radar basic modes and visual speed estimations of selected target ... acquire and demonstrate basic...

Copyright © 2015 Georgia Public Safety Training Centerwww.gpstc.org

GOVERNOR’S OFFICEOF

HIGHWAY SAFETY

GEORGIAPOLICE

ACADEMY

GEORGIAPUBLIC SAFETY

TRAINING CENTER

July 2015

July 2015

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RADAR SPEED MEASUREMENT COURSE

COPYRIGHT © 2013 GEORGIA PUBLIC SAFETY TRAINING CENTER www.gpstc.org

GEORGIA POLICE ACADEMY

TRAFFIC SECTION

Georgia Police Academy

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INFORMATION ON THE SIGN-IN ROSTERThere will be NO REPRINTS OF DIPLOMAS if the Sign-In Roster is

initialed approving information as it appears.


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In consideration of receiving permission to obtain training, aids, supplies, equipment, materials, and services to support training programs designed for state and local public safety agencies taught by the Georgia Public Safety Training Center, and being permitted and privileged to participate or assist others in public safety training courses conducted by or through the Georgia Public Safety Training Center, the undersigned, himself, his heirs, his representative and assigns, hereby RELEASES, REMISES AND FOREVER DISCHARGES and agrees to save and hold harmless and indemnify the Georgia Public Safety Training Center and its directors, instructors, all training agencies and related personnel, the Georgia Board of Public Safety, and the State of Georgia, of and from all liability claims, demands, causes of action and possible claims whatsoever, arising out of or related to any loss, damage or injury that may be sustained by persons or property, that may otherwise accrue to any of us or our respective heirs or representatives while in, on en route to, from or out of the Georgia Public Safety Training Center, or resulting directly or indirectly from any training received or offered by the Georgia Public Safety Training Center including but not limited to any driving courses or training at the Georgia Public Safety Training Center and at any and all state training centers from any cause whatsoever including negligence of any of the foregoing releases.

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Course Overview and Introduction


Course Purpose

The purpose of this course is to improve the effectiveness of speed enforcement through the

proper and efficient use of police RADAR.


Course Requirements

To successfully complete this training students must:

• Demonstrate the ability to properly set up, test, and read a policeRADAR speed measuring device.

• Participate in a practical exercise where the student will demonstrate proper tracking history in both stationary and moving RADAR modes and visual speed estimations of selected target vehicles within +/- 5 mph.

• Pass a written exam, with a minimum passing score of 70%.

• Be in attendance for a minimum of 90% of the course.

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Legal and General Operational Considerations


Terminal Performance Objective

Given the need, students will gain an understanding of case law and its relationship to speed enforcement as well as the ability to clearly articulate the elements of a speedas the ability to clearly articulate the elements of a speed enforcement incident in a court of law.


Enabling Objectives

1. Identify and describe the fundamental case law affecting RADAR speed measurement.

2 Acquire and demonstrate basic skills in preparing and2. Acquire and demonstrate basic skills in preparing and presenting evidence and testimony concerning speed enforcement and RADAR speed measurement.

3. Describe the accepted testing procedures and general operating considerations for police traffic RADAR.

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Judicial Notice

Means a court may accept or recognize the

existence and truth of certain facts without

production of evidence.


State vs. Dantonio

The New Jersey Supreme Court took judicial notice of the Doppler Principle


State vs. Tomanelli

• The Connecticut Supreme Court took judicial

notice of the Tuning Fork Test.

• Use of test vehicle was accepted

• Certain methods of testing were accepted

• Tuning fork’s speed must measure within one

mile per hour, +/-

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Honeycutt vs. Commonwealth

Applies to Stationary & Moving RADAR:

The Kentucky Court of Appeals established that a speed-measurement RADAR operator need not be able to explain the internal workings of the RADARto explain the internal workings of the RADAR instrument. Established operator qualifications for speed measuring

devices Established Tracking History criteria for RADAR

operations Established the A.B.C.s of RADAR operationsOperator should be able to setup, test, and properly

operate the device


State vs. Hanson

The Wisconsin Court decreed that:

The operator must have sufficient training and experience in the operation of moving RADAR

The moving RADAR instrument must have been in proper working condition when the violation took place

Landmark case in Moving RADAR

Takes everything Honeycutt did and applied it to Moving RADAR

Added additional element of Moving RADAR speed verification with police vehicle speedometer


Darden vs. Rapkin

• Argued that the RADAR device itself was not visible for a distance of 500 feet.

Court ruled that that device need not be visible rather the• Court ruled that that device need not be visible, rather the vehicle from which it is operated from only has to be visible for a distance of 500 feet.

• Applies to stationary mode only.

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Wiggins vs. State

Georgia Supreme Court Case

The use of RADAR for the detection of speed is not a hsearch.


OCGA Title 40 Chapter 14 Use of RADAR

SPEED DETECTION DEVICES


(a) The law enforcement officers of the various counties, municipalities, colleges, and universities may use speed detection devices only if the sheriffs of such counties or the

40-14-2 Where Use is Authorized

only if the sheriffs of such counties, or the governing authorities of such counties, or the governing authorities of such municipalities, or the president of such college or university shall approve of and desire the use of such devices and shall apply to the Department of Public Safety for a permit to use such devices in accordance with this chapter.

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(b) No county sheriff, county or municipal governing authority, college, or university

shall be authorized to use speed detection

devices where any arresting officer or

official of the court having jurisdiction of

traffic cases is paid on a fee system. This

subsection shall not apply to any official

receiving a recording fee.



