Quest for AgencyReflections on Women’s Quota in Local Governance

Vidura Prabath Munasinghe Kaushalya Ariyarathne

Law & Society Trust

Quest for AgencyReflections on Women’s Quota in Local Governance

© Law & Society Trust, 2019ISBN : 978-955-1302-88-7The Law & Society Trust (LST) is a non-profit organization engaged in human rights documentation, legal research and advocacy in Sri Lanka. Our aim is to use rights-based strategies in research, documentation and advocacy in order to promote and protect human rights, enhance public accountability, and ensure respect for the rule of law.

Vidura Prabath MunasingheKaushalya Ariyarathne

Cover Design and Layout : Kelum Nawarathne

Proof Reading : Sinhala - Prabath Hemantha Tamil - Madasamy Vijeyakanth

Published by3, Kynsey Terrace,Colombo8,Srilanka.Tel : +94 (0) 11 268 48 45Fax : +94 (0) 11 268 68 43Web : www.lstlanka.org

Law & Society Trust

Authors thankfully mention Dr. Sakuntala Kadigarmar, Excecutive Director of Law and Society Trust and Sandun Thudugala, Director Programs and Operations, for reading the original script and providing valuable feedback. Elected members of local government institutions, trainers and activists who participated in interviews are gratefully acknowledged. Authors like to thank P. M. Senarathne, Program Manager at LST, who organised discussions and Prabhath Hemantha Kumara, Malinga Jayaratne, Madasamy Vijeykanth, Ishan Chamara and Lakshan Abeywardene, Research Assistants who travelled to various parts of the country and conducted interviews.

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Women’s politics in the public sphere in Sri Lanka

Historically, women in Sri Lanka have established their role in public sphere politics as active voters, holding membership in political parties and in participating in marches, protests and political rallies, joining in strike action, and contributing to armed struggles both in the North and the South. When Sri Lanka gained independence, there were some women who were elected to Parliament too. Among the first women’s movements were the Young Women’s Christian Association (1882), Movement for the Women’s Franchise in Ceylon (1927), All Ceylon Muslim Women’s Association (1936) the Federation of Ceylon University Women (1941), and the Eksath Kantha Peramuna (United Women’s Front) (1947). The Eksath Kantha Peramuna (United Women’s Front) was notable and stood out as the first women-only political movement in Sri Lanka. This progressive political movement provided a platform to the middle and working class women and was affiliated to the Lanka Sama Samaja Party (LSSP). The Mahila Samithi (Women’s Associations) which was active

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at that time with the objective of uplifting family-centred rural economies, was vehemently opposed by the Eksath Kantha Peramuna.1 The basis for this opposition was the criticism that activities of these Mahila Samithi only re-enforced the gender norms of marginalized women. A significant contribution of the leftist movement of Sri Lanka was the understanding that supporting women’s activism and bringing them into politics would entail a struggle. For instance, as far back as 1930-32, Doreen Wickremasinghe, a member of the LSSP, took measures as the Principal of the Sujatha Balika Vidyalaya of Matara to shift at the objectives of the school from being an institution that churns out prospective wives for the upcoming Sinhala elite, to educating women. Hitherto, this had been the main objective of the leading ladies’ colleges of the country at the time.2

As elaborated by the renowned political scientist of the time, Robert M.Kearney, it was not uncommon in 1960s to see working women with a bottle of arrack in hand, at political rallies, especially the rallies held in rural areas.3 Most of the women involved in national politics came from Colombo, were educated and represented the upper middle class. But those who engaged in local

1. De Mel, Neloufer. Women and the Nations Narrative: Gender and Nationalism in 20th Century Sri Lanka, Rowman and Littlefeld (2001), p. 146-148.2. Liyanage, Pulsara. “Left Women and Political Participation” in Marshal Fernando & B. Skanthakumar (eds), Pathways of the Left in Sri Lanka, Ecumenical Institute for Study and Dialogue, Colombo (2014).3. Kearney, Robert. Women in Politics in Sri Lanka, Asian Survey, Vol. 21, No.7 (Jul., 1981), p. 743.

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level politics were of lower class from semi-urban or rural eareas. However, none of these women who engaged in leftist politics at the local level gained entry to Parliament. In this respect, Sirinawathie de Silva stands out as a woman with rural roots to become the first chairperson of an Urban Council (Ambanalgoda). She mobilized the march to Colombo from Ambalangoda and Balapitiya during the Harthal of 1953 and became the Chairperson of the Women’s Wing of the LSSP, succeeding Viviane Gunwardena in being elected to the Southern Provincial Council in 1997.4 Kodikara explains that majority of women who engaged in local politics were Sinhalese while Tamil and Muslim women, especially those of Indian origin had very limited political leadership opportunities.5 Ayesha Rauf was elected to the Colombo Municipal Council in 1949 and became the Deputy Mayor in 1952. Wellamma Sellasamy who was elected to the Western Provincial Council in 1993 goes on record as the first Tamil woman in a provincial council.6

All the mainstream political parties had a women’s wing, but they never held a front-runner office bearer position. For instance, the United National Party established their women’s wing in 1949 but after 20 years in 1969, there was only one woman office bearer in the 13 member panel. Further the working committee of the party comprised 51 individuals, out of which only two

4. Liyanage, Pulsara. op cit. p.148.5. Kodikara, Chulani. op cit. p.3-6.6. Liyanage, Pulsara. op cit p. 150

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were women. There were 16 office bearers in the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP) headed by Sirimavo Bandaranaike in 1970, of which only two women members were among them. The Central Committee of the LSSP comprised 55 members by 1972 but with only one woman representative. Even among the armed groups/organizations such as Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP), People's Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam (PLOT), Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front (EPRLF) and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) though they had women’s wings from their inception, almost all their key positions were held by men.

Having identified this gap in women’s representation in politics, in 1970s, a large number of political and civil society activists in Sri Lanka started voicing the need for the women’s representation. For this purpose they developed studies and publications on women, training, awareness raising, encouraging the nomination of women through independent lists, discussions with government, networking and presentations made to CEDAW committee.7

Throughout history, the percentage of nominations allocated to women by both parties and independent groups have remained between 4% and 10%.8 The current structure of the Local Authorities was introduced in 1977 with a change-over from a simple majority system based on wards to one on proportional representation. This was

7. Kodikara, Chulani. op cit. p.3-68. Kodikara, Chulani and Samuel, Kumuduni. m<d;a md,k wdh;k ;=< ldka;djka

i|yd 25]la fjkalsÍu" Women and Media Collective, 2018. p.4.

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implemented for the first time in 1989 and in 2012. A new system that incorporated some of the characteristics of the former ward system, given up in 1989 was introduced to overcome certain shortcomings in the proportional representation system. This new system introduced a 25% quota for women and youth.

As a result of agitations carried out over the years by civil society organizations and citizens, further amendments were brought to the Local Authorities Elections Act in year 2017 (Local Authorities Elections (amendment) Act no.16 of 2017) which introduced a mixed system.9 The main objective of these amendments was to pave the way for a closer relationship between the people in the wards and their representatives, starting from the local level and to facilitate further democratization of politics within the new electoral system. Further, by allocating a specific number of seats for women, a historic opportunity has been created for women to join the public sphere of representative politics, encouraging them to engage in politics, change public opinions about women’s ability to engage in politics and to put an end to the political culture of extravagant spending to win elections, patronage and corruption.10

9. Under the new system, Local Authorities representatives are elected on the basis of the proportional system. Sixty percent of these representatives will be elected from the single or multi representative wards while 40% will be elected from a list of ‘additional persons’ without a voters’ base. The number of representatives in the Local Authorities has been increased from 4486 to 8356. As per Section 27(f) women should comprise 25% of each Local Authority. Under the new system, every political party has to submit two nomination lists. The first list comprises the names of representatives nominated for the respective ward. At least 10% of these nominations should be women. The second list is the list of ‘additional persons’ out of which 50% should be women.10. Kodikara, Chulani and Samuel, Kumuduni. op cit p.4

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Women’s agency in politicsMany factors have contributed to contain women’s

representation at extremely low levels. While women’s representation remains low in numbers,11 the quality of women’s active involvement in politics is observed as minimal. The main reason for this trend is the recognition given to the traditional family role associated with women. It demands that they give priority to family responsibilities thus confining their space in social, cultural and political spheres. It prevents them from being active in politics. Historically, most of the pioneering women in Sri Lankan national politics found their way into politics through their kinship to a male political figure in the family (father or the husband).12 Women themselves limit their political activities due to the patriarchal ideology that undermines her engagement in the public sphere (in society and in politics) on the grounds that this engagement will compromise her role in the domestic environment (family and household). This restraint and family pressures inhibit women, and make them unsuccessful as political actors.

The involvement of violent gangs in politics, the high cost of campaigning in the proportional representation electoral system, are also deterrents to women.13 Therefore, those women who try to compete 11. There were 13 women Parliamentarians in Sri Lanka Parliament in 2017. This is the highest-ever number of women to have been represented in Parliament. Prior to the dissolution of Provincial Councils, women’s participation stood at 3%. Prior to 2018, women’s participation in Local Authorities was a mere 1.26% .12. Jayawardena, Kumari. Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World, Zed Books, London (1986), p.12913. One of the main objectives of introducing the ward system when amendments were introduced to the current electoral system was to provide an equal playing field to local level social activists since the proportional system paved way only to the local elites and powerful figures.

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under these circumstances are labelled as ‘disrespectable’, by society. This too has been a deterrent in the long run for the participation of women in active politics.

Historically, the leadership roles occupied by men in all social institutions have had an immense impact on determining the gender norms.14 In this context, we identify we have a start a dialogue on women's agency beyond a mere discussion on quantitative represantation. It is debatable whether this is the best time to start such dialogue, as nearly one and half years have elapsed since the introduction of women’s quota system in 2018. But today it is rare to hear of any discussion that refers to women’s agency in representative politics. This paper attempts to initiate a post-hoc dialogue on the issue of women’s agency in representative politics by reviewing the attempts to implement it in the Local Government Institutions during the past one and half years. Therefore, in today’s political context the discussion should focus on strengthening women’s representation and agency. As such the progressive move that was taken at the 2018 Local Government elections has to be carried forward. Such an approach is essential to institute an active citizen’s perspective that goes beyond the schematic nuances of the state and the governments.

