Reading list

I. Bazovsky, Reliability: Theory and Practice, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1962 S. R. Calabro, Reliability Principles and Practices, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1962 E. Pieruschka, Principles of Reliability, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1963 A. S. Goldman and T. B. Slattery, Maintainability, Wiley and Sons, New York,

1964 N. H. Roberts, Mathematical Methods in Reliability Engineering, McGraw-Hill,

New York, 1964 R. E. Barlow and F. Proschane, Mathematical Theory of Reliability, Wiley and

Sons, New York, 1965 M. J. Moroney, Facts from Figures, Penguin, London, 1965 W. G. Ireson, Reliability Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1966 F. Nixon, Managing to Achieve Quality and Reliability, McGraw-Hill, London,

1967 A. Green and A. J. Bourne, Reliability Technology, Wiley and Sons, New York,

1972 J. H. Bompass-Smith, Mechanical Survival - the use of reliability data, edited by

R. N. W. Brook, McGraw-Hill, London, 1973 J. M. Juran, Quality Control Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1974 N. Mann, R. E. Schafer and N. D. Singpurwaller, Methods for Statistical Analysis

of Reliability Data, Wiley and Sons, New York, 1974 R. E. Barlow and F. Proschane, Statistical Theory of Reliability and Life Testing,

Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1975 K. Lloyd and M. Lipow, Reliability: Management, Methods and Mathematics, 1st

edn, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1962, 2nd edn, published by authors, 1977 J. Shigley, Mechanical Engineering Design, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1977 C. Chatfield, Statistics for Technology, 2nd edn, Chapman and Hall, London,

1978 U.S. Army Communications R & D Command, Fort Monmouth, New Jersey,

MIL-HDBK-XXX: Reliability Growth Management, 1978 Ministry of Defence, Def Stan. 00-5 Design criteria for reliability, maintain­

ability and maintenance of land service material, Part 1 General requirements, Part 2 Mechanical aspects, Part 3 Electrical and electronic aspects, Part 4 Optical aspects, 1979

479

480 MECHANICAL RELIABILITY

Ministry of Defence, Def. Stan. 00-40 Achievement of reliability and maintain­ability, Part 1 Management responsibilities and requirements for R & M pro­grammes and plans, 1981

R. F. de la Mare, Manufacturing Systems Economics, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1982

USAF Rome Air Development Center, MIL-HDBK-217D: Reliability Prediction for Electronic Systems, available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, 1982

British Standards Institution, BS 3527 Glossary of terms used in data processing, Part 14 Reliability, maintainability and availability, 1983

British Standards Institution, BS 5760 Reliability of systems, equipments and components, Part 1 Guide to reliability programme management, Part 2 Guide to the assessment of reliability, Part 3 Guide to reliability practices: examples

Ministry of Defence, Def. Stan. 00-5 Requirements for achieving reliability and maintainability of MGO procured material, Part 0 Management requirements, 1983

Ministry of Defence, Def. Stan. 00-41 MoD practices and procedures for Reli­ability and Maintainability, Part 1 Reliability design philosophy, Part 2 Reli­ability apportionment modelling and calculation, Part 3 Reliability prediction, Part 4 Reliability engineering, Part 5 Reliability testing and screening, 1983

P. D. T. O'Connor, Practical Reliability Engineering, 1st edn, Heyden and Son, London, 1981, 2nd edn, Wiley and Sons, 1985

D. J. Smith, Reliability and Maintainability in Perspective -Practical, Commercial and Software Aspects, 2nd edn, Macmillan, London, 1985

References

1. R. R. Carhart, 'A survey of the current status of the electronic problem'. RAND Corp. Res. Memo. RM 1131 (1953)

2. R. Lusser, Reliability of Guided Missiles. US Army Ordnance Missile Com­mand, Redstone Arsenal (Sept. 1954)

3. R. Lusser, Reliability through Safety Margins. US Army Ordnance Missile Command, Redstone Arsenal (1958)

4. F. Nixon, 'Testing for satisfactory life'. Symposium on Relation of Testing and Service Performance. American Society for Testing and Materials, Annual Meeting (1966)

