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DoorNew WorldIt is impossible to overstate the importance of humankind’s clearing of the forests. The transformation of forested lands by human actions represents one of the great forces in global environmental change and one of the great drivers of biodiversity loss. The impact of people has been and continues to be profound. Forests are cleared, degraded and fragmented by timber harvest, conversion to agriculture, road-building, human-caused fire, and in myriad other ways. The ef-fort to use and subdue the forest has been a constant theme in the transformation of the earth, in many societies, in many lands, and at most times. Deforestation has important implications for life on this planet.

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Just think, originally, almost half of the United States, three-quarters of Canada, almost all of Europe, the plains of the Levant, and much of the rest of the world were forested. The forests have been mostly removed for fuel, building materials and to clear land for farming. The clearing of the forests has been one of the most historic and prodigious feats of humanity.About one half of the forests that covered the Earth are gone. Each year, another 16 million hectares disappear. The World Resources Institute estimates that only about 22% of the world’s (old growth) original forest cover remains “intact” - most of this is in three large areas: the Canadian and Alaskan boreal forest, the boreal forest of Russia, and the tropical forest of the northwestern Amazon Basin and the Guyana Shield (Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, Columbia, etc.)

Today, forests cover more than one quarter of the world’s total land area, exclud-ing polar regions. Slightly more than 50% of the forests are found in the tropics and the rest are temperate and boreal (coniferous northern forest) zones. Seven countries (Russia, Brazil, Canada, the United States, China, Indonesia, and the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire) account for more than 60% of the total.For millennia, humankind has influenced the forests, although much of the impact has been relatively minor. Today, the impact is enormous. Deforestation is expanding and accelerating into the remaining areas of undisturbed forest, and the quality of the remaining forests is declining. Today we examine global patterns in deforestation, assess the human and ecological costs of forest loss, and discuss some of the steps that can help to rectify this alarming situation.

Bamboo is the name given to a group of perennial evergreen plant that is commonly found in Eastern Asia, the Americas, Australasia and sub-Saharan Africa. In Eastern and South Eastern Asia, the plant is of high economic im-portance, where it is used in gardens, for food and as a crucial material for building.

As a woody plant, it is hardy, and can be found growing in a diverse range of climates - from the tropical jungle environment of Chile, to the high cold mountain slopes of the himalayas. In fact it is only Canada, Europe, Antarc-tica and Western Asia where bamboo is not found as a native plant species! It has however been introduced to these areas too, and usually takes to the climates in these places just as easily.

One of the main factors behind the usefulness of bamboo over history, and indeed its success as a plant on such a large scale, is the rate at which it grows. As the fastest growing plant on earth, bamboo has been measured at having a growth rate exceeding one metre per hour for short periods. Stud-ies have the record for daily growth as 121cm over a 24-hour period. Although the modern plant is a little shorter, heights of 250 feet were not unusual for prehistoric bamboo variet-ies!

The first exposure most people in the western world have to bamboo is prob-

ably as part of a chinese (or other East Asian) meal! The shoots of bamboo are often used in many Asian dishes, and are readily available sliced in fresh and canned form from most supermar-kets. The sap of young stalks can also be tapped to make a sweet wine called ulanzi.

Continuing the culinary theme, larger bamboo stalks, because of their hol-lowness, are often used as cooking vessels. The food can be placed in the stalk, and then cooked directly over the flame.

For construction, harvested bamboo can be treated to form a very hard and lightweight material. This can be used as supports in traditional Asian housing, as scaffolding, or even as a replacement for steel reinforced rods in concrete style construction. Steamed and flattened sections of bamboo are also becoming popular as an alterna-tive to more traditional wooden floor-ing panels.

One of the more recent uses for Bam-boo is as a fibre for making clothing fabric. In this incarnation, bamboo has been found to have several desirable properties; it is very light and extreme-ly soft, making it very comfortable to wear; it also wicks moisture away from the skin, making it ideal clothing for carrying out exercise in (i.e. yogo, or jogging) or as a material for baby clothing and accessories.

