thesis - ma education - tauqir ahmed
TRANSCRIPT
SITUATION ANALYSIS OF LIBRARIES OF
ISLAMABAD MODEL COLLEGES
TAUQIR AHMED
ROLL NO: 12-SP-71761
BASHARAT HAFEEZ
(Supervisor)
DEPARTMENT OF MASS EDUCATION FACULTY OF ARTS, SOCIAL SCIENCES AND EDUCATION
SARHAD UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
PESHAWAR
2015
ii
SITUATION ANALYSIS OF LIBRARIES OF
ISLAMABAD MODEL COLLEGES
TAUQIR AHMED
ROLL NO: 12-SP-71761
BASHARAT HAFEEZ
(Supervisor)
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree
of Masters of Arts in Education
Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Education, Department of Mass
Education, Sarhad University of Science & Information Technology
Peshawar
2015
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IN THE NAME OF
ALLAH
THE MERCIFUL THE COMPASSIONATE
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DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to my father and mother who always support emotionally and
materially with prayer, love and patience. Without your support I do nothing. To my
wife and to my children; Masooma Tauqir and Muhammad Affan who motivated me
to complete this thesis.
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AUTHOR’S NOTE
1. During the period of this registered study in which this thesis was constructed, the
author has not been registered for any other academic award or qualification.
2. The material included in this dissertation/thesis has not been submitted wholly or
in part for any academic award or qualification other than for which it is now
submitted.
3. Except where otherwise acknowledged in the text, this thesis represents the
original research of the author.
Tauqir Ahmed
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah, all praises belong to Allah who has given me health and the strength
to finish this thesis. Many people have directly or indirectly helped me in the process
of writing this thesis. I am really grateful of Prof. Dr. Muhammad Javed Iqbal for his
encouragement and to my supervisor, Mr. Basharat Hafeez, for his guidance in
finishing this thesis. I would also like to express my gratitude to my friends and
respondents for the support and willingness to spend some times with me to fill in the
questionnaires.
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ABSTRACT
Title: Situation Analysis of Libraries of Islamabad Model Colleges
Pages: 83
Researcher: Tauqir Ahmed
Supervisor: Mr. Basharat Hafeez
University: Sarhad University of Science & IT, Peshawar
Year: 2015
Title: Situation Analysis of Libraries of Islamabad Model Colleges
Subject Area: Education
Degree: M.A Education
This study was designed to conduct “situation analysis of libraries of Islamabad
Model Colleges.” The objectives of the study were to investigate procedure of
collection of material in IMCB libraries with respect to format of material, to
investigate existing facilities in libraries; building, telephone, photocopy, seating
capacity, air-conditioning and heating, to compare the collection and facilities with
the need and to recommend measures for improving the situation.. Population of this
study was Islamabad Model College Libraries. This was also taken as sample i.e.
100%. This study was delimited to the library resources, equipment and facilities of
the Islamabad Model Colleges for Boys of urban area (Capital territory).
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This was a descriptive research and for this purpose a questionnaire for librarians was
developed, validated and tried out. This questionnaire was administered personally to
the sample. Total population was taken as sample. Data collected was tabulated and
analyzed using percentage and mean score. Findings were drawn after the analysis of
this data. It was found that IMCB libraries operate six days a week, have their own
separate functional building with a staff of three members, organize library period, are
partially automated and provide open access, circulation and reader advisory services.
On the other hand libraries lack the facilities of heating, air-conditioning and central
heating/cooling system. These libraries lack the library resources of reports, CD
ROMs and audio/video and non-book materials. These libraries are not fully
automated and the basic facilities of photo copying and telephone are not available to
them.
It recommended that the libraries may be upgraded and equipped with modern
technologies, IT support and equipment may be provided for the purpose of
automation, internet facility may be provided for all, computers and other accessories
may be installed, audio/visual aids and CDs may be provided and made the part of
library collection and students may be encouraged to visit the library other then
attending the library period.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Dedication vi
Author’s Note v
Acknowledgement vi
Abstract vii
Table of Contents viii
List of Tables xiii
List of Figures xiv
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Statement of the Problem 4
1.2 Objectives of the Study 4
1.3 Significance of the Study 5
1.4 Delimitations of the Study 5
1.5 Methodology of the Study 5
1.5.1 Population 6
1.5.2 Sample 6
1.5.3 Research tools / Instruments 6
1.5.4 Data Collection 6
1.5.5 Data Analysis Techniques 6
Chapter 2 Review of the Literature 7
2. Introduction 7
2.1. History of Libraries 7
2.2. Types of Libraries 9
2.2.1 Public Library 10
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2.2.2 Special Library 11
2.2.3 Virtual Library 11
2.2.4 Academic Library 12
2.3. Importance of Academic Library 12
2.4. Functions of Academic Library 16
2.5. Library Standards 17
2.6 Functional Areas of Library 18
2.6.1 Managing the Collection 19
2.6.2 Information Retrieval 19
2.6.3 Reading 19
2.7. Advantages of Academic Library 20
2.7.1 Benefits to the Students 21
2.7.2 Benefits to the Teachers 22
2.8. Library Services and Materials 23
2.8.1 Circulation 24
2.8.2 Information Services 24
2.8.3 Document Delivery 25
2.8.4 Library Promotion 25
2.8.5 Technical Services 25
2.8.6 Selection and Acquisition of Material 26
2.9. Academic Libraries in Pakistan 28
2.10. Academic Libraries in Other Countries 32
2.10.1 India 32
2.10.2 United Kingdom 33
2.10.3. United States of America 33
2.10.4. Japan 34
2.10.5. China 35
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2.10.6. South Africa 36
Chapter 3 Methodology 38
3. Introduction 38
3.1 Methodology of the Study 38
3.1.1 Population 38
3.1.2 Sample 39
3.1.3 Research tools / Instruments 39
3.1.4 Data Collection 39
3.1.5 Data Analysis Techniques 40
Chapter 4 Data Analysis 41
4. Introduction 41
4.1 Data Analysis 41
4.1.1 Working Hours 42
4.1.2 Timing 43
4.1.3 Working Days / Week 44
4.1.4 No. of Registered Users 45
4.1.5 Daily Visitors 46
4.1.6 Staff Members 47
4.1.7 Is the existing staff sufficient to provide reader services effectively? 48
4.1.8 Library Building 49
4.1.9 Other Facilities 51
4.1.10 Library Resources 52
4.1.11 Circulation Service 54
4.1.12 How many documents are issued daily? 55
4.1.13 How many documents are returned daily? 56
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4.1.14 Does your library provide "reader advisory" service? 57
4.1.15 Automation Status 58
4.1.16 Other Services 59
4.1.17 Technical Process 60
4.1.18 Does your library organize any of the following activities? 61
4.1.19 Are the readers satisfied with services provided by the library? 62
4.1.20 Do you have approved selection & acquisition policy? 63
4.1.21 Problems Faced by the Library 64
Chapter 5 Summary, Findings and Conclusions 65
5. Summary 65
5.2 Findings 66
5.3 Conclusion 69
5.4 Recommendations 71
References 73
Appendix – A 79
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1. List of Islamabad Model Colleges for Boys 39
Table 4.1. Working Hours 42
Table 4.2. Timing 43
Table 4.3. Working Days / week 44
Table 4.4. No. of Registered Users 45
Table 4.5. No. of Daily Visitors 46
Table 4.6. Staff Members 47
Table 4.7. Is the Staff Sufficient? 48
Table 4.8. Separate Functional Building 49
Table 4.8. Library Building Total Area (sq ft) 50
Table 4.9. Other Facilities 51
Table 4.10. Library Resources 52
Table 4.11. Circulation Service 54
Table 4.12. Documents issued daily 55
Table 4.13. Documents returned daily 56
Table 4.14. Reader Advisory Service 57
Table 4.15. Automation Status 58
Table 4.16. Other Services 59
Table 4.17. Technical Process 60
Table 4.18. Activities Organized by the Library 61
Table 4.19. Reader Satisfaction 62
Table 4.20. Selection & Acquisition Policy 63
Table 4.21. Problems Faced by the Library 64
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4.1 A chart showing Working Hours 42
Figure 4.2 A chart showing Timing 43
Figure 4.3 A chart showing Working Days/week 44
Figure 4.4 A chart showing No. of Registered Users 45
Figure 4.5 A chart showing Daily Visitors 46
Figure 4.6 A chart showing Staff 47
Figure 4.7 Is the existing staff sufficient to provide reader services
effectively? 48
Figure 4.8a Separate Functional Building 49
Figure 4.8b Library Building Total area (sq ft) 50
Figure 4.9 A chart Showing Total seating capacity 51
Figure 4.10a Library Resources: Books 52
Figure 4.10b Library Resources: Newspapers 53
Figure 4.10c Library Resources: Serials/Periodicals 53
Figure 4.11 A chart showing Circulation 54
Figure 4.12 How many documents are issued daily? 55
Figure 4.13 How many documents are issued daily? 56
Figure 4.14 Does your library provide "Reader advisory" service? 57
Figure 4.15 Automation Status 58
Figure 4.16 Other Services 59
Figure 4.17 Technical Process 60
Figure 4.18 Activities organized by the library 61
Figure 4.19 Are the readers satisfied with services provided by the library? 62
Figure 4.20 Do you have approved selection & Acquisition policy? 63
Figure 4.21 Problems faced by Library 64
1
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION
Libraries are a significant source of knowledge and are considered as an important
part of the academic efforts and without a library no significant academic efforts can
be carried out. Literacy, in general terms, is considered to be the ability to read, write,
speak and compute at a certain level. Libraries have been playing a vital role in
supporting and promoting literacy and education and their importance in educational
development cannot be ignored since the libraries strengthen joint research among
educational, business and government communities in the society and contribute to
the learning opportunities for all.