14. An idea expressed by Farzana Haniffa at the discussion on women’s politics in Local Authorities organized by the Social Science Department of the University of Colombo, held at the Sri Lanka Foundation Institute. 14 August 2018

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The notion of women's agency we contextualized in the previous section, is being discussed here based on the case study of the local government election process of 2018 and its aftermath.

The primary objective was to assess to what extent the introduction of a women’s quota improved or strengthened women’s agency in representative politics. An outcome of this research is to initiate a dialogue on women’s agency. In the dialogue the researchers discussed the state and NGO interventions which tried to address the challenges faced by women have contributed to mainstreaming of women’s agency.

The methodology adopted was as follows:

1. Engaging in discussions with female representatives from different parties and who competed in the Local Authority Elections. In order to ensure proper

Part II

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representation of all religious and ethnic groups, these discussions were held with representatives from Kurunegala, Polpithigama, Homagama, Weligama, Athuraliya, Akuressa, Beliatta, Seruwila, Muththur, Aleiadiwembu, Pothuvil, Hatton, Panama and Passara. The women representatives were from the United National Party (UNP), United People’s Freedom Party (UPFP), Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP), Tamil National Alliance (TNA), Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC), All Ceylon Makkal Congress (ACMC) and Kandurata Janatha Peramuna (KJP).

2. Actively participating in several discussions in which representatives of Local Authorities, officers who were engaged in election observation duties including those from non-governmental organizations, the Elections Commission and the Sri Lanka Institute of Local Governance and Parliamentarians. Both men and women participated in these discussions and the observations made during the discussions were recorded.

3. Furthermore, the training modules used by institutions and trainers who engaged in training the elected female representatives were reviewed. The trainers from government institutions, non-government organizations and universities that engaged in training the elected women representatives were interviewed. The assessment reports from the sessions organized by the Law & Society Trust for the elected women representatives too were considered in this analysis.

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Challenges posed by the conventional party structures by the women’s quota

The provisions to reject a nominations list on grounds that the minimum 25% quota for women was not observed, posed an initial challenge to the political parties. The percentage of active involvement of women in the public sphere was low and women’s participation in all strata from the Local Authority level to the national level politics remained minimal.15 In addressing this issue, political parties seemed to have resorted to numerous strategies in order to include the required numbers of female candidates in their lists. In such instances, the relationship to the local elite and popular political figures, caste, class and ethnic relations become decisive in securing nominations. It was also not rare for some women who rendered yeoman’s service to women at regional level and yet not recognised well by the existing political parties, mainly due to the prevailing male-dominant-politics, getting through their candidature. Among the elected women representatives interviewed, there were wives, friends and relations of men who have been conventionally engaged in local politics; extrovert teachers and lawyers; independent young Muslim women who engaged in social welfare; rehabilitated LTTE cadres; as well as cooks from small hotels.

As a classic example, in the Weligama Pradeshiya Sabha, one member was elected for the first time, when 15. Generally, those who are active in the area are likely to enter local politics. For instance, involvement in community organizations such as farmers’ associations, sports clubs, funeral aid societies could be the path that leads way to local politics.

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her party nominated her after she had been a member of the Women’s Committee Board of the party in the electorate for 17 years,16 while the same party nominated another woman solely on the basis of her husband’s close association with the chief organizer of the party.17 In the latter case, even after serving several months in the council, people from her own village were not aware of her as an elected member.

The general perception held by most male Local Authority representatives and Parliamentarians who spoke with us, was based merely on such observances and not on the complexities of the situation.

“These women have no idea about politics. They will spend the next four years trying to learn politics. We got to this point after working for the people for a very long time. We have interacted with the public and gained plenty of experience. These women are now paid salaries to learn politics.”

- A Councillor - Seruvila Pradeshiya Sabha18

“On the face of it, this women’s quota system appears good, but it is a joke when you put it into practice because wives in place of husbands and daughters in place of fathers have been nominated. These women are like puppets. Most of them cannot think rationally.”

- A Councillor - Homagama Pradeshiya Sabha19

16. Interview with a Councillor of the Weligama Pradeshiya Sabha on 26-09-2018.17. Interview with a Councillor of the Weligama Pradeshiya Sabha on 26-09-2018.18. Interview with a Councillor of the Seruwila Pradeshiya Sabha on 26-09-2018.19. Interview with a Councillor of the Homagama Pradeshiya Sabha on 18-09-2018.

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“These girls are too young. They are accompanied by their mothers even when attending their meetings.”

- A Member of Parliament from Matara District20

“It is far better if an environment conducive for women was created in politics rather than airlifting them and introducing them into politics artificially. There is no point in having ‘coconut husk’21 women.”

- A Councillor - Akuressa Pradeshiya Sabha22

We observed that such generalizations were not confined only to this matter:

“As a party, we believe that the problem is not about being male or female. The problem is about capitalism and the inequality of distribution of resources. If someone is equipped with the knowledge to challenge it, whether that someone is man or woman is irrelevant. Due to the regressive nature of women in Eastern cultures, certain issues are inevitable with women coming to power. However, those in our party are different. They are well equipped in knowledge, and they are culturally different.”

- Pradeshiya Sabha Councillor -JVP23

20. Interview with a Parliamentarian from the Matara District on 12-09-2018.21. Consequent to winning the election, Minister Bandula Gunawardena stated that anyone or anything nominated by the Pohottuva (Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna), even e a coconut husk, would win the election due to the public opinion in their favour.22. Interview with a Member of the Akuressa Pradeshiya Sabha on 26-09-2018.23. Interview with a Pradeshiya Sabha Member from the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna on 20-09-2018.

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However in contrast to the above, a female Councillor of the same party whom we met, deliberated that she was not involved in any kind of politics prior to competing in the election though her husband had been actively involved.

The decision to seek out women who were either engaged in active social roles at grass roots level and to award them candidacy or as has happened traditionally, to pick and choose them on nepotism, supportive of cronyism and strengthening rural elite regimes was taken by the regional level male politicians of the respective political party. This therefore, has resulted on one hand, the expansion of regional level elite regimes while on the other, enabled some of those women who would otherwise have zero provision to enter active politics. However, even in this endeavour of giving candidacy to those women who were socially active, it was observed that due to approaches adopted by the decision makers, what happened was merely to t draw these women into their usual power struggles of political parties rather than to integrate women’s agency into active politics.

For example, the woman who secured nomination from the Tamil National Alliance to a particular ward with 85% Tamil majority was a rehabilitated former LTTE cadre who was popular in the area and came from a higher caste. All Ceylon Makkal Congress used a young woman who had won national level awards in sports and is currently engaged in active social service to compete

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against the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress candidate with an established political authority over a particular ward. The main objective of introducing the 25% quota was to ensure substantive equality in politics, and to include a group that was historically excluded from politics,24 and the very inclusion of women into the political power struggle can be an opportunity for them to become active partners, this approach should not be seen in a negative light. There is still a gap when it comes to the inclusion of women in politicss.

Electoral process, getting elected and involvement in local authorities

The responsibility of nominating them to wards and including their names in the proportionate representative lists fall on the party organizer and ultimately on the general secretary of the party. Most often they are male politicians. This does not stop there; these women have to depend on men who wield political power in the party to secure appointments through the proportionate representative list even after the election. There have been reports, where sexual bribes have been demanded by certain organizers in exchange of being nominated to power.25 Thus the whole process of election campaigning takes place in a patriarchal system. Even after getting elected, in post-election, these woman have to function in a model which has been

24. Farzana Haniffa, Discussion above. 14 August 2018.25. Sexual bribe sought from actress to contest from MR’s party, available at https://colombogazette.com/2018/01/07/sexual-bribe-sought-from-actress-to-contest-from-mrs-party/ (accessed 17 June 2019)

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concocted by a system consisting of about 98% men and according their whims and fancies. This context cannot be ignored in the dialogue on women’s agency, mentioned earlier.

“All this time, it was my husband who was engaged in politics. He knows the organizer very well. It was my husband who took me to sign the nomination papers. My husband made speeches at political rallies on my behalf e because I was not a good speaker.”- A female Councillor - Akuressa Pradeshiya Sabha26

“I did not have any problem to include my name on the list. My husband knew the organizer very well.”

- A female Councillor - Kurunegala Pradeshiya Sabha27

All the married women that were interviewed, had the total Support of their husbands to engage in politics. However, they had received mixed reactions from extended family and friends. For example, a Muslim woman who contested for the Muthur Pradeshiya Sabha had the support of her husband and parents but her sister had vehemently objected to her decision. Some women had entered politics considering it as a legacy of their fathers who were themselves actively engaged in politics. A female Councillor from the Weligama Pradeshiya Sabha stated that relatives and friends who supported her when 26. Interview held with a female Councillor of the Akuressa Pradeshiya Sabha on 26-09-2018.27. Interview held with Councillor from the Kurunegala Pradheshiya Sabha on 24-09-2018.

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she helped her father’s political activities, went against her when she wanted to make her candidature independent of that of her father’s. They have claimed that it is not very appropriate for a woman to engage in politics directly. It was also not uncommon for religious institutions to object to women engaging in politics. There were cases of where a village Buddhist monk and the trustee board of a mosque had objected to their respective women candidates.

Since many women (interviewed) had been enlisted in the proportionate lists, they did not face much challenge in winning a particular ward through election campaigning. However, we met both groups of women who were highly active, as well as those who did not do any election campaigning. A female candidate, who competed for the Kattaparichchan ward of the Muthur Pradeshiya Sabha, was able to achieve a landslide victory, surpassing all men who competed for the ward. One has to appreciate that women participate in political campaigns amidst many challenges; family responsibilities, difficulties in participating in late-night rallies specially if they happened to be in distant locations, and above all, the social attitudes towards women’s mobility.

