EXTRICATIONGUIDE BOOK

Index

1

Acknowledgments 2Welcome 4Extrication Seminar 6Extrication of the Injured from a Racing Car 10Introduction into Rally 16Construction of Rally Cars 22Safety Equipment of a Racer 286 Ways of Extrication 331) Without tools 342) Cervical collar 403) KED 444) KED (roof) 52KED application in details 56

5) With the Seat 646) Breaking the Seat 70

Photos of cars and possiblities of extrication:

Citroën C4 WRC 74Ford Focus WRC 75Ford Fiesta S2000 76Peugeot 207 S2000 77koda Fabia 8

Mitsubishi Lancer Evo 79Citroën C2 S1600 80

Š S2000 7

Extrication guide book was prepared in cooperation with:

Member of FIA Medical CommissionWRC Medical delegate

Member of FIA Medical CommissionWRC Rally of Turkey, F1 Istanbul GP CMO

Chief of Safety at Barum Czech Rally Zlín

Chief Medical Doctor of EMS for the Zlín Region

Safety Comission of ACCRDeputy CoC of Barum Czech Rally Zlín

The project was supported by:

and

Autoclub of the Czech Republic, Barum Czech Rally Zlín,

Rallye Autoklub v AČR,Rally Bazar, University of Tomas Bata, Rallye Zlín spol. s r.o.,

Anvel Racing Team, JAS, ...

FIA Medical Commission

Especially the extrication ways were prepared by:

Jean Duby

Cem Boneval

Martin Konečný

Tomáš Novotný

Jan Regner

Medical Rescue service of Zlín Region, Z studio,Rallysport Příluky, JNK video studio,

Acknowledgments

2

3

We would like to thank mainly those:

And also thanks to people who worked duringthe Extrication Seminar and during the all the preparation:

Radovan NovákMiloslav RegnerAnton Vaňo

Franti ek RosickýLubomír Ne as

Jaroslav NěmecMilan Procházka

Miroslav Maňas

Vladimír Barvík, , Jan ada, Ivan Dostál,Pavel D avík, Martin Gracla, Vlasta Greplová, ,Pavel Holánek, ří , Květoslav Krampol, Martin Křen,

Jakub M , , ,František Pilka, Martin Ptá ek, Dana Regnerová,

árka Regnerová, Marta Regnerová,Marek Sochor, Zdeněk Skřivánek, Antonín Sma inka,

Jiří Svoboda,Karel makal, Věra makalová,

/ ACCR, member of FIA WMSC

/ Clerk of the Course of Barum Czech Rally Zlín

/ Director of Medical Rescue service of Zlín Region

/ Chief of Czech Rally Commission

/ Chief Doctor of Barum Czech Rally Zlín

/ Chief of ACCR Sport Rescue

/ Chief Doctor of ACCR

/ Chief Scrutineer of ACCR

š

Miroslav Blažekž Jakub Hofbauer

Petr Ju küller Daniel Kurcik Adam Nedbálek

Šž

Š Š

č

Č

č, Egon Smékal,

Jaromír Tomaštík,Antonín Tlusťák, and others

Jitka Rychlá

Roman Uhrovič

The FIA Institute for Motor Sport Safety and the FIAMedical Commission can only give an

enthusiastic salute to the initiative of Jan REGNER to set up the first seminar for training

doctors and paramedics in extrications and first aid for accidents occurring during these

competitions, and also lend it our help and support.

Rallies and other competitions held on gravel or roads do not share a common unity of

place and time with circuit races. Devising a safety plan is, therefore, considerably more

complex. The personnel and the vehicles involved in safety are not concentrated within the

few hundredmetres of a circuit but instead are distant and isolated. Considerable stretches

can be devoid of marshals and spectators or, conversely, there may be areas of

concentration with all the specific risks that this implies. Variations in climate and terrain

(altitude, surface, temperature, geography…) only serve to complicate the situation even

further.

The vehicles in a competition are very different and, in particular, are muchmore difficult to

keep safe, passively, than single-seaters. The safety equipment: rollbars, seats, belts,

helmets and FHR have undergone considerable development and are often unfamiliar to

the rescue workers. Similarly, the presence of a co-driver alongside the driver is another

factor to take into account.

Moreover, the disincarceration and extrication techniques have themselves been

considerably developed and are, in any case, different to those used on a daily basis by fire

services and rescueworkers following road traffic accidents.

Welcome

For a number of years now,

improving safety has been one

of the main concerns of the

Fédération Internationale de

l'Automobile.

Having, with some success,

concentrated its efforts on

circuit competitions, the FIA is

now investing in safety in rallies

and other competitions held on

roads and gravel. The research

and training are appropriate for

the World Championship, as

well as for the competitions

lower down the hierarchy:

European, national, regional…

4

Whenan accident occurs in competition, the first people to arrive on the scene are usually a

doctor and a paramedic in their fast intervention vehicle. After a quick assessment of the

situation, the treatment begins: either immediate extrication in cases of extreme

emergency or stabilisation without extrication whilst awaiting the arrival of additional

resources. These actions must be carried out without delay and flawlessly, which implies a

perfect knowledge of actions thatmust be carried out almost automatically.

This is why the training of the rescue teams is particularly important and, in the future,

deserves to be given on a regular basis to all those involved in rescue operations at motor

sports competition events on routes or on gravel and at every level of these competitions.

It is these various disincarceration and extrication techniques, both extreme emergency

scenarios and those of a more routine nature, as well as the treatment of casualties, with

which you will be faced and which will be the subject of practical exercises throughout this

day thatwill, no doubt, be very tightly packed but rich in learning.

This initial experience has turned out to be a success and one of the main reasons for this

has been your participation.

Doctor JeanDuby

FIAWRCPermanentMedical Delegate

5

Extrication Seminar CZ - 19.3.2010, www.Rally-Safety.com

Months of preparations led to the very first

Extrication Seminar, which was held in

V emina near Zlín, Czech Republic in the

middle of Mach 2010. Its basic aim was to

present the results of developing the rally

accident extrication procedures, which

were set and improved in time in

coordination between specialists from the

Czech Republic and the FIA Medical

Commission.

For the event promotion, the leaflets were

produced and distributed to the European

rallies representatives during the FIA ERC

meeting held in January in Brescia, Italy.

Also the website containing detailed

information about the event content and its

programwas established. During the event,

š

6

7

people who couldn't arrive to the place had an opportunity to watch the seminar through

this website as the whole Extrication Seminar program was broadcasted live via the

internet stream.