Generally, a library is a room or building which is organized for use of public where
books may be read or borrowed and maintained by a public body, institutions or
corporations. The collections of a library are intended for use of the people who
cannot afford to have a large collection at their own or who need professional
assistance in their studies or research. The purpose of these collections is being a
source for reading, viewing, listening, study or reference. Collections of a library can
include books, periodicals, newspapers, journals, prints, documents, films, maps,
CDs, DVDs, e-books, audio books, databases etc. There is no limit to the size of a
library and it can consist of a few book shelves to millions of items. A library
provides materials, facilities and the services of librarians who can help readers in
finding and organizing information. Library provides a quiet place for reading and
common areas to facilitate group studies.
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Modern libraries are much more than a place to read books and journals. Nowadays
libraries also provide public facilities for access to the electronic resources including
the internet, digital library collections and remote access to different types of
technology. Modern library is becoming a place to get unrestricted access to
information in all sorts of formats and sources. The modern libraries provide physical
or digital access to data which may contain a physical building or a virtual space or
both and that is how in the modern age the libraries are expanding outside the
physical walls of their buildings by providing information which can be accessed
through electronic resources. These libraries also provide the services of librarians
and assistance of skilled staff that navigate and analyze very large amounts of
information by using a variety of digital tools (“Library,” 2015, May 14).
The origin of the word ‘library’ is considered to be the Latin word ‘libraria’ which
means ‘place storing books’ which shows that in the past a library was a place where
books were kept or stored. This term was frequently used for a ‘collection of books’.
Describing the origin of library, Rehman (2012) wrote that “library is a Latin word,
coming from ‘libre’ which means ‘book’. Book means the written shape of
knowledge which contains a communication or a chain between ancient and modern
age. Library is one of the elements used for achieving the standardization of
education” (p.2).
However, advanced definition of a library as described by Islam (2004) is that a
library is “a learned institution full of riches of knowledge maintained, organized and
managed by trained personnel to educate the children, men and women continuously
and assist in their self-improvement through an effective and prompt dissemination of
information embodied in the resources” (p.4).
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Another definition of advanced library according to the online Oxford dictionary is
“A building or room containing collections of books, periodicals and sometimes films
and recorded music for use or borrowing by the public or the members of an
institution” (“Library,” 2015, May 14).
There are different types of libraries which contribute to the educational development
in various ways. Generally there are four types of libraries as mentioned below:
a. Public Library
b. Special library
c. Virtual Library
d. Academic library
According to the general description Public libraries are meant to serve cities and
towns of all types while Special libraries are in specialized environments, such as
office, hospitals, corporations, museums, private business and the government
whereas a Virtual library is a computerized space that provides access to the virtual
books and their related archives. Academic libraries serve the students of educational
institutes i.e. schools, colleges and universities.
In this thesis researcher examined the resources and the facilities of the college
libraries which fall in the category of Academic Library. Sincere efforts were made to
discuss the institutional role of libraries in advancing the education development in
Pakistan.
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Researcher also examined whether or not the libraries are equipped with current
technology; e-books, digital databases, computers, internet facility, CDs and DVDs,
as modernization of the libraries has been an important part of country’s educational
policies. Ministry of Education (2009) has emphasized on establishing libraries
equipped with modern facilities including internet connectivity for online library
services in all schools; elementary, secondary and higher secondary schools in order
to promote a reading culture among youth and to increase library usage and improve
the quality of library services in the country.
1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study was designed to conduct “situation analysis of libraries of Islamabad
Model Colleges”. The purpose of this study was to examine the resources, equipment
and facilities currently available in these libraries and suggest the ways to improve
the situation.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The purpose of the study was to examine the role of library in education at Islamabad
Model Colleges in Islamabad; establishing a relationship between the library,
education and national development. The objectives of this thesis were:
1. To investigate procedure of collection of material in IMCB libraries with
respect to format of material.
2. To investigate existing facilities in libraries; building, telephone,
photocopy, seating capacity, air-conditioning and heating.
3. To compare the collection and facilities with the need.
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4. To recommend measures for improving the situation.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
With the help of this study situation analysis of the libraries was made which will
help in:
i. Identifying the problems of the current situation, facilities and resources
available in the libraries of Islamabad Model Colleges.
ii. Providing the solution / methods to improve the situation and to suggest
the ways to make these libraries effective to play their role in the
advancement of educational development.
1.4 DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This study was delimited to:
i. Islamabad Model Colleges for Boys
ii. Higher Secondary School Level
iii. Islamabad Capital Territory – Urban area
iv. Library resources, equipment and facilities
1.5 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
Following methodology was adopted to carry-out the study:
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1.5.1 POPULATION
The population of the study comprised of all the libraries of Islamabad Model
Colleges for Boys belonging to urban area i.e. 10.
1.5.2 SAMPLE
Total population was taken as sample i.e. 100%.
1.5.3 RESEARCH TOOLS / INSTRUMENTS
One questionnaire for the Librarians was developed and expert’s opinion was taken
for validation purpose. After which tryout was made and then the questionnaire was
fair typed.
1.5.4 DATA COLLECTION
Data was collected by administering the questionnaire personally visiting the
libraries.
1.5.5 DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
i. Data was analyzed using percentage and mean score.
ii. Findings of this study were drawn on the basis of data analyzed.
iii. The conclusion was drawn and the recommendations were made on the
basis of conclusions.
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Chapter 2
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
The Chapter 2 reviews the literature relevant to this study and presents an account of
published and unpublished literature covering different aspects of library provision
including the type of resources and services. The aim of this literature review is to
examine the results found with the studies undertaken by different local and foreign
colleges, universities or educational institutes. These studies provide guidelines for
Pakistani libraries in assessment, evaluation, and problems indication. The literature
review may also prove helpful to draw conclusions and recommendations for
improvement of library resources and services in academic libraries of Pakistan and
should help the policy makers in making decisions on further developments using the
relevant research in the field.
2.1. HISTORY OF LIBRARIES
The first libraries consisted of archives of the clay tablets found in Sumer in
cuneiform dating back to 2600 BC. However, private or personal libraries consisting
of written books emerged in classical Greece in the 5th century BC. The libraries of
Constantinople and Alexandria remained the great libraries of Mediterranean region in
the 6th century. Describing the history of libraries Lavlo (2003) wrote that:
In ancient age, in numerous civilizations, libraries were established. In
Semitic civilization, libraries were established in third millennium
B.C. In Assyria civilization libraries were established in 100 B.C. and
in Egyptian civilization approximately in 297 B.C. Greek philosopher
Plato had a personal library. The library of the Alexandria of Egypt,
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by the time of the ruler Ptolemy, collected and preserved about a
million copies of books (p.231).
From the beginning of the 9th century, public libraries started to emerge in most of the
cities of the Islamic world which were called "Dar al-Ilm” meaning “halls of Science".
However, the history of academic libraries in the world starts with the establishment
of the earliest universities in the Muslim world i.e. Jamia Al-Qaraouiyine in Tunisia
which was established in 859 AD and Jamia Al-Azhar in Egypt established in 970.
Bologna university in Italy was the first university established in Europe in 11th
century (year 1088), after which a series of other universities were established e.g.
University of Paris in 1170 in France, Oxford University in 12th century in England,
the University of Padua in 1222 in Italy, Harvard University in 1636 in America, Bern
University 1794 in Switzerland and Georgetown University in 1789 also in America
(Sultana R. G., 1999, p.7)
Establishment of the first library in the subcontinent traces back to the oldest
civilizations in the region i.e. Taxila, Harappa and Indus valley. These places
remained the centers of these civilizations for a long period of time; Buddhists with
Gandhara culture in Taxila, the Aryans in Harappa and the Hindus in the Indus valley.
These civilizations play a significant role in the continuing history of Pakistan in terms
of literary and library activities among the people of this area which can be traced
back to the 6th century A.D. It is believed that the people in Gilgit and Kashmir were
using the paper for writing books which resulted in establishment of libraries in the
region namely in the cities of Multan, Thatta, Uch and many other places (Marwat, M.
K., 1996, p. 1).
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History of academic libraries in the subcontinent starts with the establishment of
universities in the region. In 1857, universities of Calcutta, Madras and Bombay were
established and started working. The academic libraries in Pakistan started with the
establishment of the University of the Punjab, Lahore in 1882.
At the time of independence, many libraries existed in Pakistan but the collection and
building of these libraries were in very poor condition. Giving an account on the
earlier history of Pakistan’s libraries Bakhsh (1949) wrote:
Pakistan, born on 14th August 1947 as an independent nation after the
partition of British India, was denied its rightful share out of the
common library resources built up over the years during the British
rule. All the major libraries of British India happened to be located in
those areas which, after partition, became part of the present day India
(p.1).
However, libraries existed in this region at the time of independence in the cities of
Karachi, Lahore, Quetta, Khairpur and Peshawar with the oldest library; Liaqat Hall
Library Karachi established in 1851. Most of them were the academic libraries
including Punjab University Library, Lahore which was established in 1908. There
were also a small number of personal libraries present at that time (Haider, S.J., 1997,
p. 55)
2.2. TYPES OF LIBRARIES
Now that we have learnt about the history of the library, it is important to know the
types of library because libraries are classified according to their types. Following are
different types of libraries:
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a. Public Libraries,
b. Special library
c. Virtual Library
d. Academic library
The definitions and details of the libraries mentioned above are as followed:
2.2.1 PUBLIC LIBRARY
Public libraries provide library services to the community of a city or a town. The
purpose of Public libraries is to serve communities of all sizes and types and provide
opportunities for information, culture, education and leisure through books,
computers, videos, and other materials. These libraries serve the general public and
often have different departments that focus on areas of service, such as youth, teens
and adults helping lifelong learning and also promote literacy and understanding
between different cultural groups. The services offered by a public library include:
• Different types of media on loan i.e. books, magazines, CDs and DVDs.
• Access, tools and equipment to the electronic resources, internet and e-
books.
• Programs supporting literacy and lifelong learning.
• Skilled staff to assist people to access the required information and
resources.
• Exclusive collections of materials and books on the local region.
• Welcoming visits from community and schools. (“Different types of
libraries,” 2015, May 15).
