radradineffect of new radon in mining past, present...

RADRADINEFFECT OF NEW RADON IN MININGPAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

Presented To:SMA ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM 2018SASKATOON INN SASKATCHEWAN17 OCTOBER 2018

Presented By:Douglas Chambers, Ph.D.Arcadis Canada

© Arcadis 2018

Every thing is naturally radioactive

Uranium-238, radium-226 and hence radon-222 are ubiquitous

2

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Concentration Ranges of Uraniumand Thorium Series Radionuclides

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000

Soil, Th-232

Soil, Ra-226

Soil, U-238

Other metal ores, U-238 or Th-232

Bauxite

Phosphates, U-238

Rutile, U-238

Ilmenite, Th-232

Zircon, U-238

Pyrochlore, Th-232

Monazite, Th-232

Uranium ores, U-238

Activity concentration (Bq/g)

Data fromUNSCEAR 2000

Non-optimum useof regulatoryresources

Optimum useof regulatoryresources

After Wymer, 2008

0.0010.010.1110100100010000

Soil, Th-232

Soil, Ra-226

Soil, U-238

Other metal ores, U-238 or Th-232

Bauxite

Phosphates, U-238

Rutile, U-238

Ilmenite, Th-232

Zircon, U-238

Pyrochlore, Th-232

Monazite, Th-232

Uranium ores, U-238

Activity concentration (Bq/g)

Data from

UNSCEAR 2000

Non-optimum use

of regulatory

resources

Optimum use

of regulatory

resources

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4

44

Radon Concentration in Soil Gasof Sedimentary Rocks

according to geological age

according to rock type

Jung et al

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RECOGNITION OF LUNG CANCER AS A RISK TO MINERSMining of metals and minerals has been taking place for thousands ofyears

In the 15th century, a large silver deposit was discovered at Joachimsthalin Bohemia which was the basis for Agricola’s treatise on mining De ReMetallica

As early as Agricola, there was a recognition of an unusually highincidence of a fatal lung disease in miners

• the unusual lung disease was eventually (500 years later) recognizedas lung cancer

• The miners’ disease was reported to have caused up to 70% of theminers’ deaths

• radon levels in these medieval mines were thought to have had radonprogeny levels ranging from 30 to 150 WL

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MOTIVATION FOR OCCUPATIONAL RADON GUIDANCEBy the mid 1950’s, there was a global awareness of the risk of lungcancer in miners.

This drove the development of radiation protection guidelines for radonand consequent parallel changes to mining methods and ventilationpractices

The radon guidelines and standards evolved over time as ourunderstanding of the radon hazard evolved through measurement andepidemiology studies of miners

These actions which resulted in substantial improvements in radonlevels in uranium mines in Canada and elsewhere

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Evolution of Radon Standardin the USA -1The United States uranium industry began after World War II when the government began to buy uranium.

Early mine operators knew nothing of the hazard of exposure to radon and no government agency had the authority to regulate the health and safety of miners.

In 1949, the U.S. Public Health Service became concerned about the potential hazard based on the experience of the Joachimsthal/ Schneeberg mines.

Measurements in about 40 mines in Utah and Colorado and confirmed high concentrations averaging over 92,000 Bq/m3 (2,500 pCi/L).

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Radon Concentrations Found in US Uranium Mines in 1949 to 1950*

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*Holaday and Doyle, 1964

AreaNumber

ofMines

Range of Radon Concentrations

(pCi L−1)

Median Value(pCi L−1)

Navajo reservation 4 37 – 7,500 345

Utah 10 100 – 50,000 5,000

Colorado 24 135 – 22,300 2,540

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Evolution of Radon Standardin the USA - 2Beginning in 1954, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission had regulatory authority over the uranium industry

• after the material was mined but had no authority to regulate the mining industry.

• There were no mining industry standards and no personnel experienced in assessing the hazard within the mining community.

In 1955, the Public Health Service developed the concept of expressing a tolerance level in terms of the potential alpha energy of radon decay products in air

In 1958, the Nuclear Standards Board of the American National Standards Association (later Institute), established a committee to develop a standard for uranium mines and mills.

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Evolution of Radon Standardin the USA - 3• The adoption of 1 WL standard was adopted in 1960 (12 working

level months per year)• Its utility was in that it was thought to be directly related to lung

dose• The standard was the impetus for a significant decrease in miner

exposures beginning in 1960, as states and mining companies began implementing control through mine planning and increased ventilation.

• The standard was reduced to 4 WLM per year in 1971 as the emerging picture of lung cancer developed.

• This standard is still in effect in mines in the United States.

