radjawali 2012 taking the sea to market - commodification of marine resources in southeast asia
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
Taking the Sea to Market: the Commodification of Marine Resources in Southeast Asia
Irendra Radjawali Institute of Oriental and Asian Studies, Bonn University, Germany [email protected]
Southeast Asia Today: Dynamics, Contradictions, Perspectives Universität Bonn , 26.-28.10.2012
• Comodification of marine resources [Tuna, Shark Fin, Tourism, “Nemo” and coral, Live Reef Food Fish (LRFF)]
• Focus on LRFF fishing and trade
• Food for thought
(Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BlankMap-World-1957.png , FAO 2004, WCPFC 2012, SPC 2012, Orsini 2012)
2.2 Mio T
0.8 Mio T 0.4 Mio T
0.6 Mio T
1. Catching 2. Processed into frozen place 3. Pre-canning 4. Canning 5. Distribution
TUNA Commodification
Source: formaggiokitchen.com
Shark Fin Commodification
Sources: The Marine Products Association 2012, www.unitedconservationist.org, Shark Advocate International 2012)
70% are catched in the developing countries
Slicing off a shark‟s fin and discarding the body at sea
73-100 Mio. Shark killed / year
Account for 16% of total catch
Value (Indonesia) : US$ 10.6 Mio (1991)
Tourism commodification
Destinations:
Weh Island
Raja Ampat
Bunaken
Derawan
Bali & Lombok
Phuket
Pattaya
Koh Cang
Langkawi
Donsol
Cebu
Ornamental Fish and Coral Commodification
Source: Knittweis 2008, Jones 2008
“NEMO” Amphiprion ocellaris
photo:MarineBio
Annual total economic value:
Indonesia US$ 1.600.000.000
The Philippine US$ 1.000.000.000
Percentage of the total coral traded (2005):
Exporters: Indonesia, 91%
Importers: USA 65%, EU 24%
Red Soft Coral (Source: Radjawali 2010)
Fishing network
Risk insurance network
Trading network
Individual fisherman (Makassarese/Buginese: Paboya)
US/Europe based importer
Island-based collector (Makassarese/ Buginese: Punggawa)
Boat captain / owner
Makassar based collector (Indonesian: Bos)
Jakarta /Bali based collector (Indonesian: Bos)
Police
Water Police
1
3 4 5
6
8 9
7
1 2
Marine resources flow
Capital flow
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 Boat crew / fishermen (Makassarese/ Buginese: Paboya)
Live reef food fish (LRFF) fishing and trade
Adapted from Scales et.al. 2006
Live reef food fish (LRFF) is the term used for fish
that are kept alive until cooking in order to preserve
their freshness. (Family Serranidae)
HK imports 13,000 tons in 2002 (official data)
Worth US$ 350 M Koeshendrajana 2006, Sadovy 2003
Total Hk Imports might reach 18,000 tons/year (+unreported)
US$ 450-500 M Muldoon and Scott 2005, Sadovy 2003
Global trade reaches 30,000 tons (HK accounted for 60%)
US$810M – US$1 B
Source: California Environmental Associate, 2011
1970-1980
1980-1990
1990-2000
2000-Now
Napoleon Wrasse
/ Cheilinus undulatus IUCN Redlist : Endangered
...constitute a new and unique type of tropical marine commodity because it hinges on the fish’s biophysical forms and their corresponding need to be constantly immersed in clean, cool, oxygen-rich seawater to survive. ..
Source: Muldoon 2012
150 islands with fringing reefs as well as a large number of barrier and submerged
patch reefs
Ponds in Jakarta or Bali Hong Kong
2 hours flight
6 hours flight
LRFF fishing and trading networks and its economic value
Baby (<0.6 kg) Super (0.6-1 kg) Up (>1.2 kg) Price in HK
Highfinned grouper 7.85 USD 23 USD 36.6 USD 250 USD
Spotted coral trout 3.66 USD 6.27 USD 7.85 USD 100-150 USD
Napoleon wrasse 36.6 USD 300 USD
Sizing rules
Sodium Nifrustyrenate terramicyn
Catching the fish
Sodium cyanide/
potassium cyanide
Keeping the fish „healthy and fresh‟ Anesthetizing the fish
Ready to transport
From The Sea to The Plate
LRFF networks
To what extent networks (social) play role in LRFF fishing and trade?
Fishing network
Prosecution insurance network
Trading network
1 2 3
5 6 7
11
8 9 10
13 14
4
12 fish
money
Contested Marine Resources
Actors: public, private,
government
Artisanal vs Large Scale
Everyday struggle
[livelihood, debt, credit, corruption, rent-
seeking, assymetry]
Environmental Debate
[Climate change, Marine Protected Areas
(MPA), sea level rise, fish depletion,
conservation, certification]
Illegal Unregulted Unreported
(IUU) Fishing
Border conflict [black fleet, fish
robbery]
Commodity fetishism
Food For Thought
• Actors [place based and non-placed based, ...]
• Commodification [produces nature in myriads ways]
• Place and space [where decision are made, where decision applied...]
• Networks and institution [rules, regulation, structure,centrality,...]
• Scale
• Discourses [Economic, Environmental, Nation-state, Social, Political,...]
• Everyday struggle [livelihood, debt, corruption, gender relations,...]
Things should be made as simple as possible but not
simpler - Albert Einstein
The goal of science is to make the wonderful and
complex understandable and simple, but not less
wonderful - Herb Simon, Science of the Artificial
Thank you , Danke