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2.2.2 SPECIAL LIBRARY
The Special libraries are maintained or sponsored by private organizations,
corporations, professional associations, or government agencies and non-profit
organizations to collect specific materials and provide information of special
relevance to the work of the organization.
Special libraries are specialized environments which can be found in offices, hospitals,
museums, private business, corporations and the government. The role of every
special library is to support the data needs of its clients or customers with the goal that
they can achieve the mission and objectives of the association. These libraries provide
a variety of data to address the issues of a specific populace, providing staff and
analysts with the data they need to complete their assignments. (“Different types of
libraries,” 2015, May 15).
2.2.3 VIRTUAL LIBRARY
A virtual library is a computerized space that keeps and arranges virtual books and
their related archives. It additionally can refer to a space where the books can be
perused. These spaces can include computers, cell phones and the Internet. Some
virtual libraries can be accessed for free, and others oblige memberships.
The advantage of utilizing a virtual library is that it has the capacity to store a lot of
books in a small place. Physical books can take up a considerable amount of space. By
utilizing a virtual library, readers can get to their personal libraries in one area, on
either a computer or a cell phone. (“Different types of libraries,” 2015, May 15).
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2.2.4 ACADEMIC LIBRARY
The libraries which serve the students, staff and faculty of an academic institution i.e.
school, college and university are called Academic Libraries.
Library is any organized collection of printed books and periodicals or any other
graphic or audio-visual materials, with a staff to provide and facilitate the use of such
materials as are required to meet the informational, research, educational or
recreational needs of users (UNESCO, 2000, p.1).
A school library is an organized collection of study and instruction material aimed at
students, teachers and other staff alike. It also includes access to local, regional,
national and international information databases. The facilities, material, equipment
and staff of the school library along with its operations are organized to support the
learning within the educational objectives of the school.
Having a designated team for the development of the school library, a regular annual
budget which provides funding for the material and development of the facilities and
a librarian are the characteristics of a good school library.
2.3. IMPORTANCE OF ACADEMIC LIBRARY
An academic library plays a vital role in the teaching/learning environment. A school
library as a subsystem of school organization has not been just a department
providing services for studies and research any more. Rather, it has turned into a vital
unit of school’s information infrastructure and a dynamic part in the learning process.
Together with the school departments and teaching staff, the academic library helps
in achievement of the study goals. The library turns into one of the potential learning
situations that function at the school and characterized by the loads of the information
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sources. An academic library is an essential part of school's learning infrastructure
which needs to interact with all the learning processes of the study programs.
Students and teachers need library resources and the expertise of a librarian to
succeed. An academic library supports school programs in addition to the teaching
and learning process and helps teachers to teach students. Academic library provides
students and teachers with the required materials according to their needs and
provides an environment which empowers students reading. School library also helps
students to learn by the self study.
In a study completed by Bukhari et al. (2010) the researcher in his introduction states
the importance of an academic library in following words:
Students cannot acquire knowledge only through textbooks or
classroom lectures. They are referred to other books also. The library
is of great help in the fulfillment of their wishes, ambitions and
inclinations, as it provides ample opportunities for acquiring
knowledge. On the other hand, it is much more convenient for the
students to collect required material from the library. It not only saves
their time but also cost of books and their energy (p.2).
The role of the library as intermediary source of information will certainly never
change and it is necessary to develop the traditional library practices and to acquire
the best of modern technology.
Lohar and Kumber (2002) view the importance of an academic library as follows:
In an ideal educational system, an academic library is the centre of
academic life. A library is the strength of any educational institution
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and without proper libraries there can be no real progress in education.
A library is the fountainhead from which flows the water of
knowledge (p.1).
Education comprises of two essential elements, namely teachers and books.
An ideal library provides valuable support to education. At the same time a
sound educational system is dependent on good libraries. Any form of
educational work without libraries becomes meaningless.
Highlighting the significance of library in the education Jamil and Tariq (2013) wrote
that:
Library is one of those resources which are essential to support and
strengthen the educational quality. Over the centuries, libraries are the
source of keeping and distributing the information through books,
journals, maps and other resources that are used by students in their
learning process (p.20).
These studies reveal that libraries are underutilized in the educational
institutes despite the willingness of teachers and students to use them and the
main reason for this underutilization is the lack of resources. Student often
visit library to read books, prepare their assignments and to consume spare
time. To improve efficiency the library staff needs professional training with a
simplified purchase process of resources and enhanced and proper utilization
of the funds is the need of the hour. There is also a need of virtual linkage
with the databases of national and international libraries.
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The structure and functions of library have significantly changed over the
years, forms and types of library resources and ways of accessibility have
radically expanded with time. The students in higher education and academia
need to have necessary skills to use libraries.
Latest and course related books, online resources and spacious and furnished
library would be more helpful to bring students in the library (Jamil and Tariq,
2013, p.34). Moreover, ICT (Information and Computer Technology) tools
including computers, internet facility, printer, scanner and photocopier
machines may help students to maximize the library utilizations.
Adio and Olasina (2005) study mentioned that it was evident that:
The different types of libraries play a significant role in educating the
citizenry of a nation. The utility of a library in educational
development can at once be felt and generalized particularly when we
look into the educational revival programs. The inability of parents to
purchase valuable books for their children can be checked with
establishment of libraries – school libraries for primary and secondary
education to wage a “war” or campaign this great lack for which
education has remained handicapped and limited (p.12).
If a nation intends to advance in education, then establishment of more schools,
training of teachers, curriculum improvement and establishment and upgradatioan of
libraries is essential.
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2.4. FUNCTIONS OF ACADEMIC LIBRARY
Thanuskodi (2013) narrates the functions of an academic library as:
The basic function of the academic library is to assist and support the
study and teaching that goes on in the academic institution. In this
effort, the academic library aims to capture and hold the interest of the
academic community’s reading, to produce intelligent users of all
types of documents, and to cultivate in users an appreciation of
libraries as academic institutions. The academic library provides
essential reading materials and documents for research (p.xx).
The school library is essential to the educational process. According to the UNESCO
School Library Manifesto (2000) following services are essential for the development
of literacy and learning in a library:
• To support and enhance educational goals as mentioned in the school’s
mission and curriculum
• To work with students, teachers, parents and the administrators to achieve
the goals and mission of the school and to enrich the concept of
responsible citizenship in a democracy that requires intellectual freedom
and access to information.
• To develop and support the habit and enjoyment of reading and learning in
the students encouraging the use of libraries throughout their lives
• To offer students opportunities to experience in learning; how to create
and use the information for knowledge, imagination, understanding and
enjoyment
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• To support all students to learn and practice skills for evaluating and using
information in each and every form, format, medium and modes of
communication within their community
• To provide access to all kind of resources at the local, regional, national
and global levels providing opportunities to the learners to face different
ideas, experiences and opinions;
• To organizing the activities to encourage the cultural and social awareness
and sensitivity in the students
• To promote in the whole school community and beyond, the reading and
the resources and services of the school library.
Library is a social institution and it has certain functions to assist, to promote and to
change the society. According to Kumar (1993, p.4), a library should provide for:
a. Life –long self education
b. Information / documents on all subjects including local, national and
international affairs to serve economic, political and social welfare
c. Proper use of leisure
d. Advancement of culture
e. Preservation of library heritage for posterity
2.5. LIBRARY STANDARDS
The libraries have their set of standards developed on the basis of studies keeping in
view the issues and trends faced by the libraries. These standards are approved by the
Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) which is an international
library association followed by the academic libraries all over the world. According
to the ACRL these standards are designed to guide academic libraries in advancing
18
and sustaining their role as partners in educating students, achieving their institutions’
missions, and positioning libraries as leaders in assessment and continuous
improvement.
These standards are meant to fulfill the expectations set by the basic principles of the
library and apply to all types of academic libraries keeping in mind their unique user
population and institutional environment. The standards assume that libraries should:
• adhere to the principles;
• identify and select performance indicators that are fitting with their
institution’s mission and contribute to institutional effectiveness;
• add performance indicators that apply to the specific library type (for
example, open access initiatives for research libraries, or workforce
development support for community colleges);
• develop user-centered, measurable outcomes that articulate specifically
what the user is able to do as an outcome of the performance indicator;
• conduct assessments that may be quantitative and/or qualitative;
• collect evidence from assessments that demonstrate degree of success; and
• use assessment data for continuous improvement of library operations.
(Standards for Libraries in Higher Education, 2011, p. 6.)
2.6. FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF LIBRARY
A library provides informal guidance to self-education for all the people in a
community. It enriches and develops the subject on which students are undertaking
formal education. It fulfills the needs of information of all and provides students,
youngsters, men and ladies chance to gain knowledge by themselves.
19
Considering the academic library, there are three functional areas of a school library
namely; managing the collection, information retrieval and reading (Frantsi &
Selminen, 2002, p.12).
2.6.1 MANAGING THE COLLECTION
• It includes librarian’s desk and counter for reception of books and to deal
with the readers. Cupboard for keeping books, storeroom for keeping other
materials and chores
• Library program consisting of cataloguing and borrowing
• Working area for staff to maintain and handle books for the purpose of
cataloguing and repairing or covering books
2.6.2 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL
• Important reference resources (Newspapers, books, reports, journals,
magazines, CD-ROMs)
• Computers equipped with internet connection
• Access to related material and online article databases
• Tables and counters for working
• Group work areas for group discussions and group activities
• A quiet area for reading, making assignments and doing homework
2.6.3 READING
• Latest and interesting literature placed in bookshelves keeping in view the
interests of all kind of readers
• Areas where students of different age can easily find books matching their
taste
20
• Books placed in thematic shelves according to the library classification
system based on themes e.g. science, art, general knowledge, adventure,
geography, nature, history books etc.
• A rack for magazines comprising of all kind of magazines available in the
library which may include the categories of computers, nature, science,
animals, games, sports, youth, art, music, culture etc.