5. F. Nixon, 'Quality in engineering manufacture'. Colloquium on Reliability, L Mech. E., London (1958)

6. American Society of Metals, Metals Handbook Vol L Properties and Selection, 8th edn (1966)

7. D. E. Powell and D. B. Wedmore, 'Establishing Diesel engine reliability'. Conference on Reliability of Diesel Engines and its Impact on Cost. Inst. Mech. Engrs., London (1973)

8. N. Natarajan, 'Presentation and comparison of duty cycles'. MSc Thesis, RMCS(l974)

9. R. G. Watkins, 'Analysis of duty cycles for tracked military vehicles'. MSc Thesis, RMCS (1975)

10. W. J. Howard, 'Chain reliability- a simple failure model for complex mechan­isms'. RAND Corp. Res. Memo. RM 1058 (1958)

11. P. Hearne, 'Automatic Control - a new dimension in aircraft design'. R. Aeronaut. Soc. (1974)

12. J. E. Gordon, Structures - or why things don't fall down. Pelican Books (1978)

13. A. D. S. Carter, 'Reliability Reviewed'. Proc. Inst. Mech. Engrs., Vol. 193, No.4 (1979)

14. F. Jensen and N. E. Petersen, Burn-in; an engineering approach to the design and analysis of bum-in procedures. Wiley (1982)

15. M. R. Allen, 'The mechanism governing fatigue lives'. MSc Thesis, RMCS (1981)

481

482 MECHANICAL RELIABILITY

16. Z. W. Birnbaum and S. C. Saunders, 'A probablistic interpretation of Miner's rule'. SIAM Journal of Applied Mathematics, VoL 16, p. 637 (1968)

17. Z. W. Birnbaum and S. C. Saunders, 'A new family of life distributions'. Journal of Applied Probability, Vol. 6, p. 319 (1969)

18. Z. W. Birnbaum and S. C. Saunders, 'Estimations for a family of life distribu­tions with applications to fatigue'. Journal of Applied Probability, Vol. 6, p. 328 (1969)

19. J. Leiblein and M. Zelen, 'Statistical investigation of the fatigue life of deep grooved ball bearings'. Journal of Research, National Bureau of Standards, Vol. 57, p. 273 (1956)

20. A. M. Freudenthal and M. Shinozuka, 'Structural safety under conditions of ultimate load failure and fatigue'. WADD Technical Report 61-77 (1961)

21. N. R. Mann, R. E. Schafer and N. D. Singpurwaller, Methods for Statistical Analysis of Reliability and Life Data. Wiley (1974)

22. D. Kececioglu, R. E. Smith and E. A. Felsted, 'Distributions of cycles to failure in simple fatigue and the associated reliabilities'. Proceedings- Annals of Assurance Science, pp. 357-74 (1969)

23. D. Kececioglu, 'Reliability analysis of mechanical components and systems'. Nuclear Engineering and Design, Vol. 19, pp. 259-90 (1972)

24. E. D. Gardner, 'Reliability of components subject to cumulative fatigue'. University of Arizona, Aerospace & Mechanical Eng. Dept., Master's Degree Report (1971)

25. A. N. Kinkead and P. Martin, 'An approach to the fatigue reliability of sequentially loaded demountable joints'. 8th Advances in Reliability Tech­nology Symposium, National Centre for Systems Reliability and University of Bradford (1984)

26. Engineering Science Data Unit, 'Fatigue life estimation under variable ampli­tude loading'. Item 77004 (1977) - see also items 76014 and 76016

27. W. J. Evans, 'Fatigue limitations in the design of gas turbine discs'. Conference on Environmental Engineering Today (SEECO 79 ). Soc. Environmental Engrs. (1979)

28. H. J. K. Kao, 'A summary of some new techniques on failure analysis'. Proc. 6th Nat. Symp. on Reliability and Control in Electronics, American Society for Quality Control, Washington DC (1960)

29. R. A. Mitchell, 'An introduction to Weibull analysis'. Pratt & Whitney Air­craft Rep. PWA 3001 (1967)

30. E. A. Lehtinen, 'An estimation for three-parameter Weibull distributions'. Second National Reliability Conference, Birmingham (1979)

31. R. F. C. Hill, 'Obtaining hazard functions for Weibull plots'. J. Naval Science, Vol. 3, No.3 (1976)

32. A. D. S. Carter, 'Summary of papers to Conference'. Conference on the Reliability of Diesel Engines and its Impact on Cost. Inst. Mech. Engrs., London (1972)

33. T. A. Harris, 'Predicting bearing reliability'. Machine Design, Vol. 35, No.1, p. 129 (1969)

REFERENCES 483

34. British Standards Institution, Guide on the assessment of reliability of engin­eering equipments and parts. DD13 (1974)

35. E. T. Allen, 'Reliability engineering applied to the production of a quality motor car'. Conference on Improvement of Reliability in Engineering. Inst. Meek Engrs., Loughborough (1973)

36. A. K. S. Jardine, 'Component and system replacement decisions'. Electronic Systems Effectiveness and Life Cycle Costing. Ed. J. K. Skwirzynski. NATO ASI Series, Springer-Verlag (1983)

37. A. E. Green, 'Reliability prediction'. Conference on Safety and Failure of Components. Inst. Mech. Engrs., Sussex (1969)

38. J. H. Bompass-Smith, 'The determination of distributions that describe the failure of mechanical components'. Eighth Annals of Reliability and Main­tainability, p. 343 (1967)

39. C. J. Harris, M. Webster, R. S. Sayles and P. B. Macpherson, 'Bi-modal failure mechanism in tribological components'. Third National Reliability Confer­ence - Reliability 81. National Centre for Systems Reliability and Inst. Quality Assurance, Birmingham (1981)

40. R. J. Parker, Rolling element fatigue lives of AISI 52100 steel balls with several synthetic lubricants. Heyden & Son on behalf of Inst. Petroleum, London (1976)

41. M. F. Griffey and B. H. Harvey, 'The management and assessment of avail­ability of Diesel engines in the Royal Navy'. Conference on the Reliability of Diesel Engines and its Impact on Cost. Inst. Mech. Engrs., London (1972)

42. N. A. J. Hastings, 'A stochastic model for Weibull failures'. Proc. Inst. Mech. Engrs_, Vol. 182, Part 1, No. 34, pp. 715-23

43. C. Lipson, 'Wear considerations in design'. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey (1967) 44. Conference on Lubrication and Wear, Inst. Mech. Engs. (1967) 45. D. W. Botstiber, 'Equipment reliability through oil monitoring'. Tedco

Bulletin A65B 46. N. G. Yates, 'Vibration diagnosis in marine geared turbines'. Trans. NE Coast

Engrs. and Shipbldrs., Vol. 656, p. 225 (1949) 47. T. C. Rathbone, 'Vibration tolerance'. Pwr. Pl. Engng. (1939) 48. Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, VDI Vibration Chart (1960) 49. Conference on Acoustics as a Diagnostic Tool, Inst. Mech. Engrs., London

(1970) 50. J. R. Nutter and D. E. Kirby, 'Trends in power plant maintenance'. Orient

Lines Research Bureau Safety Seminar, Orient Airlines, Tokyo (1969) 51. F. H. Thomas and M. I. Littlewood, 'Logical aero engine inspection, rejection,

and component replacement/failure algorithms'. 8th Advances in Reliability Technology Symposium, National Centre for Systems Reliability and Univer­sity of Bradford (1984)

52. A. S. Goldman and T. B. Slattery, Maintainability. Wiley (1964) 53. M. B. Kline and N. F. Schneidewind, 'Life cycle comparisons of hardware and

software reliability'. Second National Reliability Conference- Reliability 81. National Centre for Systems Reliability and Inst. Quality Assurance (1981)

484 MECHANICAL RELIABILITY

54. F. A. Rodden, R. R. Howard and W. J. Howard, 'Study of downtime in mili­tary equipment'. Fifth Annual Symposium on Reliability and Quality Control IRE-EIA-ASQC, p. 402 (1959)

55. A. Z. Keller and N. A. Stipho, 'Reliability analysis of chlorine production plant'. First National Reliability Conference. National Centre for Systems Reliability and Inst. Quality Assurance (1979)

56. D. E. Mathews, 'Reliability of vehicles for the distribution of petroleum products'. Conference on the Reliability of Diesel Engines and its Impact on Cost. Inst. Mech. Engrs., London (1972)