Challenges faced by the women who challenged gender norms

It is a common feature in Sri Lankan society to slander women who are active in society and thus express their views freely. As pointed out by Malathie de Alwis, the idea about ‘shame and fear’ is a decisive factor chastised

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within the Sri Lankan society. From early childhoods, boys are taught to react to fear while girls are taught to respond to shame. Men who challenge socially accepted gender norms are challenged on the basis of fear while the women who challenge the same gender norms are challenged on the basis of shame.28 Two Muslim female Councillors elected to the Muthur Pradeshiya Sabha told us that during the election campaigning, they faced threats from male candidates of other political parties.29 One female candidate and her mother faced verbal abuse right in front of the polling centre, while the parents of another female candidate faced threats demanding them to withdraw their daughter from the election campaign. Men who supported these two female candidates had been subjected to physical attacks during the campaign. This was a challenge that many female candidates had to overcome as they actively engaged in electoral campaigns. Women who are active in politics are slandered as being not chaste. A female candidate who competed for the Weligama Pradeshiya Sabha stated, “We of course have to operate within certain cultural boundaries. I was told things like, ‘don’t ruin your name, this is not suitable for women’ “.30 Here, she was only emphasizing the challenges a woman has to face when they become active in the public

28. De Alwis, Malathi. ''The Production and Embodiment of Respectability: Gendered Demeanours in Colonial Ceylon'' in Michael Roberts (ed), Collective Identities Revisited, Vol 1, Maarga Publishers, Colombo (1997) p.105-14329. Interview held with a Councillor from the Muththur Pradeshiya Sabha on 30-09-2018.30. Interview held with a Councillor from the Kurunegala Pradheshiya Sabha on 24-09-2018.

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sphere. Many women as well as men who spoke with us reiterated that regardless of the social role that a woman may perform, that her first obligation is to her family.

“It doesn’t matter what you achieve, if your family has failed. We must first ensure the safety of the family before thinking of serving the society.”

- A female Councillor - Kurunegala Pradeshiya Sabha31

“My family helped me during the election. They always told me to strike a balance between the family and politics.“

- A female Councillor - Weligama Pradeshiya Sabha32

“Of course women have to accomplish their obligations at home, before stepping out to engage in politics. They certainly cannot neglect that.”

- A male Councillor - Homagama Pradeshiya Sabha33

What is behind this line of thinking is the stereotypical gender norms which places the burden of the private sphere solely on woman. Radhika Coomaraswamy argues that culture and identity in the South Asian context are viewed as areas that come under a person’s private sphere and they are considered as things that women have to deal with.34 This is how private lives of women are carefully 31. Interview held with Councillor from the Homagama Pradheshiya Sabha on 18-09-2018.32. Interview held with Councillor from the Weligama Pradheshiya Sabha on 26-09-2018.33. Interview held with Councillor from the Homagama Pradheshiya Sabha on 08-09-2018.34. Coomaraswamy, Radhika. The Disrobing Draupadi: Women, Violence and Human Rights, International Centre for Ethnic Studies, Colombo (2000)

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governed. This also comes from the thinking that women bear the responsibility of protecting traditions, practices and social morals. This thinking fuels the shaming and blaming of women so that they are discouraged from becoming active in the public sphere, which otherwise is believed to be traditionally male dominated. During an interview, a male Councillor from a certain Pradeshiya Sabha referring to the newly elected female Councillors had this to say, “what is there, their men are at home taking care of the children while these women mooch around.”35

The same gender norms create the ground realities that will have to be faced by all women who are elected to Local Authorities through this 25 % quota system. Already, there is a considerable level of investigation and discussions instituted about these challenges. Not only their male counterparts, but even the staff of many Local Authorities describes these female Councillors as “pin manthree” (charity councillors).36 The basis for this objection is because most of these women councillors got elected to the Pradeshiya Sabha not having competed through the proportionate list for a ward, but due to a mere legislation to promote proportionate equity to female representation that raised the numbers from 1.29% to 23.6%. Not even a semblance of such a derogatory tone was used when referring to men who came through a similar proportionate list.

35. Interview held with Councillor from the Akuressa Pradeshiya Sabha36. Rohana Hettiarachchi, The national workshop organized by the Law & Society Trust to extend the 25% quota to the Provincial Councils, 31 July 2018.

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Since most of the female Councillors come from the nominated list, they do not have an assigned ward. Therefore, when a woman is involved in public activities in the area, she has to get the support of the councillor who represents that particular ward. The reality is, male councillors do not take kindly to such involvement. There is stiff opposition to such involvement in the development activities of the voter-base, hitherto dominated by the male counterpart, and more so when that happens through a female councillor.

“We have been working with the public and gaining a lot of experience over a long period of time before we ventured into political campaigning. These women are beginning to learn things only now, after getting there. So they will spend the entire 5 years just to learn politics. They may be able to make some contribution if and when they get elected for the next term. These women who have been at home, have now come here from the list. The work that they are trying to do could even be a reason to lose the voters’ base that we have established.”

- Councillor - Seruvila Pradeshiya Sabha 37

Another female Councillor said that public officials such as principals and teachers of the area and older men with some recognition from the public are reluctant to meet them and discuss their issues even when they do face issues.38 She believed that they are reticent because she is

37. Interview held with Councillor from the Seruvila Pradheshiya Sabha on 03-10-2018.38. Interview held with Councillor from the Seruvila Pradheshiya Sabha on 03-10-2018.

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a woman. In another location, a woman Councillor was of the opinion that people did not take her seriously because she was not mature enough.39

When a female Councillor from the Muthur Pradeshiya Sabha attempted to board a bus that had been arranged to go to a training session organized for new Councillors, accompanied by her disabled child, the Secretary of the Pradeshiya Sabha had threatened that he will not allow the bus to leave if she boards the bus with the child.40 It is not uncommon to hear about similar instances in which public officials employed at Local Authorities abused their power when dealing with women. This extends from public officials employed at Local Authorities to people of various strata who maintain close associations and dealings with the heads of those institutions. At one point, a female Councillor from the Weligama Pradeshiya Sabha complained that a person who frequents the Pradeshiya Sabha claiming to be an advisor to the Chairman constantly threatened and harassed her and that no action was taken in this regard by the Chairman or any other.41 At another time, all the female councillors from the Badulla Municipal Council held a joint press conference, and stated that the male Councillors did not allow any of them to express views during the six sessions the Council held so far, and that they even verbally abused them.42 39. Interview held with Councillor from the Weligama Pradheshiya Sabha on 26-09-2018.40. Interview held with Councillor from the Muththur Pradheshiya Sabha on 30-09-2018.41. This was mentioned in a letter sent to LST by the respective Councilor.42. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSwDhwF1PaM (accessed on 17 June 2019)

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Male Councillors in general made several allegations against female Councillors who got elected through the 25% quota, claiming that they lacked proper understanding of regulations, by-laws and procedures of Local Authorities; that women are unable to present logical and politically sound dialogues during sessions of the Local Authorities; and that they are not capable of taking strong political decisions. We experienced some instances in which female Councillors themselves admitted such weaknesses. Trainers from governmental and non-governmental organizations that we interviewed, both male and female, too corroborated this stand. In order to live up to this challenge, some female Councillors were adopting a strategy of going along with the ideologies of male Councillors to appear being ‘tame’. In other words, they were succumbing to dominant male ideology.

“It is easy to get along when you give prominence to the male Councillors.”- Female Councillor - Weligama Pradeshiya Sabha43

It is fitting to mention at this juncture, a certain popular idea expressed by several experts from the governmental and non-governmental sectors in public forums organized to discuss issues faced by female Councillors. They pointed out that women should work strategically when dealing with men, thus making room for themselves to work alongside them. The phrase they used to explain this status is ‘64 mayam’ (64 tactics) believed to be possessed

43. Interview with a female Councilor from the Weligama Pradeshiya Sabha on 26-09-2018.

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by women.44 When a female Councillor from Kurunegala expressed her views to us, that women can make use of their ‘feminine charm’, one can to assume that she referred to the same.45 In the same forums, those who opposed the above idea of using ‘64 mayam’ thought it rather recreates stereo typical gender roles.46

A female Councillor from the Muthur Pradeshiya Sabha expressing a different opinion stated that the greatest challenge faced by women who are elected to Local Authorities is the emotional challenge internalized by the women themselves.47 Dr. Wijaya Jayathilaka who put this idea into context, further stated that enabling women to discard the gender norms that they have internalized is one of the biggest challenges he faced during his training programmes.48

44. Rohana Hettiarachchi, The national workshop organized by the Law & Society Trust to extend the 25% quota to the Provincial Councils, 31 July 2018.45. Interview with a female Councilor from the Kurunegala Pradeshiya Sabha on 24-09-2018.46. Viola Perera, The national workshop organized by the Law & Society Trust to extend the 25% quota to the Provincial Councils, 31 July 2018.47. Interview with a female Councilor from the Muththur Pradeshiya Sabha on 26-09-2018.48. Telephone conversation with Dr. Wijaya Jayathilaka on 12-09-2018.

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Once again, we are faced with the issue of women’s agency here. We are of the opinion that women’s agency should be prioritised and be the key objective of all interventions (lectures, conferences, workshops, training programmes) designed to help the women public representatives elected under the 25% quota. This will enable them to face these challenges.

The Constitution, provisions in the Local Authorities Act, role of public representatives, leadership training, basic law, human and fundamental rights, right to information, history of women’s role in politics, communication skills, sustainable development goals, gender, conflict resolution, reconciliation, use of media are some of the more common topics discussed in the many training modules designed by various governmental and non-governmental organizations that came under our

Part III

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review. The common characteristic in all these training modules is that they use the traditional training approach in imparting knowledge.