(c) A permit shall not be issued by the Department of Public Safety to an applicant under this Code section unless the applicant provides law enforcement services by certified peace officers 24 hours a day, seven days a week on call or on duty or allows only peace officers employed full time by the y p p y yapplicant to operate speed detection devices. Speed detection devices can only be operated by registered or certified peace officers of the county sheriff, county, municipality, college, or university to which the permit is applicable. Persons operating the speed detection devices must be registered or certified by the Georgia Peace Officer Standards and Training Council as peace officers and certified by the Georgia Peace Officer Standards and Training Council as operators of speed detection devices. (Chg.. by Ga.L.1999 p.1227, Act 445(1), eff. 5/3/99.)


(a) A county sheriff, county or municipal governing authority, or the president of a college or university may apply to the Department of Public Safety for a permit to authorize the use of speed detection devices for purposes of traffic control within such counties, municipalities, colleges, or universities on streets,

40-14-3 Applying for Permit

, p , g , ,roads, and highways, provided that such application shall name the street or road on which the device is to be used and the speed limits on such street or road shall have been approved by the Office of Traffic Operations of the Department of Transportation. Law enforcement agencies are authorized to use speed detection devices on streets and roads for which an application is pending as long as all other requirements for the use of speed detection devices are met. Nothing herein shall be construed to affect the provisions of Code Section 40-14-9.

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40-14-3 Applying for Permit

(b) The Department of Public Safety is authorized to prescribe by appropriate rules and regulations the manner and procedure in which applications shall be made for suchwhich applications shall be made for such permits and to prescribe the required information to be submitted by the applicants. The Department of Public Safety may deny the application or suspend the speed detection device permit for failure to provide information or documentation at the department's request. (Chgd. by Ga.L.1999 p.1227, Act 445(2), eff. 5/3/99.)


No state, county, municipal, or campus law enforcement agency may use speed detection devices unless the agency possesses a license in

40-14-4 Compliance with FCC Regulations and Certification of Devices

devices unless the agency possesses a license in compliance with Federal Communications Commission rules, and unless each device, before being placed in service and annually after being placed in service, is certified for compliance by a technician possessing a certification as required by the Department of Public Safety.


(a) Each state, county, municipal, or campus law enforcement officer using a RADAR device SHALL test the device for accuracy and record and maintain the results of the test at the BEGINNING AND END OF EACH TOUR OF DUTY Each such test shall be made

40-14-5 Testing for Accuracy; Conditions for Removal from Service

EACH TOUR OF DUTY. Each such test shall be made in accordance with the manufacturer's recommended procedure. Any RADAR unit not meeting the manufacturer's minimum accuracy requirements shall be removed from service and thereafter shall not be used by the state, county, municipal, or campus law enforcement agency until it has been serviced, calibrated, and re-certified by a technician with the qualifications specified in Code Section 40-14-4.

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40-14-5 Testing for Accuracy; Conditions for Removal from Service

(b) Each county, municipal, or campus law enforcement officer using a RADAR device shall notify each person against whom the officer intends to make a case based on the use of the RADAR device that the person has a right to request the officer to test the RADAR device for accuracy. The notice shall be given prior to the time a citation and complaint or ticket is issued against the person and, if requested to make a test, the officer shall test the RADAR device for accuracy. In the event the RADAR device does not meet the minimum accuracy requirements, the citation and complaint or ticket shall not be issued against the person, and the RADAR device shall be removed from serviceand thereafter shall not be used by the county, municipal, or campus law enforcement agency until it has been serviced, calibrated, and re-certified by a technician with the qualifications specified in Code Section 40-14-4.


(a) Each county, municipality, college, and university using speed detection devices shall erect signs on every highway which comprises a part of the state highwaysystem at that point on the highway which

40-14-6 Warning Signs

system at that point on the highway which intersects the corporate limits of the municipality, the county boundary, or the boundary of the college or university campus. Such signs shall be at least 24 by 30 inches in area and shall warn approaching motorists that speed detection devices are being employed. No such devices shall be used within 500 feet of any such warning sign erected pursuant to this subsection.


40-14-6 Warning Signs

(b) In addition to the signs required under subsection (a) of this Code section, each county, municipality, college, and university using speed detection devices shall erect speed limit warning signs on every highway which comprises a part of the state highway system at that point on the highway which intersectshighway system at that point on the highway which intersects the corporate limits of the municipality, the county boundary, or the boundary of the college or university campus. Such signs shall be at least 24 by 30 inches in area, shall warn approaching motorists of changes in the speed limit, shall be visible plainly from every lane of traffic, shall be viewable in any traffic conditions, and shall not be placed in such a manner that the view of such sign is subject to being obstructed by any other vehicle on such highway. No such devices shall be used within 500 feet of any such warning sign erected pursuant to this subsection.

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No stationary speed detection device shall be employed by county, municipal, college, or university law enforcement officers where the vehicle from which the

40-14-7 Visibility of Vehicle Employing Speed Detection Device

enforcement officers where the vehicle from which the device is operated is obstructed from the view of approaching motorists or is otherwise not visible for a distance of at least 500 feet.

State v. Cobb A93A0634


(a) No county, city, or campus officer shall be allowed to make a case based on the use of any speed detection device unless the speed of the vehicle exceeds the

40-14-8 Cases Made Based on the Device

device, unless the speed of the vehicle exceeds the posted speed limit by more than ten miles per hourand no conviction shall be had thereon unless such speed is more than ten miles per hour above the posted speed limit.

• Refers to the Absolute Speed Law

• Does not apply to Prima Facie Cases


40-14-8 Cases Made Based on the Device

(b) The limitations contained in subsection (a) of this Code section shall not apply in properly marked school zones one hour before, during, and one hour after the normal hours of school operation, in properly marked historic districts, and in properly marked , p p yresidential zones. For purposes of this chapter, thoroughfares with speed limits of 35 miles per hour or more shall not be considered residential districts. For purposes of this Code section, the term "historic district" means a historic district as defined in paragraph (5) of Code Section 44-10-22 and which is listed on the Georgia Register of Historic Places or as defined by ordinance adopted pursuant to a local constitutional amendment. (Chgd. by Ga.L.2000 p.1257, Act 792(1), eff. 7/1/2000.)

