rasasindhura-rs-bel.pdf

A COMPARATIVE

PHARMACEUTICO - ANALYTICAL

STUDY OF SAMAGUNA AND

TRIGUNA BALIJEERNA

RASASINDOORA

Dissertation submitted to the

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARNATAKA, BANGALORE.

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

AYURVEDA VACHASPATI (DOCTOR OF MEDICINE)

In

RASASHASTRA

2009

DR.REVATI.G.HUDDAR DR. SHANKAR GOWDA, MD (AYU) TARANATH GOVT. AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGE, BELLARY 583 101,

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express My deep sense of gratitude with profound respect to my venerated and benevolent guide Dr.Shankar Gowda MD (Ayu),, Assistant Professor, Department of P.G. Studies in Rasa Shastra, T.G.A.M.C., Bellary, for indefatigable and indefeasible guidance, his constant inspiration, Co-operation throughout my study.

It is great pleasure for me to express my gratitude to Dr.M.S.Doddamani,MD(Ayu),,professor, Head of the Department, Department of P.G. studies in Rasashastra for valuable suggestions and co-operation throughout my study, that gave me considerable impetus and making this work success.

I am extremely grateful to my respected and honourable principal Dr.K.Viswambhara MD (Ayu), T.G.A.M.C., Bellary for all the facilities made available for my present study.

I express my profound gratitude to Dr. Shobha.G.Hiremath MD (Ayu), Dr.Surekha.S.Medikeri

MD (Ayu), Dr.Ravi.C MD (Ayu), Department of Post Graduate Studies in Rasashastra T.G.A.M.C., Bellary for their moral encouragement and inspiration in my work.

I am highly grateful to my beloved and respectable preceptors Dr.G.R.Vastrad, Dr. S.K.Hugar, Dr. V.L. Yadahalli Dr.H.Saraswathi, Dr.L.N.kundaragi, Dr. Shashikala C.Biradar, Dr. Madhav Diggavi, Dr. Hankeppa Rathod, Dr.Rajashekar Ganiger, Dr. Sreevatsa,, and Dr.Mohammed Hussain, Dr.Ramacharya Joshi, Dr Laxminarasimha for their guidelines and valuable suggestions and kind co-operation during the study.

I am very much thankful to my senior friends, Dr.Veerendra, Dr. Anuroopa, Dr. Nischita, Dr.Manjula, Dr.Shubhadha, Dr.Nagarekha, Dr.R.V.Gudi Dr.Guruprasad.K.V, Dr.Usharani, Dr.Mamatha.B, Dr. Vasanthi, Dr. Ajit Narayana, Dr. Eshwar Koulgi, Dr.Srimukunda. S.A., Dr.Abdul.H.Kareem, Dr.C.M.Joshi, Dr.Lajana.N, and Dr.Sunita.S for their kind co-operation and valuable suggestions during the study period.

I express my sincere thanks to my friends Dr.Sanjeevgowda.Patil, Dr.Naveen.K, Dr.Sandeep.Sarode, Dr.Manjula.C.V, Dr.Pallavi.K, Dr.SarithaRani.M.R. for proper co-operation and timely help.

It gives me pleasure to thank personally my juniors Dr.Shreekant, Dr.Rohit, Dr.Brahmanand, Dr.Poornima, Dr.Prajnami, , Dr.Shriraj, Dr.Manjunath.Yadav, Dr.Kishore, Dr.Shweta, Dr.Ajay, Dr.Sunita.M.L, Dr.Manjunath.Pujari, Dr.Sunitha.G.S and Dr.Shrinidhi.

I express my gratitude to Prof. Subramanian, Prof. Subhod, Prof.Deshapande and Mr. Krishnamurthy, Dept of materials Engineering, IISc Banglore, for XRD analysis and particle size analysis.

I express my sincere thanks to Ganesh consultancy and analytical services, Mysore for conducting chemical analysis.

My heartly thanks to D. Vaman rao, chemistry professor, Bellary, for valuable information that enabled the success in my performance.

I wish to express my Sincere thanks to, Mr. Linganna, Mr. Umapathy, for their help in the practical work.

I am very much thankful to Mr. Girish, for neat and timely printing of this thesis. I am sincerely thankful to all Teaching staff, Physicians, Staff Nurses and Non-teaching staff of T.G.A.M.C. Hospital, Bellary, for their generous and kind help for making this work success.

I express reverences with all my heart and soul to all my family members for their whole hearted support and enthusiasm they fed in me during my work.

I am ever grateful to those who have helped me directly and indirectly in making this work a success.

Dr. Revati. G. Huddar.

ABBREVIATIONS

1. Ananda Kanda AK 2. Ayurveda Prakasha AP 3. Ananda Kanda AK 4. Bhasma Vijnana BV 5. Bhava Prakasha BP 6. Koopipakwa Rasa Nirmana Vidhi KPR NV 7. Namburi Phase Spot Test NPST 8. Potassium Iodide KI 9. Indian Institute of Sciences IISc 10. Rasamritam RA 11. Rasarnava Ras 12. Rasa Pradeepa RP 13. Rasa Ratna Samuchaya RRS 14. Rasa Tarangini RT 15. Rasa Paddati R.Pd 16. Rasa Kamadhenu R.K 17. Rasa Prakasha Sudhakara R.P.S. 18. Rasendra Chudamani R. Chu 19. Rasa Chintamani R.Chi. 20. Samaguna baliyukta kajjali SK 21. Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora SBJR 22. Triguna baliyukta kajjali TK 23. Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora TBJR 24. X-Ray Diffraction XRD 25. Yoga Ratnakara YR

ABSTRACT Title: A comparative pharmaceutico-analytical study of Samaguna and Triguna balijeerna

Rasasindoora

Background: Rasasindoora is prepared by Kupi paka method, with different proportion of Gandhaka, where in the preparation time and efficiency of drug changes according to the quantum of Gandhaka. Objectives: Upto date review; Preparation and Physico-chemical analysis of SBJR and TBJR.

Materials and Methods: Pharmaceutical study: Shodhana of Gandhaka was carried out with koormaputa method, Parada was extracted from Hingula by urdhwapatana procedure in damaru yantra. SBJR was prepared by kupi paka method in 15 hours, using Samaguna baliyukta kajjali; yield was 52.67%. TBJR was prepared by kupi paka method in 39 hours, using Triguna baliyukta kajjali; yield was 24.67%. Analytical Study: Physical and chemical tests were carried out by gravimetric, volumetric, XRD method and NPST method; particle size analysis by Laser diffraction method. Results: Total mercury in SBJR and TBJR was 82.40% and 84.82% respectively. Free mercury was nil in SBJR and TBJR. Total sulfur SBJR and TBJR was 16.16% and 14.43% respectively. Free sulfur in case of SBJR and TBJR was in traces. XRD pattern of both SBJR and TBJR were compared with the XPDF No-06-0256; compound identified as Cinnabar (HgS), with Hexagonal crystal structure, having primitive Lattice. In SBJR and TBJR, 50% of the sample was having particle size, < 4.96 m and

CONTENTS

Sl. No. Contents

Page No.

I. Introduction 1

II. Aims & Objectives 3

III. Review of Literature

Drug Review 4-33

Pharmaceutical Review 33-53

Analytical Review 54-65

IV Materials and Methods

Pharmaceutical Study 66-91

Analytical Study 92-107

V. Results 125-130

VI. Photos 131-136

VII. Discussion 137-152

VIII. Conclusion 153

IX. Summary 154-156

X. Limitations 157

XI. Scope for further study 158

XII. Bibliographic References 159-170

SL.NO LIST OF TABLES PAGE NO

1. Development of Rasasindoora in various Rasa texts. 5

2. Classification of Rasasindoora with different proportions of Parada & Gandhaka.

6

3. Preparation of Rasasindoora in different texts. 7 4. Different Anupanas for Rasasindoora according to various diseases. 11 5. Dosage of Rasasindoora according to different authors 12

6. Dosage of Rasasindoora according to age. 13

7. Different proportion of Gandhaka jarana and their specific indication according to different authors.

13

8. Classification of Hingula according to various texts. 14 9. Synonyms of Parada 20 10. Varieties of Parada. 20 11. Yougika doshas and their effects according to different authors. 21 12. Showing Kanchuka Doshas and their effects according to different

Rasa classics. 22

13. Types of Gandhaka according to Rasa Classics 26

14. Types of Gandhaka, their qualities and uses 26 15. Comparative study of allotropes of Sulphur 29 16. Weight changes during extraction of parada from hingula 69 17. Weight changes during Samanya Shodhana of Parada 70 18. Observations during Gandhaka Shodhana(I batch) 71 19. Observations during Gandhaka Shodhana(II batch) 71 20. Physical changes during Gandhaka Shodhana 72 21. Weight changes during Gandhaka Shodhana 72 22. Different phases of Samaguna Kajjali during preparation. 74 23. Physical properties of Samaguna Kajjali 75 24. Different phases of Triguna Kajjali during preparation. 78 25. Physical properties of Triguna Kajjali 78

26. Observations during the preparation of Samaguna balijeerna Rasa Sindoora.

84

27. Showing observations during the preparation of Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora.

89

28. Showing classical Parameters for analysing SK and TK 93 29. Classical parameters for Analysis of Samaguna and Triguna balijeerna

Rasasindoora 93

30. Results of Mercurous and Mercuric Mercury 98 31. Results of free sulphur and sulphide form of sulphur 100 32. XRD of Samaguna baliyukta Kajjali. 101 33. XRD of Triguna baliyukta Kajjali. 102 34. XRD of Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora 103 35. XRD of Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora. 103