It is important to reconsider the use of this approach by governmental and non-governmental organizations which has minimal effectiveness, and on its relevance to promoting women’s agency. The challenge before us is not something that we can overcome merely by equipping people with knowledge. A UN report compiled after studying women’s roles in Local Authorities in India and Uganda shows that women who have not received ‘institutional’ and ‘formal’ education may be at the risk of getting duped by crafty political strategies of men but still it is not possible to make a direct correlation between women’s level of education and the quality of their roles in politics.49 For instance, in states such as West Bengal and Rajasthan, there is greater women’s participation in Sabha meetings chaired by women who have not received a formal education. The report provides details of high quality interventions of local bodies run by women, such as drinking water projects, bio-gas production projects, and other development projects, highlighting the possibility of gender equity improvisation.50

It was common to observe the emphasis laid by trainers of some institutions on the importance of following social ethics. Interventions made without an in-depth understanding of power and dominance as elaborated 49. Goetz, Anne Marie, Women’s Education and Political Participation: Background paper prepared for the Education for All Global Monitoring Report,2004, UNESCO50. Ibid. p.15.

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above can actually perpetuate unawares, the very aspects that we are trying to discard. For example, they have been exposed to proper table etiquette, civility when making telephone conversations, attire, politeness and respectable use of social media. In some instances the trainees have received instructions about the best ring-tones for their mobiles too.51

“These people conduct themselves like wild animals. They don’t even know how to eat or dress properly.”- A female Civil Society Activist involved in training52

Expressing his views, another trainer said that he does not think that training needs to cover all areas of social mannerisms and that these female Councillors should not be treated as if they ‘came from the jungle’.53 Although this discussion may seem very superficial, we should realize the underlying dangers. These established norms of social conduct and practices stemming from them, are based on certain historic political constructs. As mentioned earlier, this was the essence of girls’ education. In the colonial era. It is based on this premise that the Sri Lankan leftist movement challenged the teaching project promoted by the Mahila Samithi movement. It is this very doctrine that pioneer activists like Doreen Wickremesinge, then Principal of Sujatha Balika Vidyalaya, Matara tried to expel from Buddhist women’s education.51. Interview with a trainer on 29-08-2018.52. Interview with a trainer on 28-08-2018.53. Interview with a trainer on 26-08-2018.

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We observed a perpetuation of the colonial era ideas by the examples used by trainers (both male and female) in some training programmes. In one instance, the trainer stressed that the stature of British Royal family and the family of the former US President was depicted by the way they dressed 54 What the trainers missed was that the values they promoted are built on social constructs based on specific ideological foundations. In many trainings, female Councillors were taught how to drape the saree correctly. A Councillor from Matale stated that after attending these trainings she started wearing white sarees, because she felt that it gives her an air of respectability.55

Malathie de Alwis analysing Sirimavo Bandaranaike’s role in the Mahila Samithi movement and Hema Premadasa’s role in the Seva Vanitha organization to study the idea of ‘respect’ in the Sri Lankan society, proposed that the binary-constructions on women’s identity should be challenged to recognize the multiplicity of subject positions available to women.

“... in the patriarchal gaze of the nation, the ‘public women’ simultaneously exists as a signifier of respectability, i.e., as wife, mother, etc., but also of degradation and debasement. As feminists it is time we shatter such a binary construction of identity and recognize the multiplicity of subject positions that are available

54. Interview with a trainer on 29-08-2018.55. Interview with a Councillor from the Akuressa Pradeshiya Sabha on 26-09-2018.

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to us. It is time we stood ‘respectability’ on its head and reconfigured our notions of national and sexual bodies.”56

Challenging the power and dominance, which have taken roots deep inside society, is not as easy as it seems. Especially, when those attitudes and social norms that we are trying to change or challenge are a part of the social order, it becomes extremely difficult. This is where the problem lies with many awareness programmes carried out over a period of time by governmental and non-governmental organizations. That is why those who intervene to achieve social change should have an understanding of power and governance networks through which control is exercised.57

Therefore, all project planners who design interventions or projects to improve the knowledge of female councillors in post-25%-quota era need tounderstand the fact that the ‘knowledge production’ is not an innocent project. In the words of Gayatri Spivak, it is a global project made in the Europe-led-West, which contributes to the creation of identities for people of the subaltern communities.58 we reiterate here the need to critially evaluate the genuine efforts and struggles to 56. De Alwis, Malathi. Gender, Politics and the Respectable Lady in Pradeep Jeganathan & Quadri Ismail (eds) Unmaking the Nation: The Politics of Identity & History in Modern Sri Lanka, International Centre for the Ethnic Studies, Colombo, p. 15157. Celermejer, Munasinghe, Ariyarathne & Chandrasekere, Understanding Violence in Post War Sri Lanka, University of Sydney & Centre for the Study of Human Rights, Colombo (2016).58. Spivak, Gayatri. Can the Subaltern Speak? in Nelson, Cary and Grossberg, Lawrence (Eds), University of Illinois Press (1988)

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improve Sri Lanka’s subaltern politics and women’s agency. Are the efforts being made to increase the knowledge and power of female Councillors or to convert them into ‘respectable’ Councillors.? ■

References :Celemejer, D, Munasinghe, V, Ariyarathne, K & Chandrasekere, T, Understanding Violence in Post War Sri Lanka: An Ethnographic Study in Wanathavilluva, University of Sydney & Centre for the Study of Human Rights, Colombo (2016)

Coomaraswamy, Radhika. The Disrobing Draupadi: Women, Violence and Human Rights, International Centre for Ethnic Studies, Colombo (2000)

de Alwis, Malathi. Gender, Politics and the Respectable Lady in Pradeep Jeganathan & Quadri Ismail (eds) Unmaking the Nation: The Politics of Identity & History in Modern Sri Lanka, International Centre for the Ethnic Studies, Colombo (1995)

de Alwis, Malathi. The Production and Embodiment of Respectability: Gendered Demeanours in Colonial Ceylon in Michael Roberts (ed), Collective Identities Revisited, Vol 1, Maarga Publishers, Colombo (1997) p.105-143

de Mel, Neloufer. Women and the Nations Narrative: Gender and Nationalism in 20th Century Sri Lanka, Rowman and Littlefeld (2001)

Goetz, Anne Marie. Women’s Education and Political Participation: Background paper prepared for the Education for All, Global Monitoring Report, UNESCO (2004)

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Jayawardena, Kumari. Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World, Zed Books, London (1986)

Kearney, Robert. M, Women in Politics in Sri Lanka, Asian Survey, Vol. 21, No.7 (Jul., 1981)

Kodikara, Chulani, The Struggle for Equal Political Representation of Women in Sri Lanka, UNDP, Colombo (2009)

Kodikara, Chulani and Samuel, Kumuduni. zzm<d;a md,k

wdh;k ;=< ldka;djka i|yd 25]la fjkalsÍu” Women and Media Collective (2018)

Liyanage, Pulsara. “Left Women and Political Participation” in Marshal Fernando & B. Skanthakumar (eds), Pathways of the Left in Sri Lanka, Ecumenical Institute for Study and Dialogue, Colombo (2014)

Spivak, Gayatri. Can the Subaltern Speak? in Nelson, Cary and Grossberg, Lawrence (Eds), University of Illinois Press (1988)

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39

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40

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1' o fu,a" fk¨*¾ Women and the Nations Narrative: Gender and Nationalism in 20th Century Sri Lanka, Rowman and Littlefield (2001), p. p. 146-1482' ,shkf.a" mq,aird ''Left Women and Political Participation'' in Marshal Fernando & B. Skanthakumar (eds) Pathways of the Left in Sri Lanka, Ecumenical Institute for Study and Dialogue, Colombo (2014),3' l¾ks" frdn¾Ü tï' Women in Politics in Sri Lanka, Asian Survey, Vol. 21, No. 7 (Jul. 1981), pp. 743

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ldrl;ajh fidhd hdu

42

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43

uqKisxy | wdßhr;ak

wdrïN lr" fldÜGdY ;=< ck;dj iy Tjqkaf.a ksfhdað;hska

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10' fldäldr pQ,kS iy ieuqfj,a l=uqÿkS" by; ms' 4

11' 2017 § Y%S ,xld md¾,sfïka;=fõ ldka;d uka;%Sjßhka 13la isá w;r" fuh

md¾,sfïka;=fõ tf;la mej;s by<u ksfhdackh úh' m<d;a iNdj, ^úiqrejd yeÍug

fmr& th 3]lg wdikak ixLHdjla jQ w;r" m<d;a md,k wdh;k ;=< 2018g fmr tu

ixhq;sh 1'26]la úh

ldrl;ajh fidhd hdu

44

l< yelsh' fuhg m%Odk;u fya;= idOlh kï ldka;djf.a

idïm%odhsl mjq,a N+ñldj w;sYhska uQ,sl jk njg jk ms<s.ekSu

fya;=fjka" ldka;djkag foaYmd,ksl N+ñldjkays fh§u i|yd

bv ,nd fok iudÔh" ixialD;sl iy foaYmd,k wjldYhkaf.a

weysÍ hduhs' ft;sydislj Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl foaYmd,kfha

bÈß.dó ldka;djka jeä msßila" ish mjqf,a msßñhl=f.a

foaYmd,k N+ñldjka ^fndfyda úg mshd fyda iajdñ mqreIhd&

weiqßka ish foaYmd,k uÕ t<sfmfy<s lr .;a ldka;dfjda

jQy'12 ldka;dj fmdÿ wjldYfha ^iudch" foaYmd,k hdka;%K

wd§& lghq;=j, ksr; jk úg wef.a fm!oa.,sl N+ñldjka ^mjq,"

