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www.esource.com March 2014
LEDsAttributes and Applications
Ira KrepchinResearch Director, E Source
NRECA TechAdvantage, March 3-6, 2014
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Outline
Big PictureLED AttributesEarly ApplicationsPromising ApplicationsFuture ApplicationsAvoiding Problems
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The Big Picture▪ LEDs may cut lighting energy use
by 1/3 by 2025, and account for >50% of light produced (DOE)
▪ Global growth projection for 2014: 68% YoY; 72% in N.Amer
▪ 70% of lighting business by 2020 ▪ 60-watt replacement lamp cost:
was $50, now under $10 ▪ High-bay costs fell 30% to 50% in
one year▪ Co-ops: 25% use LED dusk to
dawn; 15% have LED residential bulb programs
Source: Philips
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Performance Up, Costs Down
Since 2009: • Efficacy doubled • Costs dropped 85%• Number installed
grew from 400,000 to 49 million
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Application 2012 penetration (%) Number installed (millions)
Troffers and tubes <0.1 0.7High-bay <1 0.3A lamps <1 19.9
Downlights <1 5.5
Parking lots 1 0.2
Streetlights 2 1Directional 4.6 11.4MR16 10 4.8
LEDs in Common Applications
Data from DOE, Adoption of Light Emitting Diodes in Common Applications]
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LED Attributes
Long life Vibration resistance Small size Directional light output Efficiency is application-
dependent Heat is conducted away High performance at low
temperatures
Instant on, dimmable, controllable Low environmental
impact Exaggerated claims Color-shifting Color qualities Expensive Rapidly improving
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Avoiding CFL Pitfalls
Lessons learned from compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs): Poor performance Exaggerated claims High prices
Early bad reputation has been hard to overcome For LEDs, rapid progress and some promising applications Manufacturer exaggerations, but it’s getting better More info: See the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
report, “Compact Fluorescent Lighting in America: Lessons Learned on the Way to Market” http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/cfl_lessons_learned_web.pdf
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Early LED Lessons Learned
New DOE report: Solid-State Lighting: Early Lessons Learned on the Way to Market No std way to rate lifetime and reliability Color shifting has a negative impact on some apps
(eg retail, museum) Some products flicker Dimming is problematic in some cases Greater interoperability is needed among controls Need efforts to open the market to more form
factors
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A Look at Promising Applications
Refrigerated display cases Directional lamps Exterior lighting High-bay Adding controls Troffers Agricultural
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Refrigerated Display Case Lighting
LEDs like the cold Light is directional LED heat sink is outside
the cooled case Customers like ‘em California Lighting Technology
Center test: 43 percent savings; Wal-Mart: 92 percent savings with occupancy sensors
Payback periods of 1 to 4 years Co-op programs
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Courtesy: GE Lighting
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LED Directional Lamps
AttributeIncandescent BR-30 Flood
CFLR-30
CFLDimmable
LEDPAR30
LEDPAR30
Power (watts) 65 15 15 11 14
Efficacy (lumens/watt) 10 50 48 59 57
Lamp cost ($) 8.00 6.75 15.95 35 15
Lamp life (hours) 4,000 8,000 6,000 50,000 25,000
Life-cycle cost ($)a 425 117 208 90 100
Note: a. Life-cycle costs over 50,000 hours—the life of the LED product.
11.4 million installed as of 2012; 4.6% (<1% in 2010) 5.5 million installed in cans
© E Source
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Property 2007 2013Number of LEDs 42 3
Light output (lm) 650 650
Power (W) 12 9.5
Efficacy (lm/W) 54 68
Cost ($) >100 <20
Downlights Evolve
Source: E Source, data from Cree
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LED Reflector Lamp: Where Are the Fins?Lamps are getting more efficient, cooling techniques are getting better Smaller, lighter weight, easier to fit in existing fixtures Less mass, less waste
Courtesy: Philips
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Exterior Lighting Tough competition: HPS and MH are efficient,
long-lived, and low cost
LED advantages: Directionality leads to uniformity, less trespass and
light pollution Easier to dissipate heat outdoors at night (space
and temp) More control possibilities Vibration-resistant
> 1 million streetlights installed (~2%)
New form factors coming
Resources: DOE outdoor lighting page:
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/resources.html Lighting Energy Efficiency in Parking Campaign:
www.leepcampaign.org/
© E Source
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Four County Electric Coop program
Outdoor security lighting Several years of testing Started replacing March 2012 Currently: >9000/16,000
replaced Old: 175 W MV, 100 W HPS New: 48 W LED Maintenance cut in half (est) No light pollution, no
complaints 4-yr payback
Source: Four County
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High-Bay Applications LEDs offer Long life Good light distribution Controllability Good in cold, getting better in heat
A few hundred thousand installed in 2012 Started with cold storage: Fluorescent output decreases in the
cold; LEDs get better Aim lights in aisles Impervious to cycling, rapid
response Courtesy: Digital Lumens
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Courtesy: Digital Lumens
Putting Light Where It’s Needed
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Interstate Warehousing, Franklin, IN
Johnson County REMC, Hoosier Energy G&T Food distribution MH: 6.25 kWh/sq.ft. LED: 0.50 kWh/sq.ft. Energy reduction >90% w/occ
sensing (15% runtime) $0.08/kWh ~ $250,000/yr in savings 2.5 yr payback on energy alone
Source: Hoosier Energy
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LEDs with Advanced Controls
▪ LEDs easier to control than HID or fluorescent▪ Instant response▪ Insensitive to frequent on/off cycling▪ Easy to dim; dimming may increase lamp life▪ Check for compatibility; some problems with incandescent dimming
▪ Can change color temperature▪ Mimic incandescent dimming▪ Health and productivity impacts
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Big Savings with Controls
▪ Daylight dimming, occupancy sensing, task tuning, scheduling by zone, flexible zones, monitoring status, demand response
▪ kWh: 50% to 90% reduction▪ kW: 50% to 80% reduction▪ Best paybacks with long hours, little
existing controls, big savings per fixture, low occupancy areas, designedprior to occupancy ➔ industrial
▪ Longer paybacks in office buildings (shorter hours, already doing daylight dimming, occupancy sensing)
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LED High-Bay Case Study: Ace Hardware
▪ 44,800 sq ft section of warehouse
▪ Baseline: metal halide, no automatic controls
▪ Installed: Intelligent LED fixtures▪ Networked, software,
sensors, wireless communications
▪ 93% energy savings (50% light source, 43% controls)
▪ 3.6 yr payback
Source: Digital Lumens
Project with PG&E, CA ETCC;Digital Lumens
Report available online:http://www.etcc-ca.com/sites/default/files/reports/ET12PGE3361%20LED%20High-Bay%20Lighting%20and%20Controls%20Assessment.pdf
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LED Troffers Are Coming of Age
Troffers are the most common fluorescent fixture: ▪ Operate 10.5 hours/day▪ Contribute to peak load▪ Draw 25 to 113 watts▪ Millions of installed fixtures▪ 42 percent of lighting energy▪ ~87 terawatt-hours per year
© E Source
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Why LEDs for Troffers?
▪ Performance improving, prices falling
▪ Better efficacy than fluorescents
▪ More controllable, longer life▪ 2012: 700,000 installed
(40,000 in 2010)▪ Supported by DOE study:
http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/caliper_recessed-troffer_2013.pdf
© E Source
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DOE Conclusions
Troffers: can compete on efficiency, life, and quality
Tubes: have problems with dark spots, glare, efficiency, and safety[but tubes are getting better]
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A Wealth of Products▪ DesignLights Consortium
Qualified Products List (QPL) ▪ >900 products
▪ Minimum requirements▪ At least 85 lumens per watt▪ 50,000-hour life▪ 5-yr warranty
Source: Finelite
Source: GLT
Source: GE Lighting
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Samples from the QPL
Other manufacturers include GE (Lumination), Philips (Daybrite), Cooper Lighting, Maxlite, Albeo, and Lunera
Brand Name ModelLuminaire efficacy
(lm/W)Rated lifetime
(hours)Measured
CRI
Lithonia Lighting 2RTL 104 60,000 81
CREE LED Lighting CR24 130 >51,000 92
Finelite Inc. HPR 96 100,000 87
Hubbell/Columbia LEPC 108 50,000 83
Fluorescent—top 25 percent >74.0 40,000+ 85.0
© E SourceNote: CRI = color rendering index.