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Evidence obtained by county or municipal law enforcement officers in using speed detection devices within 300 feet of a reduction of a speed limit inside an incorporated municipality or within 600 feet of a reduction of a speed limit outside an incorporated municipality or consolidated city county government

40-14-9 Inadmissible Evidence

municipality or consolidated city-county government shall be inadmissible in the prosecution of a violation of any municipal ordinance, county ordinance, or state law regulating speed; nor shall such evidence be admissible in the prosecution of a violation as aforesaid when such violation has occurred within 30 days following a reduction of the speed limit in the area where the violation took place. No speed detection device shall be employed by county, municipal, or campus law enforcement officers on any portion of any highway which has a grade in excess of 7 percent.


40-14-17 Admissible Evidence

Evidence of speed based on a speed detection device using the speed timing principle of LASER which is of a model that has been approved by the Department of Public Safety shall be considered scientifically

t bl d li bl d d t ti d iacceptable and reliable as a speed detection device and shall be admissible for all purposes in any court, judicial, or administrative proceedings in this state. A certified copy of the Department of Public Safety list of approved models of such LASER devices shall be self-authenticating and shall be admissible for all purposes in any court, judicial, or administrative proceedings in this state. (Added by Ga.L.1999 p.5, Act 15(1), eff. 3/25/99.)


40-5-57 Driver’s License Suspension or Revocation

(c)(1)(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (C) f thi h th i t t b(C) of this paragraph, the points to be

assessed for each offense shall be as provided in the following schedule:

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• Aggressive driving 6 points

• Reckless driving 4 points

• Unlawful passing of a school bus 6 points

• Improper passing on a hill or a curve 4 points

• Exceeding the speed limit by more than 14 miles per hour but less than 19 miles per hour

2 points

• Exceeding the speed limit by 19 miles per hour or more but less than 24 miles per hour

3 points

• Exceeding the speed limit by 24 miles per hour or more but less than 34 miles per hour

4 points



• Exceeding the speed limit by 34 miles per hour or more 6 points

• Disobedience of any traffic-control device or traffic officer 3 points

• Too fast for conditions 0 points p

• Possessing an open container of an alcoholic beverage while driving 2 points

• Failure to adequately secure a load, except fresh farm produce, resulting in loss of such load onto the roadway which results in an accident 2 points

• Violation of child safety restraint requirements, first offense 1 point

• Violation of child safety restraint requirements, second or subsequent offense 2 points


All other moving traffic violations which are not speed limit violations 3 points (B) The commissioner shall suspend the driver's license


of any person who has accumulated a violation point count of 15 or more points in any consecutive 24 month period, as measured from the dates of previous arrests for which convictions were obtained to the date of the most current arrest for which a conviction is obtained.

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A second or subsequent plea of nolo contendere, within the preceding five years, as measured from the dates of previous arrests for which pleas of nolothe dates of previous arrests for which pleas of nolo contendere were accepted to the date of the most current arrest for which a plea of nolo contendere is accepted, to a charge of committing an offense listed in this subsection shall be considered a conviction for the purposes of this Code section. At the end of the period of suspension, the violation point count shall be reduced to zero points.


40-14-11 (d)

There shall be a rebuttable presumption that a law enforcement agency is employing speed detection devices for purposes other than the promotion of the public health, welfare, and safety if the fines levied based on the use of speed detection devices for speedingon the use of speed detection devices for speeding offenses are equal to or greater than 35 percent of a municipal or county law enforcement agency’s budget. For purposes of this Code section, fines collected for citations issued for violations of Code Section 40-6-180 shall be included when calculating total speeding fine revenue for the agency; provided, however, that the fines for speeding violations exceeding 20 miles per hour over the established speed limit shall not be considered when calculating total speeding fine revenue for the agency.


a) No driver shall use a RADAR detector in a commercial motor vehicle, or operate a commercial motor vehicle that is equipped with or contains any RADAR detector

Federal Law 49 CFTR, Part 392.71 RADAR Detectors

contains any RADAR detector.

b) No motor carrier shall require or permit a driver to violate paragraph (a) of this section.

Ga. Code 46-7-39

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ABC’s of RADAR Set Up

A - ANTENNA

B - BOX

C - CURRENT


Antenna


Box

Current



Outside antenna mounting may:

• Result in equipment failure due to moisture and/or dirtResult in equipment failure due to moisture and/or dirt getting into the antenna

• Result in antenna damage due to accidents or vandalism

• Eliminate effects of vehicle interior electrical interference

• Increase range of the instrument

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RADAR Testing


Verification Procedure

• Display segment test

• Based on manufacture recommendations

• Internal circuit test

• Must be EXACTLY (no deviations) as specified by manufacturerMust be EXACTLY (no deviations) as specified by manufacturer

• Speed display test

• Audio output test

• External Accuracy Test

• Tuning Fork Test

• Must be +/- 1 mph to be considered passing

• Test failure

• Frequency of verification tests

• Documentation of the verification tests


1-2”yes

Tuning Fork Position

no

no

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Tuning Fork Position

Remember to strike the fork against something less

hard than the fork is


Inside Antenna Mounting

Inside antenna mounting may:

f• Promote interference

• Slightly reduce range

• Reduce possibility of equipment damage


Reliability of a Specific Speed Reading

May require answers to these questions:

• Was the RADAR device being operated in the stationary or moving d ?mode?

• Was the RADAR device being used in an area where road conditions or environmental conditions might lead to false target-displays?

• Was the target vehicle within the operational area of the RADAR beam when the speed reading was obtained?

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Reliability of a Specific Speed Reading

• Did the RADAR’s Doppler audio output correlate with the RADAR operator’s visual observations and estimation of the target vehicle’s speed?