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© Arcadis 2018 111950 1955 1960 1965 1970

Year

1000

100

10

1

0.1

Aver

age

Expo

sure

(WL)

MEASURED EXPOSURES FOR UNDERGROUND URANIUM MINES IN COLORADO

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Epidemiological Studies of Miners Considered in UNSCEAR 2006 – Annex E Colorado Plateau Ontario Czech Swedish Iron Beaverlodge Wismut Port Radium French Uranium

Chinese (uranium and tin) Newfoundland (fluorspar)

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URANIUM MINING IN CANADA• Underground mining, initially for radium, later for uranium started in

1932 at Port Radium in the Northwest Territory

• By 1951 Beaverlodge mine in northern Saskatchewan was inoperation (later many satellite mines)

• By the early 1950’s uranium was mined in Ontario at Elliot Lake(some 23 companies), Agnew lake and Bancroft

• Since the mid 1970’s uranium mining has focussed in northernSaskatchewan

• Several new developments planned for Saskatchewan andelsewhere in Canada

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PORT RADIUM, 1940

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Port Radium Hand Sorting

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Denison UG 1950’s

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RADON 1940 TO 1970

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ELLIOT LAKE MINES 1980s

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Underground at Rabbit Lake

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Underground at Cluff Lake

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Remote Scooptram Operatingat McArthur River

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Uranium Resource DevelopmentCanada

Kazakhstan

Mongolia

Russia

Australia

United States

Africa

By- product (gold, phosphate fertilizer production,…)

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For nuclear industry workers there are a number ofdatabases of occupational doses at both international andnational level (IAEA Information System on OccupationalExposure {ISOE}, Canada’s national dose registry…)

Similar systems are in place or being developed for medicalexposures and industrial workers

The Information System for Uranium Mining Exposures(UMEX) was designed to examine global occupationalexposures in uranium mining and processing

UMEX – The Idea

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UMEX – ObjectivesTo develop an information system for occupational exposurein uranium mining and milling

To obtain a global picture of the occupational radiationprotection experiences in uranium mining and processingindustry worldwide

To identify leading practices and opportunities and to deriveactions to be implemented for assisting in optimisingradiation protection

The UMEX project commenced in 2012

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Exposures in Modern Uranium Mines

27

Data from IAEA UMEX Survey to be Published 2018

Chart1

Underground- MiningUnderground- MiningUnderground- MiningUnderground- Mining

Underground- ProcessingUnderground- ProcessingUnderground- ProcessingUnderground- Processing

Open Cut- MiningOpen Cut- MiningOpen Cut- MiningOpen Cut- Mining

Open Cut- ProcessingOpen Cut- ProcessingOpen Cut- ProcessingOpen Cut- Processing

ISR-ProcessingISR-ProcessingISR-ProcessingISR-Processing

OtherOtherOtherOther

Gamma

LLAA

RDP

Total

0.8509806791

0.1825841034

0.7954925708

1.8303463036

0.2386145991

0.1837814177

0.1215329997

0.5439602317

0.7355077821

0.4530594577

0.282507515

1.5721326743

0.5191457048

0.5385464948

0.381872577

1.6353048945

2.5000739329

0.3653149236

1.0675146542

3.3637412533

0.4873890339

0.2281201044

0.2113768494

0.9270948651

Background

OPERATION 1OPERATION 2OPERATION 3OPERATION 4OPERATION 5OPERATION 6OPERATION 7OPERATION 8OPERATION 9OPERATION 10OPERATION 11OPERATION 12OPERATION 13OPERATION 14OPERATION 15OPERATION 16OPERATION 17OPERATION 18OPERATION 19OPERATION 20OPERATION 21

Operation information

Type of Mining**...................................UndergroundOpencutUndergroundOpencutISLOpencutISLUndergroundUnderground...................................Heap LeachISLOpencutOpencutUndergroundISLWater ProductionUndergroundOpencutCombination

Type of Processing**Acid LeachAcid LeachAcid LeachAcid LeachAcid LeachAlkali LeachAcid LeachOtherAcid LeachAcid LeachAlkali LeachAcid LeachAcid LeachAcid LeachOtherAcid LeachWater TreatmentAcid LeachAcid LeachAcid Leach

Average Proces Plant Feed Ore Grade (unit)1220-380 ppm U3O8N/A800 ppm0.07784.61164 ppm U0.2070.0071Not operational

Ore tonnage through process plant110,000-13,000 tonnes0N/A448 t/hr @ 85% Utilisation990911935113,291,850 t2576619260299Not operational

Production*...................................39542,000-4,000 tonnes15065005.2 million pounds36618,958,578 kg U3O88867584 kgClosing Production Dec 2012 – Closing Production Dec 2011 = 400.82 – 188.86 = 211.5 tU.about 2000037103065Sodium Diuranate1743702 kguranium oxideStopped

End Product**RehabilitationUranium Oxide U3O8Uranium Oxide U3O8Manganese Diuranate...................................Uranium Oxide U3O8Uranium Oxide UO4Ammonium Diuranate ADUOtherManganese DiuranateUranium Oxide U3O8OtherUranium Oxide U3O8Uranium Oxide U3O8Other......................................................................Uranium Oxide U3O8Uranium Oxide U3O8Uranium Oxide U3O8Uranium Oxide U3O8

Operational stage**...................................Full ProductionFull ProductionFull Production...................................Full ProductionFull ProductionFull ProductionFull ProductionFull ProductionFull ProductionPilot PlantFull ProductionFull ProductionFull ProductionOther...................................Full ProductionReduced ProductionRehabilitationFull Production

Environment2Arid/Semi aridArid/Semi aridArid/Semi arid...................................Arid/Semi aridArid/Semi aridArid/Semi aridCold climateMoonsoonalCold climateArid/Semi aridArid/Semi aridMoonsoonalArid/Semi aridCold climate...................................Arid/Semi aridCold climateArid/Semi aridArid/Semi arid

Staff Numbers

Occupationally exposed workers*104612310221742006304601276 employees in 2012k1345327480542010302420140314627plant is not operational. Approximately 30Those who are dealing with research on contaminated sites

contractors not already included in above*07630028included in aboveMine-63n/a00849030

non-designated workers13578167020400118021996population living around the tailingsStudents from Khujand National University

total14624180022010301276 workers445480563941062760 staff and population living around (20,000)50

Monitoring Approach

External Exposure - Gamma

Monitoring Approach**Thermo Luminescence DosimeterThermo Luminescence DosimeterCombinationThermo Luminescence DosimeterOtherThermo Luminescence DosimeterThermo Luminescence DosimeterThermo Luminescence DosimeterCombinationArea MonitoringOtherIntegrated DosimeterThermo Luminescence DosimeterThermo Luminescence DosimeterThermo Luminescence DosimeterOtherThermo Luminescence DosimeterArea MonitoringOtherThermo Luminescence DosimeterThermo Luminescence Dosimeter

Mininum Detectable Level10,02 mSv0.01 mSv per 3-month period0.0110 µSv/Qtr0.15 mSv per TLD0.01 mSv0.010.1 mSv0.03 mSv0.010.065 mcSv/h0.01selected part of u.tailing

Monitoring Methodology**All IndividualsSelected IndiviualsCombinationAll IndividualsAll IndividualsAll IndividualsWorkgroup AveragingAll IndividualsAll IndividualsAll IndividualsAll IndividualsWorkgroup AveragingAll IndividualsAll IndividualsAll IndividualsAll IndividualsAll IndividualsWorkgroup AveragingAll IndividualsSelected IndiviualsSelected Indiviuals

Background subtracted**Yes using default dataYes using site dataNo Background SubtractionYes using site dataYes using site dataYes using site dataUnknownYes using site dataYes using site dataNo Background SubtractionYes using site dataNo Background SubtractionNo Background SubtractionYes using site dataYes using site dataYes using site dataYes using site dataYes using site dataYes using site dataYes using site data...................................

Inhalation of Radon Decay Products (RDP)

Monitoring Approach**...................................CombinationActive RDP DosimeterOtherActive RDP DosimeterArea Rn Monitor and TimeArea RDP Monitor and TimeArea RDP Monitor and TimeCombinationArea Rn Monitor and TimeArea RDP Monitor and TimeActive RDP DosimeterArea RDP Monitor and TimeArea RDP Monitor and TimeOtherActive RDP DosimeterPassive Rn DosimeterActive Rn DosimeterActive RDP DosimeterPassive Rn DosimeterCombination

Mininum Detectable Level1variable2 mWLM0.01 µJ/m30.004uJm-32 mWLM2 mWLM0.04 µJ.m-30.004 μJ/m32 mWLM2 mWLMselected part of u.tailing

Monitoring Methodology**...................................OtherWorkgroup AveragingAll IndividualsSelected IndiviualsCombinationWorkgroup AveragingAll IndividualsCombinationAll IndividualsCombinationWorkgroup AveragingWorkgroup AveragingWorkgroup AveragingAll IndividualsSelected IndiviualsAll IndividualsWorkgroup AveragingSelected IndiviualsSelected IndiviualsSelected Indiviuals

Background subtracted**...................................No Background SubtractionNo Background SubtractionYes using site dataNo Background SubtractionNo Background SubtractionNo Background SubtractionUnknownNo Background SubtractionNo Background SubtractionNo Background SubtractionNo Background SubtractionNo Background SubtractionNo Background SubtractionYes using site dataNo Background SubtractionYes using site dataYes using site dataNo Background SubtractionYes using site dataYes using site data

