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Radio Frequency Identification
A primer
Outline
1. RFID history2. A technology overview3. Passive RFID4. Semi active RFID5. Active RFID6. Applications
RFID History•Can be traced back to world war 2•For tracking friends or enemy with radar•Backscatter of the radar signal
Watson-Watt with the first radar apparatus
First RFID patent in January 23, 1973
Mid 1980s a passage system was developed at Los Alamos- widely used today
A 125 KHz system for identification of cows – 1980sHigher frequency not used at the time: 13.56 MHz mostly used in Europe for container tracking
Early 1990 IBM developed and patented a UHF (900 MHz) using backscatter.
Sold to Intermek in mid 90s
Uniform Code Council, EAN International, Procter & Gamble and Gillette forms Auto –ID center 1999
RFID Technology
What is an RFID system
A tag that can be read from a distance is identifying an object
Information can be read and stored on the tag.
Replacement for bar codes
Two basic types of systemsPassive RFID system
Powered by the radio field of the readerActive RFID systems
Powered by a power source in the tagSemi active system
Uses power source on the tag but not for sending any radio energy
Passive RFID systemsOperates in different frequencies
From 200 kHz to 5 GHzUnder 100 MHz the systems are called LFAt frequencies of 800 MHz and over the systems are called UHF system
Operation of LF RFIDOperates in the near field of the reader
There is an electromagnetic coupling between the reader and the tag
The reader incuses energy into the tag
A capacitor in the tag is charged
The tag transits information by loading a coil in the tag.
Operation frequencies for LF tags
Low frequency: 200 kHzBig reader antennasLong range: several metersNot sensitive to moisture
Operation frequency 13.56 MHz
Smaller reader antennasCheaper tag implementationsShort reader range: 0.1 m
RFID system operating in the UHF frequency bands
Operating in the far field of the reader
Uses Backscatter to send information to the reader
How it worksThe reader sends out a radio waveA capacitor in the tag is charged The tag circuitry switches a resistor on the antennaA backscatter reflection is modulated in this way
PerformanceUHF is sensitive to moistureRange of up to 2 mGood throughput performance: approx 300 Kbps
Problems
The reader radiates much energySever interference between readersVery sensitive to object material.
Key performance figuresAntenna radiation resistance: 300 OhmsMinimum input power: -16dBmOutput power: 1 µA
The ISO 18000-4 Standard
Part 1: Reference architectyrePart 2: Air interface below 135 kHzPart 3: Air interface at 13.56 MHzPart 4: Air interface at 2.45 GHz
Semi Active RFID systems
Traffic toll systems
Active RFID Systems
Tranciever Tranciever
Processor Processor
Radio Technology
Narrow band communicationBroad Band Communication
Internetor
Intranet
Tags
BluetoothRS232RS422LANWLANGPRS
System architecturePCHand ReaderMobile PhonePDA
Tag architecture
Antenna Tranceiver
Battery CPU
Temp. Sensor(or other sensor)
Optionalmemory
Tag typesDefault:• Identification
Custom options:• On-tag sensors
– Temperature logging– Temperature and humidity
logging– General I/O, e.g. push button– others on custom basis
• 2kbyte to 32kbyte memory configurations
• Tamper proof • Different battery options• Different casing options• Tag locator
IP54plastic casing
options
Moulded in epoxy
Embedded incell-foam
Cardtag
Embedded in helmet
System Properties• 2.45GHz ISM band• 40bit unique ID and User friendly device
name• Up to several years of operation• Wake up interval: 1 sec to 1000minutes• Connect over 100 tags/sec• Identification of goods with range of >30 m• Secure data transfer• Logging temperature with 0.5 deg accuracy• 1000 measurements in log memory• Measurement interval: 1 sec to 1000minutes• RTF- and TTF-mode• Adjustable output power• Highly configurable (over air)
Optional data• Bigger log memory• Other Sensors ( shock, angle, moist,
pressure etc)• Customized housing
Reader types• Connectivity options
– RS232 & RS422– Ethernet (*)– WLAN (*)– Bluetooth (*)– GPRS (*)
• Other options– GPS (*)– Read ID only, Read ID
and Data– Variety of antenna
options (omnidirectional, directional, high gain, attenuating)
• Supports remote firmware updates
• Configurable output power
• IP65 housing
PositionSpeedGoods locationAlerts
(*) available Q2 - 2006
Evaluation kit
Key applications
• Theft prevention / deterrence• Security and Zone control• Asset tracking• Materials handling• Worker safety• Workplace policy enforcement
– E.g. “minimum 5 workers on deck C at any one time”
• Productivity• Environment control
– Supply chain– Cold chain supervision– Warehouse– Storage
Supervision of Cold Chain
Producer
Transporter TransporterWholesalerRetailer
Customer
Reloading points•Temp. Drops•Logistic supervision
35 feet15 feet
Guardhouse
2nd reader
Directional antennas
1st reader
Toshiba
Asset managementKeep track of
objects
On-line Temperature monitoring &Automatic proof of delivery
GSM/GPRS
Mobile client
Bluetooth
GPS
Back office system
BluetoothWLANLANGSM/GPRS
Internet
Location serverMap server
Speech server?