• Comfortable seats for readers to sit, browse and read so that they can
enjoy reading in a comfortable environment
• A quiet place for students for the purpose of story time sessions and book
reviews to promote reading for enjoyment and telling stories
• A newspaper room with tables in higher secondary schools for reading
together
2.7. ADVANTAGES OF ACADEMIC LIBRARY
Libraries exist since the dawn of civilization and they bear our heritage and all the
knowledge the human kind has acquired. They have been contributing towards
providing better education, building healthy social environment and offering growth
in the fields of agriculture, business and industrial sectors. Their role in all spheres of
life has become evident since our society has transformed into information society
and the world has become a global village. Libraries are the collection points
containing information of our cultural heritage. They have been providing valuable
information on important national issues and can be considered as a national resource
just like water and energy. A nation can be considered rich and strong by the national
intellectual resources contained in its libraries. Keeping this in view investment in
establishing a network of modern technology based libraries is of a significant value
for the wise nations.
21
Library is a source of learning for all; providing information and ideas that are
essential to function successfully in this age of information and the modern
knowledge-based society. The school library plays a significant role in equipping the
students with life-long learning skills and developing their imagination and enabling
them to live as responsible citizens (UNESCO School Library Manifesto, 2000,
p.1).The mission of the school library in UNESCO School Library Manifesto is stated
as follows:
The goal of school library is to offer learning services, books and
resources that are essential for the whole school community enabling
them to become critical thinkers and excellent users of information in
all formats and media (p.1).
Advantages of a good school library as described by UNESCO School Library
Manifesto (2000) include that it is meant to support the professional growth of
teachers, their co-operation and knowledge of their pupils while it can also add to
work satisfaction and enjoyment. A good school library is a meeting point for all the
members of school community (p.1).
2.7.1 BENEFITS TO THE STUDENTS
A good school library providing quality services has its benefits for all; students,
teachers, faculty and staff. To see how the students can take benefit from a library a
few of the benefits for the students are mentioned below:
• They get familiar with organized information.
• They become aware of different information sources and learn to use these
services suiting their purposes.
• They come across quality prose which is suitable for their age.
22
• They get familiar with the possibilities offered by different types of media.
• They can get access to databases and information networks outside of their
school.
• They get the opportunity to concentrate on their own assignment in peace.
2.7.2 BENEFITS TO THE TEACHERS
Teachers can make the most out of the library by using it properly for their own
studies and preparations of the lessons. Following are a few of the benefits a teacher
can get from a good school library:
• Library is a source of self-directed learning for teachers.
• Teachers start learning alongside students.
• Library provides a natural forum of co-operation for the teacher.
• Library makes the possibilities for new working methods available to the
teacher.
• New perspective open up for the teacher regarding the object of study.
• Library is a source of new information for the teacher and also updates the
teacher’s previous knowledge.
• It develops information management skills of the teacher.
• It increases professionalism of a teacher as a user of information services.
• The teacher learns to give his students more meaningful information
retrieval tasks.
• The teacher can get acquainted with the students from a new perspective.
• A good school library also helps the teacher to relax, refresh and recharge.
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2.8. LIBRARY SERVICES AND MATERIALS
This section considers the impact of provided services on student learning. Service
provision means the different types of services provided by the various models of
school library.
According to Metzger (1991) library services are essential in enabling the individual
to develop full potentials and widen the horizons of awareness, interests and skills.
Writing about the significance of the materials of a library, Alie (1989) wrote that “all
good methods of education postulate the existence of a well-stocked efficiently
organized library” (p.108).
The school library fulfills these functions by developing policies and services,
selecting and acquiring resources, providing physical and intellectual access to
appropriate sources of information, providing instructional facilities, and employing
trained staff (UNESCO, 2000, p.1). To ensure effective and accountable operations
the manifesto suggests the following:
• The services policy of a school library must be prepared keeping in mind
the goals, priorities and services according to the school’s curriculum.
• It is important to organize and maintain the school library according to
professional standards.
• Services must be accessible to all members of the school community and
function keeping in mind the needs of school community.
Library services are the activities in which library staff has direct contact with users.
Users judge the quality of library services by their experiences and if a user has a bad
24
experience he or she may never use the library again. Some of the major library
services include (“Introduction to libraries: Basic library functions,” 2008, Nov 23):
• Circulation
• Information Services
• Document Delivery
• Library Promotion
• Technical Services
2.8.1 CIRCULATION
There are four major tasks which are performed under circulation services namely
registration of new borrowers, charging out or renewing items, discharging items and
returning items to their proper location. Registration of new borrowers requires from
library staff to determine if the user is permitted to borrow library materials. When an
item is charged out it should be recorded in the borrowers name and if the due date is
extended the item is renewed. An item is discharged when it returns which requires
the cancellation of the borrower’s record and it is placed to its proper location which
is also called shelving.
2.8.2 INFORMATION SERVICES
Information services are also called ‘Reference Services’. The major activities
include the tasks namely answering directional questions, information retrieval, ready
or quick reference, in-depth research, information referral and readers' advisory
service. Users need to be referred to other resources i.e. another library, association or
social agency, if the required information is not available in the library. This is called
information referral. Reader's advisory is primarily a public library service which
25
means to recommend other books similar to those written by the desired author. There
are special reference tools to assist library staff in answering this type of request.
2.8.3 DOCUMENT DELIVERY
Previously this service was known as "interlibrary loan". Document delivery is a
rapidly growing service in all types of libraries. Library staff determines the
availability of the item from another library and requests for it on interlibrary loan if
this item is not available in the library. Sharing resources to seek out alternate
methods to acquire information has become essential in this age of shrinking budgets
and increasing information resources.
2.8.4 LIBRARY PROMOTION
Because of the budgets cuts it has become very important to promote library services
and maintain positive relationships with library members, funding agencies and
parent organizations. The library must be viewed as an essential service in the
community, schools, universities, colleges, and in business or it may face closure.
For the sake of promotions the library should constantly struggle to give the best
service possible because satisfied customers can be the library's best allies when
budget cuts arise. Marketing of the library services is another way to ensure that the
public is aware of the services offered by the libraries.
2.8.5 TECHNICAL SERVICES
From the steps of ordering library materials to their availability to the users include
most of the technical services activities i.e. collection development, acquisitions,
cataloguing and processing. Collection development is also known as selection and it
involves the process of determining adequate material to acquire within allocated
26
budget. Once materials are selected, they are then acquired or purchased. It is
important to keep accurate and up-to-date records in acquisitions. Cataloguing is the
process of creating bibliographic records for items in the library's collection. After an
item is catalogued, it is prepared for use i.e. call number and barcode labels are
affixed and items are stamped with the library's name.
2.8.6 SELECTION AND ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL
The selection and acquisition of material for the school library must be made
according to the school library purchasing plan and budget. The school library
purchasing plan should divided the budget and distribute it for acquiring different
types of material. An appropriate amount of purchasing i.e. curricular or nonfiction
books of different fields, prose, magazines, newspapers and other material;
audio/visual aids should be mentioned in the budget.
Regarding significance of school library services, Douglas and Wilkinson (2010)
write that:
School library services could be a highly efficient way of ensuring that
clusters of schools maximize their value for money by having access to
the resources, information and expertise they need to develop children’s
reading and literacy, and offering access to knowledge (p.04).
A library is as good as it is displayed and exposed to users. It should not be a hidden
treasure or only a passive collection of reading material. The physical facilities and
environment consisting of location, building, layout, furniture, equipment, etc.,
significantly contribute in enhancing the quality of services. Physical environment
affects users behaviorally as well as psychologically which is usually ignored
(Sridhar, 2001, p.1)
27
Describing the quality of library services Shakil (2006) wrote that library is the major
source of disseminating knowledge and readers are its backbone. Library is
maintained for the readers that is why their need for information must be fulfilled.
Library services should be updated accordingly and reader’s feedback should be
obtained on frequent basis (p.2).
Every library has to perform three major basic activities i.e. acquiring knowledge,
processing and distributing. The readers are not very much concerned with the
functions of acquiring and processing but they are concerned with other library
services. If readers are satisfied with services provided then libraries are achieving
their goals.
According to Ezeala and Yusuff (2011) evaluating things, events and people around
is natural for human beings and libraries are no exception. Librarians should keep
examining the resources and services of their libraries to ensure the achievement of
set goals of the library (p.04).
Expressing her dismay on the bad situation of the libraries today, Alie (1989) wrote
that the utilization of a library depends upon its proper organization which includes
the distribution of books, their arrangement and the situation of the library. Today a
library is underutilized in most of the institutions. It is not easy for the students to get
books from the library which are purchased without keeping in view the interests or
abilities of the students (p.108).
Maintaining the books in a library is very important. The books in a library should be
properly arranged and classified because they are as important as the library itself.
Storing a large number of books is not as important as having only suitable books in a
proper order. In this way, a special attention should be paid to the utility of the books.
28
It should be made sure that the books are according to the capacity and ability of the
students which will make it easy for them to read and understand these books by
themselves. A student feels encouraged to read more books when he is able to
understand a book himself (Shahid, 2000, p.10).
According to Library Space Planning Guide (2002) materials that have not been
checked out during the last 5 years should be evaluated for withdrawal prior to
determining the collection size. In addition, books that are in poor condition and
outdated materials that have been superseded by better materials on the same subject
should be withdrawn. Reference materials that do not circulate should be evaluated
more frequently. A library should withdraw 5-10% a year (p.7).
Even if most of all research materials become available in electronic format, it is still
possible that libraries will need to maintain a good collection of print materials as
well as provide access to the material through digital resources (Henry, 2010, p.14).
2.9. ACADEMIC LIBRARIES IN PAKISTAN
Academic libraries are crucial for the functioning of academic institutions and for
achieving their missions. They play a vital role in the academic community by
providing appropriate information to the teachers and students. The major challenges
that the academic libraries are facing in developing countries include increasing costs
of reading resources and limited budgets that reduce the amount of learning materials
to be acquired, increasing student numbers, and the limited infrastructure and skills
required to access and utilize information in the digital environment. In order to
effectively meet the growing needs of the academic community and to achieve
success in the management process, the academic libraries need to actively address
these challenges in the design and delivery of information resources.
