RCOT Europe

Indo-European MigrationsHumans started out in Africa (circa 100,000 BCE)→ Mesopotamia(Circa 25,000 BCE)→ India→ Europe

Classical Greece: Athens & Sparta: Greece emerged from its Dark Ages in the eighth century BCE. Independent city states emerged. Centralized government was difficult due to the mountainous topography of Greece.

Athens SPICE informationAthens flourished in the 5th century BCE. It was one of the great classical era civilizations.

• S: stratification; male landowners over 18 could vote; women were second class citizens lacked rights; large class of slave labor

• P: Athens was more democratic, developed Democracy under Pericles, Funeral oration = importance of common good,

• I: sea trade on Mediterranean• had columns (Parthenon) → represent strength,

order, and symmetry• C: Athens columns influenced US colonial

architecture (supreme court buildings); sculptures; Olympics

• Socrates-Socratic oath (debate have reason)• Hippocrates- Hippocratic oath (practice medicine

ethically)• Aristotle → binary logic (1 or 0, A or not• E: mountainous geography lack of fertile soil

had to trade to get more grain ; raised goats, sheep

>Both fought in Peloponnesian war>Sparta won and overtook Athens>Sparta-totalitarian and militaristic>Athens: direct democracy

Roman Republic 500 B.C.E.- 30 C.E.

Roman Empire• Augustus (Octavian)

-defeat Brutus, Cassius, gained major lands, Roman republic restored, • consular power (life), father of country

• Urban Empire: adm. Through Alexandria, Egypt, Antioch in Syria and Carthage • Pax Romana (Roman peace) • Apostle Paul spread of Christianity• Aqueducts- carry water

• 3rd century crisis (235-284) political,

Byzantine Empire Under Justinian• Trade in the Mediterranean Eoahoclox trade spread to Black Sea

• Cyrillic alphabet• Onion domes church• Eastern Orthodox• Hagia Sophia• Great architecture

• Justinian- autocratic style influence Russian culture• Constantinople is the capital• Founded by Constantine (330’s)• Justinian’s code-provided basis for civil law in Europe

• Had perimeter of Mediterranean (expanded) by build army, re-conquer lands -> improve economy, increase trade, bureaucracy (administrators collect taxes)

Charlemagne’s Empire: Early Medieval Period• Holy Roman Empire 800 CE

• It was not Holy, roman or much of an empire• 843 CE- Empire is split by his grandson’s

->Italy->France

->Germany• Charlemagne’s grandfather Charles Martel, stopped Muslim advance from Spain in 732

Invasions of Europe: Era of Political

Disintegration• 800’s-900’s• Europe

• Plunder and pillage• Invasions occurred in centers of

roman imperial authority, then North and East Europe (decentralization)

• Vikings tormented Europe• Urban based civilization• Trade decreased

• Self sufficient economy• Feudal society

• Manor system serf=? Workers tied to land

• Made roads in Europe Dangerous->Feudalism/Manorism

1. Kings2. Lords

3. Knights4. Peasants

Crusades(1100-1300)• Re-discovery of Greek and Roman classics -> Renaissance

• C-A-R-E• Causes : Christians wanted to stop spread of Islam, regain Holy Land

• Results: Trade resumed between Europe and Middle East, people move off feudal manors and back to towns and cities, rising middle class of merchants• 200 year battle, 6 crusade (1096-1270)

Spread of the Bubonic Plague (circa 1350)•Causes fleas get on rats that travel on the silk road, plague spreads to Middle East and Europe

• Effects: kills many (spots on people), devastates populations

Hundred Year’s war (1337-1453)• England driven from France • Fight for control of throne of France

• Strengthened France by removing British presence• 1453 (end) between France and England and the fall of the Byzantine capital of Constantine to ottoman Turks• Joan of Arc led french to victory of England, tried by English churchmen for being witch, burned at stake (1431)

• Leads to stronger identity of french because they kicked out the Europeans

Protestant Reformation (1500’s)Key people: Guten burg printing press, Martin Luther Henry VIII, Calvin

• Causes: Due to disagreement between him and Pope Leo; papacy condemned him and picked Bean• Felt preachers emphasizing act of giving money more than faith

• Effects: Religious unity ended, religious wars began between Protestants and Catholics • Northern Europe – Protestants (Germany and England)• Southern Europe –Catholics (Spain and Italy)

• Luther translated bible to German and this was mass produced by the printing press (Gutenberg)