Long Lived Alpha Activity (LLAA) in Inhaled Dust

Method of dust collection**...................................Personal Dust SamplingOtherOtherPersonal Dust SamplingCombinationPersonal Dust SamplingArea Dust SamplingPersonal Dust Sampling...................................Personal Dust SamplingPersonal Dust SamplingArea Dust SamplingPersonal Dust SamplingOtherPersonal Dust Sampling...................................Area Dust SamplingPersonal Dust SamplingArea Dust SamplingCombination

Method for determining radioactivity**...................................Gross AlphaOtherGross AlphaGross AlphaGross AlphaGross AlphaGross AlphaGross Alpha...................................Gross AlphaGross AlphaGross AlphaGross AlphaGross AlphaGross Alpha...................................Gross AlphaGross AlphaRadionuclide AnalysisAlpha Specroscopy

Mininum Detectable Level1variable0.03 Bq/m30.01 Bq/m30.01 adps.m-30.03 Bq/m30.03 Bq/m37 Bq0.03 Bq/m30.03 Bq/m3selected part of u.tailing

Radon retention in sample if appropriate1100N/A75n/a0

Monitoring frquency**...................................Workgroup AverageWorkgroup AverageperiodicIndividual permanaentCombinationWorkgroup AverageperiodicIndividual permanaent...................................periodicWorkgroup AverageperiodicOtherperiodicIndividual permanaent...................................Workgroup AverageIndividual permanaentOtherAd Hoc

Biological monitoring/Internal Dosimetry**...................................Only used in incident/over exposureUrine AnalysisNot used...................................Not usedUrine AnalysisNot usedUrine Analysis...................................Urine AnalysisUrine AnalysisNot usedNot usedNot used......................................................................Not usedUrine AnalysisNot usedNot used

Background subtracted**...................................No Background SubtractionNo Background SubtractionYes using site data...................................No Background SubtractionNo Background SubtractionUnknown......................................................................No Background SubtractionNo Background SubtractionNo Background SubtractionNo Background SubtractionYes using site data......................................................................Yes using site data...................................Yes using site dataYes using site data

Dose Calculation

occupancy time**...................................Measured Time (electronic)Default Time (2000h)Calculated Time (Timesheets)OtherMeasured Time (electronic)Default Time (2000h)Calculated Time (Timesheets)OtherMeasured Time (electronic)OtherMeasured Time (electronic)Calculated Time (Timesheets)Calculated Time (Timesheets)Calculated Time (Timesheets)Measured Time (electronic)Default Time (2000h)Default Time (other)OtherMeasured Time (electronic)Other


conversion factor if used1n/aN/Aniln/aHp10


Rn/RDP equilibrium factor if used**...................................Equilibrium Factor 0.3Direct RDP monitoringDirect RDP monitoring......................................................................Direct RDP monitoringDirect RDP monitoring...................................Equilibrium Factor 0.5...................................Equilibrium Factor 0.4Direct RDP monitoringDirect RDP monitoringDirect RDP monitoring...................................Equilibrium Factor 0.4Equilibrium Factor 0.2...................................Direct RDP monitoringOther

Dose Conversion factor including units*0.00141 mSv.m3/µJ.h1.4 mSv per mJh/m31,4 mSv/mJ.h.m-35 mSv/WLM0.0014 mSv/µJm-3/h0.0014mSv.(µJ.h.m-3)-18nSv/ Bq.m-3.h1WLM=5 mSv5 mSv/WLM5.56x10-6 mJ.m-3/Bq.m-35 mSv/WLM0.0014 mSv/(μJ.h.m-3)1,4 mSv/mJ.h.m-35 mSv/WLM1.4 mSv/(mJ.h.m3)0.000009 mSv/Bq5 mSv/WLM

particle sizing of RDP if used11 nmn/aNoNone0.08 micronn/a


particle size**...................................Default based on experienceMeasuredRegulator specifiedDefault based on experienceMost ConservativeDefault based on experienceRegulator specifiedDefault based on experience...................................Default based on experienceMost ConservativeDefault based on experienceRegulator specifiedRegulator specifiedDefault based on experience...................................Most ConservativeDefault based on experience...................................Other

Solubility factor**......................................................................Most ConservativeRegulator specifiedDefault based on experienceMost ConservativeOtherRegulator specifiedDefault based on experience...................................Default based on experienceMost ConservativeRegulator specifiedRegulator specifiedRegulator specifiedDefault based on experience...................................Most ConservativeDefault based on experience......................................................................