29
In Pakistan, at the time of independence most of the schools and colleges used to have
libraries and students were supposed to spend some time in the libraries through
specified hours in the weekly time table. At present different institutes, schools,
colleges, universities, establishments, research organizations and community centers
have their own libraries. The goals and domains are set according to the status and
nature of the field. Schools and colleges in public and private sectors have their own
libraries sufficient to their needs. Most of the government schools and colleges
especially the federal educational institutes have their own well stocked libraries
dedicated for the students and teachers to support the curriculum and to encourage the
students.
According to Rehman (2010) there is no comprehensive data available on measuring
service quality in the libraries of public or private sector universities of Pakistan to
guide the library professionals, policy makers and universities about service quality.
Moreover “a significant difference was noticed between libraries of public and
private sector universities. The perceived service quality of private sector libraries is
better than public sector university libraries (p.10).”
On academic libraries a few studies have been done in the developing countries but
almost none from Pakistan which results in no comprehensive information on the
academic libraries in Pakistan. University library performance is usually assessed
from the statistics of the annual reports of the university presented by the
administration. These statistics provide information regarding number of collections,
staff members, library users, visitors and number of borrowed books (Rehman and
Sabir, 2012, p.2).
30
Allen (1993) in his study Resources, acquisitions and the viability in libraries in
developing countries presents a picture of a library in developing countries and is of
opinion that it is necessary to introduce reforms in libraries to attract students.
Keeping in mind the financial aspects of a library it is important that no service can
be provided on regular basis without finance. Today, governments of the states have
taken the responsibility to establish libraries. However, increasing financial demands
to keep the libraries functional at best is becoming very difficult for the governments
since the last two or three decades. An overall period of recession in the world
economies is the main reason behind this financial stress and the governments around
the world are compelled to impose financial cuts on the libraries (Mahmood, Hameed
& Haider, 2006, p.33).
From the small number of studies available on the funding problems of Pakistani
academic libraries the statistics reveal that the main causes of the reduced funding are
namely the poor economy, low priority to education, inflation and price increase in
library material. This reduced funding affects the quality of library services and
collection of materials which are gradually becoming poor and inadequate. In
response to these funding problems libraries start seeking for public money,
alternative funding sources and founding cooperation among libraries.
The guidelines of UNESCO (2000) on the funding approve that the school library is
an essential part of any long-term policy which aims for literacy, education,
information provision and economic, social and cultural development. Special
legislation must be done and policies must be prepared to support the libraries. School
Libraries must be provided with the sufficient funds to offer free of charge services of
materials, facilities, trained staff and technologies to the users.
31
According to the Ministry of Education (2009) library facilities are very
rudimentary and teaching aid material is generally in short supply. Library
facilities, computer resources, sports and recreation facilities are poor.
Following recommendations were made to improve the current situation:
• An overall policy shall be developed to increase library usage and
improve the quality of library services in the country.
• In order to promote a reading culture among youth, libraries equipped
with modern facilities, including internet connectivity for online
library services shall be established in elementary, secondary and
higher secondary schools in different phases.
• To ensure improved library services the current career and
professional development structure for librarians shall be reviewed to
create a structure that manages to attract and retain quality human
resource in the profession. Immediately, the option of librarians
working in education institutions to be declared as library teachers and
library lecturers respectively shall be explored.
• Mobile library services for rural areas shall be introduced. National
Library Foundation shall be established on continuing basis to provide
resources for libraries.
• Provision for continuing education of library professionals shall be
made.
• Existing standardization of libraries and library professionals shall be
reviewed keeping in view latest developments in the field of medical,
engineering, information technology and other fields of professional
and higher education to support academic work and research (p.47-69)
32
2.10. ACADEMIC LIBRARIES IN OTHER COUNTRIES
Libraries around the world are heading into the future, creating for their patrons a
more dynamic, multi-level environment for learning and recreation. These libraries
have entered the digital age. They offer access to books in every possible form and
format.
2.10.1 INDIA
India has a very large higher education system. The growth rate of educational
institutions in India was very slow before its independence in 1947. University Grants
Commission (UGC), established by an act of parliament in 1956, coordinates and
monitors the higher education system in India and provides grants to the universities
and colleges. It frames rules and regulations for overall teaching and research at
higher education. As a result, it also looks after the academic libraries setting various
standards for library education, library staff, library services, etc. A number of
committees have been set up by the UGC for the support of higher education in
general and the library services in academic libraries in particular (Preeti 2005, P.1).
When India attained Independence most of the colleges did not have a library, but at
present, every college in the country has a library. Majority of the college libraries do
not have proper facilities to meet the needs of their users. Their collections are not up
to date and library budgets are very inadequate (Deshpande, 1978, p.194). The
situation in academic libraries of India is the same as that of academic libraries the
world over; however, Indian libraries must provide maximum information with
limited resources. (Preeti, 2005, p.1). There are number of colleges in semi-urban and
rural areas lacking even minimum infrastructure. No wonder, the gap between the
33
libraries of these academic institutions in terms of collection and services is
appalling (Patkar, 2010. p.1).
2.10.2 UNITED KINGDOM
It is strange that there is no government statistics available describing school library
provision in the United Kingdom. As long as the school library services are
concerned there is no statutory responsibility of the schools in United Kingdom to
provide school libraries or services in the states of England Scotland and Wales while
providing school library services is statuary in Northern Ireland.
Schools should have the funds to support the library services and a close relation
should be established between schools library services and the education departments.
The level of library services to schools and children in the United Kingdom varies
between local authorities (Creaser, 2000, p.7). Library services in general are
governed by a variety of different corporate frameworks. In 2000, 13 local
authorities, more than twice as many as in 1990, had no schools library service
arrangements (Creaser, 2001, p.12).
According to the UK National Survey (2010) 12.9% of the schools did not have a
school library service available. Book collection of the school libraries did not
generally grow according to the number of students. Almost 33% of the libraries had
insufficient space (David S., Sue S. and Simor R., 2010, p.9-10)
2.10.3. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
America has a well-documented data available on the impact of the school library on
academic achievement. The Lance Statistical Survey (1993) is considered as a model
34
for other researches to adapt and refine. This report provides detailed analysis of
school library data obtained from surveys and available school and community data.
The key findings show that schools with better funded libraries were likely to have
students with higher average reading test scores. The size of the library staff and size
and variety of the collection are significant characteristics of library provision which
contribute to higher reading test scores and students tend to achieve higher test scores
when the librarian spends more time in an instructional role (Lance, Welborn, &
Hamilton-Pennell, 1993, p.2).
Since the early 1950’s almost 30,000 new school libraries have been established, and
thousands of federally funded development and collection expansion projects have
enhanced existing libraries in public elementary and secondary schools. There were
approximately 84,000 public elementary and secondary schools in 1999-2000 and
86% of schools had a librarian. At the same time, school libraries have evolved from
having a primary focus on books to providing the rich array of resources found in the
information centers of today. For all public school students there were 17 school
library books per pupil in 1999-2000 (Joan & Barbara, 2005, p.17-18)
2.10.4. JAPAN
In Japan each city has its own public library which is an accepted institution in the
Japanese community. Almost all academic libraries and public libraries have their
own online catalog available on the internet. Similarly almost all schools in Japan
have their own libraries. This increased number of school libraries was only possible
because of the government’s School Library Law of year Lance 1993, which
emphasized on the establishment of libraries for all schools. With the help of the
reform movements around 1990’s in favor of the development of develop school
libraries people have been educated to promote voluntary reading among children.
35
The purpose of these reforms was to develop information literacy in schools. Other
government measures include allocated budgeting for improvements of school library
books, materials and facilities.
According to the Japan Library Association (2007), there were 758 four-year
universities in Japan. Of these, 86 belonged to national university corporations, 77
were public, and 595 were private. About 2.8 million students were studying at these
institutions. In addition, there were 435 two-year colleges with 180,000 students
enrolled. The total number of university library staff was 13,039, of which 6,399 were
full-time workers. Although there is no official certification for academic librarians in
Japan, 6,929 staff-members had librarian certifications. University libraries all
together held 291 million books, 4 million periodicals, and 1.9 electronic journals.
The total budget for library materials was about 75 billion yen, which accounted for
1.2% of total institution costs (“Brief Information on Libraries in Japan,” 2015, May
14)
2.10.5. CHINA
Chinese educational libraries, especially university libraries, have made spectacular
achievements. The development scale in term of the number of libraries, facilities,
collections and personnel is expanding; advanced technologies are widely used to
improve the libraries from manual operation to automation; advanced tools and
methods are being used to manage libraries successfully; and user-based services and
resources are continuously enhanced.
Since the reform and opening to the outside world, China has made great
achievements in the developments of all types of libraries. The significant
achievements include, but are not limited to: the wide applications of information
36
technology, computer technology, digital technology and network technology in
libraries, the constant construction of new library buildings, the constant
improvements of library service resources for patrons, the constant enhancement of
integrated library systems, the comprehensive development of library and information
science education and research, the advanced tools and methods used to strengthen
library and information management, and the rapid developments of digital libraries,
systems and services (Zhixian, 2013, p.7)
2.10.6. SOUTH AFRICA
According to a study by Equal Education, a South African based NGO, only 8% of
public schools in South Africa have functional libraries. These are almost entirely
situated in former model C schools which have the resources to stock and staff these
facilities. Approximately 20,000 schools are without libraries, thereby denying their
learners access to regular reading opportunities. (“Libraries Campaign: 1 school, 1
library, 1 librarian,” 2008).
According to the findings of Hart and Zinn (2007) 19% of the schools have a central
library; 31% have a storeroom or box library and 20% have no library at all. 7% did
not reply to the question. It is noteworthy that half the schools without any kind of
library have no spare room that might be converted into a library. (p.93)
Many of the libraries of private schools in South Africa are well equipped, have
adequate annual budgets and are staffed by full-time professional librarians. It seems
that only a minority of public schools allocate funds to library resources in their
annual budgeting which is confirmed by the more positive position of school libraries
in South Africa’s independent or private schools, 50 per cent of which have libraries.