57. J. C. R. Clapham, 'Economic life of equipment'. Operational Research Quarterly, Vol. 8, p.l81 (1957)

58. R. W. Drinkwater and N. A. J. Hastings, 'An economic replacement model'. Opl Res., Vol. 18, No.2, p. 121 (1967)

59. V. Metcalf, Contribution on discussion to ref. 57 60. N. A. J. Hastings and D. W. Thomas, 'Overhaul policies for mechanical equip­

ment'. Proc. Inst. Mech. Engrs., Vol. 184, p. 565 (1970-1) 61. Commission of the European Communities, Report No. COM(83 ), 350FINAL

(1983) 62. J. Green, 'Systematic design and fault review'. Conference on Safety and

Failure of Components. Inst. Mech. Engrs., Sussex (1978) 63. P. H. Reed, 'The nature of aircraft and complex system reliability and main­

tainability characteristics'. Conference on Reliability of Aircraft Mechanical Systems and Equipment. Inst. Mech. Engrs., MoD, and R. Aeronaut Soc., London (1978)

64. Conference on Reliability of Aircraft Mechanical Systems and Equipment, Inst. Mech. Engrs., MoD, and R. Aeronaut. Soc., London (1978)

65. S. N. Weame, 'A review of reports of failures'. Proc. Inst. Mech. Engrs., Vol. 193, p. 125 (1979)

66. Joseph H. Levine, 'NASA approaches to Space Shuttle reliability'. Electronic Systems Effectiveness and Life Cycle Costing. Ed. J. K. Skwirzynski. NATO ASI Series, Springer-Verlag ( 1983)

67. H. W. Cerda and D. H. Napier, 'Fault tree analysis and the optimised alloca­tion of funding for safety and reliability'. Second National Reliability Con­ference. National Centre for Systems Reliability and Inst. Quality Assurance, Birmingham (1979)

68. A. C. Lovesey, 'The art of developing aero engines'. J. R. Aeronaut. Soc., Vol. 63' p. 429 (1979)

69. D. Shainin, 'A statistical approach to manufacturing and engineering manage­ment'. Seminar at Rolls Royce Ltd (1969) and other private seminars

70. J. T. Duane, 'Learning curve approach to reliability monitoring'. IEEE Trans. onAerospace, Vol. 2, p. 563 (1964)

71. L. R. Crow, 'On methods of reliability growth assessment during develop­ment'. Electronic Systems Effectiveness and Life Cycle Costing. Ed. J. K. Skwirzynski. NATO ASI Series, Springer-Verlag (1983)

REFERENCES 485

72. P. V. White, 'A standardised approach to the quantification of common mode failure probabilities'. 8th Advances in Reliability Technology Symposium, National Centre for Systems Reliability and University of Bradford (1984)

73. USNRC, 'Reactor safety study'. WASH 1400 (1975) 74. W. E. J. Haywood and V. Metcalf, 'Army reliability requirements'. Confer­

ence on Reliability of Service Equipment. Inst. Mech. Engrs., London (1968) 75. G. Miaoulis and V. L. O'Brian, 'The international automobile: the impact

of quality and reliability perceptions upon competition. 7th Advances in Technology Symposium, Bradford (1982)

76. F. Nixon, 'Quality management in Europe's expanding market'. Internal Management Congress, Combined Intelligence Subjective Sub-committee, New York (1963)

77. W. A. Shew hart, 'Economic control of quality and manufactured product'. Van Nostrand, New York (1931)

78. R. V. Austin, 'A corporate framework for quality'. 20th International QA Conference. Economic and Legislative Pressures on Industry - Quality Assurance Involvement. Inst. Quality Assurance, London (1981)

79. Ministry of Defence, 'Quality control system requirements for industry'. Defence Standard 05-21 Issue 1 (1973)

80. Ministry of Defence, 'Inspection system requirements for industry', Defence Standard 05-24 Issue 1 (1973)

81. British Standards Institution, 'Reliability of systems equipment and com­ponents'. Parts 1, 2, and 3. BS 5760 (1979)

82. T. R. Moss, 'The reliability characteristics of process control equipment'. M.Phil. Thesis, University of Bradford (1982)

83. J. R. Mercer, 'Reliability of solenoid valves'. Conference on Safety and Reliability of Components. Inst. Mech. Engrs., Sussex (1969)

