QUESTIONS: CHAPTER 81) What are some effects that geography has on a

society?2) What inventions have transformed modern

society/how?3) How can social injustice lead to reform

movements?GRAPH PG. 386--#1/2

Reading Check-p. 387: Why did Pittsburgh grow?Pg.—387 # 1) #)2 #3)

GRAPH—p. 386POPULATION GROWTH OF US

1) NEW YORK, PENNSYLVANIA, & VIRGINIASTATES OVER 1 MILLION PEOPLE

2) ALABAMA

SECTION 8.1 REVIEWREASONS WHY NEW ENGLAND WAS IDEAL FOR FACTORIESPoor soil for farming; Fast Rivers/Streams for Power;

Close deposits of coal & iron; Ports

HOW DID FARMING DIFFER IN THE NORTHEAST FROM THE SOUTH?

Northeast—Small farms-grew for localsSouth– Large Farms—grew for export (cotton)

SECTION 8.1 REVIEW

FREE ENTERPRISE SYSTEM1. Competition

2. Profit3. Private Property

4. Economic Freedom

CHAPTER 8: THE NORTHEASTBUILDING INDUSTRY

SECTION 1: ECONOMIC GROWTH

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION1800s America—New England

Farming was difficult—moved farmers to millsMany rivers for waterpowerClose to resources (coal/iron)Ports for imports & exports

CAPITALISM/FREE ENTERPRISEFree to buy, sell & produce what people want1) Competition2) Profit Motive3) Private Property4) Economic Freedom

“All money is a matter of belief.”

--ADAM SMITH

Technology• PATENTS—legal right to invention• 1793—Eli Whitney—Cotton Gin– Interchangeable Parts Mass Production

• 1793—Samuel Slater—Textile Mill to US from Britain

• 1814—Francis Cabot Lowell—Factory System in MA

Factories CITIES

• Grew as centers of trade (along water routes)–Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Louisville

• Dangers: Diseases, Pollution, Crime, Fires• Advantages: Opportunity, Activities, Education

8.2-TRANSPORTATION AMERICAN SYSTEM—HENRY CLAY

Infrastructure; Protective Tariffs; Conservative Western Land Sales

Census—1790-4 Million 1820—10 Million

Traveling WestTurnpikes—private toll roads

National Road—Congressional Funds; Military Necessity

River Travel—downstream comfortable/easyProblems—went North/South not West

Upstream difficult/slow

STEAMBOAT• 1807—Robert Fulton—powerful engine

steamboat to go from NYC to Albany • Made shipping cheaper, easier & faster

CANALS

• Business & Government officials plan to link NYC with Great Lakes—(East & Midwest)

• Erie Canal—from Hudson River to Lake Erie—Albany to Buffalo—1825—363 miles

• Led to more canals, lowered shipping costs, more opportunities for business, united growing country

WESTWARD SETTLEMENT

• 2nd Wave (1816-1821)5 New States—Indiana, Illinois, Mississippi, Alabama, Missouri

• Shipped crops to market with canals; could buy goods from distant markets

8.3--North’s People“WAGE SLAVES”—dependent on factory wagesWorkers organize for improved wages & better

working conditions –Unions/StrikesDiscrimination against women, African-Americans, &

children

Fight Discrimination• Cornish/Russworm—”Freedom’s Journal”

1st African-American newspaper• Sarah Bagley—Female Labor Reform Organization

Immigration• 1840-1860—work in factories for low pay

• IRISH—potato famine—1.5 million immigrate–Poor manual labor jobs—factories

• GERMANS—failed democratic revolution—1848–Had money—opened businesses or farms

Immigration Impact• Diversity of cultures—Roman Catholicism• Prejudice against immigrants• Nativists—immigrants threat to America;

taking jobs; ruining cities• Know-Nothing (American) Party—Nativists—

wanted strict immigration laws

8.4—REFORMS & REFORMERS• Reform—change in religion, politics,

education, & literature • UTOPIAS—Versions of a perfect society

2nd Great Awakening• NY camp revivals; inspired people to change

themselves & the world—REFORM MOVEMENTS

• Rise in Christianity, ministers & missionary work

TEMPERANCE• Religious movement—

against alcohol• Blamed for poverty, family

breakups, & crime

• Temperance—drinking little or no alcohol

• Message spread through lectures, pamphlets

EDUCATION• Push for Public Education (gov’t funded schools) —

New England

• Horace Mann—teacher training & pay increase; lengthen school year/curriculum

• Tax based, teachers trained, & compulsory

HIGHER EDUCATION• New Colleges founded by religious groups

• Over time, women & African-Americans formed colleges

SPECIAL NEEDS

Thomas Gallaudet—Hartford School for the DeafDr. Howe—raised letter books for blind—school

for blind

PRISONS• Dorthea Dix—reform to prisons—mentally

imprisoned but guilty of no crime

WRITTEN RESPONSE DO YOU AGREE OR

DISAGREE WITH THOREAU’S DECISION TO NOT PAY HIS TAXES AND GO TO PRISON?

CITE AND RESPOND TO AT LEAST ONE POINT FROM THE READING.

TRANSCENDENTALISTS—(New England)• Stressed man’s relationship with nature & individual

conscience• Emerson—think for one’s self

”Nature” &”Self-Reliance”• Thoreau—’Civil Disobedience’—refusal to obey

unjust laws—”Walden”

AMERICAN LITERATURE

POETRY---Walt WhitmanNature, common people, individualism

Emily Dickinson—Personal/Emotional Poetry

8.5—WOMEN’S MOVEMENT• Assert rights as independent human beings

• Improve role in Society

SENECA FALLS CONVENTION--1848Lucretia Mott/E.C. Stanton

organize meeting1st Women’s rights convention

Seneca Falls, NY…200 women/40 men

“Declaration of Sentiments & Resolutions “

Called for end to discrimination & right to vote (suffrage)

WOMEN’S RIGHTS• Susan B. Anthony—(Quaker)--coeducation advocate

• Temperance, Suffrage, Professionalism, Abolition & Marriage Laws—own property

• Mary Lyon—Mt. Holyoke Female Seminary—1837---1st Women’s only college

WRITTEN RESPONSE

IF YOU WERE ALIVE DURING THIS TIME, WOULD YOU HAVE BEEN A PART OF ANY

REFORM MOVEMENTS? IF SO, WHICH ONE(S) AND WHY? IF NOT, WHY NOT?