PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DESSERTATION

SUBMITTED BY:-

MRS. GRACE CHETAN GAIKWAD

1st year M.Sc. (Nursing)

S.J.G .Co-operative hospital Society’s

College of Nursing Ghataprabha.

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

KARNATAKA BANGALOREPROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION

1. NAME OF THE CANDIDATE

AND ADDRESS

Mrs. Grace Chetan Gaikwad

1st Yr. M.Sc.(N)

S. J. G. Co Operative Hospital

Society’s

College of Nursing

Ghataprabha.

2. NAME OF THE INSTITUTION S. J.G. Co. OP. Hospital Society’s

College of Nursing

Ghataprabha.

3. COURSE OF STUDY AND SUBJECT 1st Yr. M.Sc. Nursing,

Child Health Nursing.

4. DATE OF ADMISSION TO THE

COURSE

November 2009

5. TITLE OF THE STUDY “A STUDY TO ASSESS THE

KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE

OF SECONDARY SCHOOL

TEACHERS REGARDING

FIRST AID MANAGEMENT OF

SELECTED EMERGENCIES

AMONG SCHOOL CHILDRENS

AT SELECTED SECONDARY

SCHOOLS AT GHATAPRABHA

IN VIEW TO PREPARE

INFORMATION BOOKLET.”

1

6 Brief resume of the intended work.

6.1- Introduction:

Timely first aid saves more lives than heroic surgeries!!!

By Dr. Debangshu Dam

The goal of first aid is to save life, prevent an injury or illness from

worsening or to help speedy recovery. First aid and basic life support are so

important that teaching basic first aid should be compulsory in all schools.

As in the school campus majority of pupil including teaching faculty are

available during school timing and children while playing or any other

circumstances are prone to have minor accident. So it is important for school

teacher to know first aid and how to utilize it in proper manner. Without any

delay as a first aid save persons life so it is always better as it is said that

“Preparedness is a key element of first aid”. 1

Accidents happened daily, knowledge of first aid, which constitute life

saving treatment for accident or unexpected illness. So every individual at

every age should always have common knowledge of accident. “First aid” is

like first responder. First aid is initial cares that given to victim arise at a

health care centre. Before medically trained personnel arrived. Or before the

victim arrives at a health care center. It is estimated that 50% of death occurs

within the 1st hour of accident, 30% between 1 hr. and a week. And 20%

occur after 1st week. The “golden hour” and platinum hour highlight the

importance early trauma care Important factor responsible for increasing

secondary injuries and complication are non available of first aid. Delay in

transfer from injury side to a hospital, lack of definitive treatment in first aid

contact. Hospitals, absence of triage and external medico legal problem. 2

2

6.2 NEED FOR STUDY

Study conducted by Thomas G. Parker on accident the leading cause

of death among person from 1 year old to 38 yrs his study shows accidents

are one of the leading causes moreover the growing population & expanding

health needs have not been balanced by a proportional increase in number of

doctors nurses & allied health worker .It is not enough to say, “Call the

doctor” a doctor may not be available to come to the scene of the emergency.

First aid training sudden illness or accidental injury in caring for large

number of person caught in natural disaster .there is no greater satisfaction

than that resulting from relieving suffering or saving a life 3.

Schools in India lack adequate infrastructure facilities which can lead

to loss of life. The increasing competition in class has led to high stress level

& consequently. Students are falling pray to physical aliments such as

vertigo & asthma. The child is solely responsibility of the school till the time

he/she is in school & thus ensuring safety not only in the school premises but

also in the school buses.

Geetanjali Kumar, a CBSE helpline counselor says, “children are

vulnerable to injuries & accidents, usually one comes a across minor bruises

but at times. Children may face severe accidents resulting in fractures,

bleeding suffocation, fainting, acid burns or even drowning, & thus first aid

become all the more important as taking a child to a medical facility takes

some time.’’

According to Jitendra Nagpal, a consultant psychiatrist with vimhans &

coordinator, child development & adolescent health care , every teacher

should be equipped with first aid techniques so that he/se can handle basic

emergencies in the classroom.

Satish Bharadwaj, director, Goodman’s rescue, a medical assistance

company providing road & air ambulance services round the clock, say, it is

like disaster management in medication& every teacher need to be well

trained. He adds, “School should ideally tie up with closest hospitals to

3

provide ambulances & other medical facilities in case of emergencies”. On

the role of schools in emergency preparedness, he says, “The goal of school

emergency response protocols in prevention, risk reduction & management.