• Were the displayed target speeds consistent with the visual observations and with the Doppler audio output? If moving, did the patrol speed display coincide with the speedometer?

• Was the patrol vehicle’s speedometer independently calibrated using an acceptable procedure?


Speed Offenses and Enforcement



Given the need, students will correctly identify the purpose and benefits of speed enforcement, and related code sections in accordance with the information presented in class.

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Enabling Objectives

1. Describe the major types of speed regulations, including their origin, development, and scope.

2. Describe the safety benefits of effective speed enforcement in general and 55 mph enforcement in particular.

3. Identify the specific speed offenses of O.C.G.A., Title 40, Chapter 6.


SPEED KILLS!


Fatal Crash Data

2007 Data in GeorgiaSpeed related Traffic Fatalities

INTERSTATES: 224STATE ROUTES: 646LOCAL ROUTES: 716

TOTAL: 1586 FATALITIES

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Fatal Crash Data

INTERSTATES:

STATE ROUTES:

LOCAL ROUTES:

TOTAL FATALITIES:


Driving Elements Effected By Excessive Speed

1. Operator

2. Vehicle

3. Roadway

All three elements are factors when stopping a vehicle.



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End of Watch

South Carolina Highway PatrolEnd of Watch: Friday, February 1, 2008

Lance Corporal James Haynes was killed in an automobile accident on Highway 33 while responding to another accident that had occurred on I-26 in Orangeburg County at approximately 3:30 am.

His vehicle left the roadway and struck a utility pole as he responded to the call.

Corporal Haynes had served with the South Carolina Highway Patrol for 11 years. He is survived by his wife and two young children.


Enforcement Strategies

• Location (Site Selection):• A demonstrated need

• Traffic and road conditionsconditions

• Safety

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Enforcement Strategies


Stopping Distance

• Affected by SPEED and the REACTION TIME of the driver.

• A crash at 60 mph is twice as likely to result in a fatality h t 45 has a crash at 45 mph.


Stopping Distance

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Stopping Distance

33 45

22 20

30 MPH

20 MPH

88 410

66 206

55 133

44 81

45

0 100 200 300 400 500

80 MPH

60 MPH

50 MPH

40 MPH

30 MPH

ReactionBraking

Feet


Stopping Distance


Speed Regulation History

HISTORY OFHISTORY OF SPEED

REGULATION

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Speed Regulation History

Speed regulation’s primary purpose was to assist with safer traffic movement and to reduce the danger to people and property.

The first traffic law in America was passed on June 12, 1652, by New Amsterdam (now New York). It prohibited the riding of horses at a gallop in the city limits. (Joseph Nathans “Famous Firsts”)


Basic Speed Law

Under this law it must be established that the violators speed was:

• UnreasonableUnreasonable

• Imprudent

• Under existing conditions- which includes road conditions (wet, slippery), vehicle condition, and driver condition.

This law is posted to tell motoring public what is considered to be reasonable for that area.


Basic Speed Limit

IS DEFINED AS:

NO PERSON SHALL OPERATE A VEHICLE IN EXCESS OF A SPEED THAT IS SAFE AND PRUDENT FOR THE CONDITIONS THAT EXIST AT THE TIMECONDITIONS THAT EXIST AT THE TIME.

EX. “TOO FAST FOR CONDITIONS” 40- 6-180

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O.C.G.A. 40-6-180

Basic Rule:No person shall drive a vehicle at a speed greater than is reasonable and prudent under the conditions and having regard for the actual and potential hazards then existing. Consistently with the foregoing, every person shall drive at a reasonable and prudent speed when approaching and crossing an intersection or railroad grade crossing, when approaching and going around a curve, when approaching and traversing a hill crest, when traveling upon any narrow or winding roadway, and when special hazards exist with respect to pedestrians or other traffic or by reason of weather or highway conditions.


Basic Speed Law

Prima Facie Speed Limits

Absolute Speed Limit

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PRIMA FACIE SPEED LIMIT

States that a given speed limit is valid on its face, however, a defense may challenge whether the speed observed as unsafe, ie. This includes all speed limits that are set by city ordinances.


OCGA 40-6-184

Impedance of normal traffic flow; speed in

left hand lanes.

( )(1) N h ll d i t hi l t h l(a)(1) No person shall drive a motor vehicle at such a slow speed as to impede the normal and reasonable movement of traffic, except when reduced speed is necessary for safe operation.


OCGA 40-6-184

(2) On Roads, streets, or highways with two or more lanes allowing for movement in the same direction, no person shall continue to operate a motor vehicle in the most left hand lane at less than the maximum lawful speed limit once person knows or should reasonably know that he is being overtaken in such lane from the rear by a motor vehicle traveling at a higher rate of speed, except when such motor vehicle is preparing for a left turn.

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OCGA 40-6-184

b) Whenever the commissioner of public safety or the commissioner of transportation or local authorities determine on the basis of any engineering and traffic investigation that slow speeds on any part of a roadinvestigation that slow speeds on any part of a road under their respective jurisdictions impede the normal and reasonable movement of traffic, such commissioners jointly, or such local authorities, may determine and declare a minimum speed limit below which no person shall drive a vehicle except when necessary for safe operation, and that limit shall be effective when posted upon fixed or variable signs.


Absolute Speed Law

Speed limits are based upon laws that simply prohibit driving faster than a specified speed, no matter what the existing conditions may be.


Absolute Speed Limit

DEFINED: A GIVEN SPEED LIMIT IS IN FORCE REGARDLESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

ELEMENTS INCLUDE:VENUE, DRIVER,LOCATION AND SPEEDING IN EXCESS OF POSTED SPEED.

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OCGA 40-6-181

Maximum speed limits:

(a) The limits specified in this code section or established as authorized in this article shall be the maximum lawful vehicle speeds, except when a special hazard exists that requires a lower speed for compliance with Code section 40-6-180


OCGA 40-6-181

b) Consistent with the provisions of engineering and traffic investigations regarding maximum speed limits as provided with Code section 40-6-182, no person shall drive a vehicle at a speed in excess of the following maximum limits:

* (1)Thirty miles per hour in any urban or residential district* (1 1) Thi t fi il h d t d* (1.1) Thirty-five miles per hour on an unpaved county road

unless designated otherwise by appropriate sign*(2) Seventy miles per hour on the highway on the federal

interstate system and on physically divided highways with full control of access which are outside of an urbanized area of 50,000 population or more, provided that such speed limit is designated by appropriate signs.


OCGA 40-6-181

*3) Sixty-five miles per hour on the highway on the federal interstate system which is inside of an urbanized area of 50,000 population or more, provided that such speed limit is designated by appropriate signs.

*(4) Sixty-five miles per hour on those sections of(4) Sixty five miles per hour on those sections of physically divided highways without full access control on the state highway system, provided that such speed limit is designated by appropriate signs; and

*(5) Fifty-five miles per hour in other locations.

(c) The maximum speed limit set forth in this Code section may be altered as authorized in Code sections 40-6-182, 40-6-183, and 40-6-188.

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OCGA 40-6-188

Speed limits at construction sites

(a) As used in this Code section, the term: (1) “Highway work zone” means a segment of any highway, road, or street where the Department of Transportation, a county, a municipality, or any contractor for any of the foregoing is engaged in constructing, reconstructing, or maintaining the physical structure of the roadway or its shoulders or features adjacent to the roadway, including without limitation undergroundor overhead utilities or highway appurtenances, or any other type of work related thereto.


OCGA 40-6-188 (cont.)

(2) “Work zone personnel” means employees of the Department of Transportation, a county, a municipality, or any contractor for any of the foregoing.(b)(1) The Department of Transportation, any county, or any municipality may designate any segment of a highway, road, or street under its jurisdiction as a highway work zone.


OCGA 40-6-188 (cont.)

(2) Whenever a highway work zone is designated pursuant to paragraph (1) of this subsection, there shall be erected or posted signage of adequate size at the beginning point of such highway work zone designating the zone andof such highway work zone designating the zone and warning the traveling public that increased penalties for speeding violations are in effect for the highway work zone, and there shall be erected or posted at the end of such highway work zone adequate signage indicating the end of such zone and that increased penalties for speeding violations are no longer in effect.

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OCGA 40-6-188 (cont.)

(C)(1) The Department of Transportation or the governing authority of any county or municipal corporation is authorized to establish a temporary reduction in the maximum speed limit through p gany highway work zone located on adjacent to any street or highway under its respective jurisdiction. The commissioner of transportation or the local governing authority shall not be required to conduct any engineering and traffic investigation in order to establish a reduced speed limit in a highway work zone pursuant to this paragraph.


OCGA 40-6-188 (cont.)

(2) Whenever reduced speed zones are established pursuant to paragraph (1) of this subsection, there shall be erected or posted signage of adequate size at the beginning point of such speed zone designating the zone and the speed limit to bedesignating the zone and the speed limit to be observed therein, and shall be erected or posted at the end of such speed zone adequate signage indicating the end of such speed zone, which signage shall also indicate such different speed limit shall be spaced not further than one mile apart throughout the highway work zone.


OCGA 40-6-188 (cont.)

Where the speed limit established pursuant to paragraph (1) of this subsection is at least ten miles per hour or less than the established speed limit on the street or highway there shall be erected at leastthe street or highway, there shall be erected at least 600 feet in advance of the beginning of the speed zone a sign of adequate size which shall bear the legend “Reduced Speed Ahead” Whenever any signage is required by this paragraph, the same shall be in addition to the signage requirements of paragraph (2) of subsection (b) of this Code section

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OCGA 40-6-188 (CONT.)

(d)(1) Any signage required by this Code section shall conform to applicable provisions of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices; provided, however, that nothing in this Code section shall prohibit the use of moveable or portable speed limitprohibit the use of moveable or portable speed limit signs in highway work zones.(2) Any existing regulatory signage conflicting with signage erected or posted pursuant to this Code section shall be removed, covered, folded, or turned so as to not be readable by oncoming motorists.


OCGA 40-6-188 (cont.)

(e) A person convicted of exceeding the speed limit, reduced or other wise, in a highway work zone designated pursuant to this Code section and identified at the time of violation by such signage at the beginning of the highway work zone as required herein and, if such speed limit was q , preduced as provided by this code section, by such signage at the beginning and in advance of such reduced speed zone to the extent required herein shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of a high and aggravated nature and shall be punished by a fine not less than $100.00 nor more than $2000.00 or by imprisonment for a term not to exceed 12 months, or both. The provisions of this subsection shall apply without regard to whether work zone personnel were present in the highway work zone when the violation occurred.


OCGA 40-6-188 (cont.)

f) Whenever the Department of Transportation finds it necessary to designate a highway work zone within a county or municipality, the Department of Transportation shall be required to notify the county p q y yor municipality of the work activity; provided however, that the failure of the Department of Transportation to give such a notice shall not be a defense to any charge of violating the speed limit in any highway work zone.

(Chg.. By Ga. L. 2000 p.1313, Act 821(4), eff.7/1/2000.)

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Elements of the Offense

ELEMENTS ABSOLUTE SPEED 40-6-181

& 188

BASIC SPEED LAW

PRIMA FACIE

Driver Accused must be shown to have been the driver at the time

SAME SAME

of the infraction

Location Any place to which the public has right of

access for vehicle use

SAME SAME

Speed In excess of specified limit and thus

presumed unreasonable or

prudent

Unreasonable or imprudent

In excess of posted limit

Conditions NOT APPLICABLE Having regard to actual and potential

hazards

SAME AS BASIC



DRIVER IDENTIFICATION HAS TWO ASPECTS:

1 Identifying the driver during the initial violation1. Identifying the driver during the initial violation

2. Identifying the same driver in court



LOCATION:

Where the defendants vehicle was being driven when the i f ti t k linfraction took place.