36. Comparative pharmaceutical study of Samaguna Kajjali and Triguna Kajjali.

125

37. Comparative observations during preparation of Samaguna kajjali and Triguna kajjali.

125

38. Comparative pharmaceutical study of Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora

126

39. Comparative observations during preparation of Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora

126,127

40. Comparative Results of physical and chemical tests 128 41. Percentage of probable mercurial compounds in SK, TK, SBJR and

TBJR. 128

42. Comparative XRD results of SK & TK 129 43. Comparative XRD results of SBJR & TBJR 129 44. Comparative NPST STUDY 130 45. Comparative particle size analysis 130

SL.NO LIST OF GRAPH PAGE NO 1. Hours v/s Temp of Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora 87 2 Hours v/s Temp of Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora 91 3 Comparative pharmaceutical results of Samguna & Triguna

kajjali. 126

4 Comparative pharmaceutical study of SBJR & TBJR 127

SL.NO LIST OF FIGURES PAGE NO 1. Ashodhitha Gandhaka 131 2. Shodhana of Gandhaka 131 3. Koormaputa 131 4. Shoditha Gandhaka 131 5. Ashoditha Hingula 131 6. Hingula bhavana with Nimbu Swarasa 131 7. Damaru Yantra for Extraction of Parada 131 8. Samanya Shodhana of Parada with Haridra 131 9. Shodhita Parada 131 10. Initial stage of kajjali 132 11. Intermediate stage of kajjali 132 12. Final stage of kajjali 132 13. Vatankuras 132 14. Vatankura swarasa 132 15. Vatankura swarasa bhavana to kajjali 132 16. Weighing of Kajjali 132 17. Filling of Kupi 132 18. Placing of Kupi in Valukayantra 132 19. Filling of valuka in valuka yantra 132 20. Completed valuka yantra 132 21. Bhatti 132 22. Hot shalakha insertion 133 23. Sulphur fumes 133 24. Copper coin test 133 25. Sindoora test 133 26. Suryodaya laxana 133 27. Corking of kupi 133 28. Corked Kupi 133 29. Kupi after swangsheeta 133 30. Kupi after scraping 133 31. Breaking of kachakupi 133

32. Collection at the neck of kupi 133 33. Residue at the bottom 133 34. Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora 134 35. After powdering of SBJR & TBJR 134 36. Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora 134 37. NPST of SK 1st phase 134 38. NPST of SK 2nd phase 134 39. NPST of SK 3rd phase 134 40. NPST of TK 1st phase 134 41. NPST of TK 2nd phase 134 42. NPST of TK 3rd phase 134 43. NPST of SBJR 1st phase 135 44. NPST of SBJR 2nd phase 135 45. NPST of SBJR 3rd phase 135 46. NPST of TBJR 1st phase 135 47 NPST of TBJR 2nd phase 135 48 NPST of TBJR 3rd phase 135 49 X-ray diffractometer 136 50 pH meter 136 51 Turbidometer 136 52 Laser Diffraction Instrument 136

Introduction

1 A Comparative Pharmaceutico-Analytical Study of Samaguna and Triguna Bali Jeerna

Rasa Sindoora -By- Dr Revati.G.Huddar

INTRODUCTION Rasa Shastra is a mysterious science with many facets to see and understand. This

science developed by the application of the discoveries of Alchemy to the relief of human sufferings. Solution to stubborn and challenging illness lies in age old alchemic Rasaoushadhis. Rasa Shastra means the science of mercury. It refers to the science of making minerals usable for the body so that they can be used as medicines.

Kupipakwa Rasayanas are unique pharmaceutical procedures in the field of Rasashastra, where in mercury along with other minerals, metals, is sublimed by subjecting to gradual increase in temperature for specified time. Kupipakwa Rasayanas are more potent and quick acting even in smaller doses.

Rasasindoora is one such imperative Kupipakwa Rasayana, referred to be Elixir of life. It is formulated by two fundamental substances of Rasashastra i.e. mercury and sulfur. It is said to be prepared by same process but with different proportion of Gandhaka, and accordingly various forms of Rasasindoora are named viz Ardhaguna, Samaguna, Dviguna, Triguna..Shadguna balijeerna Rasasindoora, where in, the preparation time changes according to the quantum of Gandhaka.

Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora is said to be prepared with equal quantities of Parada and Gandhaka in twelve hours. And Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora is prepared by using one part of parada and three parts of Gandhaka, but exact duration of kupipaka is not mentioned but referred to prepare till complete Gandhaka jarana takes place. Hence with a positive hypothesis to evaluate gradation of temperature and total duration of paka, comparative pharmaceutical study of both Samaguna and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora is under taken.

With the hypothesis of whether the variation in the proportion of Gandhaka in the preparation of Rasasindoora has any significance or not is an area of research work. Hence in the present study Comparative Physico-Chemical Analysis of Samaguna and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora has been undertaken.

Introduction



Thus the present study entitled with A Comparative Pharmaceutico- analytical study of Samaguna and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora has been undertaken and categorized as under:

1. Introduction-Deals with general introduction of Rasa Shastra and the need of the present study.

2. Aims and Objectivess

3. Review of Literature- upto date review of drugs, pharmaceutical study and analytical methods.

4. Methodology:

a. Pharmaceutical Study- Purificatory method of Gandhaka, extraction of Parada form Hingula, Preparation of Samaguna baliyukta kajjali, Triguna baliyukta kajjali and Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora.

b. Analytical study - It was carried out by Ayurvedic (organoleptic), N.P.S.T and modern protocols

5. Results - Comparative Pharmaceutical and Analytical results of Samaguna baliyukta kajjali, Triguna baliyukta kajjali and Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora, Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora was presented.

6. Discussion- Discussion of the entire study was presented.

7. Conclusion

8. Summary

Aims And Objectives of the Study



AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Upto date review of Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora.

Preparation of Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora as per classical reference.

Physico-chemical analysis of Samaguna baliyukta Kajjali, Triguna baliyukta kajjali and Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora, Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora.

To compare pharmaceutico-analytical results of Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora.

Review of the literature



REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Classical literary review and collection of relevant data lays the foundation for new research work.Hence in this section all necessary literature regarding Samaguna and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora is reviewed in following headings.

Drug Review,

Pharmaceutical review,

Analytical review

Drug review is done under 3 headings i.e. compound drug review, each ingredient and co-drug review.

DRUG REVIEW

RASASINDOORA Rasasindoora is one of the important preparations among Kupi Pakwa Rasayanas. It has its own significance in the field of Rasashastra as it is reputed to be panacea for variety of ills.

Etymology of the word Rasasindoora: Rasasindoora is a compound word having 2 components Rasa and Sindoora.

Rasa1: The word Rasa has been found derived from the root words. Rasati Rasayati Rasyati Rasasyati

These all words have wide range of meanings like to taste, to radish, to feel, to high, to perceive, to be sensible, to get, to desire, to cry, to sound etc. But here the word Rasa indicates Parada on which the entire Rasa Shastra is based upon.

Sindoora2: The word Sindoora is derived from the root Syande samprasarananch which gives the meaning of movement. And Raktavarna choorna vishesh it means vermilion colour i.e., Aruna Varna. As the finished product has Sindoora Varna, the product is known by the name Sindoora.

Thus the word Rasasindoora means it is the red coloured product obtained by the action of Parada.




Historical backgrounds: There is no reference of Rasa Sindoora in prevedic, vedic and Samhita periods.Use of

Valuka Yantra for the preparation of Rasa Sindoora was developed only after 9th Century A.D. The use of kachakupi started since 10th century A.D. Before this Rasa Acharyas have made such preparation inAndha Musha made of clay with the help of Tushagni3.

Rasasindoora in various texts:

Table No 1: showing development of Rasasindoora in various Rasa texts.

Rasa Texts

Century Context

R.H.T4 10th Century

Jarana procedure which closely resembles the preparation of Rasa Sindoora is mentioned using loha Samputa .

Ras5 12th Century

No reference of Rasa Sindoora, but different types of Gandhaka jarana and Parada Marana process have been described.

A.K6 13th Century

Totally 31 types of Parada Marana methods. Two types are prepared using kachkupi and valuka yantra In three types, Sindoora or Rakta Varna Bhasma obtained by using different yantras.

R.Chu7 13th century

Rasasindoora preparation is not mentioned. But the Pisti of Gandhaka and Parada and Kajjali Valuka Yantra are mentioned.

R.R.S8 13th century

Valuka Yantra and Kachakupi are explained, but not specified anything about Rasasindoora.

R.P.S9 13th century

Udya Bhaskara Rasa, which resembles the preparation of Rasasindoora, is mentioned.

R.S.S10 16th century

Three preparations of Rasa Sindoora has been mentioned with different ingredients other than Parada and Gandhaka by using same apparatus and Yantras for all

R.Chi11 16th century

Much importance is given to Gandhaka Jarana and two types of Sindhura Pakas are mentioned in connection with Rasa Sindoora preparation.

R.P12 16th century

One type of Rasa Sindoora is mentioned.

R.K 16th century

No description regarding of Rasasindoora.

A.P13 17th century

Four types of Rasa Sindhura preparations with different ingredients.

B.P14 15th century

Single Rasa Sindoora preparation with the use of Amlasara Gandhaka14

R.Y.S15 19th century

Ten preparations of Rasasindoora have been mentioned15.




KR NV16

19th century

Five types of Rasasindoora preparations, which are collected from different texts; Nighantu Ratnakar, Ratnakara Ausudhayoga and Rasendra Sara Sangraha.

