radiological anatomy of the upper gastrointestinal tract consultant radiologist radiology &...
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Radiological Anatomy of Radiological Anatomy of the Upper Gastrointestinal the Upper Gastrointestinal TractTract
Consultant RadiologistRadiology & Medical Imaging Department
King Khalid University Hospital2014
Dr. Yasir Al SheikhDr. Yasir Al Sheikh
Esophageal Anatomy
• Fibromuscular tube about 10” (25 cm) long: C6–T10
• Variation in length according to age. (Pedia:C5-T9)
• Flat in upper 2/3 & rounded in lower 1/3
• Esophageal plexus (vagus + sympathetics)
• Vagal trunks (anterior & posterior)
• Esophageal hiatus in diaphragm
• Right crus of diaphragm forms a sphincter-like sling
Esophageal Anatomy
Esophageal Constrictions
• Superiorly: level of cricoid cartilage, juncture with pharynx• Middle: crossed by aorta and left main bronchus• Inferiorly: diaphragmatic sphincter
Esophageal AnatomyEsophageal Arteries
• Upper esophageal sphincter and cervical esophagus: inferior thyroid artery • Thoracic esophagus: terminal branches of bronchial arteries • Lower esophageal sphincter and distal esophagus: left gastric artery and a branch of the left phrenic artery
• Esophageal vv. drain into SVC via azygous & hemiazygous v. • Esophageal vv. drain into portal v. via branches of left gastric v. (a “portal- caval anastomosis”)
Esophageal Veins
Radiology of Esophageal Anatomy
Imaging Modalities
Fluoroscopy (Barium Swallow, Upper GI)CT
Radiology of Esophageal Anatomy
Imaging Modalities
Fluoroscopy (Barium Swallow, Upper GI)
•This is dynamic study which allow visualization of outline and movement (peristalsis)•Examination may be performed using single-contrast or double-contrast. •Patients are asked to be NPO 8 hours prior to examination.
Radiology of Esophageal Anatomy
Imaging Modalities
Fluoroscopy (Barium Swallow, Upper GI)
Ba Swallow Indications:•Dysphagia•Pain•Tracheo-esophageal Fistula •Esophageal perforation •Pre-operative assessment of bronchial Ca
This oblique view of a normal barium swallow shows the normal impressions made by
(A) aortic arch. (B) left mainstem bronchus. (LA) left atrium on the esophagus
Esophageal Anatomy
Esophageal Constrictions
Esophageal Anatomy
Esophageal Peristalsis
Normal:Primary contraction: Propels bolus through the esophagusSecondary contraction: Follows primary contraction and propelsany remaining bolus from thoracic esophagus
Esophageal Anatomy
Esophageal Peristalsis
Abnormal:Tertiary contractions.(A) presbyesophagus: Nonpropulsive contractionsDiffuse esophageal spasm**Nutcracker esophagusDecreased peristalsis resulting from achalasia, scleroderma, dermatomyositis, polymyositis, esophagitis, …….
**
Stomach Anatomy
Regions of stomach: • Cardiac • Fundus • Corpus• Pyloric: antrum, canal, sphincter Lesser & greater omental Winslow’s foramen: communication of lesser & greater sacs
stomach
esophagus
greater curvature
lesser curvature
Pyloric sphincter
duodenum
Lower esophageal
sphincter
Rugae are mucosal folds seen in the nondistended stomach. The areae gastricae represent the normal reticular mucosal pattern of the stomach, most prominent in the body and antrum. The lesser curvature forms the right gastric border and extends from the cardia to the pylorus
rugae
antrum
Radiology Stomach Anatomy
Imaging Modalities
Fluoroscopy (Barium Swallow, Upper GI)CT
Exam may be performed Single-contrast Double-contrast
Radiology Stomach Anatomy
stomach
esophagus
greater curvature
lesser curvature
Pyloric sphincter
duodenum
Lower esophageal
sphincter
rugae
antrum
Radiology Stomach Anatomy
Imaging Modalities
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Radiology Stomach Anatomy
Imaging Modalities
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY