcarcasses(byburning)

• Donoteatthecarcassofadeadbird• Donotsellthecarcassofadeadbird

Reporting an unusual mortality or morbidity event

ReportingofUnusualMortalityorMorbidityeventswillvarybyislandandcountry.Somestates,territories,andnationshavetelephonehotlines,with24informationregardingcollectionanddisposalinformation.

Doyouknowthedeadbirdcollectionprocedureonyourisland?

Your local Dead Bird Hotline phone number: __________________


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Setting up an Avian Influenza surveillance program

EachislandmustdevelopanAvianInfluenzaSurveillanceProgram,andanaccompanyingprotocolforsurveillancetesting.SomeislandswillhaveassistancefromtheSecretariatofthePacificCommunity(SPC);someislandswillhaveassistancefromtheUSFishandWildlifeService(FWS)andtheUSGeologicalSurvey(USGS),onbehalfofthePacificFlywayCouncil;someislandsmayreceiveassistancefromtheNationalParkService.Besuretoidentifytheindividualsandorganizationsthatarepreparedtoprovidesupporttoyourisland.

ThePacificFlywayCouncilhasidentifiedfourmethodsforcollectingspecimens(orsamples)forAvianInfluenzatesting:

• SamplingLiveBirds• SamplingHunter-HarvestedBirds• Environmental(water,soil)Sampling• DetectionandResponsetoaMortality/MorbidityEvent

Inadditiontothesefourmethods,theFWSandUSGShavecontributedanadditionalsamplingmethod:SamplingSentinelBirds.(Fordetailedinformation,pleaseread“ASurveillancePlanforHPAIH5N1AvianInfluenzainWildMigratoryBirdsinHawaiiandtheUSAffiliatedPacificIslands,”preparedbythePacificIslandsFishandWildlifeOffice,FWS,andNationalWildlifeHealthLaboratory,USGS).

Duetotheuniqueenvironmentoneachisland,theabovesamplingmethodsmaynotbeappropriateforallislands.Indevelopingasurveillanceplan,itwillbeimportanttoevaluatetheisland’senvironmentalresources,andthehumanresources.

WithinthesurveillanceplandevelopedbythePacificIslandsFishandWildlifeOfficeinHonolulu,Hawaii,theprimarysamplingmethodwillbe“MortalitySurveillance,”amethodsimilartotheaforementionedDetectionandResponsetoaMortality/MorbidityEvent.Duringmortalitysurveillance,allbirdsfounddeadonanislandwillbetestedforHPAIH5N1.


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Shipping samples for laboratory testing

DuetothelimitedlaboratoryinfrastructureofthePacificregion,thevastdistancesinvolved,andthelimitedpostalandfreighttransportationservices,thelargesthurdletoestablishinganAvianInfluenzaSurveillanceProgramisdevelopingaplanforgettingthespecimens(orsamples)toadiagnosticlaboratory.

DiagnostictestingofspecimensorsamplesmustbeconductedinaBiosafetyLevel3Laboratory(BSL-3).Honolulu,Hawaii,hasaBSL-3laboratoryasdoesAustralia.

Biologicalspecimensorsamplesmustbeproperlypackagedandtransportedinordertoprotectthesender,theshipper,andthelaboratory(therecipient).Dependingonthesamplingmethod,andthetransportationmethod,thesendermayneedaDangerousGoodsShippercertification.

Collecting samples for laboratory testing

OnthefollowingpagesaretwomethodsforcollectingspecimensforMortalitySurveillance:

• CollectingandPreparingWholeCarcass(WholeBird)Specimens

• CollectingandPreparingCloacalSwabSamples


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Collecting and preparing whole bird specimens

Text and Graphic from National Park Service, “Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Wildlife Response Plan”


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Collecting and preparing cloacal samples

Picturesandtextadaptedfrom“Sampling,Handling,andShippingofDiagnosticSamples(CloacalSwabs)forAvianInfluenzaTesting,”apresentationbyChrisFranson,NationalWildlifeHealthCenter.

1.Materialsneededtocollectsample:

• PersonalProtectiveEquipment(gloves,respirator,goggles,booties,tyveksuit,handsanitizer)

• Dacronswabs• TransportmediaorRNAlater• Scissors• Permanentmarker• Plasticbags• Trashbags

SlidefromChrisFranson’spresentation,“Sampling,Handling,andShippingofDiagnosticSamples(CloacalSwabs)forAvianInfluenzaTesting.”


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2.Collectsample

Insectentiredacronheadofswab;moveinacircularmotiontocontactinsidewallofclocacatocollectcloacoalsample.

SlidefromChrisFranson’spresentation,“Sampling,Handling,andShippingofDiagnosticSamples(CloacalSwabs)forAvianInfluenzaTesting.”


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3.Preservingthesample

• TIP:Twistoffcapoftransporttube,keepingcapinyourpinkyfinger.

• PlacesampleintransporttubewithtransportmediaorRNAlater.BesurethattheswabheadisfullycoveredbythetransportmediaorRNAlater.

• Trimtheendofthedaconswab,carefulnottospillthetransportmediaorRNAlater.

• Leaveswabinmedia• Carefullyputoncapoftransporttubeandtightencap• Disinfectglovesandexterioroftransporttubewithalcoholwipes• Labeltransporttube• Placeinplasticbagwithabsorbentmaterial(incaseofspill)

Shipping protocols and specimen submittal forms

ShippingprotocolsandSpecimenSubmittalforms(seeanexampleonthenextpage)willvarybetweenlaboratoriesandtakeintoconsiderationthetransportationandtimerequirementstoreachthediagnosticlaboratory.

CONTACT THE DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY (OR RECEIVING LABORATORY) BEFORE SHIPPING

ANY SAMPLES OR SPECIMENS.

Procedureforpreservingsample(photosfromChrisFranson’spresentation,“Sampling,Han-dling,andShippingofDiagnosticSamples(CloacalSwabs)forAvianInfluenzaTesting.”


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U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY NATIONAL WILDLIFE HEALTH CENTER-HONOLULU FIELD STATION

WILDLIFE LOSS REPORT FORM

CONTACT INFORMATION

FOUND BY:__________________________________PHONE__________

SUBMITTED BY:______________________________PHONE__________

AFFILIATION:_______________________________________________

ADDRESS:__________________________________________________

DATE FOUND:__________ ISLAND:__________________________

SPECIFIC SITE:___________ GPSLAT_______:GPSLONG:______ (see map on back)

ANIMAL INFORMATION SPECIES NUMBER (e.g. owl, tern, boobie, etc) (List males/females/adults/juvenile if known)

1)__________________________ ____________________________________

2)__________________________ ____________________________________

3)__________________________ ____________________________________

4)__________________________ ____________________________________

ESTIMATED TIME OF DEATH:___________________________________________

LOSS SITE SUSPECT CAUSE DURATION OF LOSS __River/stream __Disease __Hours __Lake/Pond __Pesticide __Months __Estuary/Bay __Fertlizer __Years __Ocean __Poison __Field (Agriculture) __Weather __Road __Accident __Town/City __Other __Forest__AirportIf captive, died where and when:_____________________________________________

PLEASE SEE BACK FOR INSTRUCTIONS ON HANDLING AND SHIPPING CARCASSES


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Notes . . .


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Notes . . .

reading material, you will be able to: keeping your island ... · influenza and other similar...

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