Originally, the event was targeted on medicals from particular European rallies, but this

problematic interested also many people from countries outside the Europe. Finally the

Extrication Seminar was entered by impressive number of 111 participants from 16

countries. 55 of them were doctors, second half of the group consisted of medicals and

rescue teams. There were also 7 doctors fromWRCevents, 1 doctor from Formula 1 and 2

members of the FIA Medical Commission, which guaranteed high and skilled level of

explaining several questions connected to the problematic of rally accidents and further

victims' extrication. In the theoretical part, the participants also shared their practical

experience charged during their real work.

Extrication Seminar CZ - 19.3.2010, www.Rally-Safety.com

8

All these reports, comments, ideas and experiences

were taken into consideration and discussed when

preparing this ExtricationGuideBook.

In the second part of the event, participants could

see the presentation of proposed extrication ways

showed on the specially-built extrication trainer. As

a bonus the real intervention of medicals and

rescue team came through, so all the people could

see the extrication performance with real

demonstration features like cutting off the roof. Also

several rally cars were put to the Extrication

Seminar area, so the medicals and rescuers could

see on their eyes differences between cars of

different sizes, constructions, equipment, interior

disposals etc.

Although the Extrication Seminar was organised for

the first time, the consecutive feedback from the

participants was very positive and highly evaluated.

Also the organisers were satisfied with so high

numbers of participants as they got a lot of

interesting and needed experiences from each

other.

9

From the beginning medical services were provided by a number of different professionals

ranging from hospital doctors, drivers of medical transportation services, volunteers of the

CzechRedCross and later by employees of theEmergencyMedical Service.

Quality and safety organization of the competition has changed dramatically over the last

years on all levels; starting from the racing car structure, equipment with safety elements,

protective clothes and aids for racers, use of modern means of communication, car

monitoring bymeans ofGPSor the technical level and quality of themedical services.

The latest policy prefers bringing a qualified doctor as close and as fast as possible to the

injured racer by using the medical system of rendez-vous, when the doctor arrives in a

small and fast ambulance car, or the doctor may be directly in the technical rescue car,

which arrives at the place of accident as first.

The doctor must have knowledge of technical possibilities and options and has to know

how to use extrication and immobilization aids in the ambulance.

He should also manage or coordinate the extrication procedure in cooperation with rescue

team. An irreplaceable role is played by team approach, personal involvement and

courage. Medical cars sent to rescue operations are now equipped with medical material,

immobilization aids and machines such as ECG with defibrillator, ventilator, suction flask,

airway securing aids etc. (seeAppendix).

It is a common practice to use protective aids such as long sleeves, helmets or working

gloves during a rescue operation.

Extrication of the Injured from a Racing Car

10

Newages place high demands on rescue teams and therefore we try to be prepared for the

competition as best as possible from the professional, technical and organizational point of

view. One of the key points in the professional preparation of medical rescuers and doctors

participating in the competition has been practicing extrication of the injured from a race

car. In the beginning it involved only practicing extrication from a passenger car using the

Rautek manoeuvre, later extrication from several types of borrowed race cars using

different procedures and aids. The logical outcome was the invention and development of

the extrication trainer, which offers the possibility of dismantling individual parts of the car

body structure for a thorough practice and examining several possibilities and alternatives

of extrication and rescuing of the victims.

Another reason for our efforts was the absence of approved, integrated and detailed

instructions and procedures of extrication for non-circuit events. It has been prepared only

for F1 and other circuit events so far by Mr. Jean Jacques Issermann, whose materials we

drewour inspiration from.

Weare glad that an international working groupwas created,whichwill deal with this issue.

During our training we realized a number of factors, facts and obstacles, which affect the

speed or thriftiness of extrication andwhich need to be taken into account.

Extrication depends on a whole number of circumstances and so there cannot be a 100%

reliable and universal procedure. It always depends on the particular situation, experience

of rescue teams, “good luck”, ability to improvise and individual approach and, of course,

teamwork.

During our training we also verified, which options cannot be used, even with a non-

crashed car, and therefore there is no point in trying to use themduring a rescue operation.

11

Basically, we verified six extrication procedures where the main criterion was the condition

of the patient, as described below in the text, and the resulting need for speed and

thriftiness of extrication.

The choice always represents a compromise between the required gentleness in relation

to the victims and the time limit from the point of view of preserving or renewing the vital

function.

Apart froman extremeemergent situation speed of extrication is of secondary importance.

The primary objective is to do this procedure perfectly gentle with high quality and much

care, trying not to be vulnerable to the victim.As the stabilisation of the injuried begins in the

carmost of the time there is no need to rush.

The choice of medical rescue treatment then affects the patient's condition, injuries,

subjective complaints etc.

In the first place we need to establish the health condition of the victim - whether he

responds, whether he has pain, what kind of pain and its location, difficultieswith breathing,

circulation, external injuries, bleeding etc.

12

Extrication of the Injured from a Racing Car

Somatic habitus - or its weight and size may also represent a crucial problem during

handling and extrication of the injured froma crashed car.

The main tasks during a rescue operation should be, apart from immobilization, securing

and starting of treatment of the patient before extrication from the car, also the application

of an intravenous line, infusion volume therapy and administration of analgetics.

If situation permits, we apply two peripheral i.v. catheters G18 (if it is impossible to secure

i.v. line, intraosseal application with EZ IO or similar intraosseous applicator, if contained in

the ambulance equipment, by drilling into tibia or humerus is possible). Infusion liquids are

administered as prevention against a shock. In case of unstable circulation, cuff is used.

We administer crystalloids (electrolytes) and plasma expanders of the Haes type,

Gelafundin, aswell as vasopressors.

The analgetics used include opioids - Fentanyl, Sufentanyl,Morphin or Ketamin.

13

14

From the timepoint of viewextrication canbedivided into:

- immediate, when there is not time for anything - such as when the

car is on fire or the victim's circulation and breathing fail. Fortunately, this situation

occurs only seldomand can be described the saying „Take himout or let himdie“.

- RAPID, ACUTE, in this case the victim is in a relatively stabilized

condition but the vital functions quickly deteriorate. Extrication should be as

effective and efficient as possible.

- possible to postpone, when the injured is in a good condition and there

is time to elect betweenmethods,which aremore time consuming, butmore gentle.