84. H. G. Conway, Engineering Tolerances, 2nd edn. Pitman (1962)

Index

Ability (to perform task) 4, 110,184 Abuse 72,346 Accelerated tests 31 7 ADPS 348 Age defined 11 Ageing 113,269 Age-specific failure rate 6 Aircraft 163,177,279,422 AMMSA model 323 et seq. Approved manufacturers 250 Assembly 71 , 2 71 Availability

as a criterion 207, 225, 229 defined 8, 225 inherent 9 maximum 420

Blife 110,137,184,208 Bad as old 23 7, 343 Bath-tub curve 82, 115, 174 Bearings 31,109,169,178,212,271 Benard's formula 408 Better than old 343 British Standards Institution 4, 7,

110,170,436 Bulking of data see Multiple failure

modes Burn-in 42, 74

Checklists 250, 266 et seq. Coefficient of variation 253 Common cause failures 31, 3 2, 340

et seq. Common mode failures see Common

cause failures Communications 244, 246, 300, 329,

353,356,358

Component (see also Systems) as part of a complex system 331

et seq. defined 10

Confidence limits 408 Connectors 273,288 Constant failure rate see Failure rate Corrupt data 141, 180,419 Cost of ownership see Whole life cost Cost of unreliability 354 Cost ratio see Maintenance Cracks see Fracture Mechanics Criticality 285 Cumulative failures 6, 7, 8, 320

et seq., 342

Data (see also Corrupt data) banks 338,347,352 coding 347,348,351 collection 34 7 et seq.

Defect reports 34 7 Defects 161 Dependent and independent events

30,112,334,336,343,374 Design (see also Checklists, Failure

Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Fault Tree Analysis (FT A)) 244 et seq.

486

accessibility of parts 224 computer aided 298 conceptual 70,260,267 conventional 249 et seq. detail 251, 281 deterministic 268 for fatigue 260, 264 for stress-rupture 252 importance of 242 loading 246, 250

INDEX 487

nature of 251 over-conservative 262 procedure 298 review committees 298 reviews 249, 296 et seq. simplicity 250 specification 245, 248, 346, 3 56 steps in 244 stochastic 268 stretching 248 teams 297

Development 298 et seq accelerated testing 317 assessment of 328 assessment of growth models 325 categories of 299 interpretation of test data 318 objective of 299 overload testing 309 et seq. programmes 300 R&D 300 reliability growth 319 et seq. sudden death testing 31 7 techniques 307 et seq. typical trial results 304 et seq.

Distributions examples 16, 17, 18, 20,369 log-normal 154 et seq. negative exponential 122 et seq. normal 46, 118 et seq. of distributions 91 of fatigue strength 88 Pareto 157etseq. probability density functions 23 rectangular 42 et seq. repair times 222 skewed load and strength 6 7 tails of 23,45,46,48,57, 72,

253,371,429 Wei bull 166 et seq.

Duane 320 Durability (see also Maintenance)

231 et seq. defined 11, 232

Early life failures 43, 48, 152, 176, 181 with increasing failure rate 176

Economics 9, 200 et seq., 209,218, 225 et seq., 231 et seq.

Electronic equipment 24, 30, 167, 240, 288,331

Empirical formulae 109

Empiricism 298 Engines

Diesel 19, 1 79 Spark ignition 303

Environmental conditions (see also Loading roughness) 246, 268, 317

Equipment (see also Systems) defined 10

Erosive wear 181 Exponential (negative) distribution

122 et seq. cumulative function 122 failure rate 122 form of 41 interpretation of field data 125 probability density function 122

Extended lives 93 et seq., 172, 261, 262,362

Factor of ignorance 253, 258 Factor of safety 23, 251, 256, 258 Fail safe 411, 434 Failure

classification 16 2, in the field see Field evidence interpretation of 161 mode identification 139,266,418 modes 163,310 Pareto distribution of 158,164,

165,167,280,394 Failure mechanisms 21, 113, 163,

264,342 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

(FMEA) 250, 275 et seq., 300 appraisal 294 et seq. criticality 285 effects 283 et seq. lowest level of analysis 281, 288 pro-formas 289 summary of 289

Failure rate comparison for repair and scheduled

maintenance 238 conditional 7 constant (see also Random and

Pseudo-random) 41, 48, 57, 122,188,196,238,334,342

cumulative 8, 320 et seq. defined 5, 7 falling 43, 97, 169, 170 graphical representation 8 interpretation of 7