Y.R17 18th century

Many preparations of Rasasindoora are mentioned

B. V18 19th century

Several preparations of Kupi pakwa Rasayanas are mentioned, out of these seventeen are either of Rasasindoora or resembling with Rasasindoora

R.T19 20th century

Seven types of Rasasindoora have been mentioned. i.e. from Ardha balijeerna to Shadguna balijeerna Rasasindoora

Other names of Rasasindoora mentioned in different texts: 1. Chandrodaya Rasa20. 6. sindoora Rasa23. 2. Hara Gouri Rasa21. 7. Sindura Nama Rasa24. 3. Madana Kamadeva Rasa21. 8. Udaya Bhaskara Rasa9. 4. Raja vallabha Rasa21. 9. Viravikrama Rasa21. 5. Rasa parpatika Rasa22.

Table No.2 Showing Classification of Rasasindoora with different proportions of Parada & Gandhaka25,26.

Sl. No. Ratio of Hg : S Name of Rasa Sindoora References 1 1 : 1/6 Shadamsha 01 2 1 : Chaturthamsha 02 3 1 : 1/3 Tritiyamsha 02 4 1 : Ardhaguna 04 5 1 : 1 Samaguna 31 6 1 : 1 Sapada Samaguna 01 7 1 : 1 Sardha Samaguna 02 8 1 : 2 Dviguna 10 9 1 : 3 Triguna 05 10 1 : 4 Chaturguna 03 11 1 : 5 Panchaguna 01 12 1 : 6 Shadguna 01




Table No. 3 Showing preparation of Rasasindoora in different texts. Sl. No

Preparation with reference

Ingredients and their quantity Method of preparation

Color of preparation

1. Udaya Bhaskra Rasa 9

Parada 1 part Gandhaka 1

part Jambira Q.S.

Swarasa

Prepare Kajjali triturating with Nimbu juice. Fill the Kachakupi with kajjali and tikshna agni (3 days) is given through Sikata yantra.

Kamala Varna

2. Rasa bhasma 9 (Talastha)

Purified Parada 1 part.

Purified Gandhaka 1 part.

Kajjali is prepared Kajjali heated with kupi paka method in Valuka yantra by applying tushagni for 36 hrs.

Rakta Varna

3. Rasasindoora10 Parada 1 part Gandhaka 3

part Naga - 1 part

Kajjali of Parada, Gandhaka and Naga. Fill this in Kachakupi and seal the mouth. Then apply Kramagni for 3 days through valuka yantra.

Bandhuka pushpa varna.

4. Rasasindoora10 Parada 1 part Gandhaka 1

part Vatankura

Swarasa Q.S.

Prepare Kajjali and apply Bhavana with Vatankura Swarasa for 3 times. Then fill theKajjali in Kachakupi and apply Mandagni for 4 praharas through valuka yantra.

Tarunaditya varna.

6. Sindoora Paka11


part

Prepare Kajjali and fill it in Kupi. Then kupi is heated in Valuka yantra.

7 Rasa Bhasma27 Parada-1 part

Gandhaka-1part Navasadara-1 part Nagarjuni-Q.S. Kakmachi-Q.S.

Triturate Parada with Nagarjuni and Kakmachi each for 1 day. Then add Gandhaka and Navasadara and fill it in kachakupi and cork it well. Apply heat for 8 Prahara.

Balarka Sannibham.

8 Rasa Sindoora13 Parada 20 prt Gandhaka 20

prt Navasadara

1/40th Sphatika

1/20th

Prepare Kajjali out of the 4 ingredients and fill in a Kachakupi paka is performed for 3 days following Kramagni

Arunabha (red colour)

9 Sindoora Rasa14 Parada 1 part Gandhaka -

part

Prepare Kajjali and fill it in Kacha Kupi, Paka is performed for 8 praharas following Kramagni

Darada Samam

10. Rasa Sindoora17

Parada 2 part Gandhaka 2 part Navasadara

Prepare Kajjali and apply Bhavana with Nimbu swarasa. Then fill it in Kachakupi and apply kramagni for

Sindhoora Sadrisha




part Nimbu Swarasa

Q.S

8 prahara through Valuka Yantra.

11. Rasa Sindoora28 Parada 3 tola Gandhaka 3 tola Narasara 1masha

Prepare Kajjali out of the 3 ingredients and fill it in Kachakupi. Paka is performed for 3 days following Kramagni.

12. Sindoora Rasa29 Parada 1 part Gandhaka-

part

Prepare Kajjali and fill it in Kachakupi, paka is performed for 4 prahara Krmagni tapa.

Sindhoora Sadrusha.

13. Talastha Rasa30 Parada 1 part Gandhaka 1 part

Prepare Kajjali. Then fill it in Kachakupi and core it well. Apply Kramagni through Adhah Saikata Yantra.

14. Ardha Gandhaka Jeerna Rasa Sindoora31

Parada 8 part Gandhaka 4 part Navasadara 2

part Bijora swarasa

Q.S.

Prepare Kajjali and apply Bhavanas with Bijora Swarasa. Then fill it in Kachakupi and apply Kramagni through Valuka Yantra.

Hingulabham

15. Samana Gandhaka Jeerna Rasa Sindoora32

Parada 8 part Gandhaka 8 part Navaradara 2

part Nibmu swarasa

Q.S.

Prepare Kajjali and apply Bhavana with Nimbu Swarasa. Fill it in Kachakupi and apply Kramagni through Valuka Yantra.

Rakta Kamlavat.

16 Dviguna Gandhaka Jeerna Rasa Sindoora33


part Rakta karpasa.

Pushpa swarasa Q.S.

Prepare Kajjali and apply Bhavana with Rakta Karpasa pushpa swarasa. Then fill it in Kachakupi and apply Kramagni for 1 day through Valuka Yantra.

Rakta Kamlavt.

17. Triguna Gandhaka Jarita Rasa Sindoora34


part

Prepare Kajjali and fill it in Kachakupi and apply Kramagni for 1 day through Valuka Yantra

Rakta Kamlvat

18. Shadguna Gandhaka Jarita Rasa Sindoora35


part Kumari Swarasa-

Q.S.

Prepare Kajjali and apply Bhavana with Kumari Swarasa for 3 hours. Then fill in Kachakupi and apply Kramagni for 7 days through Valuka Yantra.

Sindhura Samam

Various processes adopted for Rasasindoora preparation:

1. Antardhooma In this method Kupi is sealed from the beginning and smoke is not allowed to escape.

2. Bahirdhooma in this sulphur fumes are allowed to escape completely and then kupi is sealed.

3. Kantastha In this process, Rasasindoora gets accumulated at the neck of the bottle.




4. Talastha Rasasindoora is collected from the bottom of the bottle.

Among all these, Antardhooma and Talastha procedures are comparatively difficult. In the present work Bahirdhooma, Kantastha method is adopted for the preparation of Samaguna and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora.

Varna of Rasasindoora Depending on the proportion of sulphur, method and duration of preparation, the colour varies.

Similies for colour of Rasasindoora: 1. Manikya nibham9 Like ruby 2. Raktavarna9 Red like blood. 3. Aruna Bhasma13 Vermilion colour ash and luster like. 4. Indragopanibham21 Like rainy insect of red colour. 5. Padmaraga Maniprabha21 Like ruby 6. Sindoora Sadrusham21 Like the powder of red lead. 7. Kumkuma pinjaram24 Saffron like reddish yellow 8. Hingulabham31 Carrying cinnabar type luster 9. Rajivopam32 Similar to lotus. 10. Bandhuka pushpavarna36 Flower of Hibiscus Rosa 11. Balaruna Surya Sannibham37 Morning Sun 12. Sonavarnam38 Blood colour. 13. Tarunaditya sannibham Equivalent to color of rising sun

Pharmacological action of Rasasindoora39,40.

Properties of Rasasindoora :

Rasa - Shadrasa Guna - Guru, Snigdha Virya - Ushna

Vipaka - Madhura Prabhava - Vajikara, Sarva Rogahara

1. Relation with Dosha Rasa Sindoora acts against all three Doshas with different adjuvents due to its Yogavahitva, guru snigdha properties.




2. Action on Nervous System Being stimulating and Vigorating agent for the brain and nervous System it may be used in Mastishka Dourbalya, Nadi Dourbhalya and Vata vyadhi.

3. Action on Circulatory system It has been stated to be Rakta vardhaka and Rakta shodhaka; thus used in Pandu, Amavata etc. Being stimulating and energetic agent for heart it can be used in various heart diseases and Hriddourbalya.

4. Action on Respiratory system It is Kapha Vata Hara and hence used in all upper and lower respiratory tract diseases. Ex. Swasa, Kasa, Hikka, kshaya etc.

5. Action on Reproductory system It is rejuvinative and Aphrodisiac and thus effective in sexual debilities and all other sexual disorders.

6. Action on Digestive system Being Deepana, Pachana, Anulomana, Yakrit, Uttejaka and Pitta Saraka it can be used in Agnimandya and liver diseases along with different Anupanas.

7. Action on Urinary system It has got diuretic action, so used in Muthraghata, Mutrakrucchra but it is contraindicated in Kidney disorders due to its stimulating effect.

Anupans for Rasasindoora41: According to various classical texts different Anupanas are mentioned for Rasa sindoora according to various diseases. The main ideal Anupanas used are :

Madhu.

Milk

Ghrita.

Table No. 4 Showing Different Anupanas for Rasasindoora according to various diseases. SI. No Diseases Anupanas

1 Ajirna Madhu +Musta Kwatha, Dhanyaka + Nagara Kwatha . 2 Apasmara Vacha + Sankapushpi churna or Bharngi swarasa or Kalyana

Ghrita. 3 Arsha Hrswa Haritaki kashaya. 4 Aruchi Matulanga swarasa. 5 Atisara Lavanga + Ahiphena + Bhanga. 6 Bhagandara Triphala + Vidanga kwatha. 7 Danta Roga Dantadhavana Sara. 8 Dhatukshaya Abhraka bhasma, Ardraka Swarasa.