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Other Considerations

• Site location

• A demonstrated need

• Traffic and road conditions• Traffic and road conditions

• Safety

• Weather

• Roadway characteristics

• The vehicle


Elements of a “Speed Infraction”

That a law enforcement officer witnessed the violation Or

That a citizen witnessed the infraction and sought a warrant through the proper legal channels.

• Venue is established• Infraction occurred on the highway• The vehicle driven is identified• Driver identification• Speed was in excess of Absolute, Prima facie, or Basic

speed limit laws.


Basic Principles of RADAR Speed Measurement

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Given the need, students will accurately explain RADAR principles, operation, and variables affecting accuracy in accordance with the informationaccuracy in accordance with the information presented in class.


Enabling Objectives

1. Explain RADAR and the origin and brief history of equipment associated with RADAR.

2. Explain frequency and wavelength of a RADAR signal, and describe the relationship governing frequency, wavelength and RADAR signal speed.


Enabling Objectives (cont.)

3. Explain the Doppler Principle by describing how a RADAR signal changes when it is reflected off a moving object.

4. Describe the basic operation of a stationary RADAR and a moving RADAR instrument.

5. Describe factors that affect RADAR accuracy and effectiveness.

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RADAR

RAdio Detection And Ranging


History

Development of RADAR occurred between 1935 and 1937 in England and was headed by Alexander Watson-Watt.

Use of the RADAR in America began in 1941.


RADAR Basics

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RADAR Basics


RADAR Basics

• A RADAR signal’s wavelength is the distance from the beginning of the wave peak to the end of the wave valley

T ffi RADAR d i hi l d b i• Traffic RADAR determines vehicle speeds by measuring changes in FREQUENCY of the RADAR signal


In the beginning:

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Speed of Light

• Wavelength X Frequency = Speed of Light

• 186,000 miles per second

• Round trip from coast

to coast 75 times


Speed of Light

Even at the speed of light it takes the energy from the sun 8 minutes to reach earth

• 983,571,056 feet per second

• 670,616,629 miles per hour


X-Band RADAR Frequency

10,525,000,000 WAVES PER SECOND

10 525 GIGAHERTZ 10.525 GIGAHERTZ

3 CENTIMETERS OR 1.2 INCHES

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24,150,000,000 WAVES PER SECOND

24 150 GIGAHERTZ

K-Band RADAR Frequency

24.150 GIGAHERTZ

1.25 CENTIMETERS OR 0.5 INCHES


KA – Band RADAR Frequency

33,400,000,000 TO 36,000,000,000 WAVES PER SECOND

33.4 - 36 GIGAHERTZ

8.75 MILIMETERS OR 0.375 INCHES

The speed of the RADAR signal is always equal to the speed of light.


Relative Motion

Motion Away from the RADAR - Relative Motion

Motion Towards the RADAR - Relative Motion

Stationary Object - NO Relative Motion

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Relative Motion

Simply Stated, this is the separation and closing speed differences

This is also the frequency change in the transmitted RADAR signal

1

2

3


Relative Motion


Doppler

JOHANN CHRISTIAN DOPPLER

BORN: NOVEMBER 29,1803 IN SALZBURG, AUSTRIADIED: MARCH 17,1853 IN VENICE

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Doppler Principle

In essence, the number of reflected waves per second changes in proportion with the relative speed of an object.

This change results in moreThis change results in more waves per second if movement is towards the source (RADAR).

Inversely, if movement is away, there are less waves.

* Moving RADAR uses the Doppler principle to measure patrol vehicle’s speed.


RADAR’s Audio Doppler Feature

• Assists in identifying sources of interference

• Provides evidence of speeding


FREQUENCY SHIFT (waves per second)

Ka-BandK-BandX-BandSpeed34.28 GHz24.150 GHz10.525 GHzMPH

1037231.415153601575

1030720314101545108047115257518007852541202880125640566539601727557210504021987082405760251280

1030072003140100

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Doppler Effect

FIXEDTRANSMITTER

No Change

TRANSMITTER

TRANSMITTER

Decreased Frequency

Increased Frequency


Doppler Effect

RADAR Sensitivity: Target Composition


Doppler Effect

RADAR SENSITIVITY: TARGET COMPOSITION

REFLECTED

REFRACTED

ABSORBED

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Operation Area

Vehicle Position in Relation to Main Lobe


Operation Area

MAIN LOBE Central Core

CONTAINS 80% OF THE TRANSMITTED SIGNAL


SIDE LOBE

Operation Area

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RADAR Range

Increasing the range on the RADAR instrument increases:

• Sensitivity ONLY

• A transmitted signal of a RADAR is infinite unless:

• Reflected

• Refracted

• Absorbed


Beam Width

It is not possible to lane selective with RADAR beam.

Typical Band/Degrees

Ka Band / 9 Degrees

K Band / 11 Degrees

X Band / 18 Degrees

500’500’ 1000’ 1500’ 2000’1000’ 1500’ 2000’80’ 160’ 240’ 320’80’ 160’ 240’ 320’100’ 200’ 300’ 400’100’ 200’ 300’ 400’160’160’ 320’ 480’ 640’320’ 480’ 640’

@@


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Characteristics of Stationary Traffic RADAR

“Stationary Traffic RADAR” transmits ONE SIGNAL and receives and monitors many signals. It only selects ONE SIGNAL and displays it.

“Stationary Traffic RADAR”, as the term suggests, must be operated from a FIXED or Stationary location.

A RADAR signal that is reflected from an object that is moving toward stationary RADAR is increased in frequency.