First aid preserves life, assist in recovery, & prevent further deterioration.”

One of the principals present that alert minds saves lives. If an

ambulance cannot be manage in time, one should make use of any vehicle

available to take the child to the hospital & not necessarily wait for an

ambulance.4

The purposes of first aid are : -

1) To save life

2) Prevent further injury.

3) To minimize or prevent infection.

Everyone in the navy must know how & when to render first aid & be

prepared to provide competent assistance to sick & injured in all

circumstances. The knowledge of first aid when properly applied can mean

the difference between temporary or permanent injury, rapid recovery or long

term disability & difference between life & death5

6.3 Statement of the Problem.

“A STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE & ATTITUDE OF

SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHER REGARDING FIRST AID

MANAGEMENT OF SELECTED EMERGENCIES AMONG

SCHOOL CHILDRENS AT SELECTED SECONDARY SCHOOLS AT

GHATAPRABHA IN VIEW TO PREPARE INFORMATION

BOOKLET”

4

6.4 Objectives of the study:1) To assess the knowledge of secondary school teachers related to first aid

Management of secondary school children in selected emergencies.

2) To identify the attitude of secondary school teacher regarding first aid

Emergencies management in secondary children in emergencies.

3) To find the association between knowledge & attitude of secondary

school teacher with selected demographic variables.

4) To prepare information booklet base on first aid emergencies management

in secondary children in emergencies for secondary school teacher.

6.5 Operational Definitions:

1) Knowledge:- In this study knowledge refers to expertise & skills acquired by a

person through education & experience the theoretical or practical

understanding of subject.

2) Attitude :- In this study attitude refers to judgment of secondary school teachers

regarding the management of first aid emergencies in secondary school

children.

5

3)First aid :- In this study first aid refers to immediate care given to a school children

by Secondary school teachers who has been accident or suddenly ill.

4) Emergency:- In this study emergency refers to condition like epitaxsis, fever,

vomiting, menarche, epileptic attack, & accidental injuries among secondary

school children in Ghataprabha.

5)Secondary Teacher :- In this study secondary teacher refers to a school teacher

teaching to classes from 5th to 10th std in secondary school of Ghataprabha.

6.6 Sampling Criteria:-

I) Inclusion criteria:

1) Secondary school teachers who are teaching to the classes from 5th to

10thstd School at Ghataprabha.

2) Those who are willing to participate in study.

II) Exclusion criteria:-

1) Those who are on long leave.

2) Those who are part time working.

6

6.7 Assumptions:-1) Secondary school teacher will have basic knowledge regarding first aid

management in emergency situation.

2) Adequate knowledge of secondary school teacher regarding first aid

management of secondary school children will help to manage

emergency without fear.

3) It is assumed that secondary school teachers have positive attitudes

towards handling first aid situation among school children’s.

6.8 Review of Related Literature:- Review of relevant literature severs as essential background for any

research. Critical examination of previous studies will help the researcher to

formulate & delimit the problem, to minimize the possibility of duplication of

research, to suggest a theoretical framework for the study, to learn from the

reported experience of others about its feasibility to critically evaluate the

various methods used by others & choose the most appropriate design for the

investigation & so on. such a review also helps to discuss the results & draw

conclusions.6

A descriptive study was conducted on ‘Fear of lawsuits put staff

off first aid’ at Thames Valley University. To assess the first aid knowledge

of secondary teachers, the study was concluded with impression as, ‘It is

impractical for teachers to be able to cover all aspect of first aid, but it is

essential to learn emergency first aid during life saving events’. The

investigator found no case to date where legal action has taken as a result of

teacher (or any other) applying first aid in an emergency. 7

7

A survey was conducted on ‘level of knowledge & an attitude of teacher

of chosen secondary school towards giving the first aid’ in west

Pomeranian, among 100 teachers from two high schools. 50 Standard

questionnaires were used to investigate the problem. The survey confirm

that the knowledge about giving first aid is insufficient, the half respondent

knows rules of giving first aid & one third declares that they can not put

these rules into the practice. There are no measure difference in the level of

knowledge about first aid between teachers from a large city & a small

town, to improve knowledge of rules of giving the first aid among teachers

& pupils are mandatory so investigator suggested cyclical training course

for teacher led by medical professionals & further courses for led by those

teachers in collaboration with students of the last year of paramedical

studies.8

A quasi experimental study was performed to assess the ‘effect of

first aid training in junior high school’. Data collected by Pre & Post

questionnaires to 82 randomly selected schools from students and teachers.

