rajul use of biosensors in agriculure
TRANSCRIPT
SUBMITTED TODr. M. L. Kewat
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
JABALPUR (M.P.)
PRESENTED BY-RAJUL SONI
M.Sc (Ag).Final Year
Enroll. 160111011
Department of Agronomy
Use Of Biosensors In Agriculure
CONTENT
1. Introduction
2. Principles of biosensor
3. Elements of biosensor
4. Basic characteristics of biosensor
5. Types of biosensor
6. Applications of biosensor
7. References
INTRODUCTION
The term “biosensor” was introduced by
Clark and Lyos in 1962.
Self contained integrated device that is
capable of providing specific qualitative or
semi-quantitative analytical information using
a biological recognition element which is in
direct spatial contact with a transduction
element.
Principle of biosensor
1. Immobilization of biological material on the
immobilization support, the permeable
membrane, in the direct vicinity of a sensor.
2. The substances to be measured pass through
the membrane and interact with the
immobilized material and yield the product.
3. The product passes through another
membrane to the transducer.
4. The transducer converts product into an electric
signal which is amplified.
5. The signal processing equipment converts theamplified signals into a display most commonly theelectric signal which can be read out and recorded.
Working of Biosensors
• The preferred biological material like enzyme ispreferred for conventional methods like physicalor membrane entrapment and non covalent orcovalent binding.
• The preferred biological material is in contactwith the transducer.
• To produce a bound analyte through the analytebinds to the biological material which producesthe electrical response to be measured.
• In some cases the analyte changed to a productand have some probability to associate with therelease of heat, gases like oxygen, electrons orhydrogen ions.
BASIC CHARACTERESTICS
• LINEARITY: should be high- for thedetection of high substrate concentration.
• SENSITIVITY: value of electroderesponse per substrate concentration.
• SELECTIVITY: chemical interferencemust be minimized for obtaining correctResult.
• RESPONSE TIME: time necessary forhaving 95% of the response.
Advantages
Highly specific.
Independent of Factors like stiring, pH,
etc.
Linear responcse, Tiny & Biocopatible.
Easy to use, Durable.
Rapid Accurate, Stable & Sterilizable.
Applications of biosensors
• Biosensors have a very wide range of applications that
aim to improve the quality of life.
• This range covers their use for environmental
monitoring, disease detection, food safety, defence, drug
discovery and many more.
• Biosensors can also be used as platforms for monitoring
food traceability, quality, safety and nutritional value .
• These applications fall into the category of ‘single shot’
analysis tools, i.e. where cost-effective and disposable
sensing platforms are required for the application.
• On the other hand, an application such as pollution
monitoring requires a biosensor to function from a few
hours to several days
Applications Of Biosensor
In Agriculture
Organophosphorus compounds
Group of chemicals that widely used as
insecticides in modern agriculture for
controlling a wide variety of insect, pest,
weeds and disease-transmitting vectors.
Organophosphorus:-
•Pesticides
•Herbicides
PESTICIDES
• Of all the pesticides are the most abundant
(present in water, atmosphere, soil, plants
and food).
• Enzymatic sensors, based on the inhibition
of a selected enzyme are the most
extensively used biosensors for the
determination of the compounds.
Examples of biosensors used in
the detection of pesticides
Analyte Type of interaction Recognition biocatalyzer
Transduction system
Simazina Biocatalytic Peroxidase Potentiometric
Isoproturon Biocatalytic Antibody encapsulate
Immunosensor immunoreaction
Parathion Biocatalytic Parathion hyrolase Amperometric
Paraxon Biocatalytic Alkaline phosphatase
Optical
Carbaril Biocatalytic Acetilcolinesterase Amperometric
Herbicides
• For the detection of herbicides such as the
phenylurease and triazines, biosensors
have been designed with membrane
receptors of thylakoid and chloroplast,
photo system and reaction centers or
complete cells such as unicellular alga and
phenylureas and triazines,in which mainly
amperometric and optical transductors
have been employed
Examples of biosensors used in
the detection of herbicides
Analyte Type of interaction
Recognition biocatalyzer
Transduction system
2,4-Dichlorofenoxiacetic
Immunoanalysis Acetilcolinesterase Amperometric
Diuron, Paraquat
Biocatalytic Cynobacteria Bioluminescence
•Such biosensors can be termed ‘long-term monitoring’analysis tools.• Whether it is long-term monitoring or single shot analysis,biosensors find their use as technologically advanceddevices both in resource-limited settings and sophisticatedmedical set-ups: e.g. with applications in drug discoveryfor the detection of a number of chemical and biologicalagents that are considered to be toxic materials of defenceinterest for use in artificial implantable devices such aspacemakers and other prosthetic devices and sewageepidemiology .•A range of electrochemical, optical and acoustic sensingtechniques have been utilised, along with their integrationinto analytical devices for various applications indicatesdifferent areas of research where biosensors have beenused.
Environmental MONITORING
• Using biological engineering researchers have created many microbial biosensors. An example is the arsenic biosensor. To detect arsenic they use the Ars operon Using bacteria, researchers can detect pollutants in samples.
AnalyteRecognition biocomponent
Transduction system
Matrix
Nickel ionsBacillus sphaericus strain MTCC 5100
Electrochemical
Electrochemical Industrial effluents and foods
Zinc, copper, cadmium, nickel, lead, iron and aluminum
Chlorella vulgarisstrain CCAP211/12
Electrochemical Urban waters
Mercury() and lead() ions
DNA Optical Water
Cadmium, copper and lead
Sol-gel-immobilized urease
ElectrochemicalSyntheticeffuents
Mercury, cadmium and arsenic
Urease enzyme ElectrochemicalStandardsolutions
Food analysis
•There are several applications of biosensors in food analysis.• In the food industry, optics coated with antibodies are commonly used to detect pathogens and food toxins. •Commonly, the light system in these biosensors is fluorescence, since this type of optical measurement can greatly amplify the signal.A range of immuno- and ligand-binding assays for the detection and measurement of small molecules such as water-soluble vitamins and chemical contaminants (drug residues) such as sulfonamides have been developed for use on SPR based sensor systems, often adapted from existing ELISA or other immunological assay. These are in widespread use across the food industry.
Summary
• Biosensors are nowadays ubiquitous in different areas of healthcare.
• A range of transduction techniques such as electrochemical, optical and acoustic, can be used for biosensors.
• High-affinity reagents such as antibodies, enzymes and synthetic biomolecules can be coupled to the transducer in order to provide specificity of the biosensors.
• Nanotechnology has had a major impact on recent advances of biosensing technology.
Referances
• de Picciotto, S; Dickson, PM; Traxlmayr, MW; Marques,
BS; Socher, E; Zhao, S; Cheung, S; Kiefer, JD; Wand,
AJ; Griffith, LG; Imperiali, B; Wittrup, KD (Jul 2016).
"Design Principles for SuCESsFul Biosensors: Specific
Fluorophore/Analyte Binding and Minimization of
Fluorophore/Scaffold Interactions". J Mol Biol. 428:
4228–4241. PMID 27448945.
doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2016.07.004
• Saharudin Haron Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback
Machine. and Asim K. Ray (2006) Optical biodetection of
cadmium and lead ions in water. Medical Engineering
and Physics, 28 (10). pp. 978–981.
•"Protein Engineering and Electrochemical Biosensors".
Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology: 65–
96. doi:10.1007/10_2007_080.
Krupin, O.; Wang, C.; Berini, P. "Optical plasmonic
biosensor for leukemia detection". SPIE Newsroom (22
January 2016). doi:10.1117/2.1201512.006268.
En. Wikipedia. Org/wiki/biosensor
Turner, Anthony; Wilson, George; Kaube, Isao (1987).
Biosensors:Fundamentals and Applications. Oxford, UK:
Oxford University Press. p. 770. ISBN 0198547242.
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