9 Dhatu Vriddhi Vidarikanda Churna. 10 Garbhashaya

roga Kakoli churna + Narikela taila.

11 Grahani Charngeri Swarasa + Shunti Kwatha, Bhrista Haritaki or Shunti. 12 Gulma Ajamoda churna and Vida lavanga. 13 Hidma Kulatha kwatha. 14 Hridaya

dourbalya Honey.

15 Hridraga Arjuna + Vishanika + seeds + Madhu. 16 Jirna Jwara Guduchi kwatha + Parpata. 17 Jwara Jiraka, Pippali + Dhanyaka kwatha or Kiratha tikta + Haritaki +

Jiraka. 18 Kamala Trikatu Triphala + Vasa Swarasa or Daruharidra kwatha. 19 Kasa (Vasa Swarasa) + Pippali + Madhu. Trikatu +Bharngi + Bibitaki

+ honey or Vidanga. 20 Krimi Palasha phala Churna 2 Ratti + Guda. 21 Kshaya Ardraka Swarasa. 22 Kushta Bakuchi or Chakrabeeja +Khadira. 23 Madatyaya Nimbu Swarasa + Sugar. 24 Murcha Narikela Jala or Kalyanaka Ghrta. 25 Mukhapaka Chandana kalka. 26 Mutra Krucchra Mishri or Shilajatu + Ela . 27 Mutraghata Dhanyamla + Saindhava. 28 Nava Jwara Tulasi Patra Swarasa or Ardraka Swarasa or Nagavalli Swarasa. 29 Pandu Loha Bhasma, Trikatu, Triphala, Vasa Swarasa. 30 Parvabheda Changeri Swarasa. 31 Peenasa Maricha Churna. 32 Pittaja Prameha Triphala + Mishri. 33 Prameha Guduchi swarasa or Haridra swarasa. 34 Pradara Ashoka + Lodra or Daru Haridra + Ashokadi kwatha. 35 Rajayakshma Ghrita. 36 Rakta Pitta Draksha + Sarkara. 37 Rakta Vikara Honey or Haridra + Mishri. 38 Sannipatika

Jwara Nirgundi Swarasa or Chandana + Agaru + Kasturi + Kesara.

39 Shotha Punarnava Kashaya. 40 Shukra Vriddhi

(Kadali + Karpura 1.5 Ratti + Lavanga + Kesari + Jatipatra + Akara Karabha + Bhanga all 2 Ratti + Mishri 1 Masha or with banana.




Ikshurasa) 41 Swasa Vasa swarasa or Pippali swarasa + Madhu or Trikatu + Bharngi +

Bibitaki + honey. 42 Soola Trikatu + Bharngi + Bibitaki + honey. 43 Trisna Sheeta Jala. 44 Udara Roga Triphala kwatha or Krishna Lavana + Haridra + Bhanga +

Ajamoda churna. 45 Unmada Kushmanda swarasa 46 Vajikarana Musali choorna + Milk or Suvarna bhasma. 47 Vataja Prameha Honey + Pippali. 48 Vatarakta Kokilaksha. 49 Vibandha Chitrakamula + Haritaki + Krishna Lavana or Ela. 50 Visoochika Shunti + Jeera or Jati 51 Vrana Sugandhi + Bata + Guduchi + Shunti Kashaya. 52 Visphota Chaturjata.

Dose of Rasasindoora42: Despite of different methods adopted for Rasasindoora preparations and the various proportions of ingredients used, dose of Rasasindoora may be estimated between 1/16-5 Ratti according to various pharmacopia.

Table No. 5 Showing dosage of Rasasindoora according to different authors

Ayurveda Prakasha Upto 5 Ratti Rasa yoga sagara Upto 3 Ratti Yoga Ratnakara, Rasatantrasara, Ratnakara Aushadha Yoga

1-2 Ratti

Rasa Tarangini 1/16 1 Ratti Rasa Prakasha Sudhakara 1-3 Ratti

Table No. 6 Showing dosage of Rasasindoora according to age. 1 Year 1/16 Ratti 2 Years 1/7 Ratti 6 Years 1/3 Ratti 12 Years Ratti 13 18 Years 1 Ratti > 18 Years 1-3 Ratti




Role of different proportions of Gandhaka in Rasasindoora :

In the preparation of Rasa Sindoora 1/6-6 times proportion of sulphur to mercury has been mentioned in various classics. The properties also changes according to the variation of Sulphur quantity.

Table No.7.Showing different proportion of Gandhaka jarana and their specific indication according to different authors.

Sl. No.

Proportion of sulphur

Rasendra Chintamani

Ayu Prakasha and Yoga Ratnakara Rasa Tarangini

1 Samaguna Suddhat shata guna Rasah

Rogaghna Samnya Gadanashana

2 Dviguna Sarva Kushta Hara Rajayakshmahara Maharogahara 3 Triguna Sarva Jadhya

Vinashaka Kaminidarapa Nashaka Pumstva

Prakashaka 4 Chaturguna Valipalita Nashana Tejasvi, Sarva

Shastranam Siddidhah Mahotsaha Medha, Smrithi Vivardhana

5 Panchaguna Kshya nashak Sidha Bajith Ashesha gada Santhapa nasaka

6 Shadguna Sarva rogahara Mrityujit Adbhuta Karyakrit Similarly the more the heating time, more the efficiency of Rasa Sindoora.

Pharmacology of Rasasindoora in modern view43

Chemically Rasasindoora is considered as red sulphide of mercury. And in case of sulphides, a great deal of doubt exist as to whether they are absorbed at all. But sulphides of mercury in a fine state of division under go solution in 5.c.c. of 0.2% of solution of HCL at 1000F in an hour. This is also true when these sulphides are digested with filtered gastric juice obtained artificially from a healthy individual. If the sulphide of mercury is broken up in this manner by the acid of gastric juice, it is likely that absorption will take place. Very minute quantities are absorbed and excreted but the ordinary chemical tests are not so sensitive enough to detect its presence. Sulphide of mercury is not used in any of the pharmacopoeias of western countries as it is considered to be devoid of therapeutic activity.




Side effect of Rasasindoora44,45 Rasasindoora is an example of Sagandha Murchhana, so even after prolonged use it

should never cause toxic symptoms of mercury. But if Rasasindura is prepared out of impure mercury, it gives rise to all the evil effects of mercury. These side effects can be relieved by using clarified butter with powdered Maricha (Piper nigrum) for 7 days . In modern medicine also sulphide of mercury has been stated as non-poisonous because of its poor absorption.

DRUG REVIEW OF EACH INGREDIENT

HINGULA History :

The reference of Hingula is found in Kautilya Arthashastra in testing of Gold and spoilage of Gold46.

Classification of Hingula: Hingula has been included in Maharasa varga, Uparasavarga as well as in Sadharanarasavarga by different acharyas.

Table No: 8. showing classification according to various texts.

Class Texts Maharasa Rasarnava, Rasakamadhenu.

Uparasa Anandkanda, Rasa Prakash Sudhakar, Bhavaprakash, Rasendra Sara Sangrha, Rasendra Chintamani, Ayurveda prakash, Brihat Rasaraja Sundar.

Sadharanarasa Rasa Ratna Samucchaya, Rasa Jala Nidhi, Rasachandamsu,

Rasavarga Rasa Hridaya Tantra.

Synonyms Of Hingula 47,48 : Synonyms can be categorized under four headings:

Appearance:

Kapishirshaka, Chitranga, Chinapishta, Churna Parada, Makshi Vanga, Daitya Raktaka, Manohara, Markata, Shirsa, Rakta, Raktakaya, Rakta Parada,




Shukatundaka, Supittaka, Suranaga, Hansapada, Hansandhri, Hansaka, Hingulu, Hinguli, Hingula, Kuruvinda.

Guna & Karma: Charmanuranjana, Maraka, Maniraga, Ranjaka,Ranjana, Lohaghna, Ratna Ragakari,

Raga Dravya, Vishesa, Barbara, Sagara, Charmara, Charmaragandhika, Charmarabandhanam,Charmaravardhana, Uru charmaka.

Constituents: Rasagandha Sambhuta, Rasa Garbha, Rasasthana,Siddhi Parada, Rakta Parada,

Rasodbhava, Rasa.

Habitat: Mleccha, Darada, Chinapista.

Vernacular names: 49 Persia Sinjraph

English Cinnabar Hindi Sinjraph Gujarath Hingalo

Assami Janjaphar Marati Hingula

Telugu Ingalikamu

Kannada Ingalika

Grahya Lakshana or Criteria for Selection:50 Japakusuma Varnabha It resembles the color of petals of red hibiscus flower. Peshane Sumanoharaha When grinded its color becomes beautiful. Mahojwala Reflects in sunlight. Bharapurna Heavy in weight

Shweta Rekha Having white or silvery streaks. Pravalabha Resembles like that of pravala.

Types:51 On the basis of occurrence, two varieties of Hingula are available.




1. Khanija 2. Kritrima. Khanija is again of 3 varieties, on the basis of appearance.

Charmara Krishna or Raktha Varna.

Shukatunda Peeta Varna

Hamsapada Japa Kusuma Varna

Hingula is of 2 types:52

1. Shukatunda 2. Hamsapada. Shukatunda is less potent whereas Hamsapada is said to be best quality.

Ashuddha Hingula sevanajanya Lakshana:53 Consumption of Ashodhita Hingula causes Klama, Andhata, Bhrama, Moha, and Prameha. So shodhana is necessary for Hingula where it is to be used internally.

Hingula Shodhana54 55,56 : Rasa acharyas have mentioned different procedures like Bhavana, swedana using different herbal juices.