EMERGENCY

URGENT

ELECTIVE

Extrication of the Injured from a Racing CarExtrication of the Injured from a Racing Car

Election of the technical rescue operation needs to be solved with thetechnical rescuers in the specific situation. It depends on a number offactors,while themain role is playedby:

Thespeedof extricationof thepatient dependson the followingconditions:

Thegoals of extrication are:

- Impactmechanism - front, side, rotation, rolled car upside down…-Surrounding terrain - getting out of the road, ditch, scarp, trees, solid structures,water reservoirs…-Speed of car and direction of impact - corresponding deformation and health implications-Condition after accident - risk of overturn, falling, fire, sinking…

-Car type and construction-Car categories- classesA,N, veteran cars-Car size fromsmall (e.g. CitroënC2) to big ones (e.g.Mitsubishi)- 3-door, 5-door- Seat type - standard, ear-chair type…-Shape of helmet- Usage of FHR (Frontal HeadRestraint, earlier was calledHANS)-Design of roll-cage and reinforcements- Steeringwheel (less space in front of the driver than at the co-driver)

All elements of safety represent also an obstacle for the rescue team.

-Deformation-Access to the damaged vehicle-Type of injury- Patient condition -› urgent or electiveway of extrication

These circumstanceswill affect one another.Extrication should be considered as amedical action. Rescuersmust solve the possibilities

and options of taking the victimout. Extrication is not the purpose and aim in itself.

- to remove the victim from the vehicle as rapidly as his or her condition allows;- to allow continued care;- to avoid creating or aggravating of injuries,mainly, but not limited, to the spine

15

Introduction into Rally

16

Car racing is a sport where achieving the best time is the target. It represents a certain level

of risk; extreme situations and accidents can occur, they have become a part of the

motosport, and our effort is tominimize their consequences.We can achieve this by a set of

features adopted directly on the track, by using the safety equipment of the car and drivers'

protection.

Safety features on track represent a set of things that can directly reduce the risk of an

accident, reduce the gravity of an injury and ensure the best possible support in case of an

accident. Car races can be classified by several criteria, by types of car, international

prestige, audience rate, financial costs etc. From the point of viewofmeasures on the track,

we may divide car races into races on special racing tracks (circuits, rally cross, and

autocross), short-distance races (uphill racing, sprint, slalom) and races on unadjusted

tracks (rally, cross country,marathons).

The best conditions for reducing accident consequences are at special racing tracks. In

particular road tracks are built with emphasis on safety with big escape zones, the camera

systems and track inspector stands enable perfect monitoring of the track from the control

office; an elaborated system of rescue teams is in place (specialized extrication team) and

medical centre directly at the premises etc. Considering the short distances the help arrives

in several tens of seconds from the activation of the rescue system.

Featureson the track

17

In such races run usually specially constructed cars (formulas, prototypes, racing cars

called “silhouettes” etc.) and the possibility of extrication after an accident is counted on

already while designing these cars. The rescue team thus has a number of aids available,

such as special seats, some closed cars have openings in the roof that can be dismantled.

The preparation of the rescue teams then focuses on certain types of racing specials

designed for a specific race.

We have fewer possibilities during races on shorter distances, such as uphill racing. The

race track is only exceptionally longer than 10 km, the route marshal's stands are within

seeing distance, sufficient number of rescue teams are along the track, dangerous

sections and obstacles are covered by crash barriers or protected in some other way. The

track monitoring system provides exact information on what is happening on the track.

Even in this race category the help can arrive quickly, but the facilities of circuits with a

medical centre, heliport, etc. are alreadymissing.

Introduction into Rally

18

Quite special chapter are races on unadjusted tracks, which are represented by rallies.

From the point of view or ensuring safety, only very dangerous obstacles are additionally

protected and the safety features are directedmore at the position of the audience. It is also

more difficult to manage a rally race; usually several special stages run at the same time,

the track inspector's stands are not within seeing distance, direct connection exists only to

the so-called radio points andmonitoring of cars in the traditional way is ineffective from the

point of view of the speed of a rescue operation. Considering the length of individual

special stages the availability of help is limited by time, because a rescue teamhas to travel

from a place distant up to 15 km from the place of the accident and along very poor roads.

The new Appendix H asks to put the intermediate point in a place that can be reached in

less than 10 minutes by the medical intervention car. With this regulation time differences

that may have been caused by the quality of the road and of the medical intervention

vehicle used are overcome.

The common feature of such

races is great diversity of the

starting field - in one race

may run quite different

spec ia l s , wh i ch we re

originally constructed for

qu i t e d i f f e r en t r a ce s

(formula, GT, rally). And also

cars of very different age

often start in one race.

19

In case of an accident also the

number of rescuers may be

limiting as it is much lower

than in the case of circuit

races. The rescue operation

may be made more difficult by

the car falling into a hardly

accessible place, forest, water

etc. The audience usually

arrives to the crashed car

much earlier and their lay first

aid is not always correct. They

may even obstruct the rescue

operation because their numbers are bigger then those of the organizers. While a rescue

operation on a circuit can be, to a certain extent, very precisely trained into the smallest

details, each rescue operation in rally is different. In some respects they are very similar to

common traffic accidents, so someprocedures are based on this experience.

The tracks of special stages are closed for traffic well in advance. Places, where the

spectators may stay, are marked and route marshals are posted along the track. The

number of marshals depends on the character of the special stage, number of access

roads as well as the density of population. In densely populated areas more than 10

inspectors per 1 km of a special stage may be posted, while in less populated areas only 2

per 1 kmare requested.

Spacing of particular positions is determined in the safety plan, including the position of

rescue teams and the manner of their activation. According to older regulations one

ambulanceMedical Intervention car and transportation ambulance or satellite ambulances

had to be stationed each 15 km of a special stage, but this has been revised in the new

regulations and medical support teams are positioned considering approach within 10 min

of driving time. Everything is covered in the FIA rules and regulations, including required

equipment, staffing and required qualification.

Several systems are used to monitor the movement of cars during rally. In the Czech

Republic the movement of cars is basically monitored in two ways - in radio points and via

GPS. The systemof radio points is the basic one; cars that started to the stage are reported

via awalkie-talkie and organizers at individual stands check that the cars passed. The rules

prescribe the obligations and ways or reporting an accident for the crews (reporting in the

closest radio point).

Safety features at speed trials (special stages)

Introduction into Rally

20

Monitoring the cars via GPS is

more operational. Each racing car

is equipped with a unit. When

switched into active mode, the

alarm at the rally control reports if

the car stops at the track of the

special stage. It also enables

sending of an alarm signal to the

rally control through a push button

placed in the car interior. The

operating office of the rally then

may contact the nearest inspector

by a mobile phone, try to contact

directly the crew by a mobile

phone or send the ambulance right away. In case of a serious accident the activation of

rescue teams is then faster and if a computer withGPSmonitoring is available at the start of

a special stage, the information about possible problemcanbe transmitted very quickly.

At rallies nowadays, a system of operating the event from the rally control office (in the past

each special stage had a separated control office). The control office accommodates

representatives of the communications, medical and technical rescue teams and other

staff as needed.

The control office uses various communication channels to monitor the track telephone

connection with the starts and finishes of the stages, GPS monitoring system, radio

Rally control office

network using radio points at

the SS, on-line shots from

cameras placed at the start

or other places of the track

etc.

The control office is in charge

o f o rgan i z i ng rescue

operations and issuing other

instructions. Members of

rescue teams must be

informed about a personwho

will inform themat the spot.

21

Rally cars are divided into several groups and classes. Inmost cases the division concerns

permitted engine modifications, chassis groups, brakes and transmissions. Only basic

level of the safety equipment is the same for all groups and classes; for cars of lower

categories not all the safety elements are obligatory (safety fuel tank, external disconnector

on the bonnet etc.).

Categorization of racing cars into groups and classes is described in the FIA rules. We will

deal only with the construction or racing cars as regards the safety elements. We have to

bear them in mind during a rescue operation after an accident of a racing car. It basically

applies that the more advanced the group allowing more modifications is and the newer

(more state-of-the-art) racing car is, themore difficult will be the access to the victim and its

treatment. This can be best demonstrated with modern specials of the WRC category. A

number of components were improved and reinforced so as the crew members are

protected as much as possible from an injury in case of an accident. Ironically, during a

rescue operation and namely during extrication of a victim from such car these safety

elements rather hinder the operation.

The safety equipment of a rally car consists of several elements, which mutually

complement one another.All these components gradually develop and improve in order to

provide the best protection. Some safety elements previously introduced only in the

highest championships are also gradually introduced in national and cup competitions.

Construction of Rally Cars

22

Glass foils,MakrolonwindowsThey represent simple protection of the crew from penetration of objects into the car from

the outside and from injury caused by glass fragments, such as during the car rotation. The

use of protective foils is prescribed byAppendix J of FIAISC.

From the rescuer's point of view the foil has to be taken into account namely in cases when

we are trying to break the glass and get quickly to the victim. The principle of the foil is

similar to the windshields of ordinary cars, the glass of which is already manufactured with

such foil.

A newer safety element is the Makrolon window, which has the same function, but is more

resistant and can be disassembled without tools. Makrolon windows are obligatory in

World Championships for newly manufactured cars of the S2000-R and WRC category in

2010 and for all cars of these categories starting from2011.

The safety equipment of the rally carsincludes:

- Glass foils,Makrolonwindows- Foam filled door- Fire extinguishing system-Safety fuel tank- Safety roll-cage-Racing seats- Belts

Additional safety features arerepresented by the equipment of thecrewmembers:

- Helmet- Balaclava- FHR (Frontal HeadRestraint,earlier was calledHANS)-Gloves-Overall- Underwear- Boots

23

MaindisconnectorThe main disconnector is equipment for disconnecting the electrical circuit with the

purpose of switching off the engine andminimizing the risk of fire. If it is installed in the car, it

is operated from the outside similarly as the fire extinguishing system and is market with a

red lightning sign in a blue trianglewith the base-line of at least 12 cm.

Construction of Rally Cars

Fire extinguishingsystemEach car must be equipped with a homologated fire

extinguishing system listed on the FIA technical list.

Appendix J and then installation instructions by the

manufacturer apply for the use and placement of the

fire extinguishing system. The fire extinguishing

system consists of a pressure tank, distribution

system into the car interior and engine area provided

with nozzles and control. The last part of the systemis a portable 2 kg fire extinguisher.

The control elements must be placed so as both the crewmembers may operate them, the

control mechanism must be also placed outside the car in front of the front pillar on the

bonnet. Thismust bemarked by a red letter E in awhite circle with red border withminimum

diameter of 10 cm.

The fire extinguishing systemmust be functional in all car positions.

From the rescuer's point of view it is good to learn how to operate the system in case that he

arrives to an accident with a fire without the technical rescue team car (e.g. in case of two

reported accidents on the same special stage and the need to divide the assistance) or in

case of a rescue operationwhen the carsmove between particular special stages etc.

Usually elements of the fire extinguishing system do not represent any obstacle during

extrication because the pressure tank is placed at the back and the distribution system and

controlmechanismsare only small parts.

24

From the rescuer's point of view the disconnector

represents no limitation, but it is good to know how it

works and how to use it in case that he performs a

rescue operation in an accident without the assistance

of the technical rescue team.

A safety fuel tank is not obligatory for all rally cars. It

prevents fuel leakage even in case of substantial

deformation. If installed, it cannot be older than 5 years.

Safety fuel tank

A safety fuel tank is installed in the rear part of the car, so it may obstruct the use of the

extrication procedure through the back. Dismantling of the tank during the extrication is

impossible.

The , also called as the , is the most visible change in the

construction of a racing car. It serves a protection of the crewmembers by reducing the risk

of car deformation during an accident.

The structure itself, which is made of tube space frame, is divided into several parts, the

meaning ofwhich is not important for themedical rescuer.

The safety protective frame is a big enemy for the rescuer during a rescue operation. Not

only it restricts the space for extrication, but also obstructs the work inside the car and

moreover, if damaged, the sharp edges of fractures are very dangerous as they often

Safety protective frame (roll-cage)safety protective frame roll-cage

25

threaten both the victimand the rescue team. It is advisable to cover the fractures.

Even though the structure is solid, for the technical rescue team it is not difficult to cut and

remove it with the help ofmodern hydraulic tools.

The seat is crucial for the protection of the driver and co-driver. The basis of the seat used to

be a pipe support structure, however, today the seats are made from one upholstered

laminated piece. Due to safety reasons the shape of the seat gradually changed and we

can repeat the rule that the safer the seat is, the more difficult it is to extricate the injured

driver. The latest seats have high solid sides, improved side protection of the body and

head (the so-called ears). Even though the acquisition costs are high, it is sometimes

necessary to destroy the seat during a rescue operation (cutting off the ears or breaking it).

The seat in a rally car ismountedwith special holders directly to the car body, position of the

seat can be changed by using various mounting holes. Therefore the racing seats can not

be moved so easily like in road cars. If the seat should be removed from the rally car, it

would be possible only if the seat holders can be accessed fromboth sides.

Racingseat

Construction of Rally Cars

26

Apart from the classical

anchoring, new racing seats

homologated for the World

Championship have in the floor

also holders from the side. Due

to safety reasons the weight

increased from approximately 4

kg of the classical seat to 12 kg

of the newseat.

Safety beltsTogether with the seat, the safety belts provide main protection to the driver. The classical

three-point belts are not used; the oldest racing seats are designed for four-point belts, but

they are no longer homologated for cars in the FIA championships. Much better body

support is provided by 5-point and 6-point belts, when two pairs run through the seat above

the driver's shoulders, one from the left and front side and one (or two in case of 6-seat) run

through the bottompart of the seat.

The belts are connected in one general lock with a lever mechanism; all stripes can be

released just in one operation (also belts with three-button unfastening system are

recommended for rally, but they are not as widely used as belts with the lever mechanism).

In some cases the belts need to be taken out of the seat, which is not a problem. Attention

must be paid only to the belt with the lock.

If the belts are impossible to be released for any reason, they have to be cut if necessary.

The unfasteningmechanism is, however, very easily accessible and reliable.

27

The constructional parts of a racing car are considered to be the safety equipment of the

car. These safety elements are supplemented with safety equipment of the racer. It

includes the overall, helmet, in some casesFHR (Frontal HeadRestraint, earlier was called

HANS), gloves, shoes, underwear and balaclava.

Overall

An important accessory to an overall is inflammable underwear, which is obligatory for all

FIAchampionships. It includes a turtleneck and pants.

From the point of view of a medical rescuer an overall is an obstacle to basic examination

and treatment. The acquisition cost of new clothing is not negligible, but the racer's health

has a priority in a rescue operation. Therefore do not worry and cut the overall if necessary.

Unlike the other safety elements, the look and use of overalls has not changed for decades

and only thematerials used are new.

Safety equipment of a racer

Today's overalls are manufactured from

state-of-the-art materials on Nomex base,

which can protect the racer from direct fire

injury for several tens of seconds. The latest

overalls have up to four layers and apart from

fire protection they must protect the racer

also frommechanical injury.At the same time

they have to meet high demands on comfort,

which are requirements contrary to each

other.

GlovesandshoesGloves and shoes represent an

important safety element. They

supplement the overall and cover

the remaining parts of the body

(except the head), which are not

covered by the overall. There is an

exception for co-drivers, who are

not obliged to use gloves.

Gloves are easy to take off and don't represent no major obstacle during a rescue

operation. Shoes are designed as very light with thin sole (it is important to have good

feeling for the driving) and there is no need to take them off during a rescue operation. Any

treatment of legs (fixation of fractures etc.) can be performedwithout taking the shoes off in

the field.

28

Helmet

FHR (FrontalHeadRestraint)

A racing helmet provides essential protection to the racer's head. Helmets are basically

divided into closed and opened helmets. Closed helmets are used more frequently for

circuit car races (for races of open cars, such as formula cars they are obligatory). In rally

open helmets are used in largemajority of cases.

Their advantage is, from the medical rescuer's point of view, easier and thus thriftier taking

off. An important accessory of a helmet is a balaclava, which is a part of the inflammable

underwear and only the eye opening remains unprotected.

In rally it is important to bear in mind the intercom, which is the communication equipment

used between the driver and co-driver. This equipment consists of a box with an amplifier

and control elements.Amicrophone and headphones are then placed in the helmet. Do not

forget to disconnect this equipment before taking off the helmet (6.3 mm jack located

mostly on the belt is used). Disconnection is performedby gentle pulling.

Helmets are fastened by straps under the chin. In some situation it can be very difficult to

unfasten them. In such case do notworry and cut the strap.

FHR (earlier was called HANS) is still quite a new equipment. It serves to protect the

cervical spine. It consists of two parts; a specially adapted helmet with fixtures and a part

placed on the shoulders. The FHR principle is simple and in case of an accident the

correctly adjusted equipment allows only certainmovement of the head towards the body.

FHR started to be used in Formula 1 at first and later it became to be used via other circuit

disciplines also in the WRC and other FIA Championshipsrally world championship. The

introduction of FHR raised almost always a number of discussions about the usefulness

and effectiveness of this equipment, but racers got used to it relatively quickly and no

longer consider it as an obstacle.

FHR was originally supplied in two versions; one with the shoulder part firmly attached to

the helmet, the other one with detaching mechanism. Today all FHR systems are supplied

with the detachingmechanism. In case of an accident the straps with non-detachable FHR

had to be always cut.

Themanner of FHRunfastening is relatively simple, though it requires previous training out

of the car. If the buckles are not accessible, the straps need to be cut rather than trying to

move the victim.

29

Safety equipment of a racer

First of all it is necessary to move the loop with strap in the direction of the groove on the

lock.

Unfasteningprocedure

30

Tether-anchorage

Helmet Head Restraint

Tether

By applying pressure at the

point of connection the straps

and eyes of the mechanism

are loosened and can be

released by sliding in the

direction of the bigger hole.

Now the eyewith the strap can be removed from the pin.

31

The next step includes taking off the helmet, which can be performed by drawing apart of

the facial parts and tilting to the front.

After the helmet is taken off, the second part of FHR is removed by rotating around the neck

and then sliding it down.

In order to get access to the victim's face the balaclava needs to be removed. If necessary it

can be cut.

32

Cervical collarSafety equipment of a racer

6 ways ofExtrication

33

EMERGENCY extrication is of outmost importance when the victim is in a life threatening

dangerous situation. It involves a fast manual extrication with bare hands, and mostly

without any time provided for manual inline immobilization. Hence possible trauma to the

spinemay be aggravated and the rescuer has to deal with this responsibility. But it is "a take

him out or let him die" situation, which is fortunately very rare. A quick modified Rautek

manoeuvremay be perfectly applied.

This way is designed for fast extrication when vital functions are not present and CPR is

indicated. It can also be used in caseswhen the victim is in a life threatening position due to

fire or other unpredictable circumstances. In this case, time is themain priority.

Usually amarshal, spectator or the crew from the following rally car are the first on scene. In

this situation the slight lifting of the head by gentle upwards finger pressure from the chin is

a life savingmanouver to keep the airways open.

Without tools

34

Real extricationmay be performed by one or twomedical rescuers. During this manoeuvre

the support of the possibly injured spine is very limited, and the victim sitting in a specially

molded racing seat with the helmet and FHR (Frontal Head Restraint, earlier was called

HANS) still on handling is definitely not easy.

If extrication is performed by one rescuer, medical, paramedical or driver, he checks that

the legs are not hurt or stuck (if hurt, don't worry: life is more important, if stuck, try to

unstuck as quick as possible without any precaution for the same reason), in any way

disconnects the intercom cables, releases the victim's safety belts, places his left arm

(when rescuing a victim sitting on the left in the car) under the victim's left arm and grabs

under the chin and provides the correct head position. While stabilizing the head with the

left hand the rescuer slightly leans the victim forward to place his right arm around the back

under the victim's right armandgrasp the victim's left forearm.

35

Without tools

The rescuer slightly lifts the victim from the seat and pulls him/her onto his thigh. The body

must be handled carefully to avoid hitting the roll cage (in particular the part above the

victim's head).

36

If the extrication is performed by two people, second person (member of Rescue team,

marshal or even the spectator) is holding the legs and together with the first one slide the

victimout of the car and place himon the floor.

37

Without tools

If there is no need for urgent CPR (emergency extrication due to fire, water etc.), the helmet,

FHR and balaclava can be taken off (or cut it) in a semi-seated position outside of the car.

While doing so it is important to keep the correct position of the head, neck and body.

Cervical collar can be applied and the victim can be laid on the floor (scoop, spine board).

38

If urgent CPR is indicated (cardiac arrest, unconsciousness), as long as it is not a full face

helmet it is possible to initiate CPR with helmet on. The victim is laid down providing some

support to the back (a blanket for example), CPR is initiated and removal of helmet/FHR

andapplication of collar is postponed until vital functions are established.

If the victim is on the right sided seat, the procedure is the same except that during

intervention the function of the armshas to be switched.

39

URGENT extrication is performed in situations where the victim is stable at first sight but

shows rapid deterioration, hence the time has to be used as effective as possible. In such

instances removal of the helmet and FHR (Frontal Head Restraint, earlier was called

HANS), rapid application of a cervical collar andmanual inline mobilizationmay be applied

while taking the victimout on a spinal board.

Application of the cervical collar will ensure the correct position of the cervical spine. This

procedure is designated for cases when it is not necessary to extricate the victim from the

car as quickly as possible at all cost (emergency extrication), but there is not enough time

available to use any of the extensive procedures (elective extrications).

In all other cases except the emergency extrication, the application of the cervical collar is

mandatory as a first step.

During the application of the cervical collar it is necessary to use space around the victim in

themost efficient way: If possible, onemember (R1) of the extrication teamapproaches the

victim from the second seat, the other (R2) uses the access through the door.

Before releasing the seat belts, it is necessary to stabilize the head in the correct position.

This is done by rescuer (R2) who holds the head by grasping it from the front with both

hands. The fingers and palms are symmetrically slid under the helmet, grasping the head

from the backside on the occipital area and thumbs are on the cheeks (maxillar bones),

while pulling the head slightly upwards. This grip provides the best possible stabilization for

the cervical spine. It is best to stay in the visual field of the victim so that he doesn´t need to

turn his head to voicewhile verbal or non-verbal communication is easily possible.

Cervical collar

40

After unfastening or cutting the FHR (if necessary) straps and unbuckling the helmet, the

rescuer (R1) in the car takes off the helmet (if there is enough space in the car) and

subsequently removes theFHRby rotating it to the front and pulling it downwards.

It is also necessary to take off the victim's balaclava (it is possible to cut it), unzip the

overall and make space for the cervical collar. In order to ensure its proper function, it is

important that as less of fabric as possible is between the skin and the cervical collar.

Before the cervical collar of the proper size is applied, the rescuer (R2) still holds the

victim's head. It is also recommended to hold the head after applying of the collar during

manouvering or extricating the injured person.

I.v. access, infusion of electrolytes or plasma expanders and analgesia should be

provided in the car before moving the victim if necessary.

41

After the cervical spine stabilization the classical Rautek maneuver can be performed,

while the rescuer (R2) extricates through the door and the rescuer in the car (R1) helps

mainly with the victim's legs as the small space between the bottom part of the seat and

the wheel rim represents the biggest obstacle. The fixation of legs by the Velcro straps

is possible.

Cervical collar

42

In the ideal situation the victim is slid out of the car onto a spinal board (or scoop) in order to

minimize movements of the spine. During the extrication the members of a rescue team

(R3, R4) are holding the spinal board and helping to rescuer (R1) with the legs to move the

victim to the transport system. It is important that the spine board is placed under the

victim's back in the direction, inwhich he is taken out of the car.

If a spinal support utility is not available, the rescuers have to carry the victim delicately

to a suitable place.

43

It is the basic extrication procedure classified into the elective category, i.e. when the victim

shows adequate and stable vital signs andwe have time to prepare for car evacuation. The

KED (Kendrick Extrication Device or SED by Spencer etc.) is used for spinal

immobilization. The principle is basically the same as with extrication of a formula car

driver, even though in the formula car a part of the seat may be used to support or stabilize

the spine - the whole procedure is then easier. It is a procedure recommended by Dr. Jean

Jacques Issermann, the man who introduced the extrication teams, extrication ways and

training in motorsport which can bemodified depending on the extent of damage to the car

and the possibility of securing access. There is also the possibility to use it in the “Original

Way”.

The initiation of the procedure is the same as in the case of a cervical collar application.

Following its application, access behind the victim's back is secured and the KED is

applied.

Before the applying the KED, it is necessary to take out all upper safety belts from holes in

the seat.

Subsequently, the KED has to be slid down behind the victim as possible, up to the level of

the buttock and at a level where you can put the sides under the armpits. This is not an easy

task!

This is performed by grasping the victim's overall at the chest and pulling him gently

forward. Then try sliding the KED behind the victim's back. It is very difficult to slide in the

KED correctly and this action needs a lot of training beforehand. Before sliding in the KED it

is advisable first to pass the red and bottom right black straps to the rescuer in the car,

which he should place outside the seat.

KED

44

When sliding in the KED, its correct position needs to be checked; it must be positioned

midline along the back axis and at the correct height. This activity requires application of

force in order to push it properly down behind the victim's back. Inmodern seats with lateral

head support extensions youmay be forced to cut them off. In the case of the new seats for

WRC this is amust.