Security concepts Hog-tie
— Ambition: theft deterrence— No continuous tracking— Asset not locked, but is likely to be detected
when passing a defined boundary
Zone-lock— Ambition: theft prevention— Continuous tracking— Asset locked to a zone under RFIDS monitoring
Position-lock— Ambition: theft prevention— Continuous tracking— Asset locked to it’s position by use of
RFIDS motion sensor and/or RTLS
Options for integration Security systems
— Door access systems, e.g. Siemens, ACT/Tyco, Sierra, Castle— CCTV cameras— Biometric identification— Motion sensors
Enterprise systems— Asset tracking systems— ERP— Inventory systems
ApplicationsOfficesCampusIndustrial compoundConstruction site
Data centreHigh security buildingsHospitalPharmaceuticalsEntertainment park
MuseumHigh value storage &transports
OfficesCampusIndustrial compoundConstruction site
Data centreHigh security buildingsHospitalPharmaceuticalsEntertainment park
MuseumHigh value storage &transports
— Hog-tie• Ambition: theft deterrence• No continuous trackingAsset not locked, but is likely to be detected
when passing a defined boundary— Zone-lock
• Ambition: theft prevention• Continuous tracking• Asset locked to a zone under RFIDS monitoring
— Position-lock• Ambition: theft prevention• Continuous tracking• Asset locked to it’s position by use of
RFIDS motion sensor and/or RTLS
Some use cases Siemens Malaysia – Hog-tie to each office floor and integration with door
access system Toshiba Malaysia – Hog-tie to facility with powerful gate readers Intel SE Asia – Zone locking of computers at central service and storage
zone SafeTool Scandinavia – Hog-tie concept for construction sites combined
with worker tracking Converge – Diagnosis of energy meeter
Concept – systems involved
Interior ExteriorSiPort Door AccessReaders (Mifare)
Hog-tie concept on each floor Tags embedded inside Dell laptops Readers located at all gates and doors. SiPort’s Access
Control also used for authorisation for bringing assets outside of facility – if carrying a asset which a staff is not authorised to carry, the SiPort door will not unlock
Siemens developing RFIDS features in it’s Asset Security System which is integrated with their SAP ERP.
Industrial equipment marketing
Theft deterrence Simplified asset check-in/check-out Marketable joint solution
RFIDS system involving F2M07 Readers and F2M08 Tags for 14 floors
F2M05 Linux server used as additional CU Project will be followed by Siemens-
Free2move technology alliance for marketing the joint solution
Consulting during design of procedures and field live runs
Concept – systems involved
Interior ExteriorFree2move F2M05 seriesLinux control unit withF2M07 series RFIDSreader
Concept – systems involved
Interior ExteriorDirectional antennaswith attenuation for reduced range
Concept – systems involved
Interior ExteriorSiPort Door-lock and Control Unit withdoor control, emergency and alarm features
Concept – systems involved
F2M08 series tags for insertion inside notebook or attaching via Kensington lock
Inside Lock-tag
Concept
Interior Exterior
RFIDS system will continuously monitor tagged notebooks in the exit area
Concept
Interior Exterior
If notebook event in the exit area, the door will remain locked until a person authorised to carry the notebook has authenticated him/herself on Mifare door access reader and/or biometric sensor
A.S.S. SERVER
Legends
TCP / IP
TTL <> RS232
TTL <> RS485
TTL <> RS485
F2M07
SiPort DoorAccess Reader
K24 Control Unit
F2M05Embedded Linux
Hardware components
Other functions within the Siemens-Free2move SiPort-RFIDS concept
Policy settings, e.g.— Some assets are never allowed to leave facility— Some assets only allowed to leave between 9 to 5— Active search for return of exited asset— Some assets can only be taken out after formal check-out
Asset movement log trail Tag management, e.g.
— Personnel ID ↔ Asset ID— Range settings of tag— Automated battery replacement
Use case: Major Japanese Consumer ElectronicsManufacturer (SE Asia)
Hog-tie concept applied to facility perimeter Tags embedded inside laptops Readers positioned at all gates and doors. Gate readers
configured to 30-50 degrees sectors and for 15 metres range
Monitoring movement and checking in andout of computers & valuable equipment
Standalone application with event reporting to ERP
Consumer Electronics Manufacturing
Reduced theft Improved asset utilisation
Free2move provider of RFIDS system Free2move’s system integration partner is
prime contractor Consulting during design of procedures and
field live runs Includes the F2M08 and F2M07 series
RFIDS tags and readers
35 feet15 feet
Guardhouse
High gain antennas
Reader
ReaderTests conducted to ensure that tagged items hidden inside vehicle (including the booth of sedan cars) will be detected when vehicle passes the gate
Tags embedded inobjects
Tracking system withalarm
Use case: Silicon manufacturer inPenang, Malaysia
Zone locking concept Tags locked to notebooks using Kensington lock-tag Readers positioned throughout the central storage and
service area Standalone application with event reporting to
corporate asset tracking and ERP system
Semi conductor manufacturing
Asset location and usage visibility Multi-facility tracking Improved asset utilisation
Free2move provider of RFIDS system Free2move’s system integration
partner is prime contractor Consulting during design of procedures
and field live runs Includes the F2M08 and F2M07 series
RFIDS tags and readers
Locus A
Locus CLocus B
Location & time trail
Use case: SafeTool
Long range RFID technology Tags embedded in silicon attached to tools & equipment Tags also carried by construction workers Monitoring movement and checking in and
out of tools & equipment
Construction industry
Reduced theft Improved worker safety Control of illegal/grey labour Control of access to construction site Optimisation of asset usage
OEM supplier of active RFID system to SafeTool
Consulting during design of procedures and field live runs
Includes the F2M08 and F2M07 series active RFID tags and readers
Additional features
Positioning of objects
Technical principals
• Time of Flight• Receiver Strength
Indication (RSSI)• Zoning
Time of flightT1
T2
T3
RSSIRSSI1
RSSI2
RSSI3