Pharmacological Properties: It has Ushna guna Tiktha, Katu Kashaya rasa, Ushna Veerya, Deepana, Rasayana,

Vrishya, Balya, Vajikara, Medhakantivardhaka, Agnivardhaka, Sarvadoshaghna, Netrya etc.

Cinnabar helps to harmonise and strengthen the relationship between breathing and circulation. It is an effective remedy against chronic recurrent inflammatory diseases. It is a great blood healer, stimulates the formation of blood corpuscles and detoxifies the body, aids the immune system, helps to avoid infections and effective in case of depression.

Therapeutic Indications:57 Prameha, Kushta, Jwara, Mandagni, Hridroga, Aruchi, Amlapittha, Hrillasa, Kamala, Pleeharoga, Amavata, Garavisha, Sarvaroga.

Matra - 1 Ratti Anupana Maricha, Guda, Pippali, Guduchi swarasa, Madhu

Hingula Satwapatana:58 By Patanayantravidhi, Satwa can be extracted.




Important Yogas of Hingula:59 Hinguleshwara Rasa, Ananda Bhairava Rasa, Kanaka Sundara Rasa, Jwara Murari Rasa, Vasanta Malati Rasa, Tribhuvana Keerthi Rasa, Hinguliya Manikya Rasa, Shothari Rasa etc.

HINGULA MODERN VIEW CINNABAR

Cinnabar is the chief ore of Mercury contains 86.2% of Mercury and 13.8% of sulfur. When ground it becomes deep red coloured. When used as pigment it is called vermilion.

Occurrence60: It occurs both in crystalline and massive forms. It occurs naturally in Spain, Italy, France, Germany, China, Japan, Russia and Iran. Artificial cinnabar is prepared in Surat and Kolkata but there is no natural source available in India.

General Description of Cinnabar60: Category : Mineral Chemical formula : Hgs, mercury(II) sulfide

Colour : Brownish red Streak : Scarlet

Hardness : 2-2.5 Specific gravity : 8-8.2 g/cm3

Cleavage : Prismatic perfect Fracture : Subconchoidal to uneven

Crystal habit : Rhombohedral to tabular. Granular to massive

Crystal system : Hexagonal

Luster : Adamantine to dull Refractive Index : Transparent to opaque Solubility : 310-26 g per 100 ml water.




Preparation of Artificial cinnabar61 : Parada and Gandhaka are taken in 6:1 ratio, triturated well, kept in Iron vessel and

heated on tivragni. Then red coloured compound is formed on the upper part is collected and is called cinnabar.

Extraction of mercury from cinnabar.

Consists of 2 steps

Ore concentration Roasting and distillation Isolation of Mercury occurs as :

2HgS + 3O2 2HgO + 2SO2

2 HgO 2Hg + O2

Pharmacological aspect of Cinnabar62. The solubility and bioavailability of cinnabar are quite low.

Absorption: Absorption of cinnabar from the gastrointestinal tract is 0.2%.

Distribution: Once absorbed into the blood, the mercury disposition from cinnabar follows the

pattern for inorganic mercury salts and preferentially distributed to the kidneys, with a small portion to the brain.

Excretion: Inorganic mercury salts are excreted in urine and feces, with a half-life of about 2

months.

Toxicology: Little is known about toxicology profiles or toxicokinetics of cinnabar and cinnabar-

containing traditional medicines. A study by Kew et al, reported symptoms of mercury poisoning in a patient after daily exposure to 180-252 mg Cinnabar for four weeks.




PARADA Parada is considered as the nucleus of Rasashastra. Mythologically it is having divine origin as shiva veerya.

History:

Initially it was used for Alchemical purposes (loha vada) to convert lower metals like Lead, Tin, Copper, etc. into noble metals like Gold, silver etc. Later on its therapeutic use in curing the diseases has been recognized.

In Koutilya Arthashastra (325 cent B.C), it is mentioned that swarna can be prepared by parada63.

In Charaka Samhita there is usage of Parada with Makshika and Gandhaka in Kushta Roga and it is used externally64.

In Sushruta Samhita its external use has been mentioned65

Vernacular names66: English - Mercury, Quick silver,

Kannada Paraja, Hindi Para, Marati Paara,

Bangala Paara,

Telagu Padarasam. Latin Hydrarzirum (Hg).

Etymological significance of Synonyms67,68 : Rasa As it digests all drugs.

- Nourishes all Dhatus of the body. - Being ingested by human for Rasayanartha

Rasendra - King of all medicines or Rasas

Suta - Since used for Deha and Loha Siddhi

Parada - Gives an end to sufferings.

Mishraka - Properties of all metals are found in it.




Table No.9 Showing synonyms of Parada based on the following

Swaru- paatma

Dhrmika Devatmaka

Gaty- atmaka

Dehavada tmaka

Dhatuvad- atmaka Vishista guna

Darsha- hika

Adyat- mika

Galadroupanibham Mahavanhi

Mahateja Suvarna

Trinetra

Trilochana

Deva

Dehaja Prabhu Rudraja Rajasmala Shanta Shiva Shiva veerya

Skandha Harateja Harabeeja Harareta

Shivabeeja

Kechara

Chapala Chala Dhurtaka

Amrita

Dehada Paramamrtia

Parata

Parada Mrityunashana

Rasayana

Rasayana

sreshta.

Divyarasa

Maharasa

Rasa

Rasendra Rasesha

Rasottama

Rasadhatu Rasaraja Rasaleha

Siddadhatu Soota Sootaka Sootarath Mishraka

Ananta

Kalikantaka

Sukshma Soubhagya.

Jeeva

Jaiva

Divya

Achintya

Varieties69: The Varieties of Parada described in various texts based on following factors:

Depending on the colour.

Depending on the impurities

Depending on uses of Parada.

Table No. 10. Showing varieties of Parada. Variety Colour Impurities Uses

Rasa

Rakta

Which is free from all

types of impurities

Rasayana

Rasendra Peeta Free from impurities Rasayana

Suta Ishat Peeta With impurities Deharogahara

Parada Shweta With impurities Sarvarogahara

Mishraka Mayura With impurities Sarvasiddhidayaka.




Chandrika varna

Doshas of Mercury70: According to different rasa classics Doshas of Parada are explained as follows:

1. Naisargika doshas (Natural impurities). 2. Yougika doshas (Physical impurities) 3. Oupadika doshas (Chemical impurities in the form of coating).

1. Naisargika Doshas70: Mercury, which is occurring in native compound form generally, attributes some impurities due to its natural power of amalgamation. As these impurities occur due to nature, these doshas are known as Naisargika doshas.

Naisargika dosha Effects. Visha - Mrutyukara

Vahni - Santapakara

Mala - Murchakara

2. Yougika doshas70: The impurities mixed by the traders from the commercial point of view to increase the weight of Parada by adding some Arilohas. Ex: Naga, Vanga etc.

Table No.11. Showing Yougika doshas and their effects according to different authors.

Sl. No. Textual Reference Doshas Effects

1. RRS Naga, Vanga Jadatva Adhmana 2. AK Naga, Vanga,

Visha Jadhya Pootigandhatva Mrutyu.

3. A P Naga, Vanga Jadhya, Adhmana Kushta.

Kanchuka Doshas70,

Literally Kanchuka means thin layer. Kanchuka doshas are the impurities of mercury which are seen as thin layer covering it. This is due to tarnishing of mercury.




There is some difference of opinion amongst ancient scholars regarding their name and source but all of them considered as seven in number.

Table No. 12. Showing Kanchuka Doshas and their effects according to different Rasa classics.

Sl. No. Text Doshas Effects 1. Parpati Mrunmaya (Prithvi) Kushta, 2. Patini Pashanaja (Girija) Jadhya, Admana 3. Bhedi Jalaja (Varija) Vali, Palita, khalitya, Vaksangatha,

Mala Bhedana.

4. Dravi Nagaja (Shyama) Mahakusta, Sweta Kusta, Udara, Kamala, Pandu, Prameha.

5. Malakari Nagaja (Kapalika) Dadru, Gaja Karna, Doshavardhaka. 6. Dhwankshi Vangaja (Kapali) Swara Parushyakara. 7. Andhakari Vangaj (Kalika) Marmacheda, Vastishoola, Andhatva.

Grahya Lakshanas of Parada71,72: Parada is liquid in form, shines as bright as mid day sun, white glaze exteriorly and bluish tinge interiorly mercury with these qualities is known as Grahya variety. Parada which is devoid of saptakanchakas should be collected.

Agrahya Lakshanas of Parada73: Mercury looking smoky, grayish and slightly yellowish or having various shades of colours is agrahya variety, incorporated with various metallic and elemental impurities bonded physico chemically.

Pharmacological and therapeutic properties of Parada74: Rasa : Shadrasa Guna : Snigdha, Sara and Guru Veerya : Ushna

Vipaka : Madhura Karma : Yoga vahi, Rsayana, Vrishya, Balya, Vayastambhana,

Pustikaraka, Deepana, Agnivardhaka, Deha sidhikara, Loha sidhikara, Shodhana, Ropana, Krimighna.




Dosha Prabhava: Tridoshagna Vyadhi Prabhava: Vata roga, Valipalitha, Jara roga, Sarva Akshi roga, Krimi,

Kusta, Sarva roga.

Pathya75: Ahara Ghrita Saindhava, Madhu, Sharkara, Ksheera, Yava, Godhooma, Tandula, Dhanyaka, Patola, Jeerna Shali, Ikshu Rasa, Hamsodaka, Shunti, Musta, Punarnava, Meghanada, Mamsarasa, Jeeraka, Haridra. Vihara Pooja Shiva Aradhana, Japa, Sugandha Pushpadharana, Kastoori Dharana, Guru Seva, Satya Vadana.