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reen is life. Abundant in nature, green signifies growth, renewal, health, and environment. On the flip side, green is jealousy or envy (green-eyed monster) and inexperience.Green is a restful color with some of the same calming attributes of blue. Like blue, time moves

faster in a green room.Green is the national color of Ireland and is strongly associated with that coun-try. Green also has close associations with Islam. Because of all the green in na-ture the color is reminiscent of Spring. Coupled with red it’s a Christmas color.G

Why do we love music? Science has spent much time and en-ergy exploring this question, yield-ing many results but few answers. Our lives are lived with music: from childhood’s lullabies to first car ste-reos to wedding marches, music is the wordless voice that gives silent definition to our days and hours. It can lift our spirits or ease our pain, speak to our sense of new-found love or ancient loss, and is the em-phatic punctuation on every celebra-tion, no matter how small.

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All aboutmossIt’s a plant that’s velvety soft, vivid green and practically takes care of itself.What’s not to like about moss?As it turns out, with all of these inviting qualities, some gardeners adore moss. Others can’t stand it.“Personally, I love moss,” says Selene Loomis, landscape designer and arborist at Green Mist Gardens in Chardon. “I use it in my fairy gardens. It’s also lovely growing between stepping or patio stones if you can establish it.” “Moss gardens can be quite lovely, sort of calming,” says Victoria Mentrek, who recently sold Heights Garden Cen-ter in Cleveland Heights and now works at Breezewood Gardens in Chagrin Falls.Moss is serene and soothing, almost surreal, in its natural setting and when planned in a garden. It is the focal plant in many Japanese and tea gardens.Most mosses are shade-loving, spreading out into a green carpet under an umbrella of trees. Moss clings to stone stairways, brings color and texture to the nooks in path stones, and grows on rocks perched aside streams.Few gardeners plant moss, even though the easy-to-maintain ground-hugger is considered perfect for shady areas where grass won’t thrive. Because there isn’t a big demand, moss isn’t always easy to find at garden centers.

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Members of Christ United Method-ist Church may wake up one of these mornings to find a couple of pink garden flamingos in their yard.The church’s youth group is going around at night to yards belonging to church members and planting the flamingos in the ground, said Bailey Phillips, youth director at the church.The birds are part of a project that will help fund mission trips and other activities for the youth group.“Right now, we’ve got a list of hous-es,” Phillips said. “We keep adding to our list. We’re slowly making our way through that list.”Phillips said the church’s youth group has done the flamingo project before with some success, so they decided to

bring it back.“It’s just kind of a fun idea for the youth kids to do to get interactive,” Phillips said.Phillips said every evening, the youth group picks up the flamingos from one yard and puts them in another.Along with the birds, the group leaves a note explaining what they’re for and how to get them out.In order to get the pink birds out of their yard, church members must pay to move them to another yard.Or, they can buy “insurance” from having the flamingos put in their yard.Phillips said the project has been going on for about a week and a half, and the youth group plans on doing it for at least several more days.

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Flamingos

A fern is any one of a group of about 12,000 species of plants.

Unlike mosses, they have xylem and phloem.

They have stems, leaves, and roots like other vascular plants.

Ferns do not have either seeds or flowers.

F E R N

Unlike mere minerals, gem-stones possess an alchemic mix of beauty, durability and rarity. Emerald, however, goes one better. Prized by the Romans, the Incas, the Moguls and the czars, it lays claim to one of the gem trade’s longest and most illustrious histories.And therein lies the rub.During the designer renaissance of the past 20 years, emerald became a victim of its own highfalutin image. Considered too classic, too expensive and too fussy by the talented young jewelers who revolutionized the trade’s understanding of fashion, May’s birthstone was forsaken by all but the most conventional stylists.Adding insult to injury, in 1997, the U.S. television news program “Dateline” revealed the prevalence of undisclosed treatments in the emerald trade. A related court case sent the market into a slump that dragged on for nearly a decade.The color is, invariably, as-sociated with Colombia, and, specifically, Muzo, the largest and most prestigious of the country’s mines, located about 100 kilometers, or 60 miles, north of Bogotá.Blessed with pitch-perfect concentrations of chromium and vanadium, the elements that transform plain beryl into a crystal cocktail of extreme desire, Muzo emeralds were adored by the Moguls, who engraved them with verses of Islamic text or fashioned giant emerald crystals into wine goblets.

