Use context clues to define the underlined word:

We expected a tirade; instead, the teacher praised our effort in a brief, happy speech.

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Angry speech

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List three patterns for ordering details in a paragraph.

Give one transitional word that might be useful in a paragraph that uses each pattern.

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Sample answers:Chronological order- first, before, after,

while, next, thenCause and effect- therefore,

consequently, because, since, as a resultCompare- similarly, also, likewiseContrast- but, however, although,

insteadMost important argument to least

important argument- primarily, most important, finally

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Propaganda

Definition

Purpose

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Definition- Information that is spread to support a cause.

Purpose- To create an emotional connection between the message and the reader or listener.

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Simile or metaphor?

1. She was mad as a hornet. 2. Her hair was straw. 3. My love is like a red, red rose. 4. It hasn’t rained in a month. My

yard is concrete.

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1. simile 2. metaphor 3. simile 4. metaphor

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Specific words convey messages accurately. Give a more specific word for each word below:

car furniture teacher

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Sample answers:

Car- Corvette Furniture- roll-top desk Teacher- Mr. Rowlads, my chemistry

teacher

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You would like to go to a movie about World War II. Your parents think it may be too violent for you to see.

Which statements strengthen your argument?

A. The movie is rated PG. B. All the other kids are going. C. My history teacher said that we

should all see it. D. It only costs $5.00.

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A. Many parents allow high school students to see PG movies. This statement probably strengthens your argument.

B. This statement is a bandwagon propaganda technique. Some parents are impressed, but most are not.

C. The endorsement of a respected person will help your cause with most parents

D. This statement is not helpful. Your parents are concerned about the violence, not the cost.

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Good arguments, or persuasive techniques, do what?

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1. State the facts. 2. State the benefits to the audience. 3. State the author’s expertise. 4. Connect emotionally with the

reader.

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Are these statements proven by the graph? 1. Hastings School is growing faster than Smith

School. 2. Hastings School is twice the size of Smith

School. 3. Smith is a better school since it is smaller. 4. Hastings School should have more desks than

Smith School.

Smith Hastings0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700Elementary School Enrollments

Elementary School En-rollments

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Statements 1,2, and 3 are not proven by the graph.

Statement 4 is a reasonable conclusion based on the graph.

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1. Are the majority of students involved in at least one school activity?

2. Tell one fact and one opinion about the information presented by the graph.

Clubs

Music

None

Sports

Students in School Activities

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1. Yes, approximately 75% of the students are involved in at least one school activity.

2. Sample Answers Fact- One fourth of the students are not

involved in school activities. Opinion- It is unfortunate that one fourth

of the students are not involved in school activities.

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What is a summary?

Summarize a favorite book in no more than three sentences. Include setting, main characters, key events and theme in your summary.

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A summary of a brief statement of main events or main ideas of a passage.

Sample summary: Huck Finn, a young boy, and Jim, a

runaway slave, encounter adventure as they float down the Mississippi River in the mid-1800s. Huck learns about the evils of slavery as he survives a variety of close calls and meets many untrustworthy people. He learns to think for himself and matures as a result of the journey. 1

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1. What clues help define a word in context?2. Use context clues to define each word in bold type.

A. The feeble, languid breeze failed to mover the leaf.

B. The frowning woman was not amiable.

C. The butterfly flitted rapidly, eluded my net, and flew away.

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1. The context is a synonym. The context is an antonym. The general meaning of the passage defines the word.

2. A. The feeble, languid breeze failed

to move the leaf. (languid=weak)B. The frowning woman was not

amiable. (amiable=friendly)C. The butterfly flitted, eluded my

net, and flew away. (eluded=escaped)

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How can a reader draw a conclusion from text?

What conclusion(s) can you draw from this passage?

The rain poured down. The players and the coach sat in their dugout, wondering if this rain would deprive the seniors of their last chance for revenge.

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A conclusion is a statement that is based on the information in the reading. It is a logical summary (even a guess) based on text.

The baseball team is scheduled to play a team that had beaten them earlier in the season (or the previous year).

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What is a prediction? How can a reader make a prediction?

Make a prediction from this text: The banker studied Maya’s loan

application. She approved applications that showed a good credit history, steady employment, and good references. Maya had no credit history, had been working at her job for three weeks, and forgot to bring her references. 2

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A prediction is a logical guess about what will happen next in a reading. The reader should use his or her knowledge of prior events from the text and then state what is likely to happen next.

The banker is likely to reject Maya’s application for a loan.

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Identify each underlined phrase as a cause or effect:

My grades are getting better. I finally quit my restaurant job that was keeping me up so late. My dad told me I could not use the car until my grades improved, so I have been staying at home, studying more, and going to bed earlier. Since I am not as sleepy at school now, it is much easier to pay attention in class. 2

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My grades. . . Effect Quit my. . . Cause Studying more. . .Cause Pay attention. . . Effect (of more

sleep);Cause (of improved

sleep)

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What conclusion(s) are supported by the text? Explain each.

Serena flipped the page on her calendar and sighed sadly. Her brother’s wedding was only one month away, and soon she would have to walk down the aisle in front of everyone in the dreaded dress.

1. Serena was looking forward to her brother’s wedding.

2. Serena will be a bridesmaid in her brother’s wedding.

3. the dress is ugly. 22

1. Not supported by the text. She signed sadly when thinking about the wedding.

2. Supported by the text. She will walk down the aisle in front of everyone at her brother’s wedding. It is reasonable to assume that she will be a bridesmaid.

3. Not supported by the text. There is a problem with the dress, but the reader is not told the exact nature of the problem.

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List the likely effect of each cause below:

1. One hour spent cleaning up my room.

2. Two speeding tickets in two weeks. 3. Three hours mowing my

grandma’s yard. 4. Four forgotten homework

assignments.

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1. Clothes I can find and a floor I can see

2. A temporary break from driving 3. A tired back, a happy grandma,

and maybe a little bit of money 4. A lowered grade

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What is the literal meaning of each passage? What is the figurative meaning?

1. The flag fluttered overhead, and the troops cheered.

2. The school bus drove by, and the mother clutched her youngest child tightly.

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1. Literal meaning- The flag fluttered and troops cheered.

1. Figurative meaning- The troops cheered for the ideas or accomplishments that the flag represented.

2. Literal meaning- The bus drove by, and the mother held her child tightly.

2. Figurative meaning- The mother does not want her baby to grow up and leave.

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1. What is revision? 2. List revision strategies.

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1. Revision- altering and improving the content of an essay

2. Revision strategies Organize during prewriting to avoid

major revisions Change or delete sentences that are off

topic Improve word choice

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Define

PersonificationHyperbole

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Personification- giving human qualities or abilities to animals or objects

Example: The clouds wept sadly.

Hyperbole- obvious exaggerationExample: I am so tired, I could sleep

for a week.

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What is a transition?

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A transition is a word or phrase used to link ideas. It helps the reader to make connections.

Examples: finally, however, consequently

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Maple Trees and the Value of American Homes

Source: Maple Tree Growers Association of North America

1. Why should the source of this information cause you to be cautious when reading this table?

What other factors might have affected the value of these homes?

Homes with a maple tree $125,000.00

Homes without a maple tree $ 74,000.00

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1. The maple tree growers have some data to back up these statistics. But they are trying to sell maple trees, so it is fair for readers to be on the lookout for biased data when reading such a table.

2. Locations, house sizes, and the quality of houses might affect the value of these homes.

This table and the Maple Tree Growers Association of North America are fictional. But biased data like this is in the news media every day. Read and listen carefully, and consider the sources of information.

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Define

FactOpinion State a fact about Montgomery,

Alabama. State an opinion about

Montgomery, Alabama.

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A fact is a statement that can be proven.

A opinion is a statement that can be supported but cannot be proven.

Fact: Montgomery is the capital of Alabama.

Opinion: Montgomery is the most (or least) exciting city in Alabama.

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Define character. What details can an author use to

reveal character?

Define Point of View. Name two types of point of view.

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Character- a person in a story name actions thoughts appearance speech Reactions of other characters

Point of View- The perspective from which the story is told 1. First person- the narrator experiences the story ( I, me,

we) 2. Third person- the narrator observes the story (he, she,

they)▪ A. omniscient- know all thought and actions of all characters▪ B. limited- know all the thoughts of only one or some characters

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Define theme. List 3 classic themes in literature.

Define setting. Describe the setting of a favorite book or

film. Define plot.

Summarize the plot of a favorite book or film in 6-8 sentences.

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Theme- the literary term for the main idea of a piece of writing. Some classic themes: coming of age,

love, people and nature, people and society, alienation

Setting- the time and place of a story

Plot- the action of a story

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What are the elements of an effective introductory sentence?

What are the elements of an effective concluding sentence?

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An effective introductory sentence should: introduce the main idea omit a detailed explanation of any idea capture the reader’s attention

An effective concluding sentence should: provide a satisfying ending omit new ideas 5

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