Apathya76: Kakarastakas like Kooshmanda, Karkati, Kalinga, Karavellaka, Karkota, Kadali, Kusumba, Kakamachi are avoided.Others are Kulatha, Atasi Taila, Tila, Masha, Masoora, Badara, Chirabilva, Nagara, Kanchanara, Shigru, Kanji, Takra, Atikatu, Amla, Teekshna, Lavana Picchila are considered as Varjya.

PARADA MODERN REVIEW MERCURY

Mercury is a silvery white metal, liquid at room temperature with high (13.6) density. It is divisible into spherical globules, mobile, without having any odour / taste, cold to touch, slowly volatizing at ordinary temperature. . Low melting and boiling point is due to large atomic size. The metallic shine of mercury is due to the presence of free electrons with a high plasma frequency. It is soluble in nitric acid and in boiling sulfuric acid.

General Description77: Atomic Number : 80 Atomic Weight : 200.61 Atomic Volume : 14.8CC Ionic Radius (+2) : 1.10 Relative Atomic Mass : 200.50 gm/mole Specific Gravity : 13.55 Melting point : 39.80C Boiling point : 3570C




Occurrence and distribution: Small quantities of mercury occur in native form but chiefly it occurs as sulphide (cinnabar). It is found chiefly in Spain and Italy. It is also found as calomel (Hg2cl2), Metacinnabar (HgS), Tiemannite (HgS), Montroydite (HgO) and also as amalgums of Gold and Tellurium in small quantities.

Pharmacology78,79:

The use of Hg and its compounds in therapeutics has been diminished from middle of the century due to toxicological effects rather than the therapeutic effects.

Absorption: As the chemical form of the metal varies, its absorption, distribution and Excretion of mercury also varies. The inorganic form i.e. mercurous and mercuric chlorides are freely absorbed from all surfaces like alimentary tract, skin, sebaceous glands and mercury vapours by lungs. When taken into the system it continues with acids and fluids of the body. It is then easily absorbed by the skin, the mucous membrane, lungs and stomach and passes into blood as oxy albuminate, in the stomach it is converted into double chloride of sodium of mercury. It unites with the albuminous juices and is easily absorbed. The sulphide ion is very inert and it is clear that unless and until the salts are dissociated into its constituents ions, mercury will not be able to exert its influence on the body tissues. Hence absorption of sulphides is doubted. Storage : It is deposited in different organs like, kidneys, intestinal walls, in liver in the form of albuminates. Small amounts are stored in blood, bone narrow, brain, buccal mucosa & salivary glands. Organic mercurial compounds can pass or cross placental barrier.

Excretion : Excretion of mercury immediately after absorption is mainly through the kidney and colon and to a lesser extent via bile and saliva. Small amounts are also excreted in volatile elemental form through both lungs and skin. Most of Hg is excreted within 6 days after administration but traces may be detected for months, even years urinary excretion is slow at first but accelerates later. Fecal excretion is 8%, which is due to mucosal sloughing mainly as methyl mercury, but bacterial flora convert about 50% to inorganic mercury.




Toleration78: Age, sex and idiosyncrasy greatly modify the action of mercurials, children as a rule bear mercury better than adults and males better than females.

Therapeutic uses78:

Used as antiseptics, preservatives, parasiticides, fungicides, diuretics inorganic salts.

Externally as antiseptics, mercury salts are used.

Its solution is used for disinfecting surgical and obstetric practice.

Blue ointment and calomel ointment are used to reduce itching in prurigo, pruritis, psoriasis, lichen pityriasis of scalp and eczema.

As a stimulant and promoter of absorption liniment and various ointments such as oleate, red precipitate, scoltts and red iodide are used for promoting the absorption of inflammatory products as in chronic joint disease and periostitis.

Mercury is used in certain eye diseases like conjunctivitis, blepharitis and keratitis.

Diagnosis of Mercury Poisoning : 80

Toxic Symptoms develops when Blood Hg above 20 mg / dl Urine Hg above 60 mg /dl. Fatal dose : 1-4 gms

Fatal period : 3-5 days

GANDHAKA Gandhaka is grouped under Uparasa varga by authors of different Rasa classics. In

Rasashasthra Gandhaka has got pivotal place next to Parada. In sagandha yogas the Gandhaka is believed to impart many desirable properties to Parada by reducing its toxic effects. Hence the sagandha yogas are considered safer than nirgandha yogas. It also plays a prime role in marana of dhatus.

Origin:81




Mythological Gandhaka is said to be the result of churning of ksheerasagara and is originated along with Amruta.

Gandhaka is considered to be the Raja of Parvathi. Vernacular names82: Sanskrit- Gandhaka Hindi - Gandhaka English Sulphur Bengali Gandhaka Gujarthi-Gadhaka Punjabi- Gandhak, Kibrit Kannada Gandhaka Telugu Gandhakamu Tamil Gandhakam Malayalam-Balirang

Synonyms:83

Gandhaka Pamari Balivasa Durgandha Gandhapashana Rasagandhika Shulbari Pootigandha Gandha Sougandhika Atigandha Gandhika Sugandhika Sarabhoomija Navaneetha Kusthari Keetanashana Daityendra

Types of Gandhaka: Rasarnava explained three types of Gandhaka and remaining others explained four types.

Table No 13. Types of Gandhaka according to Rasa Classics.84,85,86,87,88,89.

Sl. No. Types RRS RA AP YR RPS R.Chu 1. Shukapichchanibha (Pita) + + + + + + 2. Sukla (Shweta) + + + + + + 3. Shuka Chunchanibha

Shukatunda (Rakta) + + + + + +

4. Krishna (Black) + - + + + +

Table No 14. Types of Gandhaka, their qualities and uses90: Sl. No. Types Quality Uses 1. Shukachunchanibham Sreshta Dhatuvada

2. Shukapichchanibham Madhyama Rasayana Karma

3. Shukla Adhama Loha Marana




4. Krishna Jara Mrutyu Nashana

Grahya Gandhaka91

The Gandhaka resembling the colour of Rajani, clean, bright, smooth like that of butter and unctuous is acceptable for all purposes and is called as Amalasara Gandhaka or Shukapiccha Gandhaka.

Doshas of Gandhaka92: According to Rasa classics, Gandhaka consists two types of Doshas:

Shila Churna Visha (Physical impurities like clay, sand etc.) (Chemical impurities like

Arsenical, lead etc.) Gandhaka should be purified before internal administration, other wise it will produce

the disease like Kushta, Bhrama, Klama, Paithika Roga, Balakshaya, Shukrakshaya, Veeryahani and Kandu.

Pharmaco-therapeutic properties : 93

Rasa : Katu, Tikta, Kashaya.

Guna : Sara. Veerya : Ushna.

Vipaka : Katu, Madhura.94

Karma :Deepana, Pachana, Shoshana, Krimihara, Rasayana,

Vishaghna, Bala- veerya vardhaka, Sootendra veerya prada. Doshaghnata : Kaphavatahara.

Rogaghnata : Kandu, Kushta, Twakdosha, Aamadosha, Krimidosha, Pleeharoga, Kshaya, Jwara, Netraroga etc.

Bahya lepana of shodhita Gandhaka at the site of pain caused due to Aamavata and Gridhrasi will give relief.95 This indication hints about the analgesic property of Gandhaka.

Matra: It can be given from 1 Ratti to 8 Ratti (125mg-1gm). In Ayurveda Prakasha and

Rasakamadhenu its Matra is mentioned as 1 Pala.




Pathya: Jangala Mamsa Sevana, Godugda, Goghrita, Godhooma, Rice, Saindhava, Mishri,

Sheetala Jala are considered as Pathya. Apathya:

Atilavana, Amla, Katu, Vidhahi, Patrashaka, Dwidala Dahnya, Kshara, and Kanji etc. aharas are considered as Apathya. Also Viharas like Teevra Yana, Stree sambhanda are contraindicated.

GANDHAKA MODERN REVIEW SULPHUR The name sulphur is derived from the Sanskrit word Sulvari through the Latin

sulphurium.

History96 : The ancients probably, due to its frequent occurrence in free state know sulphur.

Aryans, Greeks, Romans and Indians used it for fumigation and as medicine. The Bible refers to be as Brimstone meaning Burning Stone Antony lavoiser placed it among the elements in 1777, which was regarded as principle of fire. It is estimated as the Ninth most abundant element in the universe.

Occurrence : Sulphur is distributed in nature both in free and combined form. The sulphur is found in volcanic regions in Sicily. Approximately 0.06% of earths crust contains sulphur. Pure sulphur contains traces of selenium, Tellurium and Arsenic some times mixed with bitumen and clay. Important sulphur containing minerals are:

Sulphides : Zinc Blend (ZNS) Galena (Pbs) S Copper pyrites (Mfes2 )

Cinnabar (HgS) S Iron Pyrites (FeS) S Sulphate : Gypsum (CaSo4 2H2o) Barites (BaSo4)




Epsom Salt (Mg So4 7H2o) Ferrous Sulphate (FeSo4 7H2o)

Traces of sulphur occur as H2S in volcanic gases, organic substance as eggs, proteins, garlic, mustard, onion, hair and wool. It is an essential non-metal and is a minor constituent of fats, body fluids and skeletal muscles.

Basic information of sulphur96

Name : Sulphur Symbol : S Atomic Number : 16 Atomic Mass : 32.06 Am Melting point : 112.80C Boiling point : 444.60C Number of protons / Electrons: 16 Number of neutrons : 16 Classification : Non Metal

Crystal structure : Orthorhombic Colour : Yellow

British Spelling : Sulphur IUPAC spelling : Sulfur

Table No.15 : Shows comparative study of allotropes of Sulphur: Property Rhombic Monoclinic Plastic

Colour Shape

Specific gravity Melting point Boiling Point

Yellow crystals Octahedral

2.06 112.8 0 C 444 0 C

Yellow crystals Needle shaped

1.96 119 0C 444 0 C

Dark yellow amber No definite shape

1.92 No sharp melting point

444 0 C

Therapeutic use97 : Sulphur has bitter astringent taste with a peculiar strong smell.