Dose Conversion factor including units*4.09 μSv.m3/Bq.hr6.2 E-6 Sv per alpha Bq9, 35 μSv/Bqα for uranium ore;1,85 for end product2,800 Bq/20 mSv0.0019 mSv/BqOre dust=0.0039 mSv.adps-18μSv/Bq α for ADU2,800 Bq/20 mSv2,800 Bq/20 mSv9.35 x 10-3 mSv/BqOnly Uranium series radionuclides included0.0057 mSv/(Bqα.m-3)9, 35 μSv/Bqα for uranium ore;1,85 for end product2,800 Bq/20 mSv2.6E-06 Sv/Bq (U-238)2,800 Bq/20 mSv

Dose Conversion factor including units17.5 μSv.m3/Bq.hr3.6 E-6 Sv per alpha Bq3,300 Bq/20 mSvUranium product dust=0.0018 mSv.adps-13,300 Bq/20 mSv1.85 x 10-3 mSv/Bq0.0062 mSv/(Bqα.m-3)2.8E-06 Sv/Bq (U-235)290,000 Bq/20 mSv

Dose Conversion factor including units15.4 μSv.m3/Bq.hr3.1 E-6 Sv per alpha Bq290,000 Bq/20 mSvTailings dust=0.0030 mSv.adps-1290,000 Bq/20 mSvn/a0.0053 mSv/(Bqα.m-3)3.2E-06 Sv/Bq (Ra-226)

Dose Conversion factor including units14.5 μSv.m3/Bq.hrn/a

Uranium, actinium and thorium chain2...................................Only Uranium series radionuclides includedUranium, Actinium and Thorium series included...................................Only Uranium series radionuclides included...................................Uranium and Actinium series included.........................................................................................................Only Uranium series radionuclides includedUranium and Actinium series includedOnly Uranium series radionuclides included......................................................................Only Uranium series radionuclides included...................................Only Uranium series radionuclides included.........................................................................................................

Respiratory Protection Factor used for PPE**...................................Not UsedManufacturer default in certain areas/workgroupsNot Used...................................Not UsedOtherNot Used......................................................................Regulator default in certain areas/workgroupsNot UsedManufacturer default in certain areas/workgroupsRegulator default whenever PPE is usedNot UsedRegulator default in certain areas/workgroups...................................Manufacturer default in certain areas/workgroups.........................................................................................................

Radiation Controls


Mining controls (select major controls)**...................................Shotcreting...................................Worker Time RestrictionsBarren material coverWorker access restrictionsShielded work area/cabin...................................Non-intrusive miningWorker access restrictions...................................Worker access restrictionsWorker access restrictionsShielded work area/cabinWorker Time RestrictionsNon-intrusive mining......................................................................Other...................................Other

2............................................................................................................................................Shielded work area/cabin...................................Worker access restrictions...................................Worker access restrictionsWorker Time Restrictions...................................Worker Time Restrictions.........................................................................................................Barren material cover......................................................................Non-intrusive mining......................................................................

2............................................................................................................................................Worker access restrictions.........................................................................................................Worker Time Restrictions...............................................................................................................................................................................Shotcreting......................................................................Shotcreting......................................................................

2............................................................................................................................................Worker Time Restrictions.........................................................................................................Shotcreting..................................................................................................................................................................................................................Shielded work area/cabin......................................................................Shielded work area/cabin......................................................................

Processing controls (select major controls)**...................................Shielded vesselsWorker access restrictionsWorker Time RestrictionsShielded vesselsWorker access restrictionsOtherWorker Time RestrictionsShielded vesselsWorker Time RestrictionsShielded vesselsWorker access restrictionsWorker access restrictionsWorker access restrictionsWorker Time RestrictionsShielded vessels...................................Shielded vesselsShielded vessels......................................................................

2......................................................................Worker Time Restrictions...................................Worker access restrictions...................................Worker access restrictions...................................Worker access restrictionsWorker access restrictionsWorker access restrictionsWorker Time Restrictions.........................................................................................................Worker access restrictions...................................Worker access restrictionsWorker access restrictions......................................................................

2............................................................................................................................................Worker Time Restrictions.........................................................................................................Worker Time RestrictionsWorker Time Restrictions............................................................................................................................................Worker Time Restrictions...................................Worker Time RestrictionsWorker Time Restrictions......................................................................

2........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Other....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................


Mining controls (select major controls)**...................................Forced VentilationAirconditioned cabinsForced VentilationPassive VentilationForced VentilationAirconditioned cabins...................................OtherForced Ventilation...................................Restricted access to areasForced VentilationAirconditioned cabinsPassive VentilationOtherPassive VentilationForced Ventilation...................................Other

2...................................Airconditioned cabins......................................................................Airconditioned cabinsPassive VentilationPassive Ventilation...................................Single pass ventilationEnd of face ventilation...............................................................................................................................................................................Forced Ventilation......................................................................Single pass ventilation......................................................................

