rate of return analysis - engineering economics
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Engineering EconomicsTRANSCRIPT
Applied Software Project Management
Engineering EconomicsEngineering Economics
Rate-of-Return Analysis Rate-of-Return Analysis
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Applied Software Project ManagementEVALUATIING BUSIINESS AND EVALUATIING BUSIINESS AND ENGIINEERIING ASSETSENGIINEERIING ASSETS
Present-Worth Analysis Annual Equivalence Analysis Rate-of-Return Analysis
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Applied Software Project Management
Road MapRoad Map
Chapter 6 Rate-of-Return Analysis Rate of Return Methods for Finding Rate of Return Internal-Rate-of-Return Criterion Incremental Analysis for Comparing Mutually
Exclusive Alternatives
3
Applied Software Project Management
Return on InvestmentReturn on Investment
Definition 1- Rate of return is the interest earned on the unpaid balance of amortized loan
Example: Suppose that a bank lends $10,000, which is repaid in installments of $4,021 at the end of each year for three years. How would you determine the interest rate that the bank charges on this transaction?
10,000 = 4,021(P/A,i,3)
i = 10%
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Applied Software Project Management
Return on InvestmentReturn on Investment
Year Unpaid balance at
beginning of the year
Return on unpaid balance (10%)
Payment received
Unpaid balance at End of the
year
0 -10,000
1 -10,000 -1,000 4,021 -6,979
2 -6,979 -698 4,021
3
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Applied Software Project Management
Return on InvestmentReturn on Investment
When the last payment is made, the outstanding principal is eventually reduced to zero. If we calculate the PW of the loan transaction at its rate of return (10%). we see that
PW(10%) = -$10.000 + $4,021(P/A. 10%, 3) = 0
i.e. the bank can break even at a 10% rate of interest
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Applied Software Project Management
Return on InvestmentReturn on Investment
Definition 2- Rate of return is the break-even interest rate i* at which the present worth of the project is zero or
PW(i*) = PWcashinflow – PWcashoutflow
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i
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i
A
i
AiPW
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Applied Software Project Management
Return on Invested Capital Return on Invested Capital
Investment project can be views as analogous to bank loan
A project’s return is referred to as internal rate of return (IRR), or the Yield promised by an investment project over its useful life
Definition 3: The internal rate of return is the interest rate charges on the unrecovered project balance of the investment such that, when the project terminates, the unrecovered project balance is zero.
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Applied Software Project Management
Return on Invested Capital Return on Invested Capital
Suppose a company invest 10,000 in a computer with a three-year useful life and equivalent annual labor savings 4,021. Here, we may view the investment firm as the lender and the project as the borrower. The cashflow transaction between them would be identical to the amortized loan described above:
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Year Beginning project balance
Return on invested
capital (10%)
Cash generated from project
Project balance at End of the year
0 -10,000 0 0 -10,000
1 -10,000 -1,000
2
3
Applied Software Project Management
Road MapRoad Map
Chapter 6 Rate-of-Return Analysis Rate of Return Methods for Finding Rate of Return Internal-Rate-of-Return Criterion Incremental Analysis for Comparing Mutually
Exclusive Alternatives
10
Applied Software Project Management
Simple versus Non-simple Investments Simple versus Non-simple Investments
An investment project can be classified by counting the number of sign changes in its net cash flow sequence.
A change from either "-" to "+" or "+" to "-" is counted as one sign change (a zero cash flow is ignored)
A simple (or conventional) investment: is an investment in which the initial cash flows are negative and only one sign change occurs in the net cash flow series.
If the initial flows are positive and only one sign change occurs in the subsequent net cash flows, the flows are referred to as simple-borrowing cash flows.
A non-simple (or nonconventional) investment: is an investment in which more than one sign change occurs in the cash flow series.
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Applied Software Project Management
Investment ClassificationInvestment Classification
Year Project A Project B Project C
0 -1,000 -1,000 1,000
1 -500 3,900 -4,50
2 800 -5,030 -450
3 1,500 2,145 -450
4 2,000
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Given: Cash flow sequences provided in the foregoing table.Find: Classify the sequences as either simple or non-simple investments.
Applied Software Project Management
Computational Methods Computational Methods
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There are several ways to determine rate of return. Three most practical methods:
– direct-solution method,– trial-and-error method, and– Excel method.
Applied Software Project Management
Finding i* by DirectFinding i* by Direct
Compute the rate of return for each project:
Using future worth or present worth
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n Project 1 Project 2
0 -1,000 -2,000
1 0 1,300
2 0 1,500
3 0
4 1,500
Applied Software Project Management
Finding i* by DirectFinding i* by Direct
Project 1:
FW(i*) = -1,000(F/P,i*,4) + 1,500 = 0
-1,000*(1+i)4 + 1,500 = 0
(1+i)4 = 1.5
i = (1.5)1/4 – 1 = 10.67%
Project 2:
FW(i) = -2000(F/P,i,2) + 1,300(F/P,i,1) + 1,500 = 0
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Applied Software Project Management
Finding i* by DirectFinding i* by Direct
Project 2:
FW(i) = -2000(1 + i)2 + 1,300(1 + i) + 1,500 = 0
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Applied Software Project Management
Finding i* by Trial and ErrorFinding i* by Trial and Error
The first step in the trial-and-error method is to make an estimated guess at the value of i*. For a simple investment, we use the guessed interest rate to compute the present worth of net cash flows and observe whether the result is positive, negative, or zero:
Case 1: PW(i) < 0. Since we are aiming for a value of i that makes PW(i) = 0, we must raise the present worth of the cash flow. To do this, we lower the interest rate and repeat the process.
Case 2: PW(i) > 0. We raise the interest rate in order to lower PW(i). The process is continued until PW(i) is approximately equal to zero
Whenever we reach the point where PW(i) is bounded by one negative value and one positive value. we use linear interpolation to approximate i*.
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Applied Software Project Management
Finding i* by Trial and ErrorFinding i* by Trial and Error
Agdist Corporation distributes agricultural equipment. The board of directors is considering a proposal to establish a facility to manufacture an electronically controlled "intelligent" crop sprayer invented by a professor at a local university. This crop-sprayer project would require an investment of $10 million in assets and would produce an annual after-tax net benefit of $1.8 million over a service life of eight years. All costs and benefits are included in these figures. When the project terminates, the net proceeds from the sale of the assets would be $1 million. Compute the rate of return of this project
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Applied Software Project Management
Finding i* by Trial and ErrorFinding i* by Trial and Error
Given: Find: i*
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0 1 2 …………………………………... 7 8
1.8m
2.8m
10m
Applied Software Project Management
Finding i* by Trial and ErrorFinding i* by Trial and Error
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Applied Software Project Management
Road MapRoad Map
Chapter 6 Rate-of-Return Analysis Rate of Return Methods for Finding Rate of Return Internal-Rate-of-Return Criterion Incremental Analysis for Comparing Mutually
Exclusive Alternatives
21
Applied Software Project Management
Relationship to the PW Analysis Relationship to the PW Analysis
PW analysis is dependent on the rate of interest used for the PW computation. A different rate may change a project from being considered acceptable to being considered unacceptable, or it may change the ranking of several projects.
For the simple project:
– Interest rates below i*: project accepted, as PW > 0;
– Interest rates above i*: it should be rejected. For the simple project: there are regions of (+) and (-)
– not clear which i* to use to make an accept-or-reject decision
– i* value fails to provide an appropriate measure of profitability for an investment project
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Applied Software Project Management
Decision Rule for Simple InvestmentsDecision Rule for Simple Investments
Evaluating a Single Project:– If IRR > MARR, accept the project.– If IRK = MARR. remain indifferent.– If IRR < MARR, reject the project
Evaluating Mutually Exclusive Projects:– apply the incremental analysis approach
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Applied Software Project Managementlnvestment Decisionlnvestment Decisionfor a Simple Investmentfor a Simple Investment
Merco, lnc., a machinery builder Invest: 1,250,000 increased fabricated-steel production: 2,000 tons/year: average sales price per ton of fabricated steel: $2,566.50 labor rate: $10.50/hour tons of steel produced in a year: 15,000 cost of steel per ton (2.205 Ib): $1,950: number of workers on layout, hole making, sawing, and material
handling: 17; additional maintenance cost: $128,500/year direct-labor cost of fabricating1 lb at 10 cents $226,000 in corporate income taxes
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Applied Software Project Managementlnvestment Decisionlnvestment Decisionfor a Simple Investmentfor a Simple Investment
Cost to produce 1 ton of steel– Total Cost = raw material cost + labor cost– Total cost = $1,950 + 0.1*2205 = 2,170.5
Profit per ton = price per ton – cost per ton– Profit per ton = 2,566.5 - 2,170.5 = 396
Total projected profit per year = 2,000 * 396 = 792,000 Benefits:
– Additional labor saving of using a new system:17 * 10.5 * 40 * 50 = 294,000
– After-tax salvage value: 80,000 Other costs:
– Additional Maintenance cost: $128,500/year– Corporate Tax: 226,000/year
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Applied Software Project Managementlnvestment Decisionlnvestment Decisionfor a Simple Investmentfor a Simple Investment
Project investment cost: 1,250,000 projected annual net savings:
792,000 + 294,000 - 128,500 – 226,000 = 731,500
1. What is the projected IRR on this investment?
2. If Merco's MARR is known to be 18%, is this investment justifiable?
Solution:
1. IRR?a. Simple or non-simple
b. PW(i)
2. How to justify the project?
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Applied Software Project ManagementDecision Rule for Nonsimple Decision Rule for Nonsimple InvestmentsInvestments
Simple project: IRR provides unambiguous criterion for measuring profitability
When multi rate occurs: none of them is an accurate portray of project’s acceptability or profitability
External Rate of return allows us to calculate a single true rate of return
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Applied Software Project ManagementInvestment DecisionInvestment Decisionfor a Non-simple Projectfor a Non-simple Project
By outbidding its competitors, Trane Image Processing (TIP), a defense contractor, has received a contract worth $7,300,000 to build navy flight simulators for U.S. Navy pilot training over two years. For some defense contracts, the U.S. government makes an advance payment when the contract is signed. but in this case, the government will make two progressive payments: $4,300,000 at the end of the first year and the $3,000,000 balance at the end of the second year. The expected cash outflows required in order to produce these simulators are estimated to be $1,000,000 now, $2,000,000 during the first year, and $4,320,000 during the second year. The expected net cash flows from this project are summarized as follows:
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Applied Software Project ManagementInvestment DecisionInvestment Decisionfor a Non-simple Projectfor a Non-simple Project
Cash flow table
a) Compute the values of the i*'s for this project.
b) Make an accept-or-reject decision, based on the results of part (a). Assume that the contractor's MARR is 15%.
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Year Cash Inflow Cash Outflow Net Cash Flow
0 1,000,000
1 4,300,000 2,000,000
2 3,000,000 4,320,000
Applied Software Project Management
TutorialTutorial
Do end chapter problems: 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.11, 7.12
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