488 INDEX

Failure rate cont' d kinked curves 99, 1 72 random 42,115 summation rule 373 variation with loading roughness

55 et seq. variation with safety margin

55 et seq., 63 Failure-inducing load 12, 112, 184, 266 Fan belts 166 Fatigue

crack nucleation 102, 214,474 damage 89 design for 260 et seq. failure mechanism 87,210 failure patterns 92 et seq., 210,214 field evidence, 166, 169, 174, 176,

181,416 field evidence summarised 170 general treatment of 85 et seq. high cycle fatigue 93, 3 90 importance of 243 intrinsic retia bility for 261 life equation 90 low cycle fatigue 39, 93, 99, 263 simplified approach 88 single load strength 86 s-N relationship 88, 99

Fault Tree Analysis (FT A) 290 et seq. comparison with FMEA 290 nomenclature 290

Field evidence 162 et seq. comparison of fatigue and wear

failure patterns 415 corrupt see Corrupt data fatigue 169 et seq. intrinsic reliability 162 et seq. sensitivity of failure rate 177 et seq. smoothing of data 174 wear 174 et seq.

Field evidence for air craft 1 6 3 bearings 169, 178 Diesel engines 179 extended lives 172 fan belts 166 for factor of safety 256,257,

258 Pareto analysis of data for aircraft

164 Pareto analysis of data for radios 16 7 Pareto analysis of data for vehicles

165,280

pumps 170 universal joint 178 vehicles 19, 163,278,304 etseq.,

331 wooden ladders 436

Fit of parts 218 FORWARD 163,348 Fracture mechanics 101, 214

Gear box (helicopter) 150 Gear noise monitoring 217 Good as new 237, 343 Growth models see Development

Handbooks 34 7 Hazard 6 Human factors 361,363,367 Hydraulic systems 272

Instantaneous failure rate 6, 3 21 Intensity function 324 Interference modelling see Load/

strength interaction Inter-relation of activities 2 Intrinsic reliability

defined 66 general 59 et seq., 252 in the field 166,169, 174, 181 non-intrinsic 73 of equipment 71 safety margin for 69

Isoclines 229 Item defined 1 0

Kinematic design 259

Life defined 11 extended 97, 172 failure free 97 failure patterns 39 et seq., 49

Load

et seq., 55,81, 82,90 et seq., 107, Ill, 115,169,174,327

common 31 cumulative 112, 342 cycles see distributions under Load dependency 334,341 distributions 1 7 et seq., 48, 3 51 failure-inducing 12, 184 identification 266 internal 259,266,282 same causing damage and failure 108

INDEX 489

significance of 48, 55, 57 types of 21,31, 251

Loading roughness defined 24 effects of 28,45 et seq., 56 et seq.,

246,340 ideally smooth 26 identification 259 infinitely rough 27 internal 259, 282 of electronic equipment 24 of mechanical equipment 24, 256

Load/strength interaction mathematical treatment 33 et seq.,

49 et seq. nature of 19 et seq., 310 et seq.

Log-normal distribution 154 et seq., 222,390

cumulative function 156 failure rate 412 paper 157 probability density function 155

et seq. Lubrication 212

Magnetic probes (monitoring) 213 Maintenance 109, 185, 186 et seq.,

273 accessibility of parts 224, 225 cost ratio 201,208,209,218,

225,242 cost-age relationship 231, 233 design for 250 distribution of repair times 222,

224,225 economic factors 200, 206, 225

et seq., 231,262 frequency of on condition 211 ideal 196, 209 imperfect 208, 421 isoclines 229 level of replacement 225 maintainability 221 et seq. marginal substitution ratio 227,

229 monitoring techniques 212, 217 on condition 187, 209 et seq., 242 overhaul 235 policies 192 et seq., 208, 24 7, 339 preventive see scheduled under

Maintenance repair 187,196,238 repair limit 306 et seq.

scheduled 18 7, 200, 206, 238 time constraint 222, 223 trade-off with reliability 225 et seq.

