AMAJOR PROJECT

REPORT ON“RAIN WATER HARVESTING”

UnderGuidance MR. MUNNY

MR.K.K MS.MONA RANI

Submitted By SOBHIT KUMAR(Roll No.4910705)

YASH THAKUR(Roll No.4910711) GAURAV KUMAR (Roll No.4910713)

RAVINDER KUMAR (Roll No.4910731) VIKAS MALIK(Roll No.341195)

ROHIT RAMAN(Roll No.4910734) RAVINDER PANWAR(Roll No.4911866)

NARESH DESWAL(Roll No.4911870)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

GEETA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

NAULTHA, PANIPAT, HARYANA

CERTIFICATE

This is certify that this major project report entitled “THE RAIN

WATER HARVESTING” at GEETA ENGINEERING

COLLEGE,NAULTHA PANIPAT carried out as a partial fulfillment of

the requirement for the Bachelor in Technology in CIVIL

ENGINEERING is a result of project report carried out by us,under

the guidance of Mr. MONA RANI and supervision of Mr. MUNNY

& Mr. K.K during the period of pepartion of major project.

Mr. MUNNYProject incharge

Lect. In GEC

GEETA ENGNEERING COLLEGENAULTHA,PANIPAT

DECLARATION

We are all declare that this of Project report entitled “THE

RAIN WATER HARVESTING” at GEC, PANIPAT, submitted by

us to the deppt. Of civil engg.,in gec ,panipat .If there are

found any type of error or any not understandings of any

working there are our fault.

All the above data is correct.so please allow it

SOBHIT KUMAR(Roll No.4910705) YASH THAKUR(Roll No.4910711)

GAURAV KUMAR (Roll No.4910713) RAVINDER KUMAR (Roll No.4910731)

ROHIT RAMAN(Roll No.4910734) VIKAS MALIK(Roll No.341195)

RAVINDER PANWAR(Roll No.4911866) NARESH DESWAL(Roll No.4911870)

Dept. of Civil Engineering

Geeta Engineering College

CONTENT INTRODUCTION

SYSTEM SETUP

QUALITY

RECHARGE OF GROUND WATER

ESSENTIAL RAIN WATER HARVESTING

RAIN WATER HARVESTING TECHNIQUES

DIVERSION OF RUN OFF WATER FROM SURFACE

FACTOR REQIREDS FOR RAIN WATER HARVESTING

HARNESSING LIFE OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING

ATTRIBUTES OF GROUNDWATER

LAWS & POLICY

FOUNDATIONS

STATE PROFILE

DYNAMIC GROUND RESOURCES

CONCULSION

INTRODUCTION

Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of

rainwater for reuse before it reaches the aquifer. Uses

include water for garden, water for livestock, water

for irrigation, and indoor heating for houses etc. In many

places the water collected is just redirected to a deep pit

with percolation.

The harvested water can be used as drinking water as well

as for storage and other purpose like irrigation.

Rainwater harvesting provides an independent water supply

during regional water restrictions and in developed countries

is often used to supplement the main supply. It provides

water when there is a drought, can help mitigate flooding of

low-lying areas, and reduces demand on wells which may

enable ground water levels to be sustained. It also helps in

the availability of potable water as rainwater is substantially

free of salinity and other salts

System setup

Rainwater harvesting systems can be installed with minimal skills. The system should be sized to meet the water demand throughout the dry season since it must be big enough to support daily water consumption. Specifically, the rainfall capturing area such as a building roof must be large enough to maintain adequate flow. The water storage tank size should be large enough to contain the captured water

Rain water harvesting is possible by growing fresh water flooded forests without losing the income from the used /submerged land.

The main purpose of the rain water harvesting is to utilize the locally available rain water to meet water requirements throughout the year without the need of huge capital expenditure. This would facilitate availability of uncontaminated water for domestic, industrial and irrigation needs.

QUALITY

The concentration of contaminants is reduced significantly by diverting the initial flow of run-off water to waste.[1] Improved water quality can also be obtained by using a floating draw-off

mechanism (rather than from the base of the tank) and by using a series of tanks, with draw from the last in series. The stored rainwater may need to be analyzed properly before use in a way appropriate to ensure its safe use

The quality of collected rainwater is generally better than that of surface water. Contamination is always possible by airborne dust and mists, bird feces, and other debris, so some treatment may be necessary, depending on how the water will be used.