.Dyh& wid¾:l jkq we;ehs hk wêm;sjd§ u;jdoh úiska

ldka;djka úiskau ;ukaf.a foaYmd,k l%shdldrlï iSud lr

.ekSu fukau" mjqf,ka iy fmdÿ iudcfhka tn÷ lghq;= i|yd

wffO¾hu;a lsÍu o nyq,j isÿ jkakls'

wfkla w;g iudkqmd;sl ue;sjrK l%uh yd ne÷Kq

m%pKav;ajh" tkï ue;sjrK ch.%yK i|yd uqo,a yd msßia

n,h Ndú;d lsÍug isÿ ùu fya;=fjka ldka;djkag ue;sjrK

l%shdj,shg ;rÕ lsÍfï § wjdis iy.; ;;a;ajhla we;s lrkq

,efí'13 fï fya;=j ksidu ue;sjrKj,g ;rÕ lrk ldka;djka

—jeo.;a fkdjk˜ ;eke;a;shka f,i yxjvq .ikq ,nk iudÔh

m%jK;djla olakg ,efí' fuh o §¾> ld,Skj ldka;d

foaYmd,ksl l%shdldrlï iSud lsÍu flfrys n,md ;sfí'

ft;sydislj msßñka úiska ish¨ iudc ixia:djkays

kdhl;ajh oeÍu úiska" tlS iudcfha ia;%S mqreI iudcNdù

iïu;hka ;SrKh ùu flfrys buy;a n,mEula we;s

12' chj¾Ok" l=udß Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World, Zed Books, London (1986), p. 12913' j¾;udk ue;sjrK l%u ixfYdaOkh ;=< fldÜGdY l%uh §fï m%Odk wruqKla

jQfha" m%dfoaYSh m%N+ n,j;=kag muKla uÕ újr l< iudkqmd;sl ksfhdackh fjkqjg"

m%dfoaYSh iudc l%shdldÍka we;=<;a lr .ekSfï wjYH;djhs'

45

uqKisxy | wdßhr;ak

lrkq ,nhs'14 fuu ikao¾Nh ;=< fuf;la l,la foaYmd,kh

;=< ldka;djf.a N+ñldj ms<sn|j mej;s ixLHd;aul wr.,fhka

Tíng f.dia" ldka;d foaYmd,kfha uqLH wruqK jk ldka;d

ldrl;ajh we;=<;a lr .ekSu ms<sn| ixjdoh kj jghlska

wdrïN lsÍug wmg wjia:dj ie<iS ;sfí' 2018 m<d;a md,k

ue;sjrKfhka miqj jir tlyudrla .;j we;s fï fudfyd;

ta i|yd jvd;a WÑ;h hkak wújdod;aulh' kuq;a wo jk úg

foaYmd,kh ;=, ldka;d ldrl;ajh ms<sn| ldrKh fkdweiS

f.dia we;' j¾;udkfha ue;sjrK foaYmd,kh ms<sn| flfrk

ixjdohka ;=, lsisÿ foaYmd,k mCIhla ldka;d ldrl;ajh

ms<sn|j l;d lrkq fkdwefia' kuq;a wm fuhska W;aidy

lrkq ,nkafka m<d;a md,k wdh;k foaYmd,kh ;=, ldka;d

ldrl;ajh l%shdfõ fhoùu ms<sn|j miq l:khla lsÍu ;=<ska

fï jeo.;a ud;Dldj ixjdo.; lsÍuh' ta wkqj wmf.a fuu

W;aidyh ÈYdk; jkafka mj;sk foaYmd,k fudfyd; ;=<

t;rï jeo.;a hehs fmdÿ ck l;sldj ;=< fkdi<lkq ,nk

lreKla iïnkaOfhks' kuq;a wmf.a woyi jkafka 2018 m<d;a

md,k ue;sjrKfhka .kq ,enQ bÈß.dó mshjr mqrjeishka

f,i wm úiska w;a fkdyer bÈßhg f.k wd hq;= njhs' rdcH

jqjukdjka iy wdKAvqj, foaYmd,k Wmdhud¾.j,ska Tíng .sh

il%Sh mqrjeis is;Sulg tjeks foa jeo.;a jk nj wmf.a yeÕSuhs'

14' *¾idkd ykS*d úiskA fld<U úYaj úoHd,fha iudc úoHd wOHhkdxYh úiska

m<d;a md,k wdh;k ;=< ldka;d foaYmd,kh ms<sn|j Y%S ,xld mokï wdh;kfha§

ixúOdkh lrk ,o idlÉPd iNdfõ§ m%ldY l< woyils' 2018 wf.daia;= 14

46

by;ska ikao¾N.; lrk ,o ldka;d ldrl;ajh ms<sn|

woyi fuys§ idlÉPdjg ,la lsÍug W;aidy lrkafka 2018

ue;sjrKfha ldka;d fldagdj y÷kajd §u yd bka wk;=rej t<eô

isoaëka ms<sn|j wm úiska isÿ lrk ,o m¾fhaIKhla weiqre lr

.ksñks' tu m¾fhaIKfha § wmf.a uQ,sl wjf,dalk lafIa;%h

jQfha m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKh ;=< ldka;d fldagdj y÷kajd

§fuka miq t;=< ldka;d ldrl;ajh il%Sh lsÍfï wjldYhka

yd wNsfhda.hkah' tlS wNsfhda. wduka;%Kh lsÍu rdcH iy

isú,a iudc ixúOdk úiska isÿ flfrñka mj;sk ueÈy;a ùï

ldka;d ldrl;ajh uQ,m%jdySlrKh (mainstream) lsÍu hk

oDIaáfldaKfhka we.hSug ,la lsÍug o W;aidy orefjuq'

ta i|yd wm úiska wkq.ukh lrk ,o m%fõYh my; mßÈ úh¦

1' ish¨u mlaI ksfhdackh lrñka m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,g

;rÕ fldg f;aÍ m;a jQ iy fkdjQ ldka;d ksfhdað;jßhka

iuÕ idlÉPd lsÍu wmf.a uQ,sl m%fõYh úh' tys§" ish¨

wd.ñl" ckjd¾.sl ksfhdackhka ;yjqre lrkq jia wl=/

iai" w;=r,sh" wdf,ahswäfjïnq" l=reKE.," miair" mdku"

fmd;=ú,a" fmd,ams;s.u" fn,sw;a;" uq;a;+¾" je,s.u" fiareú,"

02 fldgi

47

uqKisxy | wdßhr;ak

yegka" fydaud.u hk m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, idudðl

idudðldjka iuÕ idlÉPd lrk ,§' tlS ;eke;a;ka tlai;a

cd;sl mlaIh" tlai;a ck;d ksoyia ikaOdkh" Y%S ,xld

ksoyia mlaIh" ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK" øúv cd;sl ikaOdkh"

Y%S ,xld uqia,sï fldka.%ih" iuia; ,xld uyck fldka.%ih"

l÷rg ck;d fmruqK hk mlaIj,g wh;a ksfhdað;fhda jQy'

2' m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, ksfhdað;hska iy ksfhdað;jßhka"

ue;sjrK ksÍlaIK lghq;=j, fhfok iy wfkl=;a

rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk" ue;sjrK fldñIka iNdj" m<d;a

md,kh ms<sn| ,xld wdh;kh hk wdh;hkays ks,OdÍka

iy md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjreka iy uka;%Sjßhka iyNd.S jQ

idlÉPd ieisjdr lsysmhlg wm il%Shj iyNd.S jQ w;r" tys

ksÍlaIKhka o fuys § mdol lr .eksK'

3' tfukau" f;aÍ m;a jQ ldka;djka mqyqKq lsÍfï fh§ isák

wdh;k iy mqyqKqlrejka iy mqyqKqldßkshka fukau Tjqkaf.a

mqyqKq fudähq, wmf.a wOHhkhg n÷ka úh' tfukau" mqyqKq

lsÍïj, fh§ isák rdcH" rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk iy úYaj

úoHd,j, mqyqKqlrejka iy mqyqKqldßkshka o wm úiska

iïuqL idlÉPdjg Ndckh flßK' kS;sh iy iudc Ndrh

úiska f;aÍ m;a jQ m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, ksfhdað;jßhka

i|yd mj;ajk ,o jevigykaj, we.hSï jd¾;djka o wmf.a

wjOdkhg n÷ka úh'

iïm%odhsl mlaI wdlD;shg 25] fldagdfõ n,mEu

kj ue;sjrK l%uh hgf;a kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=jl 25]l

ldka;d wfmalaIl;ajhla fkdue;s wjia:djkays tlS kdufhdackd

m;%h m%;slafIam ùfï m%;smdokh foaYmd,k mlaIj,g uq,a

wjia:dfõ§ u wNsfhda.hla t,a, lrk ,§' thg fya;=j jQfha

uyck mßuKav,h ;=< il%Sh ldka;djka m%;sY;d;aulj

fnfyúka my< w.hla .ekSu;a" t;eka isg m%dfoaYSh

ldrl;ajh fidhd hdu

48

foaYmd,kh;a" cd;sl foaYmd,kh;a w;r jk ish¨ ;,hkays

ldka;d iyNd.S;ajfha mej;s lemS fmfkk wju ùu;ah'15

fï ikao¾Nh ;=< wfmalaIl;ajh i|yd ldka;djka fidhd

.ekSfï § foaYmd,k mlaI úúOdldr Wmdh ud¾. wkq.uh lrk

,o nj ksÍlaIKh úh' ̂ tys § m%dfoaYSh m%N+ foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh

iuÕ mej;s {d;S" l=," mka;suh" ckjd¾.sl in|;d hï ;ekl

;SrKd;aul jk úg" ;j;a ;efkl wêm;s msßñ foaYmd,kh

;=< fndfyda úg wjldYh fkd,eî hk m%dfoaYShj ldka;djka

fjkqfjka jeo.;a ueÈy;a ùu lrk" tkuq;a idudkHfhka mlaI

miqmi fkdhk ldka;d pß; fj; m%fõY ùug wfmalaIl;ajh

iu;a jQ wjia:d o w;sYhska úr, fkdfõ' wm úiska iïuqL

idlÉPdjg ,la lrk ,o f;aÍ m;a jQ ksfhdað;jßhka foi

ne,Sfï § Tjqka idïm%odhslj m%dfoaYSh foaYmd,kfha ksr;

msßñkaf.a ìßkaoEjka" ys;j;shka" {d;sjßhka jkjd fukau

iudcYS,S .=rejßhka" kS;S{jßhka" .%dóh iqNidOk lghq;=j,

ksr; jQ iajdëk uqia,sï ;re‚hka" mqkre;a:dmkh jQ t,aààB

igkaldñkshka muKla fkdj" l=vd fydag,aj, uq¿;ekaf.a

fldAlsjßhka f,i lghq;= l< ldka;dfjda o jQy'

