radio coverage studies for dmr simulcast systems1 radio coverage studies for dmr simulcast systems...

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Radio Coverage Studies for DMR Simulcast Systems

Workshop: Digital Mobile Radio Association DMR

27 November 2018

Alessandro Guido DMR System Design, Leonardo S.p.A.

Augusto Colombo DMR Sales Technical Support, Leonardo S.p.A.

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General Hypotheses for a Radio Coverage Study

When evaluating the radio coverage for a PMR network, it is essential to know the following parameters:

exact location of repeater sites (lat., long., height from sea level)

antenna height from ground ( i.e. tower height)

accuracy and resolution of the terrain, building, and clutter data

propagation model used

choice of time/location/margin values

physical characteristics of the study area (plains, mountains, urban, etc.)

allocated frequency bands

radio electrical characteristics of the radio equipment used ( both fixed and terminal)

radio electrical characteristics of the antenna equipment used ( both fixed and terminal)

requested service: portable and/or mobile, outdoor and/or indoor, in-car and/or mobile

Only by knowing all the above parameters it is possible to simulate with a good approximation the

service area (radio coverage).

REQUIREMENTS: a sufficient value of the local average RF power

a given coverage probability

The service area is where a level of radio signal able to ensure the requested service is guaranteed.

Since the radio propagation can be described by a statistical process, this requirement is satisfied only

with a certain probability, called “location probability“, where the signal level is enough to ensure the

requested service in the service area

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PMR Radio Coverage project guidelines standards

Calculation hypotheses 1. Calculation of the average path loss in “quasi-smooth terrain”, no

obstructions

2. Diffraction losses (orography), roughness of the terrain => database

3. Local territorial morphology, Land Use => database

4. Power Budget, evaluation of useful signal for communication;

5. Additional losses to reach the coverage probability for the requested service.

models and

mathematics

algorithm for radio

coverage

radio equipement

radio coverage probability

These standards are intended to provide information that allows accurate and consistent modeling of coverage performance. These standards utilize specified and measured product performance and other sources that provide a sound engineering basis to the values suggested.

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Calculation Hypotheses - steps 1 and 2

1. Calculation of the average path loss in “quasi-smooth terrain” (Okumura–Hata/Davidson Ext.) TIA recommends in TSB-88 a modification of the Hata model to cover a wider range of input parameters. The output parameter of Olumura–Hata/Davidson Extended algorithm is the average path loss LdB calculated according to the terrain type. In addition to this extension, this model can optionally include additional path loss due to reflections and diffraction loss from terrain obstacles.

2. Diffraction losses (orography) (Epstein – Peterson Diffraction) Diffraction attenuation is due to orographic obstacles due to local territory morphologies. A rich and dedicated Digital Terrain Model (DTM) database can be used together with the Epstein and Peterson algorithm. Recommended resolution not less than 1 arcsec (~30 meters).

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Calculation Hypotheses - steps 3, 4 and 5

3. Added attenuation due to local territory morphologies – Clutter Added attenuation due to local territory morphologies to take into account urban and suburban density, the type of herbaceous or woody vegetation, rocky areas, glaciers, etc. There are different databases that can be used: - Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) database from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) - CORINE (COoRdination of INformation on the Environment) Land Cover - European Urban Atlas: it provides reliable high-resolution land use maps for 305 Large Urban Zones (i.e.

with more than 100.000 inhabitants) and their surroundings. They incorporate different data formats and at least 15 classes; resolutions are up to 1 arcsec (~30 meters).

4. Link Budget calculation – TIA TSB-88 Link budget is the calculation of the local average power, usually corresponding to a 50% coverage probability, obtained by summing gains and losses related to TX RBS, RX RBS and terminals. Link budget calculation assures the correct balance between “uplink” (Talk-In) and “downlink” (Talk-Out) paths; its output is the maximum allowed attenuation. The worst case, i.e. the one with minimum path loss that still guarantee the communication is used to identify the coverage area, i.e. the “service area” where terminals can actually send and receive with high reliability and good quality.

5. Coverage reliability calculation (90 or 95%) Coverage reliability is assumed as a function of radio service. The recommended values are as follows:

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Link Budget Calculation - 1

In order to determine the noise floor of the receiver, subtract the static carrier-to-noise ratio (Cs/N) from the reference sensitivity (12 dB SINAD Analog, 5% BER DMR Digital):

A mobile radio channel experiences short-term variations due to multipath fading. This has undesirable effects on the audio quality or BER of a wireless link. Propagation models of practical use do not predict this variation. Its impact is included within the sensitivity of the receiver via a parameter called the faded Cf/(I+N) ratio. This ratio depends on the modulation type, coding and error correction details and the rate of fading. The analysis process requires the following parameters: 1. Noise floor 2. Static carrier-to-noise ratio (Cs/N) 3. Required Cf/(I+N) (faded performance threshold) 4. Reliability margin