WHAT IS RAIN WATER HARVESTING:

The principle of collecting and using precipitation from a catchments surface.

An old technology is gaining popularity in a new way. Rain water harvesting is enjoying a renaissance of sorts in the world, but it traces its history to biblical times. Extensive rain water harvesting apparatus existed 4000 years ago in the Palestine and Greece. In ancient Rome, residences were built with individual cisterns and paved courtyards to capture rain water to augment water from city's aqueducts. As early as the third millennium BC, farming communities in Baluchistan and Kutch impounded rain water and used it for irrigation dams.

ARTIFICAL RECHARGE TO GROUND WATER:

Artificial recharge to ground water is a process by which the ground water reservoir is augmented at a rate exceeding that obtaining under natural conditions or replenishment. Any man-made scheme or facility that adds water to an aquifer may be considered to be an artificial recharge system.

WHY RAIN WATER HARVESTING :

Rain water harvesting is essential because :-

Surface water is inadequate to meet our demand and we have to depend on ground water.

Due to rapid urbanization, infiltration of rain water into the sub-soil has decreased drastically and recharging of ground water has diminished.

As you read this guide, seriously consider conserving water by harvesting and managing this natural resource by artificially recharging the system. The examples covering several dozen installations successfully operating in India constructed and maintained by CGWB, provide an excellent snapshot of current systems.

RAIN WATER HARVESTING TECHNIQUES :

There are two main techniques of rain water harvestings.

Storage of rainwater on surface for future use.

Recharge to ground water. The storage of rain water on surface is a traditional techniques and structures used were underground tanks, ponds, check dams, weirs etc. Recharge to ground water is a new concept of rain water harvesting and the structures generally used are :-

Pits :- Recharge pits are constructed for recharging the shallow aquifer. These are constructed 1 to 2 m, wide and to 3 m. deep which are back filled with boulders, gravels, coarse sand.

Trenches:- These are constructed when the permeable stram is available at shallow depth.

Trench may be 0.5 to 1 m. wide, 1 to 1.5m. deep and 10 to 20 m. long depending up availability of water. These are back filled with filter. materials.

Dug wells:- Existing dug wells may be utilised as recharge structure and water should pass through filter media before putting into dug well.

Hand pumps :- The existing hand pumps may be used for recharging the shallow/deep aquifers, if the availability of water is limited. Water should pass through filter media before diverting it into hand pumps.

Recharge wells :- Recharge wells of 100 to 300 mm. diameter are generally constructed for recharging the deeper aquifers and water is passed through filter media to avoid choking of recharge wells.

Recharge Shafts :- For recharging the shallow aquifer which are located below clayey surface, recharge shafts of 0.5 to 3 m. diameter and 10 to 15 m. deep are constructed and back filled with boulders, gravels & coarse sand.

Lateral shafts with bore wells :- For recharging the upper as well as deeper aquifers lateral shafts of 1.5 to 2 m. wide & 10 to 30 m. long depending upon

availability of water with one or two bore wells are constructed. The lateral shafts is back filled with boulders, gravels & coarse sand.

Spreading techniques :- When permeable strata starts from top then this technique is used. Spread the water in streams/Nalas by making check dams, nala bunds, cement plugs, gabion structures or a percolation pond may be constructed.

DIVERSION OF RUN OFF INTO EXISTING SURFACE WATER BODIES

Construction activity in and around the city is resulting in the drying up of water bodies and reclamation of these tanks for conversion into plots for houses.

Free flow of storm run off into these tanks and water bodies must be ensured. The storm run off may be diverted into the nearest tanks or depression, which will create additional recharge.

Urbanisation effects on Groundwater Hydrology :

Increase in water demand

More dependence on ground water use

Over exploitation of ground water

Increase in run-off, decline in well yields and fall in water levels

Reduction in open soil surface area

Reduction in infiltration and deterioration in water quality

Methods of artificial recharge in urban areas :

Water spreading

Recharge through pits, trenches, wells, shafts

Rooftop collection of rainwater

Roadtop collection of rainwater

Induced recharge from surface water bodies.