WodyrKhla f,i je,s.u m%dfoaYSh iNdjg m;a jQ

tla;rd iNsljßhla wjqreÿ 17la mqrd ldka;d n, uKav,fha

idudðldjlj isg mlaIh úiska kdufhdackd ,nd § iNslhl=

f,i m;a lrkq ,noa§16 tu mlaIh úiskau tlS m%dfoaYSh iNdj

i|ydu ;j;a uka;%Sjßhl m;a lrkq ,en ;snqfka yqfolau wef.a

iajdñ mqreIhd iy ixúOdhljrhd w;r mej;s ióm iïnkaOh17

u;h' f;aÍ m;ajQ miqj udi lSmhlska miqj o wef.a .ïjdiSka

mjd weh iNsldúhl nj oek isáfha ke;'

15' fndfyda úg m%dfoAYSh foaYmd,khg we;=¿ jkafka m%foaYfha il%sh ;eke;a;kah' ksoiqkla f,i" f.dú ixúOdk" l%Svd iudc" urKdOdr iñ;s jeks .fï fmdÿ ixúOdk" m%dfoaYSh foaYmd,kh iuÕ olajk iïnkaOh oelaúh yelsh'16' je,s.u m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNsljßhla iuÕ 2018'09'26 Èk meje;a jQ iïuqL idlÉPdj17' je,s.u m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNsljßhla iuÕ 2018'09'26 Èk meje;a jQ iïuqL idlÉPdj

49

uqKisxy | wdßhr;ak

wm iuÕ woyia olajk ,o fndfyduhla msßñ m<d;a

md,k ksfhdað;hska iy md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjreka w;r mej;s

idudkHlrKh jQ woyi f.dv ke.S we;af;a fun÷ ksÍlaIK

u; ñi" tys jQ ixlS¾K;djka ms<sn| we.hSula u; fkdfõ'

—fï f.d,a,kag foaYmd,kh .ek fudku woyilaj;a

keye' fï wjqreÿ y;ru thd, .; lrkafka

foaYmd,kh bf.k .kak' wms fï ;ekaj,g wdfõ

ld,dka;rhla ;siafia ñksiaiqkag jev lr,d"

ñksiaiq;a tlal yemams,d w;aoelSï wrf.k' fï

f.d,af,da foaYmd,kh bf.k .kakjghs oeka mä

f.jkafka'˜

- fiareú, m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNslfhla18

—ldka;d fldagdj neÆ ne,aug fyd|hs' ta;a

m%dfhda.slj úys¿jla' fudlo uy;a;=re fjkqfjka

fkdak,d;a" ;d;a;,d fjkqfjka ÿj,d;a ,siaÜ tlg

weú;a ;sfhkjd' ldka;dfjda rElv jf.a' nyq;rhlg

ys;,d n,,d jev lrkak neye'˜

- fydaud.u m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNslfhla19

—fï .EKq <uhs f.j,aj, ysgmq fmdä <uhs'

/iaùïj,g tkafk;a wïu,d tlal'˜

- ud;r Èia;%slalfha md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjrfhla20

18' fiareú, m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNslfhl= iuÕ 2018'10'03 Èk meje;a jQ iïuqL

idlÉPdj

19' fydaud.u m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNslfhl= iuÕ 2018'09'18 Èk meje;a jQ iïuqL

idlÉPdj

20' ud;r Èia;%slalfha md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjrfhl= iuÕ 2018'09'12 Èk meje;a jQ iïuqL

idlÉPdj

ldrl;ajh fidhd hdu

50

—ldka;djka Wäka f.k;a lD;suj foaYmd,khg

odkjg jvd Bg wjYH miqìu yeÿjd kï fyd|hs'

fmd,af,,s21 ldka;djka jevla keye˜

- wl=/iai m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNslfhla22

fujeks idudkHlrKh lrk ,o woyia ksÍlaIKh l<

yels jQfha fï lreK wrNhd muKla fkdfõ¦

—mlaIhla úÈhg wms úYajdi lrkafka m%Yakh

;sfhkafka .eyeKq o msßñ o lshk tl u; fkfuhs

lsh,hs' m%Yakh ;sfhkafka Okjdoh iy iïm;a

fn§ hdfï úIu;dj u;hs' thg wNsfhda. lrkak

oekqñka ikakoaO kï .eyeKq o msßño lshk tl

wod< keye' fmrÈ. ixialD;sh ;=< .eyeKq miq.dó

ksid" .eyeKq wdju hï hï .eg¿ we;s fjkjd' ta;a

wfma mlaIfha .eyeKq fjkia' oekqñka ikakoaOhs'

ixialD;slj;a fjkia'˜

- ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa m%dfoaYSh iNd iNslfhla23

kuq;a" wmg yuq jQ tu mlaIfhau uka;%Sjßhla lshd isáfha

;ud fuu ue;sjrKhg bÈßm;a ùug fmr lsisÿ wdldrhl il%Sh

foaYmd,khl ksr; fkdjQ njhs' kuq;a" wehf.a ieñhd mlaIfha

il%Sh foaYmd,k l%shdldßlfhla úh'

ìï uÜgfï il%Sh iudÔh N+ñldjkays ksr; ldka;djka

fidhd f.dia wfmalaIl;ajh msßkeóu fukau idïm%odhsl"

21' ue;sjrK ch.%yKfhka miq udOH idlÉPdjla meje;ajQ nkaÿ, .=Kj¾Ok

wud;Hjrhd mejiqfõ fmdfydÜgqfjka ˜fmd,a f,,a,la˜ Pkaohg bÈßm;a l<;a

ch.%yKh l< yels nj h'

22' wl=/iai m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNslfhl= iuÕ 2018'09'26 Èk meje;a jQ iïuqL

idlÉPdj

23' ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa m%dfoaYSh iNd iNslfhl= iuÕ 2018'09'20 Èk meje;a jQ

iïuqL idlÉPdj

51

uqKisxy | wdßhr;ak

mjq,ajd§" ys;ñ;=rejd§ iy .%dóh m%N+ n, ;ka;%hka Yla;su;a

lrjk m%fõYhka .ekSu o ;SrKh lrk ,oafoa tl tl mlaIfha

m%dfoaYSh msßñ foaYmd,k{hkA úisks' tys§ m%dfoaYSh m%N+ ;ka;%hka

mq¿,a lsÍu tla m%;sM,hla jk w;r" wfkla w;ska fldagdjla

rys; l%uhla ;=< lsisÈkl uQ,m%jdyhg we;=<;a fkdjk

ldka;djka fldgila foaYmd,k lafIa;%hg we;=<;a lr .kq

,enQ nj o wmf.a ksÍlaIKhg yiq úh' kuq;a" iudÔhj il%Sh

ldka;djkag wfmalaIl;ajh ,nd §fï § mjd ta ms<sn|j ;SrK

.ekSfï uÜgïj, § isÿ jQ ienE t<eUqu jQfha ldka;d ldrl;ajh

foaYmd,kh ;=<g wka;¾.%yKh lsÍug jvd" tlS mlaIj, iqmqreÿ

n, wr.,hka ;=<g tlS ldka;djka fhdod .ekSuhs'

ksoiqkla f,i" fou< cd;sl ikaOdkh" m%foaYfha

85]la fou< nyq;rhla fjfik fldÜGdYhl mqkre;a:dmkh

,nd meñK isák" l=,fhka by< mjq,lg wh;a" m%foaYh ;=<

ckm%sh ysgmq t,a'à'à'B' idudðldjla fhdod .ekSu ±laúh yelsh'

;j;a ;ekl iuia; ,xld uyck fldka.%ih" fldÜGdYfha

foaYmd,kh ;=< mQ¾K wêldÍ;ajh ord isák Y%S ,xld uqia,sï

fldka.%ifha wfmalaIlhdg tfrysj l%Svdfjka iuia; ,xld

ch.%yK ,o" oekg o il%Sh iudc fiajfha ksr;j isák

ldka;djlg kdufhdackd ,nd §u oelaúh yelsh' flfia

fj;;a" 25] fldagdj y÷kajd §fï uQ,sl wNsm%dh jQ m%udKd;aul

iudkd;au;dj (substantive equality& ,nd fok wr.,hlah

hk w¾:fhkq;a" fuh ft;sydislj foaYmd,k moaO;sfhka

neyer lrk ,o lKavdhula thg we;=<;a lr .ekSu i|yd

jk wr.,hlah hk w¾:fhkq;a fuu m%jK;dj iDKd;aulj

fkdoelsh hq;a;lah hkak wmf.a woyihs' kuq;a fï ish,a,

uOHfha ldka;d ldrl;ajh foaYmd,khg we;=<;a lr .ekSu

iy ta ms<sn|j jk ixjdoh ;jÿrg;a ysveila f,iu mj;S'

ldrl;ajh fidhd hdu

52

ue;sjrK l%shdj,sh" f;aÍ m;a ùu iy m<d;a md,k wdh;ksl ueÈy;aùu

fldÜGdY i|yd ;rÕ je§ug ldka;djka kï lsÍu"

ldka;djkag kdufhdackd ,nd fok fldÜGdY lfjf¾oehs

;SrKh lsÍu iy iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack ,hsia;=jg ldka;djkaf.a

kï we;=<;a lsÍu hkdÈfhys j.lSu mlaI ixúOdhljrhd;a"

wjidk jYfhka mlaIfha uyf,alïjrhd;a i;= fjhs' yeuúgu

mdfya fuu j.lSï orkq ,nkafka msßñ foaYmd,k{hka

úisks' kdufhdackd ,nd .ekSug fukau Pkao úuiSfuka

wk;=rej iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack ,ehsia;=j ;=<ska m;aùï ,nd

