reactions & stoichiometry
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UNIT 6. Reactions & Stoichiometry. Overview. Reactions Write formula/word equations Balance Equations Identify Types Predict Products Write Net Ionic Equations Stoichiometry Conversions Limiting & Excess Reagent Percent Yield. Chemical Reactions. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
REACTIONS & STOICHIOMETRY
UNIT 6
Overview Reactions
Write formula/word equationsBalance EquationsIdentify TypesPredict ProductsWrite Net Ionic Equations
StoichiometryConversionsLimiting & Excess ReagentPercent Yield
Chemical Reactions Process in which one or more pure substances are
converted into one or more different pure substances
Reactants: Zn + I2 Product: Zn I2
Indications of a Reaction Temperature Change Color Change Production of gas Formation of a precipitate Production of light
Chemical Equations4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) ---> 2 Al2O3(s)
Reactants react to produce products
The letters (s), (g), (l), and (aq) are the physical states of compounds.“aq” represents aqueous meaning dissolved in water (solution)
The numbers in the front are called coefficients.
Subscripts represent the number of each atom in a compound
(Reactants) (Products)
Chemical ReactionsSymbol Meaning
+ used to separate one reactant or product from another
→ used to separate the reactants from the products - it is pronounced "yields" or "produces" when the equation is read
↔ used when the reaction can proceed in both directions - this is called an equilibrium arrow and will be used later in the course
↑ an alternative way of representing a substance in a gaseous state
↓ an alternative way of representing a substance in a solid state
∆ indicates that heat is applied to make the reaction proceed
Diatomic Elements Elements that cannot exist by
themselves (always occur in pairs)Bromine (Br2)Iodine (I2)Nitrogen (N2)Chlorine (Cl2)Hydrogen (H2)Oxygen (O2)Fluorine (F2)
BrINClHOF!
Writing Equations Practice1. When lithium hydroxide pellets are added to a
solution of sulfuric acid, lithium sulfate and water are formed.
2 LiOH(s) + H2SO4(aq) Li2SO4(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
2. When crystalline C6H12O6 is burned in oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor are formed.
C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g) 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(g)
Balancing Equations Law of Conservation of Mass
Matter cannot be destroyed (atoms of reactants must equal products)
Balance equations to get same number of each atom on the left and right in an equation
2 Hg atoms, 2 O atoms 2 Hg atoms, 2 O atoms2HgO(s) ---> 2 Hg(l) + O2(g)
Balancing Equations___ Al(s) + ___ Br2(l) ---> ___ Al2Br6(s)
__C3H8(g) + __ O2(g) __ CO2(g) + __ H2O(g)
__ B4H10(g) + __ O2(g) __ B2O3(g) + __ H2O(g)
6 Types of Reactions Synthesis (combination) Decomposition Single Replacement (displacement) Double Replacement (precipitation) Combustion Acid-Base Neutralization
Synthesis (Combination) Reactions Two or more substances combine to form a
new compound.
A + X AX
Synthesis of: Binary compounds H2 + O2 H2O Metal carbonates CaO + CO2 CaCO3 Metal hydroxides CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 Metal chlorates KCl + O2 KClO3
Oxyacids CO2 + H2O H2CO3
Decomposition Reactions A single compound breaks down into two
or more simpler substances
AX A + X
Decomposition of: Binary compounds H2O H2 + O2
Metal carbonates CaCO3 CaO + CO2
Metal hydroxides Ca(OH)2 CaO + H2O Metal chlorates KClO3 KCl + O2
Oxyacids H2CO3 CO2 + H2O
Single Replacement (displacement) Reactions One element replaces another in a
reactionMetals replace metalsNonmetals replace nonmetals
A + BX AX + B
BX + Y BY + X
Activity Series Decide whether or not one element will
replace another Metals can replace other metals provided
that they are above the metal that they are trying to replace
If the metal is not above what it is trying to replace, the result is “no reaction”
Double Replacement (Precipitation) Reactions Two elements or ions “switch partners”
AX + BY AY + BX One of the compounds
formed is usually a precipitate, an insoluble gas that bubbles out of solution, or a molecular compound, usually water.