Computation of artificial recharge from Roof top rainwater collection :

Factors taken for computation :

Roof top area 100 sq.m. for individual house and 500 sq.m. for multi-storied building.

Average annual monsoon rainfall - 780 mm.Effective annual rainfall contributing to recharge 70% - 550 mm

IndividualHouses

Multistoriedbuilding

Roof top area

100 sq. m.

500 sq. m.

Total quantity available forrecharge per annum

55 cu. m 275 cu. m.

Water available for 5 member Family

100 days 500 days

Benefits of Artificial Recharge in Urban Areas:

Improvement in infiltration and reduction in run-off.Improvement in groundwater levels and yields.Reduces strain on Special Village Panchayats/ Municipal / Municipal Corporation water supplyImprovement in groundwater qualityEstimated quantity of additional recharge from 100 sq. m. roof top area is 55.000 liters.

HARVESTING RAINWATER HARNESSING LIFE :

A NOBLE GOAL - A COMMON RESPONSIBILITY

Ground water exploitation is inevitable is Urban areas. But the groundwater potential is getting reduced due to urbanisation resulting in over exploitation. Hence, a strategy to implement the groundwater recharge, in a major way need to be launched with concerted efforts by various Governmental and Non-Governmental Agencies and Public at large to build up the water table and make the groundwater resource, a reliable and sustainable source for supplementing water supply needs of the urban dwellers.

Recharge of groundwater through storm run off and roof top water collection, diversion and collection of run off into dry tanks, play grounds, parks and other vacant places are to be implemented by Special Village Panchayats/ Municipalities /Municipal Corporations and other Government Establishments with special efforts.

The Special Village Panchayats /Municipalities/Municipal Corporations will help the citizens and builders to adopt suitable recharge method in one's own house or building through demonstration and offering subsidies for materials and incentives, if possible

ATTRIBUTES OF GROUNDWATER :

There is more ground water than surface water

Ground water is less expensive and economic resource.Ground water is sustainable and reliable source of water supply.Ground water is relatively less vulnerable to pollutionGround water is usually of high bacteriological purity.Ground water is free of pathogenic organisms.Ground water needs little treatment before use.Ground water has no turbidity and colour.Ground water has distinct health advantage as art alternative for lower sanitary quality surface water.Ground water is usually universally available.Ground water resource can be instantly developed and used.There is no conveyance losses in ground water based supplies.Ground water has low vulnerability to drought.Ground water is key to life in arid and semi-arid regions.

 Laws and Policy

NEW DELHI

.The Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) has directed Group Housing Societies/Institutions/Schools/Hotels/Industrial establishments/Farm Houses in South and South West Districts and group housing societies located outside notified areas of NCT of Delhi where ground water levels are more than 8 meters below the ground surface to adopt Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting systems in their premises.  Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation, Govt. of India has made modifications to the building bye laws that requires Water Harvesting through storing of water runoff including rain water in all new buildings on plots of 100 sq. meters and above will be mandatory.  Building plans are not sanctioned unless such provision is provided. DDA/MCD representatives undertake a site inspection before issue of Completion Certificate to the building and ensure that the RWH is made as per plan. Buildings with plots of 200 sq. meters or above that extract ground water through tube wells, bore wells, etc need to implement Rain water harvesting. 

Foundations

Use bolders for different size.

Make a layer of that types of stone in a proper pattern.

Make at least 2 metres depths and placed all stones which works as like filter,when water

Comes from a pipe from the roof & surface of

The earth.

There is no special requirement of skill labours

There is a need of good plan of system

This water are collected under the foundation

And join the ground water ,or a tanks.

State Profile Ground Water Scenario of Haryana

Area (Sq.km) 44,212

Rainfall (mm) 615

Total Districts / Blocks 21 districts    / 108 Blocks

Dynamic Ground Water ResourcesAnnual Replenishable Ground water Resource

9.31 BCM

Net Annual Ground Water Availability

8.63 BCM

Annual Ground Water Draft

9.45 BCM

Stage of Ground Water Development

109 %

CONCLUSION

First of all there is a saving of water for

the future planning for new generation.

No special requirement of skill

provision

Wastes of water be controlled

Where the lacks of water,this type of

techniques is adopted

When tank is installed the water is used

as toilet,bathrooms,vantery,and some

others places.