Characteristics of Stationary Traffic RADAR

“Stationary Traffic RADAR” is capable of accurately recording speeds of objects APPROACHING and RETREATING from the antenna. If operated improperly from a moving patrol vehicle it will:improperly from a moving patrol vehicle, it will:

Display the patrol vehicle’s speed, or

It may display the closing rate between the RADAR and an approaching target vehicle.


Stationary Traffic RADAR: True Speed Reading

Antenna pointed

straight down the

droad.

Target vehicle at

sufficient distance

to minimize angle

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Stationary Traffic RADAR: Cosine Effect

Caused by antenna being aimed across the road or at an angle to the path of the target.

This results in a speed that is lower than the actual speed (56 displayed as 60 for the target).


Cosine Error

250

RADAR

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43


Factors Effecting RADAR

SCANNING

Occurs when the RADAR antenna is swung swiftly or “scanned” past the side of a parked car, a brick wall, or some other stationary object is alleged to produce a speed measurement.

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PANNING

This effect can occur only with two piece RADAR units; instruments whose antennas and counting units are physically separate. If the antenna is pointed at it’s own counting unit, a speed reading may appear on the display because of electronic feedback between the two components.

PANNING


Sources of Interference

• Harmonics

i.e. electronic equipment

• Moving Objects

Doppler Audio feature not consistent


Moving RADAR

CHARACTERISTICS• TRANSMITS ONE SIGNAL

• RECEIVES AND MONITORS PROCESSES TWO REFLECTEDPROCESSES TWO REFLECTED

SIGNALS SIMULTANEOUSLY• LOW FREQ. DOPPLER (Patrol Speed)• HIGH FREQ. DOPPLER (Closing Speed)

OPERATOR MUST VERIFY THAT THE INSTRUMENT IS CORRECTLY COMPUTING THE PATROL VEHICLE’S TRUE SPEED WHILE GATHERING EVIDENCE FOR A SPEEDING CASE.

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Characteristics of Moving Traffic RADAR

Computes Target Speed (TS = CS - PS)

• Target Speed = High Doppler Low Doppler• Target Speed = High Doppler - Low Doppler

• Target Speed = Closing Speed - Patrol Speed

CALCULATES ALL OF THESE EXCEPT FOR TARGET RANGE


Moving RADAR

COMPUTES TARGET SPEED (TS=CS-PS)

• TS= CLOSING SPEED-PATROL SPEEDTS CLOSING SPEED PATROL SPEED

OR

• TS = HIGH DOPPLER-LOW DOPPLER

SELECTIVITY (OF DIRECTION)


Moving RADAR

CS -PS=TS

ACTUAL SPEED = 110-50=60

COSINE EFFECT = 100-50=50

10 MPH TOO LOW10 MPH TOO LOW

50

60

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Cosine Effect in Moving RADAR: Moving Mode

CS - PS = TSActual Speeds 110 - 50 = 60Cosine Effect 106 - 50 = 56Displayed Speed is 56 mph


Moving RADAR

CS-PS=TS

ACTUAL SPEED = 110-50=60

COSINE EFFECT = 100-50=50

10 MPH TOO LOW

60

50

10 MPH TOO LOW


Moving RADAR

CS - PS = TSACTUAL = 110 - 50 = 60COSINE = 110 - 40 = 70

OO G10 MPH TOO HIGH

60

50

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Cosine Error can Reduce the Patrol Speed

• Moving RADAR is designed to return your patrol speed from the ground in front. H it l tHowever it may select another object for this reading

• Any angle to the path of the RADAR will produce cosine on the patrol readout


Cosine Error

• MISALIGNMENT OF THE ANTENNA WILL PRODUCE A COSINE EFFECTC

• A REDUCTION IN INDICATED PATROL SPEED WILL INCREASE THE TARGET SPEED READING


Cosine Error

• Target’s true speed is 60 MPH.

• Antenna is misaligned so the RADAR indicates the patrol speed is 47 when it is 50.speed is 47 when it is 50.

• The 3 mph loss on the patrol side is added to the target side

• The RADAR indicates a target speed of 63 mph

The cosine effect will benefit the violator in stationary modeThe cosine effect will/not benefit the violator in moving mode

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PREVENTION OF COSINE ERROR

COMPARE RADAR PATROL INDICATED SPEED WITH SPEEDOMETER READING


(Kustom Inc.) Same Direction RADAR


(Stalker) Same Direction RADAR

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MOVING MODE ONLY

Shadowing Effect

Caused by overtaking a large vehicle.

Low Doppler re-established from overtaking speed.

Target speed is in excess of visual estimation and patrol vehicle’s speed displayed is incorrect.


Moving RADAR

CS - PS = TSACTUAL 110 - 50 = 60SHADOWING 110 - 10 = 10040 MPH TOO HIGH

60

50 40


How to Avoid Shadowing Effect

• COMPARE PATROL SPEED WITH SPEEDOMETERSPEEDOMETER

• USE TRACKING HISTORY

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DECIDES WHICH ONES IT WILL LOOK AT

1. STILL LOOKS AT AND DISPLAYS GROUND SPEED AS PATROL SPEED

2. DISREGARDS ANY SHIFT 1.5 TIMES HIGHER THAN THE PATROL SPEED

Same Direction

3. IGNORES ANYTHING WITHIN 3 MPH OF PATROL SPEED

OTHER CONSIDERATIONS:

SOME CONDITIONS MAY CAUSE PROBLEMS WITH SAME DIRECTION. SO, IT IS SUGGESTED THAT IT’S USE BE LIMITED TO LIGHT TRAFFIC CONDITIONS.

ENFORCEMENT SHOULD ALSO BEGIN WITH A VISUAL ESTIMATION OF EXCESSIVE SPEED BY THE OPERATOR.