Separate questionnaires filled in by teacher show a low degree of

implementation of the programme. When comparing those classes that

really use program with control classes significant differences where

revealed in many of variables both self sufficient emotion in situation

required first aid skill and attitude towards giving a learning first aid.

where important for intended behavior.9

A study was conducted on secondary school student (34

male and 193 female) and 79 secondary school teachers (28 male and 51

female) to study the level of first aid knowledge was carried out. It

consisted general and particular part. 7 student excellent 57 students as a

good result 163 student’s inadequate level of knowledge none of teachers

achieve an excellent result. 11 achieve good results and 63 present

inadequate level of knowledge. Higher level of knowledge was presented

by those with driving license. Further the study was concluded that the

knowledge of secondary school students and teachers appears to be

8

Insufficient to perform basic life support. Educational programs in secondary

school should be initiated in terms of extending social safety. 10

A cross sectional study was conducted at Union Territory of

Chandigharh, India, with objectives – 1).To develops first aid health kit

having appropriate drugs and equipment in the schools. 2). To strengthen

the school health services by involving teachers and training them to take

appropriate action the school hours.

From 100 Govt. Schools at Chandigarh, 90839 children enrolled in

this study. Study reveals that only 6 % of schools had health care/first aid

kits in pre-intervention phase this increased to 87% in post intervention.

Basic health equipment in schools also increased variably post

interventional. It was noticed that 65% of schools were having facility for

referring sick children to Govt. health centers and 16% to Private clinics.

65% of teacher in charge, health and medicine were not sure of taking

appropriate action or decision initially which subsequently decreased to nil

in post intervention. Availability of common drugs like Paracetamol

increased from 16% in pre-intervention to 71.7% later on. Knowledge of

teachers about common drugs used in various ailments like fever increased

from 71% to 86.9%. Further study was concluded as sensitization of school

administrators, educators and explaining the relevance of school health

resulted in significant improvement and preparation of health kit and

strengthening of school health services.11

In Nigeria a study was conducted to determine the knowledge of

118 primary school teachers related to epilepsy and its first aid

management. The results shows that 10 % (12) of 118 teachers graded

good and. 45% (54) fair where as 43 %( 52) teachers were having poor

knowledge. Hence the education of primary school teacher and general

public on epilepsy is recommended. 12

On attempt to determine the extent of training and emergency care

9

knowledge of public school teacher in Mid Western States with a

secondary purpose to assess frequency of injury and illness in school

setting requiring the teacher to find response at USA. Questioner of 14 item

scenario based on emergency medical care test and pre test was distributed

to 334 teachers, 1/3 teachers has no specific training in first aid .40% never

been trained in CPR. 87% respondent strongly agreed that emergency care

training should be required in teacher preparation programme. The study

concluded as most of public school teacher’s deficit in both training and

knowledge of emergency care. 13

A study was conducted to evaluate ‘First Aid Knowledge and

Attitude of Turkish Primary School Teachers’. 312 teachers participate in

the study, data obtained by questionnaire, that helps identify the teacher

and determine their knowledge and attitude about first aid. Data was

analyzed by chi-square test 65.1% of teacher gave incorrect answers

regarding epitaxsis, 63.5% for bee stings and 88.5% for abrasions. It was

found that as the age of the teacher increases, appropriate first aid practice

becomes more and more unlikely..14

The study conducted during November and December 2004 in a

purposefully selected boy’s of senior secondary school of Naraingarh,

Haryana. All students of 9th and 10th class were included in the study. The

questionnaire was administered to 76 students of science section of 9th and

10th class. eighty percent of students scored more than 50% marks (range

34.5%-82.8%).there were 68.5% correct responses (263 out of 380)

regarding malaria, 33.2% could correctly enumerate food- and water-borne

diseases, The study was concluded with provision of knowledge about

correct management of injuries and illness to students is a sound and

logical investment. First it will improve their health knowledge, which in

turn will help them to lead a healthy life. Second, such empowered students

could be effectively used as a change agent in the family and community15

7 Material & Methods:-7.1 Source of Data:-

10

Data will be collected from secondary schools teacher at selected

schools in Ghataprabha.