Modulation

Type

Cs/N (dB) Source

Analog FM

(12,5kHz)

7 dB TSB-88

DMR 5.3dB TSB-88

_ reference sensitivity

in practical situations allowing for 2-3 dB RX desensitization

(DMR = -118dBm typical)

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Delivered Audio Quality DAQ TIA TSB-88 documents contain recommendations for both public safety and non-public safety performance that are intended be used in the modeling and simulation of these systems. These documents also satisfy the need for a standardized empirical measurement methodology that is useful for routine proof-of- performance and acceptance testing and in dispute resolution of interference cases that might emerge.

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Modulation

Type

DAQ 3.0 DAQ 3.4 DAQ 4.0 Source

Analog FM

(12,5kHz)

23.0 dB 26.0 dB 33.0 dB TSB-88

DMR 14.3dB 15.6dB 19.4dB TSB-88

Determining the required faded carrier to interference plus noise ratio Cf/(I+N) at a given DAQ:

Determining the faded performance threshold (e.g. for DAQ 3.4):

I+N Floor*

Static Threshold

(Reference Sensitivity)

Dynamic Threshold

(Faded Performance Threshold)

-118dBm

Cs/N = 5,3dB

-107,7dBm

Cf/(I+N) = 15,6dB

* I+N Floor: composed of thermal noise

(-133 dBm@12,5 kHz), RX Noise Figure and

2-3 dB desensitization caused by man-

made noise and interference.

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Coverage reliability calculation

Coverage reliability is assumed as a function of radio service. The recommended values are as follows:

The reliability is the probability that the received local average signal strength predicted in a given “tile” equals or exceeds the desired Faded Performance Threshold.

Radio Service Faded Performance Threshold

Public Safety DAQ – 3.4

LMR DAQ – 3.0

Link budget gives a 50% coverage probability to have a local average power better than the signal threshold. To have a much more accurate coverage probability, it is needed to take into account two others parameters: • local average power statistical law: to find the space and time probability in which the signal level is

above the required minimum level • standard deviation: data dispersion from average value measurement

normal distribution as a function of probability (ITU P. 1546)

Examples of standard deviations associated to local morphology:

• Industrial @160 MHz: 6 dB

• Urban @160 MHz: 6,5 dB

• Dense Urban @160 MHz: 8 dB

( + standard deviation associated to local morphology

x )

Additional attenuation depending on local

territorial morphology; probability of coverage 50%

(link budget)

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Example of Radio Coverage Study

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Example of Radio Coverage Study

Coverage prediction Measurements

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Simulcast – Key Factors

Result:

the radio network acts as a

“single virtual repeater”

“Virtual” repeater

equalisation

synchronisation

voting

Issue:

to manage radio communications in

overlapping areas

Solution:

implementation of effective

procedures for

synchronisation,

equalisation and voting

The coverage area is actually

improved, compared to the repeaters

single contributions.

• Only one frequency pair RF spectral efficiency cost savings for licensed frequencies

• Optimal coverage of wide areas

• Easy-to-use Same operations like under a single site repeater

• MAIN BENEFITS:

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DMR Simulcast Delay Spread - 1

Two signals transmitted at precisely the same time will arrive at a receiver at different times, depending on the distance that the signal travels. This difference in arrival times of the two signals time is known as delay. The combined effect of multiple signals in a simulcast environment can be computed using the "Delay Spread" factor.

A method of quantifying modulation performance in simulcast and multipath environments is desired. Hess designed a model, called the “multipath spread model”. The model is based on the observation that for signal delays that are small with respect to the symbol time, the bit error rate (BER) observed is a function of RMS value of the time delays di of the various signals weighted by their respective power levels Pi. This delay spread represents the entire range of multipath possibilities to a single number. The multipath spread for N signals is given by:

Since BER is affected by Tm more strongly than N, any value of N can be more simply represented as if it were due to two rays of equal signal strength. This would be interpreted as Tm can be calculated by evaluating for two signals, where P1 equals P2. The value for Tm is the absolute time difference in the arrival of the two signals.

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In the simulcast delay spread “Hess” studies, two parameters are used: the “Capture Margin” and the “Maximum Simulcast Delay Spread” value: • "Capture Margin": if any signal exceeds at least one from all the others by this

value, then this single signal is the only one recognized by the receiver. If the capture margin criterion is not met, the delay spread value is computed with the multipath spread delay model

• "Maximum Simulcast Delay Spread (SDS)": it is the maximum permitted delay value. If the computed delay spread exceeds the maximum value, then the point is considered to have no usable signal. If the computed delay is less than the maximum specified delay, the signal at the point is the sum of the received power of the signals

The delay spread capabilities of the various modulations are predominantly a function of the characteristics of that modulation. Given the delay spread capabilities of the various modulations, it is possible to predict system performance for the applicable modulation type and thereby design the system to meet coverage and propagation requirements.