37
Machet and Olen (1997) researching the literacy environment of primary students in
South Africa suggested it was likely that students started school with few literacy
skills due to the generally unfavorable literacy backgrounds and that the presence of a
school library was important to help establish a reading culture (p.77).
38
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
In this thesis researcher examined the resources and the facilities of the Islamabad
Model College libraries which fall in the category of Academic Library. The efforts
were made to discuss the institutional role of academic libraries in advancing the
education development in Pakistan. A detailed study was done to have an overview of
the resources and the materials (books, reference material, newspapers, journals etc.)
which are available in these libraries.
It was also examined whether or not the libraries are equipped with current
technology as e-books, digital databases, computers, internet facility, CDs, DVDs and
computer library catalogue, as modernization of the libraries have been an important
part of country’s educational policies. Ministry of Education (2009) has emphasized
on establishing libraries equipped with modern facilities, including internet
connectivity for online library services in elementary, secondary and higher
secondary schools in order to promote a reading culture among youth and to increase
library usage and improve the quality of library services in the country.
3.1 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
Following methodology was adopted to carry-out the study:
3.1.1 POPULATION
The population of the study comprised of all the libraries of Islamabad Model
Colleges for boys belonging to urban area i.e. 10. Following is the list of the colleges
according to the website of Federal Directorate of Education
39
Table 3.1. List of Islamabad Model Colleges for Boys.
Institution Name Location Academic Level For Gender
IMCB, F-10/3 City - Urban Graduation Male
IMCB, F-11/1 City - Urban Higher Secondary Male
IMCB, F-11/3 City - Urban Higher Secondary Male
IMCB, F-7/3 City - Urban Higher Secondary Male
IMCB, F-8/4 City - Urban Higher Secondary Male
IMCB, G-10/4 City - Urban Graduation Male
IMCB, G-11/1 City - Urban Higher Secondary Male
IMCB, G-6/3 City - Urban Graduation Male
IMCB, I-10/1 City - Urban Higher Secondary Male
IMCB, I-8/3 City - Urban Higher Secondary Male
3.1.2 SAMPLE
Total population was taken as sample i.e. 100%.
3.1.3 RESEARCH TOOLS / INSTRUMENTS
One questionnaire for the Librarians was developed and expert’s opinion was taken
for validation purpose. After which tryout was made and then the questionnaire was
fair typed.
3.1.4 DATA COLLECTION
Data was collected by administering the questionnaires personally visiting the
librarians of the 10 Islamabad Model Colleges for Boys belonging to urban area i.e.
100% sample. A total of 10 responses were received from the targeted 10 potential
respondents, which constitutes a 100% response.
40
3.1.5 DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
i. Data was analyzed using percentage and mean method.
ii. Findings of this study were drawn on the basis of data analyzed.
iii. The conclusion was drawn from findings and the recommendations were
made on the basis of conclusions.
41
Chapter 4
DATA ANALYSIS
4. INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the findings and analysis derived from the data collected by
administering the questionnaires.
4.1 DATA ANALYSIS
Data has been analyzed using percentage and mean score. The results are shown on
the following pages starting from serial number 7 of the questionnaire. First six
statements targeted general information i.e. Name of Institute, Name of the Librarian,
Location, Phone, Email and Web address. Data of remaining statements is tabulated
which is followed by discussion and figures.
42
4.1.1 WORKING HOURS
Table 4.1. Working Hours.
S. No.
Statement 4-6
hours per day
% 7-10
hours per day
%
01 Your college working hours are
3 30% 7 70%
Table 4.1 shows that 7 model college libraries observe the double shifts, which
increase the working hours to 10 hours per day i.e. 70% while only 30% model
college libraries observe morning shift.
30%
70%
Figure 4.1 A Chart showing Working Hours
4-6 hours per day
7-10 hours per day
43
4.1.2 TIMING
Table 4.2. Timing.
S. No.
Statement Morning % Morning
+ Evening
%
01 Your college timings are
10 100% 7 70%
Table 4.2 shows that all 10 model college libraries observe the morning shifts i.e.
100% while 7 model college libraries also observe the morning + evening shift i.e.
70%.
10
7
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Morning Evening
Figure 4.2 A chart showing Timing
44
4.1.3 WORKING DAYS / WEEK
Table 4.3. Working Days/Week.
S. No.
Statement Five % Six %
01 Your library working days/week
0 0% 10 100%
Table 4.3 shows that all 10 model college libraries followed a 6 days/week schedule
i.e. 100%.
0%
100%
Figure 4.3 A chart showing Working Days/week
Five
Six
45
4.1.4 NO. OF REGISTERED USERS
Table 4.4. No. of Registered Users.
S. No.
Statement Teachers % Students % Others %
01
What is the number of registered users in your library?
776 26% 2155 71% 83 3%
Table 4.4 shows that students top the number of registered users with a figure of 2155
i.e. 71% while 776 teachers were registered as users i.e. 26%. Other staff members
contribute to 3% of the total.
71%
26%
3%
Figure 4.4 A chart showing No. of Registered Users
Students
Teachers
Others
46
4.1.5 DAILY VISITORS
Table 4.5. Daily Visitors.
S. No.
Statement Teachers % Students % Others %
01
How many daily visitors in average visit your library?
325 12% 2190 85% 69 3%
Table 4.5 shows that students top the number of daily visitor with a figure of 2190 i.e.
85% while 325 teachers daily visit the library i.e. 12%. Other constitute of 3% of the
total.
12%
85%
3%
Figure 4.5 A chart showing Daily Visitors
Teachers
Students
Others
47
4.1.6 STAFF MEMBERS
Table 4.6. Staff Members.
S. No.
Statement Profess-
ional %
Para Profess-
ional %
Help- ing
Staff % Other %
01
How many staff members are there in the library?
10 100% 10 100% 0 0% 10 100%
Table 4.6 shows that library staff consisted of only three staff members in all 10
college libraries i.e. 100% while no helping staff was available in any college library.
1 1
0
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Professional Para professional Helping Staff Other (e.g. attendant)
Figure 4.6 A chart showing Staff
48
4.1.7 IS THE EXISTING STAFF SUFFICIENT TO PROVIDE READER
SERVICES EFFECTIVELY?
Table 4.7. Is the Staff Sufficient?
S. No.
Statement Yes % No %
01
Is the existing staff sufficient to provide reader services effectively?
10 100% 0 0%
Table 4.7 shows that all 10 model college librarians i.e. 100% agreed that the existing
staff was sufficient to provide reader services effectively in the libraries.
100%
0%
Figure 4.7 Is the existing staff sufficient to provide reader services effectively?
Yes
No
49
4.1.8 LIBRARY BUILDING
Table 4.8a. Separate Functional Building.
S. No.
Statement Yes % No %
01
Do you have a separate functional building for library?
10 100% 0 0%
Table 4.8a shows that all 10 model college librarians i.e. 100% agreed that they had a
separate functional building for library.
100%
0%
Figure 4.8a Separate functional building
Yes
No
50
Table 4.8b. Library Building Total Area (Sq ft).
S. No.
Statement 2000 sqft
% 2500 sqft
% 3000 sqft
% 3500 sqft
%
01
What is the total area (sq ft) of the building?
01 10% 03 30% 04 40% 02 20%
Table 4.8b shows that all the 10 college libraries had separate functional building, 4
college libraries had had 3500 sqft building i.e. 40% while 3 college libraries had
2500 sqft building i.e. 30% and 2 college libraries had 3500 i.e. 20% and only 1
library had 2000 sqft building i.e. 10% of the total.
10%
30%
40%
20%
Figure 4.8b Library Building Total area (sq ft)
2000
2500
3000
3500
51
4.1.9 OTHER FACILITIES
Table 4.9. Other Facilities.
S. No.
Statement
Total Seating Capacity
Hea
ting
Air
Co
ndit
ioni
ng
Cent
rally
H
eati
ng/C
oolin
g
45-55 % 56-65 % 66-75 %
01
Other facilities
4 40% 5 50% 1 10% 10 0 0
Table 4.9 shows that all the 10 college libraries e.g. 100% sample had heaters but
none of them had air-conditioners or centrally heating /cooling systems. Total seating
capacity in the libraries varied where 50% of the college libraries had a seating
capacity of 56-65 while 40% of the libraries had a capacity of 45-55 seats whereas
just 1 library had a seating capacity of 66-75 seats i.e. 10%.
40%
50%
10%
Figure 4.9 A chart showing Total Seating Capacity
45-55
56-65
66-75
52
4.1.10 LIBRARY RESOURCES
Table 4.10. Library Resources.
S. No
Statement
Books
Repo
rts
Newspapers Serials/
Periodicals
CD R
OM
s
Aud
io/
Vide
os
1300
0-14
000
1500
0-16
000
1700
0-18
000
5-6
7-8
9 &
abo
ve
6-7
8-9
10-1
2
1
Library resources
4 2 4 0 3 3 4 5 3 2 0 0
Table 4.10 shows the library resources in college libraries. Out of six categories of
library resources enlisted in the questionnaire all the 10 college libraries e.g. 100%
sample had no Reports, CD ROMS and Audio/Videos. The detail of books,
newspapers and serials/periodicals is shown in the figures 4.10a, 4.10b and 4.10c
respectively.
Figure 4.10a shows that 4 college libraries i.e. 40% had 13000-14000 books available
in the library resources while 4 college libraries i.e. 40% had 15000-16000 books
whereas only 2 libraries i.e. 20% had 17000-18000 books.
40%
20%
40%
Figure 4.10a Library Resources: Books
13000-14000
15000-16000
17000-18000
53
Figure 4.10b shows that 40% libraries had 9 and above newspapers available in the
library resources while libraries having 5-6 and 7-8 newspaers were 30% each.
Figure 4.10c shows that 50% libraries had 6-7 serials/periodicals available in the
library resources while 30% libraries had 8-9 serials/periodicals whereas 20%
libraries had 10-12 serials/periodicals available.