7.2 Methods of data collection:-

I. Research design Descriptive Design

II. Setting Selected secondary school at

Ghataprabha

III. Sampling technique purposive

IV. Sample size 50

V. Method of data collection For knowledge -Self Administered

Questionnaire.

For attitude 3 point likert’s scale.

VI. Tools for data collection Self developed Questionnaire on First

Aid emergency management among

children’s.

VII Method of data analysis &

interpretation

The Investigator will use inferential

statistical techniques for data analysis

and present in form of tables and

charts

VIII Duration of study 8 weeks.

IX Research variables Dependent Variables: Knowledge and

attitudes

Extraneous variables: Demographic

data and years of experience of teacher

X Projected out come The study will increase knowledge

among secondary school teachers

about first aid management of selected

emergencies among school children.

11

7.3 Does the study require any investigation to be conducted on patient or

animal? ---------------NO.

7.4:- Has ethical clearance been obtained from your institution?

--------------YES.

8 BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1. First aid for the injured. St John Ambulance association, 2008;123-

124

2. Mrs.Kazi Fauzia Jawed, Effectiveness Of Planned Teaching

Programme On First –Aid For Selected Accidents & Emergencies For

School Children In Selected High Schools Of Udupi District

NNT2007 Dec; 30-32.

3. Thomas Parker, Introduction to First Aid http//www.health

guidance.org lauthers /661

4. Sakshi Khatta. First aid in Schools.TNN Jul20,2009;A:3 (col:3)

5. Karren.K.J, Hafen, B.Q, first responder a skill approach,2005;

(3)53;129-35.

6. P.S.S. Sundar Rao. An Introduction to Biostatistics. New Delhi,

Prentice Hall of India Pvt.Ltd.3rd Ed. 2004; 175.

7. Adi Bloom. Fear of lawsuits puts staff off first aid. TES 2008Nov; 10-

12.

8. Wisniewski J, Majewski WD, Assessment of knowledge about first

aid among the teachers of chosen high school in western Pomeranian

region.2007, 53(2), 114-123.

12

9. Engeland A, Roysamb E, Smedslund G, Sogaurd A .J. Effects of first-

aid training in Junior high schools,Inj Control Saf Prompt.2002

Jun;9(2):99-106.

10. Sosada. K, Zurawiriski W,Stephen T , Makarska J, Myrcik,

Evaluation of knowledge of teachers and high school students in

Silesia on the principles of first aid, wiad.lek.2002,55SuppI (Pt

2):883-9

11. Vikas Bhatia, Sonia Puri, Chetna Mangat, Amrit Pal Kaur. An

Interventional study to strengthen first aid care in schools of

Chandigarh, India. Int. Jou 2010(8): 1

12. ALikar EB, Essien AA, Childhood epilepsy: knowledge and attitude

of primary school teachers in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, Niger J ed. 2005

Jul- Sep;14(3): 299-303.

13. Gagliardi M, Neighbors M, Spears C, Byrd S, Snarr J. Emergencies in

the school settings: are public school teachers adequately trained to

respond?. Prehosp Disaater Med. 2003 Oct- Dec;9 (4):222-5.

14. Baser M, Coban S, Tasci S, Sungur , Bayat M., Evaluating first – aid

knowledge and attitudes of a Turkish primary school teachers. J

Emerg Nurs. 2007 Oct:33(5):428-32.

15. Sonu Goel, amarjeet Singh, Health Awareness of High School

Students, Ind Jour of Comm Med 2007 Jul :32 (3);192-195.

9 SIGNATURE OF THE

13

CANDIDATE

10 REMARKS OF THE

GUIDE

This study is feasible and I forward it for

acceptance.

11 NAME AND

DESIGNATION OF THE

GUIDE

11.1 GUIDE

Prof. Smt. S. M. Satralkar Principal

Professor & H.O.D.

Dept of Child Health Nursing

Shri J G Co-operative Hospital Society’s

College of Nursing, Ghataprabha.

Dist: Belgaum

11.2 SIGNATURE

11.3 CO-GUIDE

11.4 SIGNATURE

11.5 HEAD OF THE

DEPARTMENT

Prof. Smt. S. M. Satralkar

Professor & H.O.D.

Dept of Pediatric Nursing

11.6 SIGNATURE

12 REMARKS OF THE

CHAIRMAN AND

PRINCIPAL

The topic is discussed with the members of

the research & Ethical Committee and

finalized.

She is permitted to conduct the study.

12.1 SIGNATURE

14