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Master

Slave

Slave

Slave

The whole simulcast-coverage area can be separated into two main types: • capture areas: radio terminals receive a signal from only one transmitter (or where one signal only “captures” the receiver), • non-capture (or overlap) areas: where the signal strength from adjacent transmitters is approximately equal In non-capture (or overlap) areas the delay made by the multipath from the two or more RBS toward the radio terminal must be simulated, controlled and adjusted to be non-destructive.

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Hess described a method where multipath spread and the total signal power necessary for given BER criteria are plotted and used to determine coverage.

BER (%) vs Multi-Path Spread (μs)

The delay spread curves can be represented for various DAQ values, as the value of Tm is associated to the BER% and to the DAQ.

The loss of sensitivity becomes extreme as the delay spread increases. An important reference is the asymptote on the delay spread axis, which is the point at which it becomes impossible to meet the BER criterion independently of the signal strength. Another important reference for a modulation is the signal strength necessary for a given BER at Tm = 0 μs. Given these attributes, the delay performance of the candidate modulation is bounded.

DMR 2 slot TDMA (AMBE +2)

TIA reported

DAQ Scores

3.0 3.4 4.0

BER (%) 2.6 2.0 1.0

Simulcast Performance Cf/N vs Multi-Path Spread (μs)

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d1

d2

Mobile

Local

reflectors

Slave

Base Station

Master

Base Station

Local

reflectors

The delay spread can be expressed in a simplified way as:

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DMR Simulcast Delay Spread in practice - 1

If the differences in travel times of the various paths are negligible

compared to the symbol time, the signal components arrive at the

receiver at the same time, leading to an increase in the intensity of the

signal received by the sum of the components.

The higher the bit rate of the system, the lower the symbol time => the

differences in arrival times can become significant compared to the

symbol time itself. This effect creates destructive Inter Symbol

Interference (ISI) due to the sum of the current symbol with echoes of

previous symbols, with an adverse effect on system performance.

The ISI begins to degrade the BER when the delay spread is greater

than 1/7 to 1/10 of symbol time.

DMR modulation has a symbol duration of 208.3 µs, so attention has to

be payed when the delay spread is higher than 20 to 30 µs.

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To reduce the interference in the overlapping areas it is necessary to

maintain the RMS delay spread at a value of less than 20 to 30 µsec.

To achieve this goal there are typically three means:

• by introducing a delay or an advance on the transmitted signal

from RBS, this is achieved by changing Overlap Area Distance

Compensation (OADC) parameters;

• by changing the antenna bearing and kind (omnidirectional vs

directional antenna);

• by changing the RF power level of the RBS (also with potential

energy savings).

The delay spread has higher impact in outdoor environments because

multiple paths have more impact than in indoor environments.

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Delay spread analysis should be performed within a distance range

great enough (ideally infinity) to take into account also the RF field

components from those RBS which, while not contributing to the

communication (far more than the theoretical 75Km for DMR), can still

contribute the delay spread.

Once completed, the static and dynamic analysis and solved the

delay spread issue, it is necessary to verify that the new coverage

allows the communication in all the user’s area. This is because the

changes due to the solution of the delay spread issue change the RF

coverage of the system.

If needed, it is necessary to iterate the described procedure starting

from the calculation of the link budget and correct the parameters

(powers, delays, antenna bearings and types, etc.) so as to ensure

RF coverage and solve the delay spread issue in the service area.

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DMR Simulcast Delay Spread - simulation examples 1

Performance for DAQ = 3.4 (BER = 2.0%)

delay offset for equalized map

The Signal Delay Spread (SDS) capability is the amount of delay between two independently faded equal

amplitude signals that can be tolerated, when the standard input signal is applied through a faded channel

simulator that will result in the standard BER at the receiver detector.

The channel simulator provides a composite signal of two, equal amplitude, independently faded rays, the last of

which is a delayed version of the first.

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Thank you!

For more info:

[email protected]

I M P R E S S U M

PMRExpo 2018 27. bis 29. November 2018 in Köln

Veranstalter und Herausgeber EW Medien und Kongresse GmbH Reinhardtstr. 3210117 Berlin www.ew-online.de

November 2018

Copyright: Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt vor allem für Vervielfältigungen in irgendeiner Form (Fotokopie, Mikrokopie oder ein anderes Verfahren), Übersetzung und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen.

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radio coverage studies for dmr simulcast systems1 radio coverage studies for dmr simulcast systems...

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