30%
30%
40%
Figure 4.10b Library Resources: Newspapers
5-6
7-8
9 & above
50%
30%
20%
Figure 4.10c Library Resources: Serials/Periodicals
6-7
8-9
10-12
54
4.1.11 CIRCULATION SERVICE
Table 4.11. Circulation Service.
S. No.
Statement Yes % No %
01 Does your library provide circulation service?
10 100% 0 0%
Table 4.11 shows that all 10 model college libraries were providing circulation
service to their readers i.e. 100%.
100%
0%
Figure 4.11 A chart showing Circulation
Yes
No
55
4.1.12 HOW MANY DOCUMENTS ARE ISSUED DAILY?
Table 4.12. Documents Issued Daily.
S. No.
Statement Book Non
Book material
30-35 % 36-40 % 41-55 %
01
How many documents are issued daily?
6 60% 3 30% 1 10% 0
Table 4.12 shows that 30-35 documents were daily issued in the college libraries i.e.
60% while 30% college libraries issued 36-40 documents daily whereas only 10% i.e.
1 library issued 41-55 documents daily. However, all the 10 college libraries i.e.
100% issued none of the Non-book material as they don’t have any.
60%
30%
10%
Figure 4.12 Documents Issued Daily
30-35
36-40
41-55
56
4.1.13 HOW MANY DOCUMENTS ARE RETURNED DAILY?
Table 4.13. Documents Returned Daily.
S. No.
Statement Book Non
Book material
15-25 % 26-30 % 31-50 %
01
How many documents are returned daily?
2 20% 5 50% 3 30% 0
Table 4.12 shows that 26-30 documents were returned daily in the college libraries
i.e. 50% while 30% college libraries had 31-50 documents returned on daily basis
whereas 20% i.e. 2 libraries had 31-50 Documents returned daily.
20%
50%
30%
Figure 4.13 Documents Returned Daily
15-25
26-30
31-50
57
4.1.14 DOES YOUR LIBRARY PROVIDE "READER ADVISORY"
SERVICE?
Table 4.14. Reader Advisory Service
S. No.
Statement Yes % No %
01 Does your library provide "Reader Advisory" service?
10 100% 0 0%
Table 4.14 shows that all 10 model college libraries i.e. 100% provide Reader
Advisory service.
100%
0%
Figure 4.14 Does your library provide "Reader advisory" service?
Yes
No
58
4.1.15 AUTOMATION STATUS
Table 4.15. Automation Status
S. No.
Statement Fully
Automated %
Partially Automated
%
01
What is the automation status of your library?
0 0% 10 100%
Table 4.15 shows the status of automation where all 10 model college libraries i.e.
100% were partially automated.
0%
100%
Figure 4.15 Automation Status
Fully Automated
Partially Automated
59
4.1.16 OTHER SERVICES
Table 4.16. Other Services
S. No.
Statement Open
Access %
Tele- phone
% Photo-copy
Services %
Internet Facility
%
01
Other services provided by your library.
10 100% 0 0% 1 10% 0 0%
Table 4.16 shows the status of other services provided by the library where all 10
model college libraries i.e. 100% were providing open access while just 1 library i.e.
10% had photocopy service available whereas none of the college libraries had
telephone or internet facility available.
10
01
00
2
4
6
8
10
12
Open access Telephone Photocopy Services
Internet facility
Figure 4.16 Other Services
Other services
60
4.1.17 TECHNICAL PROCESS
Table 4.17. Technical Process
S. No.
Statement DDC % AACR-2 % Automation
Software %
01
Technical process observed in your library.
10 100% 10 100% 0 0%
Table 4.17 shows the technical process observed in the library where all 10 model
college libraries i.e. 100% were observing DDC (The Dewey Decimal Classification
System) as their classification scheme and AACR-2 (Anglo-American Cataloguing
Rules, 2nd Edition) as their cataloguing code where as none of the college libraries
were using any automation software because there was no automation service
available.
100%
0%
Figure 4.17 Technical Process
Cataloguing Code & schemebeing used
Automation Software being used
61
4.1.18 DOES YOUR LIBRARY ORGANIZE ANY OF THE FOLLOWING
ACTIVITIES?
Table 4.18. Activities Organized by the Library
S. No.
Statement
Exhi
biti
on
%
Libr
ary
Peri
od
%
Lect
ures
%
Sem
inar
s
%
Ori
enta
tion
Co
urse
s
%
01
Does your library organize any of the following activities?
7 70% 10 100% 2 20% 4 40% 0 0%
Table 4.18 shows the status of activities organized by the library where all 10 model
college libraries i.e. 100% organized the library period while 7 libraries i.e. 70%
organized the exhibitions whereas 4 libraries i.e. 40% organized seminars and 20%
libraries organized lectures. None of the college libraries organized orientation
courses.
7
10
2
4
00
2
4
6
8
10
12
Exhibition Library Period Lectures Seminars Orientation courses
Figure 4.18 Aactivities Organized by the Library
62
4.1.19 ARE THE READERS SATISFIED WITH SERVICES PROVIDED BY
THE LIBRARY?
Table 4.19. Reader Satisfaction
S. No.
Statement Yes % No %
01
Are the readers satisfied with services provided by the library?
10 100% 0 0%
Table 4.19 shows that all 10 model college libraries i.e. 100% agreed that their
readers were satisfied with the services provided by the library.
100%
0%
Figure 4.19 Are the readers satisfied with services provided by the library?
Yes
No
63
4.1.20 DO YOU HAVE APPROVED SELECTION & ACQUISITION
POLICY?
Table 4.20. Selection & Acquisition Policy
S. No.
Statement Yes % No %
01 Do you have approved selection & acquisition policy?
0 0% 10 100%
Table 4.20 shows that none of the 10 model college libraries (i.e. 100%) had any
selection & acquisition policy.
100%
0%
Figure 4.20 Do you have approved selection & Acquisition policy?
Yes
No
64
4.1.21 PROBLEMS FACED BY THE LIBRARY
Table 4.21. Problems Faced by the Library
S. No.
Statement
Lack
of
Spa
ce
%
Lack
of
Staf
f
%
Lack
of
Fund
s
%
Lack
of I
T Su
ppor
t
%
Ove
rdue
Bo
oks
%
Oth
er
%
01
Is your library facing any of the following problems?
7 70%
10
100%
10
100%
10
100%
10
100%
9 90%
Table 4.21 shows the problems faced by the libraries where all 10 model college
libraries i.e. 100% faced the problems of lack of staff, funds and IT support and
overdue books while 7 libraries i.e. 70% faced the problem of lack of space. 9
libraries i.e. 90% faced other problems which include lack of automation, furniture
etc.
7
10 10 10 109
Space problem
Lack of Staff Lack of funds
Lack of IT Support
Overdue Books
Any other problem
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Figure 4.21 Problems faced by Library
65
Chapter 5
SUMMARY, FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
This chapter presents the conclusions derived from the findings and suggests
recommendations on the basis of this conclusion. This study has been designed to
conduct “situation analysis of libraries of Islamabad Model Colleges.” The purpose of
the study was to examine the role of library in education at Higher Secondary School
level in Islamabad in establishing a relationship between the library, education and
national development. The primary goal of this thesis has been to investigate
collection of material in libraries with respect to format of material and to investigate
existing facilities in libraries e.g. photocopy, seating capacity etc. The study was
designed to compare the collection and facilities with the need and to recommend
measures to improve the situation.
With the help of this study we were able to conduct situation analysis of the libraries
which will help to identify the problems of the current situation, resources and
facilities available in the libraries of Islamabad Model Colleges, providing the
solution / methods to improve the situation and to suggest the ways to make these
libraries effective to play their role in advancement of educational development.
5.1 SUMMARY
The libraries of the colleges, which used to provide for the academic needs of
teachers, students and researchers, have turned into a reading hall. A dedicated hall
provided for libraries seemed not fulfilling the purpose while most of the librarians
complained about lack of space.
66
The students topped the number of daily visitors only because they had to attend the
library period which was being organized by all IMCB libraries. As for the co-
curricular activities none of the college libraries organized orientation courses and
other such activities i.e. exhibitions, seminars and lectures were being organized on a
small scale while none of these libraries had any approved selection and acquisition
policy.
Findings revealed that the condition of the IMCB libraries was not very good. Lack of
space, staff, funds, library services and extracurricular activities included in the list of
the problems faced by the library but lack of IT support and equipment topped the
list. Where in the modern times libraries are becoming e-libraries, digital libraries and
virtual libraries, the IMCB libraries were not equipped with the modern technology
like computers, internet facility, CDs, and audio/videos. These libraries did not have
any computers even for the purpose of automation of the library records. It is
pertinent to mention that in modern educational institutions of the world, the use of
audio visuals is an integral part of libraries. As far the library services are concerned,
there is hardly a single library among all the IMCBs where there is facility of
photocopy or telephone in the library.
5.2 FINDINGS
1. All the libraries observed morning shifts and operated six days a week
while majority (70%) of them were observing morning + evening
(double) shifts which increased their working hours to 7-10 hours per
day whereas only 30% libraries were operating 4-6 working hours per
day (Tables 4.1, 4.2 & 4.3).
67
2. All the libraries consisted of three staff members i.e. professional, para-
professional and other (attendant) while no helping staff was reported.
All the librarians agreed that staff was sufficient to provide reader
services effectively yet all the librarians reported a lack of staff. (Tables
4.6, 4.7 & 4.21).
3. All the librarians agreed that they had a separate functional building for
library. Majority (40%) of the libraries had a building with the total
area of 3000 sqft, 30% with the total area of 2500 sqft, 20% with the
total area of 3500 sqft and 10% with the total area of 2000 sqft. Majority
(70%) of the librarians reported the lack of space (Tables 4.8a, 4.8b &
4.21).
4. All the libraries were providing circulation service and reader advisory
service and all the librarians were of the view that the readers were
satisfied by the services provided by the library (Tables 4.11, 4.14 &
4.19).