2...................................Restricted access to areas............................................................................................................................................Restricted access to areas...................................Forced VentilationRn Emanation reduction...............................................................................................................................................................................Single pass ventilation......................................................................Restricted access to areas......................................................................

2........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Isolation of mine areas...............................................................................................................................................................................Low air residency time......................................................................Low air residency time......................................................................

Processing controls (select major controls)**...................................Passive VentilationOtherPassive VentilationOtherForced VentilationRestricted access to areasForced VentilationOtherSingle pass ventilationForced VentilationRestricted access to areasForced VentilationFiltered VentilationPassive VentilationOtherForced VentilationForced VentilationOther......................................................................

2............................................................................................................................................Forced VentilationPassive Ventilation......................................................................Forced VentilationFiltered VentilationLow air residency time............................................................................................................................................Forced Ventilation......................................................................Forced Ventilation......................................................................

2............................................................................................................................................Low air residency timeRespiratory Protection......................................................................Restricted access to areas...................................Respiratory Protection............................................................................................................................................Low air residency time......................................................................Low air residency time......................................................................

2............................................................................................................................................Respiratory Protection.........................................................................................................Respiratory Protection..................................................................................................................................................................................................................Low air residency time...............................................................................................................................................................................


Mining controls (select major controls)**...................................Dust SuppressionDust SuppressionDust SuppressionDust SuppressionRespiratory ProtectionDust Suppression...................................Dust SuppressionDust SuppressionOtherDust SuppressionRespiratory ProtectionAirconditioned CabinsDust SuppressionOther......................................................................Dust Suppression...................................Other

2...................................Filtered AirRespiratory Protection...................................Airconditioned CabinsSupplied AirAirconditioned Cabins...................................OtherRespiratory ProtectionDust SuppressionRespiratory Protection.........................................................................................................Dust Suppression......................................................................Respiratory Protection......................................................................

2...................................Respiratory ProtectionAirconditioned Cabins...................................Filtered Air...................................Restricted Access...................................Respiratory ProtectionRestricted AccessNegative Pressure ZonesNegative Pressure Zones.........................................................................................................Respiratory Protection...............................................................................................................................................................................

2......................................................................Other.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Respiratory Protection..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Processing controls (select major controls)**...................................Dust SuppressionRespiratory ProtectionDust SuppressionOtherRespiratory ProtectionRestricted AccessNegative Pressure ZonesOtherDust Suppression...................................Dust SuppressionRespiratory ProtectionNegative Pressure ZonesDust SuppressionOther...................................Respiratory ProtectionDust Suppression......................................................................

2...................................Respiratory ProtectionRestricted Access...................................Dust SuppressionSupplied AirDust Suppression...................................Dust SuppressionRespiratory Protection...................................Respiratory Protection.........................................................................................................Dust Suppression...................................Dust SuppressionNegative Pressure Zones......................................................................

2......................................................................Other.........................................................................................................Respiratory Protection...................................Restricted AccessNegative Pressure Zones........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Restricted Access......................................................................

2........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Respiratory Protection...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Respiratory Protection......................................................................

Special Controls in the Event of an Incident

Mining controls (select major controls)**...................................Respiratory ProtectionEmergency rescuersRespiratory ProtectionRespiratory ProtectionRespiratory ProtectionMedical treatment...................................Auxilarry ventilation systemsEmergency rescuers...................................Respiratory ProtectionRespiratory ProtectionUrine samplingRespiratory ProtectionAuxilarry ventilation systems......................................................................Auxilarry ventilation systems......................................................................

2...................................Auxilarry ventilation systemsUrine sampling......................................................................Emergency rescuers......................................................................Emergency rescuersRespiratory Protection...................................Urine sampling.........................................................................................................Supplied air emergency evac centres......................................................................Supplied air emergency evac centres......................................................................

2...............................................................................................................................................................................Supplied Air......................................................................Respiratory ProtectionRestricted Access...............................................................................................................................................................................Respiratory Protection......................................................................Respiratory Protection......................................................................

2......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Restricted Access......................................................................

Processing controls (select major controls)**...................................Respiratory ProtectionEmergency rescuersEmergency rescuersAuxilarry ventilation systemsRespiratory ProtectionUrine samplingEmergency rescuersAuxilarry ventilation systemsRespiratory ProtectionAuxilarry ventilation systemsRespiratory ProtectionRespiratory ProtectionSupplied air emergency evac centresEmergency rescuersAuxilarry ventilation systems...................................Respiratory ProtectionAuxilarry ventilation systems......................................................................