45

There are two possibilities of applying theKED:

1)WaybyJ.J.I.(Dr. JeanJacques Issermann)

2)OriginalWay

1.

3.

4.

6.

2.

5.

KED

1.

3.

4.

5.

6.

2.

46

After positioning it correctly proceed to fastening the straps at the front. It will start fastening

with the upper green strap, thenmiddle orange followed by the bottom red one.

Correct connection and tightening of the black bottom straps under the legs is very difficult in

a racing seat and we may say that the more advanced the seat is, the more difficult this

activity is. In order to position them correctly the victim's legs need to be slightly lifted while

fastening the straps.

The straps tightening order is the same as the straps fastening order. It is important that the

victim is not moved during the tightening of the straps. Before proceeding the extrication,

there may be checked each strap for the correct tightness (beware of unnecessary jacket

movements).47

1)WaybyJ.J.I.(Dr. JeanJacques Issermann)

In the first step the head is fixed

using two straps; first the bottom

strap over the chin and cervical

collar (this strap has an opening in

the central part) and then the

upper strap over the victim's

forehead crossing the chin strap.

2) “OriginalWay”

After positioning it correctly proceed

to fastening the straps at the front. You will start fastening with the middle orange strap

followed by the bottom red one.

Correct connection and tightening of the black bottom straps is very difficult in a racing seat

andwemay say that themore advanced the seat is, themore difficult this activity is. In order

to position them correctly the victim's legs need to be slightly lifted while fastening the

straps.

The straps tightening order is the sameas the straps fastening order. It is important that the

victim is notmoved during the tightening of the straps.

This way is remembered by the mnemonic:“ y aby ooks ot onight“

( iddle, ottom, egs, ead, op)M B L H T

M B L H T

In the next step the head is fixed

using two straps; first the bottom

strap over the chin and cervical

collar (this strap has an opening in

the central part) and then the upper

strap over the victim's forehead

crossing the chin strap.

Finally connect and tighten the

green strap.

KED

48

It is advisable to fix legs and arms to protect them from further injuries and facilitate easy

manoeuvringwith the victimoutside the car.

49

Extrication from the car is relatively easy but the risk of head injury caused by the safety roll

cage installed in the car needs to be taken into account. Extrication is started by two

rescuers positioned by the door outside the car by grasping the side loops, while the third

person (rescuer,marshal, spectator…) tries tomanoeuvre the victim's legs.

Velcro straps of different lengthswill servewell for this purpose. It is advisable to have them

ready for this occasion.

KED

50

Once outside the car, assistance of another person, who will grasp the legs, is necessary.

In the ideal situation the victim is slid out of the car onto a spine board in order to further

minimizemovements of the spine and ease transport.

51

As described in the introduction, KEDoffersmany opportunities of use, whichwere created

by modifying two standard procedures, i.e. the classical KED application through the door

and application through the roof. Application through the roof is similar to its use in circuit

racing cars, but with the limitation that rally cars are not modified and constructed to

perform this extrication. Also the necessary space needs to be prepared first with the

assistance of the technical rescue team. Thus it will be more time demanding, but will

enablemore exact application of KEDand better protection of the victim's spine. Itmay also

be the only possible way of access in case of the door being blocked from the outside by a

rock, tree or similar obstacle.

The core procedure is the same aswith the classical application through the door. Because

FHR (Frontal Head Restraint, earlier was called HANS) and manual stabilization provides

basic protection to the cervical spine, it is recommended first to proceed making required

working space and then to start with releasing the victim and cervical collar application. It is

important to protect the victim from possible injuries during the process of cutting the roof

open by suitable aids. Because the driver sitting in the seat with a helmet is not aware of the

situation around him, it is important to keep him informedaboutwhat is happening around.

KED (roof)

52

Application of the KED vest is much

easier and precise in this case;

manipulation of the victim is less

vulnerable.

KED (roof)

The space created may be used for

removing the helmet and FHR as

well as the application of the

cervical collar.

53

If there is problemwith space in the area of legs under the steering wheel and enough time

for further cooperation with the technical rescue team, they may be asked to pull the wheel

up and forward (cutting of the steering rod could be dangerous). Extrication is then easier

and substantially less vulnerable, because leg injurymay be expected.

After all KED straps are fastened and tightened, the victim may be extricated through the

roof, if the opening is sufficiently large, or through the door if access is available.

KED (roof)

54

KED (roof)

55

KED application in details

KED application is performed by three

medical rescuers; firstly the cervical collar

applied and after that, two rescuers apply

the KED jacket. The third one fixes and

stabilizes the correct head position.

It is important to apply the jacket to

victim's body in correct height in order to

provide support to the whole spine during

handling andmovementwith the victim.

The KED has to be put as down as

possible at the level of the buttock and at a

level, where the rescuer is able to put the

KED sides under the armpits. It is not so

easy. You have to pull the injured gently

forward while maintaining the stability of

the head and neckwith outmost care.

56

There are two possible ways how to install the KED (SED). The first way introduced by Dr.

Jean Jacques Issermannor the secondway called as “OriginalWay”.

- The proposes first to fasten the head and then to

continuewith the green, orange and red straps followed by black bottomstraps.

- The is to fasten firstly the orange and red straps followed by black bottom

ones and after that to continuewith fixing the head. Fastening the green strap follows as the

final step.

In open cars they do all these actions simultaneously by the five rescuers.

The straps tightening order is the same as the straps fastening order. It is important not to

move the victim during the tightening of the straps. Before proceeding the extrication,

rescuers may check each strap for the correct tightness (beware of unnecessary jacket

movements!).

way by Dr. Jean Jacques Issermann

“Original Way”

1)WaybyJ.J.I.(Dr. JeanJacques Issermann)

2)OriginalWay

1.

3.

6.

2.

57

4.

5.

1.

3.

4.

5.

6.

2.

1)WaybyJ.J.I. (Dr. JeanJacques Issermann)

Once the jacket is behind the back, rescuers can start fixing the head with two additional

straps included in the KED set. Start with the bottom strap over the chin (it has a hole for

easier placement on the chin and cervical collar) and then put the upper strap. The straps

are fastened into a cross; the bottom in the upper part and vice versa.

KED application in details

58

Now the connected

s t r a p s c a n b e

tightened in the same

order as they were

fastened. Take care

that the victim is not

moved during the

tightening procedure.