Same Direction

41

50

43

40


Same Direction

• FORMULA IS CHANGED TO:

TS = PS + SS (separation speed)

• IF TARGET IS SLOWER THAN PATROL THEN THE FORMULA IS:

TS = PS - CS (closing speed)

• REQUIRES SPEED DISCRIMINATION TEST

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WHICH ONE WILL REFLECT MORE?


Target Identification

Instrument sensitivity to a reflected RADAR signal is influenced by:

1. Target size

2. Target shape

3. Target composition

4. Target position

5. Target speed (supportive evidence)

6. Visual estimate must be considered primary evidence.


RADAR Sensitivity: Target Shape

• FLAT VERTICAL SHAPES

ANGLED OR CURVED SURFACES• ANGLED OR CURVED SURFACES

NOTE: Even though a surface appears to the eye to be smooth, in reality the surface has small imperfections which will reflect a RADAR signal.

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Target Identification

FLAT VERTICAL SURFACES

IRREGULAR SURFACES

ANGLED OR CURVED SURFACES


RADAR Sensitivity: Target Position


RADAR Sensitivity: Target Speed

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Tracking History

Visual observation / estimation of speed

Correlate Doppler audio (helpful in identifying sources of

interference)

Correlate observed target speed display

Correlate patrol speed display with patrol car speedometer

verification (moving RADAR only)

Starts when you observe vehicle and ends when you lock target (3-5

seconds usually)

Visual estimate of violator’s speed (most important) mandatory in

all speed detection cases


Summary of Operation Characteristics

Many effects cited often constitute mis-operation.

Many effects cited are not legitimate concerns.

The potential is minimal for many of the effects.

Most of the effects cited are momentary.

All effects cited lack necessary supportive evidence.


Factors Effecting RADAR Operation

Some examples include:

• Shadowing• Shadowing

• Batching

• External Mechanical Interference

• Random Radio Frequency Interference

• Interferences from inside patrol vehicle

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Shadowing

• The RADAR low Doppler selects the back of a large slow moving vehicle instead of the ground.

• The RADAR feeds this information to the processor pas low Doppler.

• Because the low Doppler is off a moving vehicle, the RADAR displays the wrong patrol speed (too low).

• The difference is added to the target speed readout through the formula TS=CS-PS


Batching

MOVING MODE ONLY.

• Cause by rapid acceleration or deceleration with failure of RADAR to update patrol speed.

• May cause counting unit to make a mistake.

• Difficult to demonstrate in newer units.

• Avoid

• Disregard reading while rapid acceleration or deceleration.

• Use tracking history.


Batching

This effect may occur if the patrol car is rapidly changing its speed while the RADAR speed measurements are being made. The counting unit may not be able to keep up with the rapid change y p p p gand may make a mistake.

Explain DSP

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External Mechanical Interference

REMEMBER that RADAR detects MOTION, not

DIRECTION.

Any large moving object in RADAR beam may y g g j ycause a reading

To Avoid:

• check operating environment

• develop a tracking history


RANDOM RADIO FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE (RFI)

Radio signals generated by some electronic

devices. Usually are identifiable.

Examples: Police Radio, cell phone, etc.

To Avoid:

• Check audio Doppler carefully.

• Develop a valid tracking history.


Interference From Inside Patrol Vehicle

Can be both electronic and mechanical.

Examples: heater/defroster fans, various

radios, and other computerized parts.radios, and other computerized parts.

TO AVOID:

• Check for interference with RADAR

• Listen to Doppler Audio carefully

• Use Tracking history

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Jamming

Jamming is the intentional blocking or altering of a

RADAR signal.

Many attempts are homemade such as:Many attempts are homemade such as:

• Chains Hanging from the Vehicle

• Foil placed over bumpers

• Metal Objects in hubcaps

• Rapidly Honking of horn

• Stealth Wax or RADAR Absorbing Bra (No such Thing!)

• Real Electronic Jammers


Detection

• RADAR Detectors – (Only illegal in cars in a few t t U l f l i C i l V hi lstates. Unlawful in Commercial Vehicles.

• CB Radios

• Flashing Headlights


Summary of Interference Sources

• Check environment (if applicable)

• Check Doppler tone

• Remove any radios cell phones etc.

• ALWAYS develop a tracking history

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Operation of Specific RADAR



Given the need, students will be able to setup, test, and properly operate specific speed enforcement equipment according to the state la and man fact reraccording to the state law and manufacturer specifications.


Enabling Objectives

1. Identify your RADAR unit

2. Identify and describe instrument components and their2. Identify and describe instrument components and their functions

3. Describe the procedures for setting up, testing, and operating the RADAR instrument

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Different Makes and Models

• Eagle Series Stalker (hand held) Stalker (same direction)


Courtroom Testimony



Given the need, students will be able to effectively deliver testimony related to a speed enforcement incident in atestimony related to a speed enforcement incident in a mock courtroom environment.

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Enabling Objectives

1. Prepare complete and effective direct testimony for a sample speed enforcement case involving RADAR speed measurement

2. Respond properly and effectively to sample cross-examination

3. Critique both direct testimony and cross-examination testimony provided by other trainees


RADAR Case

• Incident Date: May 8, 2003• Time on Duty: 6:00 am• Incident Time: 10:45 am• Location: Robins Parkway• Area of Incident: Industrial• Direction of Travel: North

D i U d K t G ld E l St ti /M i RADAR• Device Used: Kustom Golden Eagle Stationary/Moving RADAR• Device Mode During Incident: Stationary• Device Serial #: 555-33-AF• Initial Test of Calibration: 6:45 am• Last Calibration Test: 2:00 pm• Violator Information:

• Name: Pick Student Name• Vehicle: 1983 Pontiac Tran Am, black in color, Georgia Tag KITT

• Violation:• 70 in 35 MPH zone• Charges:

• Speeding• Reckless Driving


Practical Exercise

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Questions/Comments

radar basic modes and visual speed estimations of selected target ... acquire and demonstrate basic...

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