Management 262, 354 et seq. and maintenance 241 line management 358 motivation 361 objectives 356 quality manager 357, 359 quality manual 360 staff 357 warranties 262, 362

Manufacturing design for 270, 356 variations in 17

Materials 268 selection 268 surface finish 270 variation in properties 15 et seq.,

439 Mean rank 394,475 Mean time between failures (.MTBF)

124 Mean time to failure (MTTF) 124 Median rank 407, 475 Milestone reviews see reviews under

Design Miner's rule 86,101,103 Misalignment 259 Mission reliability 125, 196, 23 7, 24 7 Mission time 125 Modelling 31, 331 et seq. Modular construction 218 Monitoring 277 et seq. Monitoring of

magnetic probe debris 213 noise 217 oil 212 pressure 211 spectrographs 213 temperature 211 vibration 216 wear particles 212

Mortality 6 Multiple failure modes 170, 184,

343,397,405,418

Noise monitoring 217 Normal distribution 46, 118 et seq.,

222 cumulative function 120 failure rate for 120 probability density function 120

490 INDEX

Normal distribution cont'd reliability with 55 , 1 20 representing wear 82, 174

Notional value 233

Occurrence of failures 188, 196, 200,239

Off-the-shelf items 249 Oil pressure monitoring 211 On condition maintenance see under

Maintenance One shot devices 73,385 Operation of equipment (see also

Abuse) 268 Order numbers 142, 394 Overload test 309 et seq.

pre-conditioning 310 stress-time 31 3

Parallel redundancy see Systems Pareto distribution 157 et seq., 335

analysis of field data 163, 164, 165, 167,280

trivial many 1 57 vitalfew 157,279

Paris's law 101 Performance and reliability 24 7 Physical interpretation of failures 176 Pressure vessels 272 Preventive maintenance see under

Maintenance Pro ba bili ty

as measure of reliability 5, 13 density functions (see also Distri­

butions) 23 joint 19,21

Product defined 10 Productrule 13,29,31,36,334,

342,343,374 Proof tests 74, 250 Prototypes 299 Pseudo-random 189,200,239,342 Psychological cost 242

Quality circles 362 Quality control 73,253,255, 259,

346,359 et seq., 378 Quality manual 473 Quality of performance 160

Radios 166 Random

definition 18 9

distribution 42 phase 42

Rathbone scale of vibration 216 Rectangular distributions

plain 42 with rectangular tails 45, 51 et seq.

Redundancy 249, 340 et seq. active 38,333 passive 333

Reliability apportionment 339 block diagram (RBD) 331,337 definition 1, 4, 110, 243 functional 366 growth of 319 lifetime variation of 327 measured as ability 5, 110 measured as probability 5, 13 mission 125 of parallel systems 29, 38 of series systems 13, 28 et seq.,

36 optimum 9 prediction for systems 334 variation with number of compo-

nents 13,29 variation with time - mathematical

treatment 49 et seq. variation with time - physical treat­

ment 39 et seq. Reliability engineer 2 Repair (see also under Maintenance)

distributions 222 limits 233 times 225 variations in 223

Repair maintenance see under Maintenance

Replacement 109, 18 7 mathematical representation 189

et seq. Reserve factor 392 Rotating parts 272

Safety 249,274 Safety margin

controlling reliability 56 et seq., 97 et seq., 252 et seq., 261 et seq.

defined 24 related to factor of safety 253 et seq.

Scheduled maintenance see under Maintenance

Seals 272 Selective assembly 250 Sensitivity 64, 97, 1 77, I83, 26I Service engineers 34 7 Single load strength (see also under

Fatigue) IIOetseq. s-N curves 85, 88, 92, 99, I03 Solution to exercises

exercise 3 .I 369 exercise 3.2 3 71 exercise 3.3 372 exercise 3.4 3 72 exercise 3.5 373 exercise3.6 373 exercise 3.7 374 exercise 3.8 3 74 exercise 3.9 375 exercise 4 .I 3 7 6 exercise 4.2 376 exercise 4.3 378 exercise 4.4 378 exercise4.5 379 exercise 4.6 380 exercise 4.7 38I exercise 4.8 384 exercise 4.9 385 exercise 5.I 386 exercise 5.2 3 86 exercise 5.3 387 exercise 5.4 390 exercise 5.5 391 exercise 5.6 392 exercise 6.I 394 exercise 6.2 395 exercise 6.3 3 97 exercise 6.4 397 exercise 6.5 398 exercise 6.6 400 exercise 6.7 400 exercise 6.8 40I exercise 6.9 404 exercise 6 .I 0 40 5 exercise 6 .II 407 exercise 6.12 408 exercise 6.13 408 exercise 6.I4 409 exercise 6.15 409 exercise 7 .I 409 exercise7.2 413 exercise 7.3 4I3 exercise 7.4 4I5 exercise 7.5 4I8 exercise7.6 4I8

INDEX

exercise 9.1 4I9 exercise 9.2 420 exercise 9.3 42I exercise 9.4 42I exercise 9.5 423 exercise 9.6 424 exercise 9.7 425 exercise 9.8 426 exercise 9.9 42 7 exercise 9.10 429 exercise 9 .II 43I exercise I 0 .I 43I exercise I0.2 433 exercise I0.3 435 exercise I0.4 436 exercise 1 0.5 43 7 exercise I0.6 438 exercise I0.7 439 exercise I 0.8 440 exercise IO.IO 442 exercise IO.II 443 exerciseiO.l2 445 exercise IO.l3 447 exercise IO.I4 449 exercise IO.I5 450 exercise IO.l6 450 exercise I 0 .I 7 45 I exercise IO.l8 454 exercise IO.I9 455 exercise I0.20 460 exercise I0.2I 466 exercise I0.22 466 exercise I0.23 467 exercise 10.24 469 exercise I0.25 470 exercise I2 .I 4 7I exercise I3 .I 4 72 exercise 3 .I A 4 73 exercise 5.1A 474 exercise6.1IA 474 exercise 7.1 A 4 77 exercise IO.IA 477 exercise IO.I9A 477

49I

Specification see under Design Spectrographic analysis 2I3 Statistics, role of 2, Il7 et seq., 367 Stochastic methodology 263 Strength

assessment 268 degradation 26 5 distributions I 5, 264 single load 86

Stressing 9, 269

492 INDEX

Stress-rupture 162, 164, 183,252 et seq.

Sturges' rule 126 Sub-assemblies 240, 334 Sub-systems see Sub-assemblies Sudden death tests 317 Systems

defined 10 discrete 337 integral 337 mathematical treatment of parallel

systems 14, 341 et seq. mathematical treatment of series

systems 33 et seq. parallel 13, 29, 333 et seq., 3 7 5 reliability of 331 et seq. series 13 , 14

Tails of distributions see under Distributions

Temperature monitoring 211 Thermal effects 269 Three sigma rule 259 Time (see also Reliability) 11 Tolerances 218,250,270,423 Total cost see Whole life cost Training 346 Trivial many 157, 367

Unscheduled fatigue failures 243 Unscheduled maintenance see

Maintenance User

collection of data 34 7 et seq. conditions of use (see also Loading

roughness) 5,48,58,67, 72, 245 et seq., 338

relationship with design 268, 346

Value engineering 250 Variate see Time VDI scale of vibration 216 Vehicles (see also Field evidence)

331 et seq. Vibration 102, 215 Visual inspection 211, 214 Vital few 157,163,279,285,335,

352

Warning time 213 Warranties 362 Weakest component rule 36 Wear

checklist for 269 consequences of 115, 185, 269 defined 78, 160, 184 design for 260 et seq., 265 et seq. generalised treatment of 106 introduction to 78 et seq. mechanisms listed 148 particles 212 patterns 81 et seq., 97 et seq., 115,

210,211 significance 108 et seq., 243 simple wear process 80 et seq. wear-in 423 wear-out 78, 163, 166 with falling failure rate (see also

patterns under Wear) 97 et seq.

Weibull distribution 127 et seq., 146 analysis 130 et seq. censored data or drop outs 141

et seq. confidence limits 408 cumulative function for 128 errors in analysis 13 8, 143 failure rate for 128 locating constant 132, 133, 137,

139 et seq., 166, 174 mean value 13 5 modified 146 et seq. papers 131, 132, 137 parameters 128, 143, 181 probability density function of 128 representation of failure patterns

139, 169 representation of repair times 223 shaping parameter 128, 139 et seq.,

169 standard deviation 13 5

Whole life cost 9, 209,226,232,242, 306

Whole life failure pattern 184 Wooden ladders 23, 73,259 Workshop practice 241 Worse than old 423

Yates' scale of vibration 216