2Auxilarry ventilation systemsRespiratory ProtectionMedical treatmentRespiratory ProtectionUrine samplingRespiratory ProtectionUrine samplingRespiratory ProtectionRespiratory Protection

2...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Dust Suppression.........................................................................................................

2...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Restricted Access.........................................................................................................

Auxillary Controls

Radiation induction1Yesone hour induction at start of contractYesYesDoneYesRadiaiton TrainingYesyesInduction at start and annualYesYesraising awareness training for populationBy means for IAEA and Regulatory Authority trainings

Radiation Training1Yesannual radiation training (3 consecutive modules), one hour each, competency assessmentYesYesDonewithin 90 dayssuprevised and controlled areasWithin 90 days of startyesyesWithin 90 days of startyesYes after 90 daysthrough IAEA eventsBy means for IAEA and Regulatory Authority trainings

Designated vs non-designated1Yesdesignated areas are mapped and signpostedYesYesDoneYescontmaiantion controlsYESyesyesYesYESYesnot designatedNon-designated supervised

supervised and controlled areas1Yesall non-designated areas are supervised areasYEsYesDoneYesQA systemsYesyesyesYesYesyesYesnot designatedand control areas

Contamination controls1Yesclearance required for tools and equipment leaving iteYesYesDoneZone zontrolRecord KeepingYesyesyesYesYesyesYesno controlNot carries out on a permanent basis

QA systems1Yeslab accreditation, instrument calibration, statistical analysisYesYesDoneYesRadiaiton StaffingYesyesyesYesyesYesno systemNo QA systems

Record keeping1YesExcel basedYesYesDoneYEsYesyesyesYesyesYesno recordsAvailable in SE "Vostokredmet"

Radiation Staffing1Yesthree (3)YesYesDoneYesYesyesyes7YesyesYesPlant is not operational and no radiation staffingNos specific staff is available

Restricted release Zones1Yesall controlled areasYesYesDoneYesYesyesyesYesYesno access controlNot defined

Note:This is the minimum level your monitoring can detect. For example a TLD may have a MDL of 0.01mSv and if TLDs are issued monthly than the MDL is 0.01/month

Note:This is the minimum level your monitoring can detect. For example an instrument may have a quoted detection level of 0.02 uJ/m3

Note:This is the minimum level your monitoring can detect. For example you may have calculated that for the air volume sampled and the alpha counter used the detection level is 0.01 Bq/m3 LLAA

Note:If you use a certain % of radon and radon decay product retention to determain how many alpha emitters in the uranium series are considered in the calculation of LLAA

Note:eg 0.7 Hp10, 100 mSv/R

Note:solubility factors can be be specifically measured. Sonme use default and sone use most conservative

Dose Data

Workgroup*Overarching Category**Number Persons*Gammainhaled LLAAInhaled RDP (+ Rn220 contribution if appropriate)Total

avg dose*SD1Max*DCF*Basis of DCF1avg dose*SD1Max*DCF*Basis of DCF*avg dose*SD1Max*DCF*Basis of DCF*avg dose*SD1Max*Assumed distribution1

mSv/ymSv/ymSv/ymSv/ymSv/ymSv/ymSv/ymSv/ymSv/ymSv/ymSv/ymSv/y

Operations 1

Rehabilitation - "Senhora das Fontes" Mining Area (2010)RehabilitationOther100.620.62

Rehabilitation - "Senhora das Fontes" Mining Area (2011)RehabilitationOther60.040.04

Rehabilitation - "Rosmaneira + Bica" Mining Area (2011)RehabilitationOther110.580.58

Rehabilitation - "Rosmaneira + Bica" Mining Area (2012)RehabilitationOther100.980.98

Rehabilitation - "Barrôco I" Mining Area (2012)RehabilitationOther40.420.42

Rehabilitation - "Freixiosa" Mining Area (2012)RehabilitationOther100.320.32

Rehabilitation - "Cunha Baixa" Mining Area (2012)RehabilitationOther530.650.65

Rehabilitation - "Urgeiriça - Rª Pantanha" Mining Area (2012)RehabilitationOther60.350.35

Rehabilitation - "Urgeiriça - Stª Barbara e Áreas Domínio Público" Mining Area (2011)RehabilitationOther140.680.68

Rehabilitation - "Urgeiriça - Barragem Velha" Mining Area (2006)RehabilitationOther30.460.46



Rehabilitation - "Urgeiriça - Security and effluent control" Mining Area (2009)RehabilitationOther11.311.31




Operation 2

2004

[MINE] BackfillMine Underground1460.200.141.44All gamma doses are measured under ICRP 103 conditions, Hp(0.07)0.030.030.31AMAD based on ICRP68, Smelter 0.2um, Refinery 1um, Others 10um0.070.060.25Based on ICRP65, 1.41 mSv.m3/mJ.hr0.300.191.55

