r x - “unhappy triad” knee injury femur tibia fibula tibial tuberosity articular cartilage...
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Rx - “Unhappy Triad” Knee Injury
femur
tibiafibula
tibial tuberosity
articular cartilage
lateral meniscus medial meniscus
lateral meniscus articular cartilage
tibia
fibula
femur
patella
tibial tuberosity
patellar ligament
quadriceps
lateral collateralligament
medial collateralligament
anterior cruciateligament
posterior cruciateligament
lateral collateralligament
patellar ligament
quadriceps
suprapatellar bursa
prepatellar bursa
infrapatellar bursa
BLOW TO OUTSIDE
REAR OF TIBIA
Rx - “Unhappy Triad” Knee Injury
torn medialcollatoral ligament
torn lateralmeniscus
torn posteriorcruciate ligament
Rx - “Sprained Ankle” -ligaments are overstretched and torn
calcaneofibular ligament
anterior tibiofibular ligament
posterior tibiofibular ligament
anterior talofibular ligament
posterior talofibular ligament
deltoid ligament
Rx - “Sprained Ankle” -ligaments are overstretched and torn
torn anteriortalofibularligament
torn calcaneofibular ligament
Right footAnterior view
Right footAnterior view
Rx – Abnormal Curvatures of the Spine
1. Scoliosis-exaggerated lateral thoracic or lumbar curvature-common in fast-growing girls in late childhood, early puberty
2. Kyphosis -exaggerated dorsal thoracic curvature-“hunchback”-common in osteoporotic
3. Lordosis -exaggerated ventral lumbar curvature-“swayback”-common in pregnant women or obese men
Rx –Sinusitis -inflammation of the sinuses, due to infection of bacteria or virus
Maxillary sinuses
Sphenoid sinuses
Ethmoid sinuses
Frontal sinuses
-sinuses are air spaces in the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary bones-lined with mucous membranes, help warm and moisten air and resonate voice
Rx –Chondromalacia-softening or wearing down of cartilage
-cartilage under kneecap especially susceptible, especially in female athletes, due to q-angle
-“bad cartlilage”
Rx –Osteoarthritis -“wear-and-tear” arthritis-inflammation of the joint due to wearing down of articular cartilage-triggers cycle of inflammation, pain swelling pain swelling
Parts of the Vietnam War Parts of an Autoimmune Disease::
Communist North Vietnamese, or VietCong
Vietnamese non-combatant sympathizers
Destroying village harboring enemy
Destroying enemy soldiers
Getting carried away, and killing women, children, and old people
Virus infecting cells of the synovial membrane
Cells of the immune system attacking virus
Cells of the immune cells attacking virally-infected cells
Host synovial membrane cells producing viruses
Cells of the immune system attacking uninfected cells of the synovial membrane
Rx –Rheumatoid Arthritis -an autoimmune disease-“How is an autoimmune disease like the Vietnam War?”-living cells of the synovial membrane are attacked by white blood cells of the immune system, damaged, and progressively replaced by fibrous (scar) tissue, ossified
virus
envelopeantigen (spike)
capsid
viral DNA
Virus “recognized”by host cell, like Trojan Horse
glycoproteinreceptor site
ribosomesviral proteins
viral antigen (spike)
host cell DNA
viral DNAhost synovial membrane cell
-treated with immunosuppresion
Rx –Bursitis -inflammation of the bursa-usually a chronic overuse injury-“Tennis Elbow”
Rx –Osteoporosis -“porous bones”-usually caused by a Vitamin D deficiency-most common cause of fractures in women over 50-risk factors include being of Caucasian or East Asian, lack of dietary Calcium, lack of dietary Vitamin D, lack of estrogen in post-menopausal women, lack of exercise, drinking soda, smoking, alcohol use, eating disorders (immenorrhealack of estrogen)
Rx –Osteomalacia/Ricketts -“bad bones”-usually caused by Calcium deficiency-bones incompletely ossified as child grows, bend under increasing weight, gradually ossifiedbowlegged deformity
OsteoporosisAnimation
Rx –Fractures -only tissue which heals to be better than it was originally
1. Closed (simple)
2. Compound -broken ends of bone protrude through skin-added risk of nerve damage and infection of muscle and bone
3. Comminuted -bone is fragmented-more common in aged
Rx –Fractures
-bone is crushed-more common in osteoporotic, or crushing or car accidents
4. Compression
5. Depressed -broken bone is pressed inward-skull fracture
6. Impacted -broken ends of bone are forced into each other-typical of hip fractures and arm bone fractures when attempting to catch self while falling
7. Spiral -ragged break caused by excessive twisting forces-common in sports injuries
Rx –Fractures
8. Greenstick -bone breaks incompletely, like a green twig breaks-common to children, whose bones contain less compact bone and are more flexible
9. Stress fracture -bone is cracked
Rx –Shin Splints -chronic overuse injury
1. Stress fracture
2. Stress syndrome
3. Tendonitis
4. Compartment syndrome
-of tibia
-of tibia
-of tendons connecting Tibialis anterior to tibia
-of Tibialis anterior muscle