Thirty Years War & Treaty of Westphalia•End of the Holy Wars in Europe between the Catholics and Protestants (1618-1648)

Absolutism (18th Century)•Absolute Monarch- Absolute power

•Louis XIV - Sunking•Louis XIV (lifestyle)- lush lifestyle in Versailles, spent fortune, got into costly wars -> debt

•Wars led to French Revolution and debt•Louis XIV and his grandson get beheaded in the French Revolution

French Revolution•Causes: calling of estates General in 1789, taking on burden of supporting American

Revolution, Assembly of Notables (1787) attempt to fix policies but did not work•Effects: Positive? Expanded participants in political life

Negative? Robespierre reign of Terror•Three estates: Clergy, nobility, commoners, and bourgeoisie

Europe under Napoleon (1812)• Goal: conquer all of Europe • Britain = enemy, continental system

• Russia wanted out of continental system because they wanted to trade with Germany• Attack Russia (winter) -> downfall (scorched earth policy)• Religious tolerance, legal equality

• Effect= Napoleonic code restored stability, France needed stability, when Napoleon came to power• Overthrew directory and came to power• 1800-1814

Congress of Vienna (1815-1914): Post-Napoleonic Balance of Power

•Goal/purpose: get rid of democracy, restore monarchy•Effect: limited monarch (shared power), balance of power no continental wide conflict for

100 years•

Revolutions of 1830 & 1848•Early 1800’s Nationalism: liberalism (not successful)

•Balance of power in Europe 1815-1914 but there were still localized revolutions especially in 1830 and 1848

•They were usually rushed•Upper classes and military troops suppress these revolutions, nationalism increases ->

changes

Unification of Italy (1860’s)•After Franco-Prussian war, Italy became unified

•Cause: unify Italy •Actions: drive out Austria •Result: Italy unified (1860’s)

•Late 1800’s Nationalism Militarism- succesfull

Unification of Germany (1860’s)• Militarism • “Blood and Iron”

• Cause: nationalism centered on liberalism to nationalism based in militarism• Unify Prussian States (militarism, nationalism)• Actions: which three wars?

France, Austria, Denmark• Effect: Prussian States unified• Prussia->Germany• Kaiser Wilhelm I• Bismarck defeats three countries

Europe 1914•Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand•MAIN (central powers)-> Germany, Austria-

Hungary, Italy ->France ,Great Britain, Russia•Militarism: united military ->fight hard•Alliances: always have back up

•Imperialism: raw materials expand power•Nationalism: unite to fight for country

•Important weapon= machine gun, troops ordered to attack-> casualties increased because running

in open land before enemies •Germany lost war: armies collapsed

•League of Nations; Germany pay rep. to new countries: Poland, Czech, Yugoslavia•Women took soldiers jobs while at war

•U.S. neutral for 3 years until Germans starved British in unrestricted warfare (submarine); it

failed and U.S. got involved

Post WWI Europe (1919)•Germany’s economy crushed (hyper-inflation)

•6/28/1919 Treaty of Versailles signed, Germany pays reparations •New countries: Poland, Czech, Yugoslavia

•Mandates created (Middle East)•Leads to the rise of Hitler

Nazi Domination of Europe in WWII• Because Germany needed strong leader to restore economic, social, and political stability

• Violate Treaty of versailles• Rebuild army, takes alsace Lorraine, Austria• Gets part of Czech (in agreement with chamberlain)-> Munich• Chamberlin appeasement to pact Hitler• Hitler attacked Poland -> WWII• Concentration camps• Genocide• “Master Race”

The Cold War in Europe•War between Soviet Union and U.S.•Never fought until Cuban missile crisis

•Iron curtain (division between Soviet Union and U.S.)

•1949 NATO= military defense alliance U.S. and countries of Western Europe again Soviet Union

and its Eastern Europe allies •Warsaw pact = Soviet Union and European

allies against NATO•Goal of NATO: protect countries in it from

spread of communism •Goal of Warsaw: protect countries in it from

spread of imperialism•United Nations ratified in 1945 (UNICEF, FAO,

UNESCO)•Maintain peace, avoid problems (did not work):•War between communism and capitalism for

world influence•Marshall Plan=reconstruct countries•World Bank: provide funds 1955 for

reconstructing Europe

European Union•Cause: compete with U.S. to become super power (economy)•Established Euro- common currency it’s not going well

•Reduce tariffs•Easy to get across borders

•Economic alliance of European countries

Europe