[MINE] CorefarmMine Underground200.190.140.620.070.050.180.040.070.290.300.220.75

[MINE] DevelopmentMine Underground1331.400.943.390.100.070.311.290.903.042.801.866.48

[MINE] Diamond DrillingMine Underground741.160.873.700.120.120.731.401.434.562.682.268.06

[MINE] ElectriciansMine Underground801.161.005.940.230.190.560.810.792.752.201.788.07

[MINE] FittersMine Underground2500.580.412.360.120.110.830.410.392.051.110.733.18

[MINE] Mine SurfaceMine Underground2490.300.261.900.080.080.410.190.342.390.560.563.52

[MINE] Ore HandlingMine Underground2160.940.712.910.120.080.491.331.043.662.391.756.23

[MINE] Production ChargingMine Underground211.600.873.260.180.090.321.750.833.053.541.756.49

[MINE] Production DrillingMine Underground501.310.732.710.140.080.251.580.873.163.031.605.99

[MINE] Raise DrillingMine Underground171.450.912.720.210.130.323.462.237.265.123.1810.25

[MINE] Underground ServicesMine Underground2950.830.703.480.090.080.301.070.883.322.001.576.63

[PLANT] 1 ConcentratorProcessing6500.350.221.360.140.211.250.040.060.520.530.432.55

[PLANT] 2 HydrometProcessing3030.140.110.900.220.383.660.040.060.430.400.494.42

[PLANT] 3 SmelterProcessing5170.380.282.761.412.2211.420.070.090.711.872.3912.27

[PLANT] 4 RefineryProcessing2380.010.010.020.290.261.400.060.070.330.370.311.47

[PLANT] 5 ServicesProcessing8060.180.120.940.230.312.180.040.080.680.450.442.78

2005

[MINE] BackfillMine Underground3390.270.130.530.030.050.530.090.090.380.390.221.10

















2006


















2007












[MINE] Shift Boss & Ventilation OfficersMine Underground

© Arcadis 2018 28

Changes in ICRPs Radon Dose Conversion Factor• ICRP have recommended a new DCC for radon and

radon decay products,

• An increase by a factor of 2,

• The UMEX data allows determination of potential impacts on the uranium mining industry, but

• Not limited to uranium mining industry.

© Arcadis 2018 31

31

But!Smoking is Main Cause of Lung Cancer

Darby et al. (2005) in a study of 13 European residential case control studies looked at combined effect of smoking and residential radon on the absolute risk of lung cancer and found that for lifetime (75 y) of exposure to 100 Bq m-3 and using the same relative risk factor of 0.16 per 100 Bq m-3:

• 0.47% risk from radon to never smokers• 11.6% risk from radon to smokers

© Arcadis 2018 32

Overview

Radon levels in modern uranium mines are very low, typically well below the current limit of 4 WLM per year• the continued application of ALARA and good work

practice will continue to ensure safe levels of workplace radon in uranium mines

• but expect challenges in new mines, especially where work in ore is required

• it will be important in the future to ensure that the same radiation protection principles are applied to none-uranium mines and workplaces

32

radRADinEffect of New radon in mining�past, present and future Every thing is naturally radioactive Concentration Ranges of Uranium�and Thorium Series Radionuclides Radon Concentration in Soil Gas�of Sedimentary RocksRECOGNITION OF LUNG CANCER AS A RISK TO MINERSMOTIVATION FOR OCCUPATIONAL RADON GUIDANCEEvolution of Radon Standard�in the USA -1Radon Concentrations Found in US Uranium Mines in 1949 to 1950*Evolution of Radon Standard�in the USA - 2Evolution of Radon Standard�in the USA - 3MEASURED EXPOSURES FOR UNDERGROUND URANIUM MINES IN COLORADO�Epidemiological Studies of Miners Considered in UNSCEAR 2006 – Annex E URANIUM MINING IN CANADAPORT RADIUM, 1940Port Radium Hand SortingDenison UG 1950’sSlide Number 17RADON 1940 TO 1970Slide Number 19Underground at Rabbit Lake Underground at Cluff LakeRemote Scooptram Operating�at McArthur RiverSlide Number 23Uranium Resource DevelopmentUMEX – The IdeaUMEX – Objectives�Exposures in Modern Uranium MinesChanges in ICRPs Radon Dose Conversion FactorEffect of Change in Radon Dose Conversion FactorSouth Africa Underground Miners: Annual Exposures: 2001But!�Smoking is Main Cause of Lung CancerOverview

radradineffect of new radon in mining past, present...

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