.ekSug ;u mlaIj, foaYmd,k n,h ork ;eke;a;ka u;

hemSug ldka;djkag isÿ fõ' kdufhdackd ,nd .ekSu i|yd

ixúOdhljreka úiska ,sx.sl w,a,ia b,aÆ wjia:d o jd¾;d ù

;snq‚'24 wfkla w;g" ue;sjrK m%pdrK l%shdj,sh jQ l,S msßñ

wdêm;Hhg k;= jQ mqrefIda;a;ujd§ l,dmhls ^patriarchal terrain&' ue;sjrKfhka f;aÍ m;a jQ miqj o wehg l%shd;aul

ùug isÿ jkafka Bg fmr 98]l mqreIhska úiska fufyhjkq ,enQ

foaYmd,k wdlD;shl" msßñka úiska yev .iajkq ,enQ mßphka

iuÕh' l,ska wm i|yka l< ldka;djf.a ldrl;ajh ms<sn|

ixjdoh fuu ikao¾Nh neyer fldg idlÉPd l< yelalla

fkdfõ'

—fuÉpr l,a foaYmd,kh lf<a uf.a uy;a;hd' thd

ixúOdhl;=ud fyd¢ka w÷rkjd' kdufhdackd m;%h

w;aika lrkak tlalf.k .sfh;a uy;a;hd' ug

l;d mj;ajkak neß ksid m%pdrK /iaùïj,g .syska

l;d lf<;a uy;a;hd'˜

- wl=/iai m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNsljßhla25

24. Sexual bribe sought from actress to contest from MR’s party, available at https://colombogazette.com/2018/01/07/sexual-bribe-sought-from-actress-to-contest-from-mrs-party/ (accessed 17 June 2019)25' wl=/iai m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNsljßhla iuÕ 2018'09'26 Èk meje;a jQ iïuqL idlÉPdj

Munasinghe | Ariyarathne

53

—ug kï ,ehsia;=jg tkak lsis m%Yakhla ;snqfka

keye' uf.a uy;a;hd ixúOdhl;=ud fyd¢ka

w÷kkjd'˜

- l=reKE., m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNsljßhlA26

wm idlÉPdjg n÷ka l< ish¨u újdyl ldka;djkag

Tjqkaf.a ieñhkaf.a mQ¾K iyfhda.h ,eî ;snQ kuq;a" Tjqkaf.a

úia;D; mjq, iy ys;j;=kaf.a ñY% m%;spdr m< ù ;sìK' ksoiqkla

f,i uq;a;+¾ m%dfoaYSh iNdj i|yd ;rÕ l< uqia,sï cd;sl

wfmalaIsldjlg wef.a ieñhd iy fouõmshka iyfhda.h ,nd

fok úg" wef.a ifydaoßh ;on, f,i úfrdaOh olajd ;snq‚'

iuyreka foaYmd,khg t<U ;snqfka il%sh foaYmd,kfha msh

Wreuhla f,isks' tfy;a" je,s.u m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNsljßhla

mejiqfõ" ;uka mshdf.a foaYmd,k lghq;=j,g iydh ùfï § thg

wkq.%yh oela jQ {d;Ska iy ys;j;=ka" ;ud ;ksj ;rÕ lsÍfï

§ th ldka;djkag fkd.e<fmk fohla nj mjiñka úfrdaOh

oelajQ njh' ;j;a iuyr ;ekl" iuyr ldka;djka foaYmd,khg

meñŒug wd.ñl ixia:dj,ska ndOd meñ‚ wjia:d o ke;sjd

fkdfõ' tla wfmalaIsldjlg .fï mkaif,a NslaIQka jykafia

úiska o" ;j;a wfmalaIsldjlg m,a,sfha Ndrldr uKav,fhka o

úfrdaOh t,a, ù ;sìK'

fndfyduhla ldka;djka iudkqmd;sl ,ehsia;=jg we;=<;aj

isá wh jQ neúka" Tjqkag ue;sjrK m%pdrKh ;=,ska fldÜGdYhla

ch.%yKh lsÍfï wNsfhda.h fkd;snQ kuq;a" m%pdrK lghq;=

i|yd w;sYh il%shj iïnkaO jQ ldka;djka fukau" lsisÿ

wdldrhl m%pdrKhlg iïnkaO fkdjQ ldka;djka o wmg uqK

.eisks' uq;+¾ m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ lÜgmßÉpdka fldÜGdYhg ;rÕ

l< ldka;djla tu fldÜGdYfha we;s nyq;r Pkao m%udKhlska

26' l=reKE., m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNsljßhla iuÕ 2018'09'24 Èk meje;a jQ iïuqL

idlÉPdj

Quest for Agency

54

ch.%yKh fldg ;snqfKa tu fldÜGdYfha wfkla mlaIj, fiiq

msßñ wfmalaIlhska mrdchg m;a lrñks' ue;sjrK m%pdrKj,g

ldka;djka iïnkaO jkafka Tjqkag ysñj ;snQ mjqf,a j.lSï"

rd;%S ld,j, iy ÿrneyer /iaùïj,g iyNd.S ùug isÿ ùu"

ldka;djkaf.a ixp,kh ^mobility& iïnkaO iudc wdl,am hk

wNsfhda. uOHfhah'

iudc-,sx.sl iïu;hka wNsfhda.hg ,la lrkakshka uqyqK fok wNsfhda.

Y%S ,dxlsl iudch ;=< iudch il%Sh iy ksoyfia u; m<

lrk ldka;djka wmjdohg ,la lsÍu iq,n ;;a;ajhls' ud,;S

o w,aúia fmkajd fok wkaoug Y%S ,dxlSh iudch ;=< YslaIKh

lsÍfï § ,eÊcd-nh ms<sn| woyi ;SrKd;aulh' tys § uq,a

<ud wjêfha isgu" msßñ <ufhl= ìh i|yd;a" .eyeKq orejl=

,eÊcdj i|yd;a m%;spdr oelaùug yqre lrkq ,efí'27 iudÔhj

ms<s.;a iudc ,sx.sl;ajh ms<sn| iïu;hka wNsfhda.hg ,la

lrk msßñka ìh uQ,sl fldgf.ko" .eyeKqka ,eÊcdj uQ,sl

fldg f.k o wNsfhda.hg ,la lrkq ,efí' uq;a;+¾ m%dfoaYSh

iNdjg f;aÍ m;aj isák uqia,sï iNsljßhka fofokl= wm yd

mejiqfõ" m%pdrK wjêfha § ;ukag wfkl=;a mlaIj, msßñ

wfmalaIlhskaf.ka ;¾ck t,a, jQ njh'28 tla wfmalaIsldjlg yd

wef.a ujg Pkao uOHia:dkh bÈßmsg§u wmydi uqLfhka neK

je§ ;snQ w;r" ;j;a wfmalaIsldjlf.a fouõmshkag wehj Pkao

jHdmdrfhka bj;a lr .kakd f,i mjid ;¾ckh lr ;snqKs' fï

fofokdf.au msßñ wdOdrlrejka m%pdrK ld,h ;=, myrlEïj,g

,la ù ;snq‚' fndfyduhla ldka;djkag ue;sjrK jHdmdrfha

27' o w,aúia" ud,;s The Production and Eembodiment of Respectability: Gendered Demeanours in Colonial Ceylon in Michael Roberts (ed), Collective Identities Revisited, Vol 1, Maarga Publishers, Colombo (1997) p.105-14328' uq;a;+¾ m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNsljßhka iuÕ 2018'09'30 Èk meje;a jQ iïuqL idlÉPdj

55

uqKisxy | wdßhr;ak

il%Shj fh§u i|yd wNsfhda.hla jQfha fuhhs' foaYmd,kslj il%Sh

ldka;djka kï lrkq ,nkafka pß;j;a .eyeKqka f,i fkdfõ'

je,s.u m%dfoaYSh iNdjg ;rÕ l< tla;rd wfmalaIsldjla —wmg

b;ska ixialD;sl iSudjka we;=f<a hï iSudjkag ,la fjkak isÿ

fjkjdfka' ku le; lr .kak tmd" ldka;djkag fuh iqÿiq

keye jf.a foaj,a iudch uf.ka weyqjd˜29 hkqfjka mjik úg

weh wjOdrKh lrkafka uyck mßuKav,h ;=< il%Sh jk

úg uqyqK §ug isÿ jk fuu wNsfhda.hhs' wm yd l;d l<

fndfyda ldka;djka fukau msßñka o wjOdrKh l< lreKla

kï" ldka;djka fln÷ iudÔh N+ñldjla bgq l< o" Bg fmr

weh ish .Dyia; N+ñldjka ;Dma; fldg ;sìh hq;=h hkakhs'