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R1DB

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A new study disputes a widely-held assumption that protecting forest resources exacerbates poverty for people living nearby.Instead, this novel research shows that saving rainforests and protecting land in national parks and reserves reduced poverty in Costa Rica and Thailand. The researchers looked at the long term impacts of poor people living near parks and reserves estab-lished in 1985 or earlier. From the abstract:“As global efforts to protect eco-systems expand, the socioeconomic impact of protected areas on neigh-boring human communities contin-ues to be a source of intense debate.

The debate persists because previ-ous studies do not directly measure socioeconomic outcomes and do not use appropriate comparison groups to account for potential confound-ers. We illustrate an approach using

comprehensive national datasets and quasi-experimental matching methods. We estimate impacts of protected area systems on poverty in Costa Rica and Thailand and find that although communities near pro-tected areas are indeed substantially poorer than national averages, an analysis based on comparison with appropriate controls does not sup-port the hypothesis that these differ-ences can be attributed to protected areas. In contrast, the results indicate that the net impact of ecosystem protection was to alleviate poverty.”Coauthor and economist Paul J. Fer-raro tells Georgia State University the results are counterintuitive:

The authors speculate that conserva-tion of biodiverse areas may help poor people through tourism and infrastructure, notably new roads providing new economic opportuni-ties.

Rainforest, By Julia Whitty

Save

a

Reduce Poverty

“Most people might expect that if you restrict resources, people on average will be worse off.”

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Reduce Poverty

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Pulled teardrops cut

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Harlequin bud vase lend

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T E A R D R O P S

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Diamonds are one of the world’s most precious gems. The word diamond comes from a Greek word, “adamus”, which means invincible. This is because diamonds are the hardest minerals in the world. They are 1000 times harder than rubies or sapphires. Not even the most powerful acids can harm a diamond’s sur-face. Diamonds really are invincible!!Millions of years ago pockets of carbon dioxide existed deep beneath the Earth’s crust. Extreme heat and pressure caused the carbon atoms to crystallize forming diamonds. Pressure built up causing vol-canic eruptions that brought the diamonds up to the surface.The value of a diamond is based on the four c’s: carat, cut, clarity, and color.Carat is the weight of a diamond. One carat equals 1/5 gram.The cut of a diamond is it’s shape after a jeweler finishes it. The four most com-mon cuts are pear, emerald, marquise, and brilliant.

The clarity of a diamond is how pure it is. Diamonds can range from flawless to heavily flawed.The most common colors of diamonds are white, yellow, and brown. Diamonds can also be blue, red, orange, purple, green, and even black. A very brightly colored diamond is called a fancy. Fancies are rare and worth a lot of money.Diamonds have many uses. About 20% of diamonds found are used for jewelry. The other 80% are used in industry. These uses include: cutting tools, polishing hard metal, phonograph and videodisc needles, and bearings for laboratory instruments.The first diamonds were found in ancient times in India. Large diamond deposits were found in Brazil around the 1720’s. Huge diamond fields were discovered in Siberia in 1956. In the 1860’s, diamonds were found in South Africa. This led to a diamond rush in the Kimberly Fields. Now, most of the world’s diamonds come from South Africa.

iamondsD

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abou

t th

e

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The Artistry of DAVID BIRNBAUMRain Forest Ⅱ Collection

1st Edition, published by David Birnbaum Rare1 Corp., Copyright © 2010

589 Fifth Avenue Seventh Floor New York, NY 10017phone: (212) 575-0266

fax: (212) 398-9438e-mail: DBprivate@aol.com

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David Birnbaum

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