If necessary, slide a

pad, which is included

in the KED set, behind

the victim's head.

59

After positioning head straps

correctly, rescuers may proceed

to fastening the straps at the

front. They will start fastening

with the upper green strap, then

middle orange followed by the

bottom red one.

The next step includes running

black straps under the thighs

from the outside and fastening

them into the correct buckle,

crossing to the opposite side.

2) “OriginalWay”

Once the jacket is behind the

back, start connecting the

front straps; first the middle

orange and then the bottom

red strap.

KED application in details

The next step includes

running of black straps under

the thighs from the outside

and fastening into the correct

buckle, crossing to the

opposite side.

60

Now the connected straps can be tightened in the same order as they were fastened. Take

care that the victim is not moved during the tightening procedure. If necessary, slide a pad,

which is included in theKEDset, behind the victim's head.

After tightening fix the head bymeans of two straps, which are included in the set. Start with

the bottom strap over the chin (it has a hole for easier placement on the chin and cervical

collar) and then put the upper strap. The straps are fastened into a cross; the bottom in the

upper part and vice versa.

61

Finally connect and tighten the green strap.

KED application in details

62

Now the rescuers can start with the

victim's extrication.

Loops at each side of the back of the

jacked can be used for handling the

victim. It is recommended to support

the legs while lifting or moving the

victim.

63

This procedure is designed for specific cases when there is extensive bodywork

deformation due to massive impact. While the technique appears to be very eccentric at

first thought, it is based on the theories of extrication with seat used at formula cars and the

seats with inbuilt KEL driver extrication system. The main advantage of this procedure is

that the victim's body is in fact moved only after it gets out of the car where there is enough

space for correct manoeuvring. It could be a good extrication way if there is suspicion of

pelvis or/and femoral fractures and if cutting of the seat is easy and the car is destroyed.

The basic procedure is the same as with the previous procedures, i.e. releasing the belts,

taking off the helmet, FHR (Frontal Head Restraint, earlier was called HANS), balaclava,

and cervical spine stabilizationwith the collar.

The use of this procedure is also limited due to the car construction and extent of the

damage. The technical rescue team needs to have an unobstructed access to seat holders

on both sides. But it's impossible at many cars, e.g. Fiat Grande Punto S2000 or koda

FabiaS2000 due to the high centre tunnel.

Š

With the Seat

64

After the victim is ready for extrication, it is necessary that the technical rescue team

prepares a sufficiently large opening in the door area.Make sure that the victim is protected

while the rescue team cuts off particular parts of the car body. The victim is not aware of the

situation around, it is important to keep him informedonwhat is going on.

65

Subsequently, it is necessary to take out all safety belts from holes in the seat and fix the

victim to the seat. PreparedVelcro straps of different lengthswill servewell for this purpose.

The longest one will be fixed over the chest and behind the seat. The strap must be

fastened at the front for easy unfastening after extrication. The shorter strap is used to fix

the head; holes in the upper part of the headrest, used for safety belts, may be used.Again,

take care that the straps are fastened at the front. Additionally it is advised to strap the legs

and arms in pairs for easiermanipulation during the extrication.

With the Seat

66

After the seat is cut off, it is important to take it off carefully.At this point it is essential that the

medical rescuerwho holds the victim's legs keeps the legs in the sameposition towards the

seat during the entire manoeuvre.After extrication the seat with the victimmay be laid with

the back on the floor. Even at this moment it is important to hold the legs in the same

position.Wemayunfasten the straps around head and chest.

67

As it is impossible to place the cut-off seat directly on the vacuum mattress (danger of

damage by sharp edges), it is recommended to use temporarily the scoop stretcher or

spine board. In this case we place the seat with the victim on the board, get ready for slight

lifting of the victim and slide the seat out in the direction of the victim's legs. The rescuers

stand astride over the injured and grasp his body, (not the overall!), while lifting him slightly

up.

With the Seat

68

The victim may be also transferred by placing the seat in the same axis with the stretcher

and transferring the victim from the seat. This procedure brings bigger risk of involuntary

movement of the victim.

69

The procedure of extrication of the victim from a crashed car through the back of the car

with breaking the seat represents a substantial additional damage to the bodywork and car

equipment. It is recommended mainly in the case of extensive damage to the car with

deformation of the sides and when the side door is impossible to remove within a

reasonable time. A typical example of the use of this procedure is a car wedged between

trees, lampposts, buildings etc. The use of this procedure is not limited to suspected spinal

injury; it is a way of approach to all kind of injuries. The difficulty when using this procedure

is the installation of a safety tank, which occupies a big space at the back of the car.

Therefore usage of this procedure may be impossible at newer cars like WRC or S2000

due to restricted displacement of the seat to the back.

Even though the way of approach is absolutely different, the beginning is the same; i.e.

manual stabilization, taking off the helmet, FHR (Frontal Head Restraint, earlier was called

HANS), balaclava and applying the cervical collar. However, if the situation requires using

this procedure with the above types of accidents and deformation, medicals need to count

with very little space for these actions. It will depend on the conditions in individual cases

andwhether there is at least someaccess from the side or the front.

Breaking the seat

70

After the victim is secured, the technical rescue team will come and remove the safety roll

cage and other necessary bodywork elements behind the seat as far as to the back door. It

is important to keep the victim informed about what is happening with the car and also how

he will be extricated. It's also needed to keep him covered or protected while cutting the

framework and bodywork or breaking the glass. The usage of these individual protective

means is, of course, obligatory for the technical rescuers.

71

When the space behind the seat is prepared, one member of the extrication team has to

lean the victim slightly forward in order that the rescue teammay cut both side parts of the

seat and incise the bend between the seating and backrest parts. When cutting, the use of

somedevice-board to protect the victim's backside is required.

Then the seat can be broken by jerking back. This creates a space for sliding the scoop

stretcher (spine board) inside and for careful towing of the victim first back onto the

stretcher in the back door area and then out of the car through the 3rd of 5th door. Before

the towing the victim into the scoop (or spine board, which ismore safe to prevent cutting or

injury of the victims back) it is recommended to install theKED first.

Breaking the seat

72

Note: The last picture was taken on a trainer. For the sake of clarity, more elements, than it

is necessary for the action, were removed from the car.

73

C C4 WRCitroën

74

Ford Focus WRC

75

Ford Fiesta S2000

76

Peugeot 207 S2000

77

Škoda Fabia S2000

7778

Mitsubishi Lancer Evo

79

Citroën C2 S1600

80