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Troffers Go to School
Getting SMART with LEDs Clark County
REMC/Hoosier Energy School installations 2 x4 troffers, some with
occ and daylight sensing No complaints, students
liked ‘em Lots of interest from the
18 co-ops served
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Lessons Learned in School
Cut energy use by ~60% Long payback, but big life-cycle savings; and costs
are coming down Consider LEDs if have not already done high
performance T8s Request compatibility statements to ensure safety
and controls operability
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Walmart experience with LEDs vs fluorescents▪ LEDs provided:▪ Better color throughout sales floor▪ Higher light levels on the lower shelves▪ Improved appearance of perimeter walls ▪ Better color rendering and balanced light levels from
troffers in the pharmacy▪ Glare is not an issue ▪ 29% reduction in lighting power ▪ 33% reduction in lighting energy with controls ▪ Simple payback of just over 4 years
Source: DOE Better Buildings Alliance
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LED Replacement Tube - What We’ve Been Waiting For?▪ Philips InstantFit LED
▪ Fits in T8 sockets; uses existing instant-start EB
▪ 83 CRI; 40,000 hr; 95-116 lm/W▪ $24-39▪ External ballast/driver runs cooler so more
output, less weight▪ Concerns
▪ Persistence▪ 12.5-20 W, only 1300-2100 lm▪ photometric distribution will likely be
different▪ Not dimmable Source: Philips
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Property High performance T8 InstantFit LED
CRI 80s 83
Life, hrs 24,000-75,000 40,000
Efficacy, lm/W 98 95-116
Cost, $ 5 24-39
Comparing Fluorescent T8 with InstantFit
© E SourceNote: different definitions of “life” for LEDs, fluorescents
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Application Original/New Results Payback Source
Dairy farm 250 W MH/120W LED
55% savings, more light
4 yrs NRECA
Pig farm 30W CFL/15W LED
50% savings, less glare
7 yrs NRECA
Poultry house
100 W inc and 23 W CFL/10 W LED
85% savings,
5.9 yrs Ensave
Agricultural applications
© E Source
• Efficiency• Long life• Rugged
• Dimmable• Tunable
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Poultry house guidelines
From U. of Arkansas, http://poultryscience.uark.edu/FSA8005_%28final%29.pdf
Usage in poultry environment Cleanable, eg IP65 Allow for lumen depreciation Ensure adequate light levels Avoid “cloggable” designs Dimmer compatibility Account for non-linearity of loads
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The Power of Color▪ Color temperature (Kelvin)▪ Helps set circadian rhythms▪ Lighting control options can improve
mood▪ LEDs provide more options▪ More blue in light suppresses melatonin,
increases feel good hormones like dopamine, serotonin, cortisol
▪ Potential benefits:▪ Less need for eye glasses▪ Have more personal energy; easier to work longer hours▪ Sleep better at night
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Smart Bulbs
Q: How do you make a profit with a bulb that lasts a lifetime?A: Make it a consumer electronics item or a service
Smart bulbs For example, the Hue: networked,
color changing, lots of apps—it can sync to music
Disney collaboration with Philips DR applications?
Others: Osram with Comcast, GreenWave Reality, Lumen Bluetooth, Bluetooth Bulb, LIFX, TCP
Source: Philips
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More Cool Stuff
Acuity Brands’ Aera system: recessed, wall-mounted LED fixtures offer adjustable brightness and color temperature
Source: Acuity Brands
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Other Cool Stuff
Pixi FlatLight: 0.5-inch thick, edge-lit, flush-mounted
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Even More Cool Stuff
Cooledge light sheet: large flexible panels, up to 135 lm/W
Source: Cooledge
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Avoiding Problems
What can go wrong LED challenges Getting the right data What are the standards Asking the right questions
Source: Switch
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Primary Challenges
Color quality and consistency Compatibility Costs and allocation UL labels Light distribution
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What to Watch Out For
Expect the unexpected Performance varies widely Lots of pressure, misleading info from
manufacturers and their reps Recent round of DOE tests showed: Wide range of efficacies Products with misleading or inaccurate literature Equivalency claims (wattage) for replacement lamps
are often false
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Getting Accurate Information
Energy Star Accent lights, downlights, task lights, under-cabinet lights www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=ssl.pr_commercial_apps
Qualified Products List Including various outdoor, troffer, high-bay, LED T8 options www.designlights.org/solidstate.about.QualifiedProductsList_
Publicv2.php
Next Generation Luminaire Competition http://www.ngldc.org/index.stm
DOE/CALiPER: Does lab tests on a wide array of products http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/caliper.html
Standards: LM-79, LM-80, TM-21
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Lighting Facts Label
Searchable database with thousands of products
Provides data on: Light output (lumens) Power (watts) Efficacy (lumens per watt) Correlated color temperature
(CCT) Color rendering index (CRI) www.lightingfacts.com
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Source: U.S. Department of Energy
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Ensuring Safety
New safety standards UL 8750: Safety Standard for Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Equipment for Use in Lighting Products UL 1598c: Light Emitting Diode (LED) Retrofit Luminaire
Conversion Kits Summary of all relevant standards for LEDs http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/standards.html
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Check Existing Installations
Nothing beats real-world experience Efficiency, maintenance, economics, user reactions
California’s Emerging Technologies Coordinating Council http://www.etcc-ca.com/
DOE’s Gateway program http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/gatewaydemos.html Street lighting Parking lots Parking garages Freezer cases Residential downlights, under-cabinet lighting Walkway lighting Museums Hotels
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Other Considerations
Does the product do what you want it to do? Is the product modular? Can it be upgraded as technology
improves? Consider cutoff and glare Look at distribution, uniformity, and color Ask about the warranty Look for quality components Make the right comparisons Participate in demonstration programs Commission your own tests
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For More Information
Ira KrepchinResearch Director, E Source303-345-9124 [email protected]
Have a question? Ask our experts: www.esource.com/question