It increases bile secretion, acts as laxative, alternative and diuretic.

It stimulates secreting organs like skin, bronchial mucus membrane.

In larger doses it acts as purgative.




Sulphur is useful in cough, Asthma, General debility, Enlargement of spleen, chronic fevers etc.,

Biological importance of sulphur98:

Sulphur makes up 0.25% of our body weight, meaning that an average adult human body contains around 170 gms of sulphur, of which most occurs in the amino acids, cysteine, cystine, and methionine.

Sulphur is involved in the formation of bile acids, which are essential for fat digestion and absorption. It also helps to keep skin, hair and nails healthy.

Deficiency of sulphur is linked to the skin disorder eczema and also imperfect development of hairs and nails.

Sulphur containing foods are vegetables (Radishes, Carrots, Cabbage, Milk Products (Cheese), seafood and meat protein. Inorganic forms of mineral-sulphide, sulphates and

sulphites are not needed in the diet.

NIMBU99,100

It is an important Dravya of Amla Varga. In Rasa Classics, it is explained for Shodhana and Marana of various Metals and Minerals.

Latin name : Citrus medica Family : Rutaceae

Synonyms:- Amlajambira, Amlarasa, Jantumari Nimbuka Dantaghna Shodhana Rochana Jambeera

Description: Leaflets are elliptic, oblong, racemes short, flowers small, petals usually four. Fruits usually small, globose or ovoid, rind thick or thin. Pulp pale, very acidic.

Useful parts: Phala, Twak and Patra

Major Chemical Constituents: Fruit juice of Nimbu contains citric acid 10%, Phosphoric acid 4%, Sugar 10.9%,

Cellulose, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Citrine 76%, Citrol 7.8% and Sulphuric acid.




Distribution It is available throughout India.

Pharmacological and Therapeutic Properties Rasa : Amla

Guna : Guru, Tikshna Virya : Ushna

Vipaka : Madhura Karma : Deepana, Rochaka, Anulomana, Pachaka, Krimighna

Dosha : Kapha Vata shamaka, Pittavardhaka Vyadhi Prabhava : Agni Mandya, Trishna, Udarashoola, Chardi, Aruchi, Vibandha, Kasa, Shwasa and Krimi roga.

In the present study Nimbuka swaras is used for Bhavana of Hingula.

GODUGDHA Acharya charaka explained Godugdha under Gorasa varga101. It is much appreciated

for the therapeutic purpose.

Synonyms : Ksheera, Gavya, Gavyadugdha, Dugdha, and Payasa, Dhenudbhava Physical properties: Cows milk is an opaque, white or yellowish white emulsive, faintly

alkaline fluid, a little more viscous than water with specific gravity in between 1.027 to 1.037102.

Properties: Rasa : Madhura Guna : Guru, Mridu, Snigdha, Bahala, Picchila, Shlakshna, Manda,Prasanna. Veerya : Sheeta,

Karma : Jeevaneeya, Brumhaneeya, Rasayana, Ojo vriddhikara,Vrushya, Balya, Medya,

Doshagnata: Vata, Pitta

Rogagnata: Rakthapitta, Trishna, Kshata, Ksheena, Shwasa, Kasa, Panduroga, Gulma, Udara, Athisara, Jwara, Daha, Shotha, Yonirogas, Bhrama, useful in Gadavikaras.




Contents of fresh milk : Water : 87% Phosphorus : 0.1%

Total Solids : 13% Sodium : 0.15% Fat : 3.68% Iron : 1-2 ppm Total proteins : 3.39 Citric acid : 0.2% Sugar : 4.94 Calcium : 0.72%

In the present work, godugdha was used for gandhaka shodhana, through Bhoodhara puta method.

HARIDRA103 In the present study haridra was used for shodhana of Hingulottha parada. It is

considered under shirovirechana gana by Charaka and shleshma samshamana by Sushruta. Botanical Name : Curcuma longa Family : Zingiberacae

Synonyms: Nisha Varavarnini Gouri Krimighna Kanchani Yoshitpriya Hattavilasini

Vernacular Names Hindi : Haldi English : Turmeric

Bengali : Halud Gujarati : Haldar Kannada : Arashina Malayalam : Manjal Chemical constituents: Volatile oil 5-8%, Curcumin, Vitamin A, Protein-6.3%, minerals-3.5%, carbohydrate-69.4 %. Pharmaco therapeutic properties :

Rasa : Tikta, katu

Guna : Ruksha,lakhu Virya : Ushna

Vipaka : Katu

Karma : Varnya, lekhana, ruchya, raktaprasadana, vedana sthapana




Doshakarma : Kapha vata shamaka

Rogaghnata : Kushta, Prameha, vrana, arsha, raktavikara, sheetapitta

VATA104

It is one among Pancha valkala dravyas. In Samhitas it is catogorised under Nyagrodhadi and Mutrasangrahaneeya gana. Botanical Name: Ficus Bengalensis Linn. Family: Moraceae Synonyms: Nyagrodha, Raktaphala, Skandhaja, Vaisravana, Sringi, Bahupada, Dhrva, Ksiri. Description : It is a very big tree possessing supporting roots and therefore may spread upto miles sometimes. It is commonly found all over India. Vata Srnga (leaf buds) are famous for their utility in pumsavana kriya.

Chemical constituants of Bark leucoanthocyanin, tiglic acid, - sitsterol a D glucoside. Useful parts: Bark, Latex, leaf, leaf bud, hanging root, fruit.

Properties : Rasa Kashaya ;

Guna Guru, Ruksha; Virya Shita ; Vipaka Katu

Karma Kapha pitta hara, Mutra sangrahaneeya, Varnya, Sthambhana. In the present study, Vatankura is used for Bhavana of Kajjali i.e. a pre material of Rasa Sindhura.

PHARMACEUTICAL REVIEW In present study Pharmaceutical process mainly includes three steps:

1. Processing of raw drugs i.e. shodhana of Hingula and Gandhaka 2. Intermediate procedures 3. Final procedure i.e. preparation of Kupipakwa rasayana.

Hence in this section, review on concept of Shodhana, Satvapatana, Murchana and Jarana is carried out. Also classical literary data of pharmaceutical procedures and Yantras related to present study are reviewed.




SHODHANA:

Definition: The process which eliminates the blemishes is called Shodhana 105.

Shodhana is a process intended for the removal of impurities in a substance by implementing prescribed methods like Bhavana, Swedana, Dhalana etc with prescribed drugs 106.

Advantages of Shodhana: Eradicates visible and invisible impurities.

Reduces toxic effects.

Removes adulterants present in drug.

Makes hard matter brittle which helps in easy incineration.

Enhances therapeutical properties

Suitable for further processing.

Shodhana of Gandhaka: Shodhana is carried out by adopting various methods like: Swedana Nirvapana

Bhavana.

Koormaputa.

Damaru yantra.

Methods: 1. Pour the liquefied Gandhaka into the Bringaraja swarasa and do the swedana in the

same swarasa. Repeat the procedure for 7 times.107 2. A cloth is tied over the mouth of the pot containing milk. Pour the melted Gandhaka

and Ghrita over the cloth. Gandhaka falls into the pot. Heat this pot over mandagni for one ghati. Then wash it with water.108

3. Gandhaka is melted along with Tila Taila or Sarshapa taila or Tusumbha taila in an iron pan. Now the molten Gandhaka is poured into a pot containing milk covered by cloth109.




4. A cloth covered pot is taken which is containing milk. Gandhaka churna is spread over the cloth. Now this apparatus is kept in a pit up to its neck. Close it with sharava

and to this agni was given by Koormaputa110 5. Finely powdered Gandhaka is placed in Damaru Yantra and subjected to heat for four

prahara.

In the present work koormaputa method was implicated for Gandhaka shodhana.

Shodhana of Hingula:

Seven Bhavanas of Lakucha Swarasa.54,55

Seven Bhavanas of Ardraka Swarasa.55

Seven Bhavanas of Nimbu Swarasa.55

Seven Bhavanas of Meshi Ksheera followed by seven bhavana of Amla Varga Dravya55.

Seven Bhavana of Amla Varga Dravya followed by seven bhavana of Mahishi Ksheera.56

Shodhana of Parada: Mercury is naturally consisting of earthy impurities, toxic chemical compounds along

with it. So it should be purified by means of Mardhana, Swedana, Kshalana, patina etc., specific techniques with the help of specific herbal extractions. Purification has been carried out into two methods

1) Samanya shodhana Vyadhi nashanartha 2) Vishesha shodhana Rasayanartha

Samanya shodhana:

Parada is triturated with Grihadhooma, Haridra Choorna, Wool Fibres and Istikachoorna for 1 day and then washed with Kanji and filtered through a four folded cloth. It is said to be devoid of Naga Doshas.111

Parada is triturated with Nagavalli swarasa, Ardraka swarasa and Kshara traya for 3 days and then wash with Kanji. The Parada gets devoid of sapta doshas.112

Parada is triturated with Sudha-raja for three days and filtered. Then add Lashuna equal to Parada & Saindhava Lavana part of Parada when lashuna turns black wash in kanji.113

Parada is triturated with Kumari, Chitraka, Rakta Sarshapa, Brihati and Triphala kwatha for three days.114




Parada is triturated with Sudha-raja for 7 days and filter it. Then triturate with Griha dhuma, Haridra choorna & Ishtika choorna for 3 days & wash with kanji.115

Parada is triturated with Guda, Trikatu, Ajamoda, Pancha Lavana, Chitrakamoola, Triphala, Trikshara, Dhattura and Sarshapa for 7 days. 116

Parada is triturated with Lashuna and Saindhava Lavana on tapta khalva for 7 days.117

Vishesha Shodhana: Vishesha shodhana are indicated to remove the specific and toxic impurities by

specific methods. These are called as Samskaras. There are 18 number of samskaras mentioned in Rasa classics for removing specific impurities and also for enhancing qualities of Parada.