Solubility Solubility – ability to dissolve
In a double replacement (precipitate) reaction, one of the products must be insoluble in water and form a precipitatePrecipitate – insoluble solid formed by a reaction in solutionIf both products are soluble the result is “no reaction”
Solubility rules help you determine whether or not a compound will form a precipitate or remain an aqueous solution
Solubility RulesSoluble Ionic Compounds Except with:Alkali metals, NH4
+
NO3-, C2H3O2
-, ClO3-, ClO4
- (no exceptions)
Cl-, Br-, I- Ag+, Hg2+2, Pb+2
SO4-2 Sr+2, Ba+2, Ca+2, Ag+, Pb+2, Hg2
+2
Insoluble Ionic Compounds Except with:CO3
-2, PO4-3, SiO3
-2, O-2, SO3-2, CrO4
-2 NH4+, alkali metals
S-2 NH4+, alkali metals
Ca+2, Sr+2, Ba+2, Mg+2 (group 2)
OH- NH4+, alkali metals,
(Ca+2, Ba+2, Sr+2 are slightly soluble)
Combustion Reactions A substance combines with oxygen,
releasing a large amount of energy in the form of light and heat.Produces a flameFuel + oxygen produces carbon dioxide and
water vapor
CxHx + O2 CO2 + H2O
Acid-Base Neutralization Reactions When the solution of an acid and solution of a
base are mixed Products have no characteristics of either the
acid or the base Acid + Base (metal hydroxide) salt + water
Salt comes from cation of base and anion of acid
HY + XOH XY + H2O
Chemical Equations Molecular Equation – shows complete chemical formulas of
reactants and products
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
Complete Ionic Equation – All soluble electrolytes shown as ions
Pb+2(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + 2K+(aq) + 2I-(aq) PbI2(s) + 2K+(aq) + 2NO3
-(aq)
Net Ionic Equation – shows only the ions and molecules directly involved in the equation
Pb+2(aq) + 2I-(aq) PbI2(s)
Writing Complete Ionic Equations
1. Start with a balanced molecular equation. 2. Break all soluble strong electrolytes
(compounds with (aq) beside them) into their ions.
indicate the correct formula and charge of each ion
indicate the correct number of each ion write (aq) after each ion
3. Bring down all compounds with (s), (l), or (g) unchanged.
Writing Complete Ionic Equations
Example:
2Na3PO4(aq) + 3CaCl2(aq) 6NaCl(aq) + Ca3(PO4)2(s)
Becomes…
6Na+(aq) + 2PO43-(aq) + 3Ca2+(aq) + 6Cl-(aq) 6Na+(aq) + 6Cl-
(aq) + Ca3(PO4)2(s)
Spectator Ions Appear in identical forms among both
the reactants and products of a complete ionic equation
When writing net ionic equations they cancel each other out
Pb+2(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + 2K+(aq) + 2I-(aq) PbI2(s) + 2K+(aq) + 2NO3
-(aq)
Writing Net Ionic Equations Cancel out spectator ions from complete ionic
equation then write what’s left
6Na+(aq) + 2PO43-(aq) + 3Ca2+(aq) + 6Cl-(aq) 6Na+(aq) + 6Cl-
(aq) + Ca3(PO4)2(s)
Becomes…
2PO43-(aq) + 3Ca2+(aq) Ca3(PO4)2(s)
PracticeWrite complete ionic and net ionic equations for
the following:
1. 3(NH4)2CO3(aq) + 2Al(NO3)3(aq) 6NH4NO3(aq) + Al2(CO3)3(s)
2. 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
3. Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) --> ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Answers1. Complete Ionic Equation:
6NH4+(aq) + 3CO3
2-(aq) + 2Al3+(aq) + 6NO3-(aq) 6NH4
+(aq) + 6NO3-(aq) + Al2(CO3)3(s)
Net Ionic Equation: 2 Al3+(aq) + 3 CO32-(aq) Al2(CO3)3(s)
2. Complete Ionic Equation:2Na+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) + 2H+(aq) + SO4
2-(aq) 2Na+(aq) + SO42-(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Net Ionic Equation: OH-(aq) + H+(aq) H2O(l)*Note: simplify net ionic equations if possible
3. Complete Ionic Equation:Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) + SO4
2-(aq) Zn2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) + Cu(s)
Net Ionic Equation: Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Stoichiometry
The study of the quantitative aspects of chemical reactions.
