ram....elec 1
TRANSCRIPT
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Training Session on EnergyTraining Session on Energy
EquipmentEquipment
ElectricityElectricity
©© UNEP 2006UNEP 2006
Electrical
Equip
ment/
Electricity
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©© UNEP 2006UNEP 2006
Training Agenda: ElectricityTraining Agenda: Electricity
• Future electricity scenario
• Generation & distribution
• Phase of electricity
• Active and reactive power
• Power factor correction
• Electrical load management
• Electrical billing mechanisms
• Transformers
Electrical
Equip
ment/
Electricity
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ElectricityElectricity
• Development can be measured by a
nation’s electricity consumption• Electricity usage is divided into:
a) Industrial
b) Commercial and residential
c) Agriculture and irrigation
• Electricity important input for industry
General Electricity ScenarioElectrical
Equip
ment/
Electricity
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ElectricityElectricity
International Energy Agency predicts for 2030:
• 78% of population in developing countrieshas access to electricity
• 1.4 billion people no access
• 665 billion US$ needed to overcome this
General Electricity ScenarioElectrical
Equip
ment/
Electricity
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ElectricityElectricity
• How can electricity supply shortage
be solved?a) Renovation and modernization of plants,
transmission and distribution systems
b) Demand side management with theutilization of energy efficiencytechnologies
c) Awareness raising among energy users
General Electricity ScenarioElec
trical
Systems/
Electricity
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ElectricityElectricity
• Electricity generation: fossil fuels anduranium
• Renewable energy is growing
Generation & DistributionElec
trical
Systems/
Electricity
Renewable 21%
Nuclear 16%
Fossil fuels 63%
World electricity generation byenergy
(US Energy Information Administration, 2004)
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ElectricityElectricity
Elec
trical
Systems/
Electricity
Generation & Distribution
Generator
10.6 KV
GT220 KV
Step downtransformer
Distribution
Power plant Transmissionsystem
Distribution system
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©© UNEP 2006UNEP 2006
ElectricityElectricity
• AC generators (“alternators”) generateelectricity
• Electricity generated at 9-13 KV
• Power generated from 67.5 to 1000 MW
• Power stations: generating transformers
(GTs) to increase voltage to 132-400 KV
• Substations: step-down transformers toreduce voltage before distribution
Elec
trical
Systems/
Electricity
Generation & Distribution
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ElectricityElectricity
Benefits of high voltage transmission
• Less voltage drop: good voltage regulation• Less power loss: high transmission
efficiency
• Smaller conductor: lower costs
Elec
trical
Systems/
Electricity
Generation & Distribution
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ElectricityElectricity
Single phase AC circuit:
• Two wires connected
to electricity source• Direction of current
changes many timesper second
Phase of ElectricityElec
trical
Systems/
Electricity
3-phases of an electric system(Wikipedia contributors, 2005)Three phase systems:
• 3 lines with electricity from 3 circuits
• One neutral line
• 3 waveforms offset in time: 50-60 cycles/second
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ElectricityElectricity
Star connection
Phase of ElectricityElec
trical
Systems/
Electricity
Delta connection
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ElectricityElectricity
Power Factor CorrelationElec
trical
Systems/
Electricity
Figure: Power factor of electric circuit
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ElectricityElectricity
• kVAR demand should be as low aspossible for the same kW output
PF Correction: CapacitorsElec
trical
Systems/
Electricity
Figure: Capacitor as kVAR generator
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ElectricityElectricity
• Act as reactivepower generators
• Reduce reactive
power • Reduce total
power generatedby the utilities
PF Correction:CapacitorsE
lec
trical
Systems/
Electricity
Figure: Fixed capacitor banks
Source: Ecatalog
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ElectricityElectricity
Advantages for company:
• One off investment for capacitor • Reduced electricity costs:
• Total demand reduced
• No penalty charges• Reduced distribution losses
• Increased voltage level at load end, improvedmotor performance
PF Correction: CapacitorsElec
trical
Systems/
Electricity
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ElectricityElectricity
Advantages for utility:
• Reduced reactive component of network
• Reduced total current in the system fromthe source end
• Reduced I2R power losses• Reduced need to install additional
distribution network capacity
PF Correction: CapacitorsElec
trical
Systems/
Electricity
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ElectricityElectricity
• Goal: reduce maximum electricity demandto lower the electricity costs
• Load curve predicts patterns in demand
Electrical Load ManagementElec
trical
Systems/
Electricity
Daily load curve of anengineering industry(National Productivity
Council, India)
K V A
Hours
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ElectricityElectricity
Strategies to manage peak load demand:
•Shift non-critical / non-continuous processloads to off-peak time
• Shed non-essential loads during peak time
• Operate in-house generation or diesel generator
(dg) sets during peak time• Operate AC units during off-peak times and
utilize cool thermal storage
• Install power factor correction equipment
Electrical Load ManagementElec
trical
Systems/
Electricity
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ElectricityElectricity
• Power factor penalty or bonus
• Fuel costs
• Electricity duty charges
• Meter rentals
• Lighting & fan power consumption
• Time of Day (TOD) rates
Electricity Billing MechanismElec
trical
Systems/
Electricity
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ElectricityElectricity
Electricity Billing MechanismElec
trical
Systems/
Electricity
Utility uses trivector meter for measurementduring billing cycle (usually month):
• Maximum demand
• Active energy in kWh
•Reactive energy in kVArh
• Apparent energy in kVAh
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ElectricityElectricity
Electricity Billing MechanismElec
trical
Systems/
Electricity
• Demandmeasured in timeintervals
• Maximumdemand ishighest reading
• Customer charged onhighestmaximumdemand value!
A Typical Demand Curve (National Productivity Council)
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ElectricityElectricity
• Static electrical device thattransforms electrical energyfrom one voltage level toanother
• Two or more coils linkedmagnetically but electricallyinsulated
Transformer Elec
trical
Systems/
Electricity
• Turns Ratio: turns on 2nd coil (connected to load)
turns on 1st coil (connected to power source)
Figure 12: A view of atransformer (Indiamart.com)
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ElectricityElectricity
Transformers are classified based on:
• Input voltage
• Operation
• Location
• Connection
Transformer typesElec
trical
Systems/
Electricity
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ElectricityElectricity
• Transformer losses: constant and variable
• Best efficiency: load where constant loss =
variable loss
Transformer Losses & EfficiencyElec
trical
Systems/
Electricity
Transformer loss versus percent loading (BEE, 2004)
PTOTAL = PNO-LOAD + (% Load/100)2 x PLOAD
PTOTAL = PNO-LOAD + (Load KVA/Rated KVA)2 x PLOAD
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ElectricityElectricity
Electricity FormulaeElec
trical
Systems/
Electricity
• Resistance (Ohm)
• Voltage (Volts)
• Reactance
• Impedance
• Real power (Watt)
• Reactive power
• Apparent power
• Power factor
• Efficiency
• Transformer ratio
• Voltage drop in aline
• Star connection
• Delta connection
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Training Session on EnergyTraining Session on Energy
EquipmentEquipment
ElectricityElectricity
THANK YOUTHANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTIONFOR YOUR ATTENTION
©© UNEP GERIAPUNEP GERIAP
Elec
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Elec
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Disclaimer and ReferencesDisclaimer and References
• This PowerPoint training session was prepared as part of
the project “Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction from
Industry in Asia and the Pacific” (GERIAP). While
reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the
contents of this publication are factually correct and properly referenced, UNEP does not accept responsibility
for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall
not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned
directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the
contents of this publication. © UNEP, 2006.
• The GERIAP project was funded by the Swedish
International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida)
• Full references are included in the textbook chapter that is
available on www energyefficiencyasia org