Ashtadasha Samskaras118: Swedana Niyamana Jarana Mardana Deepana Ranjana Murchana Gagana Bhakshana Saarana Utthapana Charana Sankramana

Patana Garbhadhruti Vedha Rodhana Bahyadruti Bhakshana

SATVAPATANA: It is the process of extraction of metal or satva from the mineral. Nagarjuna was the

first to mention the process of satvapatana in Rasendra mangala.

Etymology of the word Satvapatana: The word satvapatana comprises two words satva and patana. Satva: Means the existence of Supreme being, the true essence.119 Patana: Means the act of causing to fall, laying low.120

Thus the word Satvapatana means extraction of essence or active principle. The process of Satvapatana is carried out for dravyas like Abhraka, Makshika,

Haratala, Manashila, Gairika, Hingula etc. Different procedures are explained for different dravyas.




Hingula Satvapatana:121,122 Aims:

To obtain the mercury which is free from all the seven Kanchuki doshas, so that it can be used for all purposes.

Properties of such Parada resembles with Astasanskarita or gandhakajeerna Parada. Dravyas Used For Mardana Of Hingula Before Procedure:

1. Nimbu swarasa 2. Nimba patra swarasa 3. Paribhadra swarasa 4. Changeri swarasa.

Yantras:

1. Urdhwa and Adhapatana yantra 2. Vidyadhara yantra 3. Damaru yantra.

Method: Fine powder of hingula is triturated with any above said mardana dravyas for three hours and chakrikas are made. The chakrikas are kept in Damaru yantra or Paatana yantra. Proper Sandhibandhana is done. This is subjected to Kramagni upper pot is kept cool by placing the wet cloth. After 6 hours of Kramagni its allowed to cool. After complete cooling Sandhibandhana removed, collect the Parada particles mixed with soot. In case of Adhapatana yantra paste of Hingula is applied inside the upper pot.

MURCHANA AND JARANA: While scrutinizing the innumerable Rasa Shastra texts, some Rasacharyas narrate that

the manufacturing process of Rasasindoora comes under the Murchana process and others claim that it is a process of Jarana. According to Ayurveda Prakash Jarana and Murchana are synonyms123.

Kim cha Murchana Jarana Iti Anarthantaram prayaha ||

Murchana123,124, 125

Murchana is a process in which mercury with or without Sulphur is converted into such a form which is suitable for internal usage. It is claimed that through this process




mercury compounds develop a definite disease curing capacity, without producing any untoward effect. Murchana facilitates palliability of Mercury.

Murcchana is a procedure of preparing an esculent chemical compound of Mercury which is distinct from Bhasma. Murchana is a process to transfer the Mercury into a Murchita state by means of sulphur etc and after doing this process the end product can not be converted into preceding state easily. Murchita Yogas are efficacious by all means and the end product can be used as it is for medicinal purpose.126

Appearance of Murchita state of Rasa: When its firmness, unstability and liquid form are transformed into the softness, stability and solid form; appears like Kajjali then it should be claimed that this is the stage of Murchita. Some times Murchita Parada may be obtained in various colours127.

Murchana Vidhi and Lakshana128, 129: When Shuddha Gandhaka triturated with Suddha Parada it looses its gurutva and chapalatva and transforms into fine blackish (Kajjalabha) powder. Apart from black colour, of murchita parada may vary according to the ingredients used. Murchana done with Haratala gives yellowish colour, manashila gives orange colour.

Without shadguna Gandhaka jarana, parada is not potent to cure the diseases. He explained murchana should be done by performing jarana in different Yantras. He mentioned 2 types of Valuka Yantra for this purpose. He also mentioned Antardhooma, Bahirdhoma shadguna Gandhaka jarana processes.

Benefits of Murchana123, 124: 1. Murchita Parada with different Anupanas according to diseases it cures all the

diseases. 2. Murchita Parada is beneficial for deha siddhi. 3. Murchita Parada is useful as Dehartha and for Amaratva.

Types of Murchana123, 130, 131: According to different Rasa classics Murchana may be broadly divided into 2 types

1. Sagandha with Sulphur 2. Nirgandha without Sulphur

Both sulphurous and non sulphurous murchana is subdivided into 2 groups.




1. Sagni With the help of fire. 2. Niragni Without the help of fire.

It is again subdivided into 3 groups. On the basis of smoke 1. Bahirdhooma 2. Anthardhooma 3. Nirdhooma

Sagandha Murchana is again subdivided into 5 types: 1. Gandha Pisti Ex. Kajjali 2. Gandha Baddha Ex. Rasa parpati. 3. Gandha Jeerna Ex. Rasa Sindoora. 4. Rasa Gandha Kajjali 5. Dhatu Pisti Ex. Rajata pisti, Kanaka pisti, Tamra pisti, Abhraka pisti, Loha pisti.

First and Foremost Kalpana of Sagandha Murchana is Kajjali, base of other preparations like parpati, Pottali, Kupipakwa, and Karaliya Rasayanas.

Examples of Parada Murchita Rasaoushadis132: 1. Khalveeya Rasayana Ex. Kajjali, Tribhuvana keerthi Rasa etc. 2. Parpati Kalpana Ex. Rasa parpati, Swarna parpati etc. 3. Kupi pakwa Rasayana Ex. Rasasindoora, Rasa Karpoora etc. 4. Pottali Rasayana ex. Hema garbha pottali, Hamsa Garbha pottali etc.

Jarana: Jarana is the 13th mercurial operation. When mercury is turned into such a state through Bida Yantradi as to absorb any other substance swiftly it is called Jarana131.

When Gandhaka etc are mixed with mercury get assimilated or absorbed into the mercury. This process is called Jarana134.

By various process of consuming Gandhaka etc in mercury through the Valuka yantra, Dola yantra, Kacchapa yantra etc is called jarana Karma135.

Signs of Samyak Jarita Parada:




Jarana hi naama Galana Patana Vyatirekena Grasta Ghana Hemadi Rasasya Hemadi Rasasya poorvavasta pratipannatvam ||

The process in which Mercury is made to absorb and assimilate the substances like Gold, Mica etc as Grasa added into it (Hg). There will not be increase in weight of Mercury. It means that after distillation and straining the swallowed substances like Abhraka, Suvarna etc do not remain distinct and Mercury remains in its preceding state and its weight does not alter. Thus state has been termed as Jarana136.

Many types of procedures for Gandhaka Jarana are described in Ayurveda Prakasha, with the ratio between Parada and Gandhaka starting from 1:6 or even 1:100 or 1:1000 ratios respectively.

During Gandhaka Jarana through Valuka and Ishtika Yantra if Agni is increased Rasa Sindoora is formed. Here Parada has to be separated to continue the process of Jarana.

Types of Jarana137, 138: a) Bhuchari Jarana (Abraka Jarana) b) Khechari Jarana (Ratna Jarana) Gandhaka Jarana Gandhaka Jarana is of 2 types

i. Antardhooma ii. Bahirdhooma

Antardhooma Gandhaka Jarana through Kacchapa yantra or Bhoodhara yantra through closed Kupi or moosha or vessel is done. In this procedure Gandhaka Jarana is slow. Bahirdhooma This process is done through Valuka yantra in a open vessel. This procedure is very fast. First Gandhaka Jarana should be done on moderate fire. Then Abhraka, Swarna makshika, swarna, Vanga, Naga and Ratna etc should be processed through Jarana. Without Gandhaka Jarana, Parada does not posses the property of digestion. So dhatus can not be digested139. There is a difference between Murchana and Jarana. Few Rasacharyas claimed that actually these are two stages of Mercury.

Considering all these references it can be said that the process of Kajjali is Sagandha Niragni Murchana and Rasasindoora is Sagandha Sagni Murchana




KAJJALI Kajjali is a Sagandha, Niragni Parada yoga. The purified Parada and Gandhaka are

intimately mixed and triturated without adding any liquid to convert it into a smooth, blackish powder, free from any shining particle is called Kajjali. Definition:

Dhatubirgandhakadyascha Nirdravaihi Mardita rasaha|| Sushlakshna Kajjalabhaso Kajjali Ityabhidheeyate||

Shuddha Parada and Shuddha Gandhaka alone or in combination, with other uparasa and different dhatus is mixed and triturated without adding any liquid. This is called Kajjali. It should be free from any shining particles140.

Any powdered pre-product that which is filled into Kupi, which is having Slakshnatva and sukshmatva like Kajjala is considered as Kajjali141.

Synonyms : 142 Kajjali, Kajjalika, Kajjala

Proportion of Dravyas in Kajjali: 143 It is mentioned that Gandhaka can be taken in the proportion of th, , equal, double,

triple etc., to that of Parada.

Method of Adding Dhatus To Parada: Kajjali is to be prepared by adding any other dhatu to parada, for ex. Swarna, Rajata, etc should be in the form of thin leaves. Naga, Vanga etc should be in the druta form.

Kajjali Siddha Lakshans: 144, 145 Krishna Varnata : Blackish colour

Slakshnatva : Smooth to touch

Sukshmatva : Subtleness like anjana Rekha purnatva : Settles in between fine lines of finger

Nischandratva : Lusterless a pinch of Kajjali is taken and rubbed with water. This mixture when exposed to sun,

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