Mole Ratio Conversion factor that relates amount in
moles of any two substances involved in a chemical reaction
2 Al2O3(l) 4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g)
Mole ratio Al2O3 to O2 = 2:3Mole ratio Al to Al2O3 = 4:2 or 2:1Mole ratio Al to O2 = 4:3
Stoichiometry Problems Solved just like conversions! You must start with a balanced chemical
equation Types:
Mole MoleMass MassMass Mole or Mole Mass
Mole Mole
How many moles of O2 are produced from 3.5 moles of Al2O3?
3.5 mol Al2O3 × = 5.25 mol O2
*Use mole ratio to convert between moles!
2 Al2O3(l) 4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g)
3 mol O2
2 mol Al2O3
Mass Mass
How many grams of Al are produced from 4.56 grams of Al2O3?
Molar Mass Al2O3 = 101.96 g/mol Molar Mass Al = 26.98 g/mol
4.56 g Al2O3 × × × = 2.41 g Al
1 mol Al2O3
101.96 g Al2O3
4 mol Al2 mol Al2O3
26.98 g Al1 mol Al
2 Al2O3(l) 4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g)
Limiting/Excess ReactantRecipe makes 10 pancakes
3 eggs2 cups bisquik1 cup milk1 cup chocolate chips
What is the most amount of pancakes that I can make with 6 eggs and 5 cups of milk?
What is the most amount of pancakes that I can make with 3 cups of chocolate chips and 8 cups of milk?
What “limits” how many pancakes I
can make and what will be left over?
Limiting/Excess Reactant The limiting reactant is the reactant that is
consumed first, limiting the amounts of products formed.
The excess reactant is the reactant that is leftover after the reaction has gone to completion.
Reactants Products2 NO(g) + O2 (g) 2 NO2(g)
Limiting reactant = ___________Excess reactant = ____________
Limiting/Excess Reactant
Calculating Limiting/Excess Reagent
Given 12.4 grams of NO and 9.40 grams of O2, which is the limiting and which is the excess reagent?
2 NO(g) + O2 (g) 2 NO2(g)
1 mol NO30.01 g NO
2 mol NO2
2 mol NO46.01 g NO2
1 mol NO2
12.4 g NO × × × = 19.01 g NO2
1 mol O2
16.00 g O2
2 mol NO2
1 mol O2
46.01 g NO2
1 mol NO2
9.40 g O2 × × × = 54.06 g NO2
Calculating Limiting/Excess Reagent
NO limits the amount of NO2 that is madeLimiting reagent = NO
O2 will be leftover once the reaction is completeExcess reactant = O2
2 NO(g) + O2 (g) 2 NO2(g)1 mol NO
30.01 g NO2 mol NO2
2 mol NO46.01 g NO2
1 mol NO2
12.4 g NO × × × = 19.01 g NO2
1 mol O2
32.00 g O2
2 mol NO2
1 mol O2
46.01 g NO2
1 mol NO2
9.40 g O2 × × × = 27.03 g NO2
Calculating Limiting/Excess Reagent
How much O2 will be in excess once the reaction is complete?
2 NO(g) + O2 (g) 2 NO2(g)
1 mol NO30.01 g NO
1 mol O2
2 mol NO32.00 g O2
1 mol O212.4 g NO × × × = 6.61 g O2
6.61 grams of O2 will be used in the reaction. You have 9.40 grams to start with.
9.40 – 6.61 = 2.79 grams O2 in excess (leftover)
Limiting/Excess Reactant If the equation has 2 or more products, when
determining the limiting/excess reactants, simply pick one of the products and convert both reactants to that product.
You MUST use the same product for both.
Percent Yield
Percentage comparing how much product was actually produced compared to what should have been produced.
Calculate theoretical yield using stoichiometry. If you know how much of each reactant you start
out with, use stoichiometry to calculate how much of the given product you should produce.
Actual YieldTheoretical Yield
× 100
Percent Yield
An experiment was performed combining using 3.4 g of AgNO3 and an unlimited supply of KCl. If the experiment yielded 2.7 g of AgCl, what is the percent yield of the experiment?
AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq)
1 mol AgNO3
169.88 g AgNO3
1 mol AgCl1 mol AgNO3
143.32 g AgCl1 mol AgCl
3.4 g AgNO3 × × × = 2.9 g AgCl
Percent Yield = × 100 = 93%2.72.9