5. All the librarians reported that their libraries were partially automated
and no fully automated library was reported. These libraries did not have
internet facility and none of the librarians used any automation software
while all the librarians reported a lack of IT support (Tables 4.15, 4.16,
4.17 & 4.21).
6. All the libraries were providing open access to the readers while only
10% libraries were providing photocopy services whereas there were no
telephone or internet facilities available in any library (Table 4.16)
68
7. Regarding technical process, all the librarians were using DDC (The
Dewey Decimal Classification System) as their classification scheme
and AACR-2 (Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2nd Edition) as the
cataloguing code while no automation software was being used in any
library (Tables 4.15 & 4.17).
8. All the libraries organized the Library Period while no orientation
courses were organized for the readers. Majority (70%) of the libraries
organized exhibitions whereas 40% organized seminars and lectures
(Table 4.18).
9. Majority (85%) of the daily visitors of the college libraries were
students, 12% were teachers and 3% were other staff members (Table
4.5).
10. Majority (71%) of the registered users of the libraries were students,
26% were teachers and other staff members were 3% of the total
registered users (Table 4.4).
11. Majority (60%) of the libraries issued 30-35 books daily, 30% issued 36-
40 books daily and 10% libraries issued 41-55 books daily. 26-30 books
returned daily in most (50%) of the libraries, 31-50 books in 30%15-26
books in 20% libraries. No non-book material was available in the
libraries for issuance/returning (Tables 4.12 & 4.13)
12. Majority (50%) of the libraries had a seating capacity of 56-65 seats,
40% had a seating capacity of 45-55 seats and 10% libraries had a
seating capacity of 66-75 seats. Most of the librarians complained about
69
a lack of furniture. None of the libraries had the facilities of heating, air-
conditioning or centrally heating/cooling (Tables 4.9 & 4.21).
13. Considering library resources, majority (40%) of the libraries had
13000-14000 books, 40% had 17000-18000 books, 20% had 15000-
16000 books. 40% libraries had 9 and above newspapers in the library
resources, 30% had 5-6 newspapers, 30% libraries had 7-8 newspapers.
Majority (50%) of the libraries had 6-7 serials/periodicals in their library
resources, 30% had 8-9 serials/periodicals and 20% had 10-12
serials/periodicals. Out of the six categories enlisted in the library
resources none of the libraries had Reports, CD ROMs or Audio/videos
available while all the librarians reported a lack of fund for the library
resources (Tables 4.10 & 4.21).
14. No selection and acquisition policy was reported by any of the librarians
(Table 4.20).
5.3 CONCLUSIONS
Findings revealed that the situation of the IMCB libraries was not satisfactory and it
needed sincere and practical efforts for improvement. These libraries are facing the
problems of lack of space, staff, funds, resources, furniture, library services and
absence of extracurricular activities but the lack of IT support and equipment was the
problem which needs to be addressed at the earliest.
All of these IMCB libraries had a separate functional building while majority of the
librarians complained about the lack of space. Majority of the libraries had adequate
seating capacity but most of the librarians complained about lack of furniture. Though
70
all the librarians agreed that staff was sufficient to provide reader services effectively
yet all the librarians reported a lack of staff because they were not provided with any
helping staff in the library. Facilities of heating, air-conditioning or centrally
heating/cooling were not provided to these libraries.
Considering library resources majority of the libraries had adequate number of Books,
Newspapers, Serials/periodicals available for the readers while these libraries lacked
Reports and non-book material i.e. CD ROMs or Audio/videos. The librarians
reported that there was no approved Selection and Acquisition policy and lack of fund
for the library resources added to the problem.
These libraries were reported as partially automated while they had no computers or
automation software available with them. Same was the case regarding internet
facility. The librarians were maintaining the daily records manually using DDC (The
Dewey Decimal Classification System) as their classification scheme and AACR-2
(Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2nd Edition) as the cataloguing code.
While majority of the registered users and daily visitors were the students, the only
time they got into the library and had access to the books was during the Library
Period which was being organized by all the libraries. Majority of the libraries were
organizing Exhibitions, Seminars and Lectures but none of them organized
Orientation Courses for the readers.
All the libraries were providing open access to the readers but the services of
photocopy, telephone and internet facility were not available in any of these libraries.
These libraries reported of effectively providing circulation and reader advisory
services to the satisfaction of their readers.
71
5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS
For the improvement of libraries and to create the reading habits among the students
and teachers, revolutionary steps may be taken. Following are some recommendations
on the basis of conclusion:
1. Students may be encouraged to visit the library other then attending the
library period. Time table of the school activities does not allow the
students to visit the library so often. Arrangements may be made to
provide relaxation in the schedule for the students intending to use
library other then the library period.
2. The libraries may be upgraded and equipped with modern technologies.
IT support and equipment may be provided for the purpose of
automation. Automation software for the purpose of maintaining library
records may be provided.
3. Internet facility may be provided for all. Computers and other
accessories may be installed.
4. Audio/Visual aids, CDs and Audio/Videos may be provided and made
the part of library collection.
5. Photocopy, telephone and internet services for the users may be
provided to all the libraries.
6. The facilities of heating/cooling may be provided to all the libraries.
7. A selection and acquisition policy may be approved. A change of
attitude towards the library resources is required and for this purpose
72
appropriate availability of the funds is necessary to supply the libraries
with the latest textbooks and reference materials on monthly basis
utilizing library funds available with the college.
8. Orientation courses for library staff and other users may be started and
books seminars, books exhibitions and lectures may be arranged more
frequently in all IMCB libraries.
9. In case of lack of space, an additional room may be provided to the
concerned library to overcome this problem.
10. New furniture may be provided according to the needs of the concerned
library.
11. Helping staff may be provided to all the libraries.
73
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APPENDIX - A
Situation Analysis of Libraries of Islamabad Model Colleges Dear Librarians, I invite you to participate in a research study entitled Situation Analysis of Libraries of Islamabad Model Colleges. I am currently enrolled in the MA (Education) program at Sarhad University of Information Technology and am in the process of Master’s research thesis. The title of the research is to conduct situation analysis of libraries of Islamabad Model Colleges”. The enclosed questionnaire has been designed to collect information on resources, equipment and facilities currently available in the IMCB libraries. Your participation in this research project is completely voluntary. You may decline altogether, or leave blank any statement you don’t wish to answer. There are no known risks to participation beyond those encountered in everyday life. Your responses will remain confidential and anonymous. Data from this research will be kept under lock and key and reported only as a collective combined total. No one other than the researcher will know your individual answers to this questionnaire. If you agree to participate in this research, please answer the statements on the questionnaire as best you can. It should take approximately 10 minutes to complete. Please return the questionnaire as soon as possible in the enclosed business reply envelope. Thank you for your assistance in this important endeavor. Sincerely yours, Tauqir Ahmed Examinations Officer Shifa College of Medicine Pitras Bukhari Road, H-8/4 Islamabad Cell: 923452425303
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In the name of Allah the Merciful the Beneficent
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR LIBRARIAN
(To be filled in preferably by professional librarians only)
GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Name of college: ________________________________________________
2. Name of librarian: _______________________________________________
3. Location of college: ______________________________________________
4. Phone No. of college: ____________________________________________
5. Official email of college:__________________________________________
6. Web address (if any) : ____________________________________________
7. Your college working hours are: a. 4-6 hrs/day b. 7-10 hrs/day
8. Your college timings are: a. Morning b. Evening
9. Your library working days/week a. Five b. Six
10. What is the number of registered users in your library?
a. Students: _______ b. Teachers: _______ c. Others:______
11. How many daily visitors in average visit your library?
a. Teachers: _________ b. Students: _______ c. Others: ________
STAFF
12. How many staff members are there in the library?
a. Professional _______________ b. Para professional _________
c. Helping Staff ______________ d. Other (e.g. attendant) _______
13. Is the existing staff sufficient to provide reader services effectively?
Yes No
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FACILITIES
14. Library Building
a. What is the total area (sq ft) of the building? ________________________
b. Do you have a separate functional building for library? Yes No
15. Other facilities available in your library:
a. What is the total seating capacity? ________________________________
b. Do you have heating arrangements? ______________________________
c. Do you have air conditioning facility? _____________________________
d. Is the centrally heating /cooling system installed in the library? _________
MATERIALS
16. How many of the following resources are available in your library?
a. Books ________________ b. Reports _______________________
c. Newspaper ________________ d. Serials/Periodicals ______________
e. CD ROMs ________________ f. Audio/Videos __________________
SERVICES
17. Does your library provide circulation service? Yes No
18. How many documents are issued daily?
a. Book : ___________________b. Non book material: ________________
19. How may documents are returned daily:
a. Book : _______________ b. Non book material: ____________________
20. Does your library provide "Reader advisory" service? Yes No
21. What is the automation status of your library?
a. Fully Automated b. Partially Automated
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22. Other services provided by your library:
a. Open access b. Telephone
c. Photocopy Services d. Internet facility
If yes, number of terminals: ______
23. Technical process observed in your library?
a. Classification Scheme being used: ________________________________
b. Cataloguing Code being used: ___________________________________
c. Automation Software being used: ________________________________
24. Does your library organize any of the following activities (tick the relevant
one(s):
a. Exhibition Yes No
b. Library Period Yes No
c. Lectures Yes No
d. Seminars Yes No
e. Orientation courses Yes No
25. Are the readers satisfied with services provided by the library?
Yes No
26. Do you have approved selection & Acquisition policy?
Yes No
27. Is your library facing any of the following problems?
a. Space problem ___________________________________________
b. Lack of Staff ___________________________________________
c. Lack of funds ___________________________________________
d. Lack of IT Support ___________________________________________
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e. Overdue Books ___________________________________________
f. Any other problem ___________________________________________
28. Librarians Comments/Suggestions:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Note: The researcher would be much obliged if brochure / library rules, booklet/
handbook or other relevant literature of your library is attached with the
questionnaire and use additional sheet if required. Please return the
questionnaire to:
Tauqir Ahmed (MA Education)
Examinations Officer
Examinations Department, Shifa College of Medicine
Pitras Bukhari Road, H-8/4
Islamabad.