Quiz 3 -- Review

Psych 1A – Spring, 2011

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Classical Conditioning

In Pavlov’s study using classical conditioning, the food dish was the ...?

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Conditioned response (CR)

Unconditioned response (UR)

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Classical Conditioning

Extinction Spontaneous recovery

Stimulus generalization

Learning

What occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus?

Classical Conditioning

Stimulus generalization

Spontaneous recovery

Learning

Extinction

When the CR reappears after extinction followed by a rest period, then what has occurred?

Classical ConditioningOne of the first psychologists to recognize the real-life implications of classical conditioning was . . .

B. F. Skinner

John B. Watson

William James

Edward Tolman

Operant ConditioningWhat is the difference between punishment and negative reinforcement?

Negative reinforcement is part of operant conditioning, but punishment is used in classical conditioning

Punishment involves presentation of an aversive con-sequence, but negative reinforcement involves removal of a positive consequence

Nothing. They are two terms for the same thing.

Negative reinforcement strengthens behavior, but punishment weakens it

Operant ConditioningWhich of the following is a primary reinforcer?

Gold Stars

Food

Money

Attention

Operant ConditioningWhich of the following is the most powerful schedule of reinforcement?

Variable ratio Fixed ratio

Fixed interval Variable interval

Operant ConditioningWhich is NOT true about BF Skinner ?

Won the Humanitarian of the Year Award in 1972.

Invented an Air-Crib for his daughter

Denied the existence of human consciousness

Insisted free will is an illusion

Learning Theory

Albert Bandura is well known for his study of?

Latent learning

Conditioned taste aversion

Observational learning

Punishment

Learning TheoryWhich is NOT a guideline for behavior modification?

Use intermittent reinforcement

Set realistic goals

Accentuate the positive

Reinforce small improvements

Social BehaviorIn the Stanford Prison study, what caused the guards to treat the prisoners harshly?

Peer pressure from the other guards

Social context

Prisoner’s actions

Instructions given to the guards

Social BehaviorWhat was the conclusion of the Robber's Cave experiment conducted by Muzafer Sherif?

Prejudice is a learned behavior that can be overcome through cooperative activities

The boys were never able to get along and cooperate on tasks

Youth are easily influenced by experimenters

Working together eliminates prejudice

Social BehaviorWhich two are common reasons for a change of attitude?

Familiarity & ValidityConsistency & Validity

Familiarity & ReputationReliability & Validity

V a l i d i t y

Social BehaviorWhich is one of the most common, but least effective, techniques for trying to change someone’s attitude?

Playing devil’s advocate

Using famous people to present an argument

Using scare tactics

Repetition of an argument

Social Behavior

Which of the following is a sign of groupthink . . .?

Self-censorship

Illusion of anonymity

Illusion of vulnerability

Unbiased information seeking

Social BehaviorWhat is the most common explanation of bystander apathy?

Diffusion of responsibility

Acculturation Blaming the Victim

Entrapment

Social BehaviorWhich of the following is NOT a way in which stereotypes distort reality?

Producing selective perception

Exaggeration of differences within other groups

Exaggeration of differences between groups

Underestimation of differences within other groups

Social BehaviorWho conducted an experiment on conformity where people where asked to judge the length of lines?

Stanley Milgram

Solomon Asch

Phil ZimbardoMuzafer Sherif

Social BehaviorWhich of the following is NOT a reason that people conform to social pressure . . .?

Wanting to be liked

Identification with the group

Belief in critical thinking

Self-interest

Social BehaviorWhich of the following is NOT a type of function served by prejudice . . .?

Psychological

Economic

Cognitive

Social & Cultural

Thinking & Intelligence

A _______is a unit of meaning made up of concepts that express a unitary idea?

proposition cognitive schema

prototypeheuristic

“Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. ”

Social BehaviorJerome Kagan likens consciousness to the staff of a fire department because:

It is almost always “on the road” looking for the relevant information to be used to decipher unexpected situations

Most of the time it is making critical decisions about the events of the day

Most of the time it is quietly playing pinochle in the back room and it performs only when the alarm sounds

It is almost always alert and attentive, ready to respond to any type of emergency

Learning TheoryInformal reasoning involves:

A single correct answer

Deductive and inductive reasoning

Established methods for solving problems

Dialectical reasoning

Learning TheoryIn the _______ stages, people understand that some things can never be known with certainty and some judgments are more valid than others

Quasi-reflective

Pre-reflective

Semi-reflective

Reflective

Social Behavior_______ is the tendency for people to pay atten-tion only to evidence that supports their beliefs

Confirmation bias

The availability heuristic

Hindsight bias

Mental set

Thinking & IntelligenceWhich of the following is NOT a component of the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Componential intelligence

Emotional intelligence

Contextual intelligence

Experiential intelligence

Thinking & IntelligenceTacit knowledge involves practical, action-oriented strategies for achieving goals that are not usually formally taught. They are an aspect of:

Componential intelligence

Creative intelligence

Contextual intelligence

Experiential intelligence

Thinking & Intelligence_________ proposed the idea that there are multiple types of intelligence including such things as musical aptitude, kinesthetic intelligence, and the capacity for insight into ourselves and others.

David Wechsler Howard Gardner Daniel Goleman Robert Sternberg

Thinking & IntelligenceWhat is the knowledge or awareness of your own cognitive process (thinking about thinking?

Tacit knowledge

Cognitive schema

Theory of Mind

Metacognition

Thinking & Intelligence

A cognitive ethologist would agree with all of the following EXCEPT:Animal intelligence can be explained through principles of operant conditioning

Animal intelligence is demon-strated when animals can anticipate future events

Animals can make plans and can make choices, thus indi-cating intelligence

Animals must be capable of thought or they could not coor-dinate activities with comrades