—fudkjd l<;a jevla keye" mjq, wid¾:l kï'

mjq, /lf.k ;uhs iudchg fiajh l< hq;af;a'˜

- l=reKE., m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNsljßhla30

—uf.a mjqf,a wh Pkaohg Woõ l<d' t;a ks;ru

lsõjd mjq,hs foaYmd,khhs iunrj lrf.k hkak

lsh,d'˜

- je,s.u m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNsljßhla31

—ldka;djka b;ska foaYmd,khg tkak l,ska

Tlafldu f.or rdcldß bjr lrkak;a ´fka' tal

w;miq lrf.k neyefka'˜

- fydaud.u m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNslfhla32

29' l=reKE., m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNsljßhla iuÕ 2018'09'24 Èk meje;a jQ iïuqL

idlÉPdj

30' fydaud.u m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNslfhl= iuÕ 2018'09'18 Èk meje;a jQ iïuqL

idlÉPdj

31' je,s.u m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNsljßhla iuÕ 2018'09'26 Èk meje;a jQ iïuqL

idlÉPdj

32' fydaud.u m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNslfhl= iuÕ 2018'09'08 Èk meje;a jQ iïuqL

idlÉPdj

ldrl;ajh fidhd hdu

56

fï is;Su miqmi we;Af;A fm!oa.,sl mßuKav,fha j.lSï

uQ,slju ldka;dj i;= jkafkah hk iudc-,sx.sllrKh jQ

is;Suhs' rdêld l=udriajdñ ;¾l lrk wkaoug ol=Kq wdishdkq

ikao¾Nh ;=< ixialD;sh yd wkkH;dj ;eke;a;l=f.a

fm!oa.,sl úIh m:hg wod< l,dmhla f,i ie<flk w;r"

th ie<flkafka ldka;djkag wod< fohla f,ih'33 ta wkqj"

ldka;djkaf.a fm!oa.,sl Ôú; b;d m%fõYfuka md,kh

lrkq ,efí' thg fya;=j pdß;%" mßphka yd iodpdrh wdrlaId

lsÍfï j.lSu ldka;djka ord isákafkah hk woyihs' l,ska

wm idlÉPdjg ,la l< ^idïm%odhslj msßñhdf.a l,dmh f,i

ie<flk& uyck mßuKav,h ;=< ldka;dj il%Sh ùu ,eÊcdjg

m;a lsÍu ;=<ska wffOa¾hu;a lsÍu miqmi we;af;a fuu iudc-

,sx.sllrKh jQ is;Suhs' wm yd idlÉPd l< tla;rd m%dfoaYSh iNd

iNslhl=" w¨;ska f;aÍ m;a jQ iNsljßhl fj; fidamydifhka

hq;=j lshd isáfha —fudkjo b;ska" fuhd ria;shdÿ .y,d tklka

uy;a;hd <uhd n,d .kakjd˜ hkqfjks'34

25]l fldagdj hgf;a m<d;a md,k wdh;k ;=<g m;a

jQ ldka;djka ish,a,kagu tla tla m<d;a md,k wdh;k ;=<

uqyqK §ug isÿ jk h:d¾:hka ks¾udKh jkafka o by; lS

iudc-,sx.sluh iïu;hka u;h' fuu wNsfhda.hka ms<sn|j

oekgu;a ie<lsh hq;= uÜgul wOHkhka iy idlÉPdjka

ks¾udKh ù ;sfí' fndfyduhla m<d;a md,k wdh;khkays

msßñ iNslhska muKla fkdj" tlS iNdj, ld¾h uKav,h

úiska o fuu iNsljßhka y÷kajkafka —msx uka;%S˜ f,ih'35

tlS úfrdaOfhys moku ù we;af;a ldka;djkaf.ka nyq;rhla

33' l=udriajdñ" rêld The Disrobing Draupadi: Women, Violence and Human Rights, International Centre for Ethnic Studies, Colombo (2000)34' wl=/iai m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNslfhl= iuÕ 2018'09'26 Èk meje;a jQ iïuqL

idlÉPdj35' frdayK fyÜáwdrÉÑ" 25] fldagdj m<d;a iNd olajd jHdma; lsÍu i|yd idlÉPd lsÍug kS;sh yd iudc Ndrh úiska ixúOdkh lrk ,o cd;sl jevuq¿j" 2018 cQ,s 31" fld<U

57

uqKisxy | wdßhr;ak

fldÜGdY fjkqfjka ;rÕ fldg iudkqmd;sl ,ehsia;=fjka

f;aÍ m;a ùu fkdj" ldka;d ksfhdackh 1'29] isg 23'6] olajd

j¾Okh ùu isÿ jQfha m%udKd;aul iudk;dj ;yjqre lsÍfï

mokñka jHjia:dms;j y÷kajd fokq ,enQ fldagdjla ;=<ska ùuhs'

iudkqmd;sl ,ehsia;=fjka f;aÍ m;a jQ msßñ iNslhska i|yd tu

weu;=u fh§ we;ehs wmg lsisÿ ;ekl § jd¾;d jQfha ke;'

nyq;r iNsljßhka m%udKhla kï lrkq ,enQ ldka;djka

jk ksid Tjqkag ysñ ksYaÑ; fldÜGdYhla fkdue;' tneúka

m%foaYfha lghq;=j,g m%dfhda.slj ueÈy;a ùfï § tlS fldÜGdYh

ksfhdackh lrk iNslhdf.a ,nd .ekSug Tjqkg isÿ fõ' we;a;

jYfhkau msßñ iNslfhda tjeks ueÈy;aùï fkdbji;s' m%foaYfha

ixj¾Ok lghq;=j,g ueÈy;a jk tlu ;eke;a;d f,i ish

m%foaYfha Pkao moku wNsfhda.hg ,la ùu muKla fkdj" tlS

ueÈy;aùu lrkq ,nkafka ldka;djl úiska ùu flfrys jk

iqúfYaIS úfrdaOhla o ta ;=< wka;¾.; h'

—wms Pkafo b,a,kak wdfj iEfyk ld,hla .fï

ñksiaiq;a tlal jev lr,d" w;a±lSï wrf.k' fï wh

fu;ekg weú;a ;uhs bf.k .kak mgka .kafk'

b;ska wjqreÿ 5 u taf.d,af,d foaYmd,kh bf.k

.kak kdia;s lrkjd' B<Õ Pkafoka f;aÍ m;a jqkdu

;uhs ta whg jev lrkak fjkafk' fï f.j,a

j, ysgmq .EKq tlmdrgu ,siaÜ tflka weú;a wms

mokula yod.;a; wfma fldÜGdij, jevlrkak

.syska wfma Pkao;a ke;slrkjd'˜

- fiareú, m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNslfhla36

;j;a iNsljßhl wm yd mejiqfõ m%foaYfha úÿy,am;sjreka"

.=rejreka jeks rdcH fiajlhskao" lsishï ms<s.ekSula iys;

jeäysá msßñka o fl;rï .eg¿ ;snqK o ;uka yuqù idlÉPd

36' fiareú, m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNslfhl= iuÕ 2018'10'03 Èk meje;a jQ iïuqL

idlÉPdj

ldrl;ajh fidhd hdu

58

lsÍug leue;a;la fkdolajk njhs'37 wehg wkqj Bg fya;=j

;ud ldka;djla ùuhs' ;j;a ;ekl iNsljßhlf.a woyi jQfha

;ukaj .Kka fkd.ekSug fya;=j ;ud jhiska uqyql=rd fkd.sh

;eke;a;l= ùu ksid njhs'38

uq;a;+¾ m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNsljßhla ;ukaf.a wdndê;

orejd o /f.k ;%sl=Kdu,fha mej;s kjl iNslhska i|yd jk

mqyqKqjlg iyNd.S ùu ms‚i iQodkï fldg ;snQ nia r:hg

ke.Sug W;aidy l< wjia:dfõ m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ f,alïjrhd

hï fyhlska weh orejd iuÕ meñ‚hfyd;a nia r:hg msg ùug

bv fkdfok nj mjiñka ;¾ckh fldg ;sì‚'39 m<d;a md,k

wdh;kj, fiajlhskaf.a ldka;djka flfrys wkS;sl f,i

n,h m;=rjk fun÷ yeisÍï fndfyda m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,

ÿ,n fkdfõ' fuh m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, fiajh lrk rcfha

ks,OdÍkaf.a isg wdh;kfha m%OdkSka yd ióm iïnkaOlï

olajk úúO ;rd;srïj, mqoa.,hska olajd o úyso hkakls'

jfrl je,s.u m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ ldka;d iNsljßhla meñ‚,s

fldg ;snqfKa m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ ks;r /§ isák iNdm;sjrhdf.a

WmfoaYlhl= hhs lshd .kakd ;eke;a;l= ksrka;rfhka

;ukag ;¾ck iy mSvdjka t,a, lrk nj;a" ta iïnkaOfhka

iNdm;sjrhd fyda fjk;a lsisjl= mshjr fkd.kakd nj;ah'40

jrla" nÿ,a, uy k.r iNdfõ ish¨u iNsljßhka tlaj udOH

idlÉPdjla mj;ajñka m%ldY lf<a fuf;la mej;s ieisjdr

6 l§u ;ukag lsisÿ woyila oelaùug msßñ iNslhska wjia:dj

,nd fkdÿka nj;a" ;ukag wiNH jpkfhka neK jÈk nj;ah'41

37' fiareú, m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNsljßhla iuÕ 2018'10'03 Èk meje;a jQ iïuqL

idlÉPdj

38' je,s.u m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNsljßhla iuÕ 2018'09'26 Èk meje;a jQ iïuqL

idlÉPdj

39' uq;a;+¾ m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNsljßhka iuÕ 2018'09'30 Èk meje;a jQ iïuqL idlÉPdj40' tu iNsljßh úiska kS;sh yd iudc Ndrh fj; fhduq lrk ,o ,smshl fuh

i|yka úh'

41' https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSwDhwF1PaM (accessed on 17 June 2019)

59

uqKisxy | wdßhr;ak

25]l fldagdj hgf;a f;aÍ m;a jQ iNsljßhkag m<d;a

md,k wdh;k fr.=,dis" wK mk;a" ld¾h mámdá ms<sn|j

wjfndaOhla fkdue;s njg;a" m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, ieisj,§

woyia oelaùfï § ;d¾lslj iy foaYmd,kslj woyia f.dkq l<

fkdyels nj;a o" Yla;su;a foaYmd,k ;SrK .ekSfï§ úYajikSh

fkdjk njg;a hkd§ jYfhka jQ fpdaokd ÑYd, m%udKhla

fmdÿfõ msßñ iNslhska úiska f.dkq lrkq ,nhs' fuh f;aÍ

m;a jQ ldka;djka úiskau iuyr wjia:dj, § ;u ÿ¾j,;djka

f,i ms<s.kq ,enQ wjia:d o wmg yuq úh' wm iïuqL idlÉPdjg

n÷ka l< rdcH yd rdcH fkdjk wdh;kj, mqyqKqlrejka iy

mqyqKqldßhka o óg iudk woyia m< l<y' fuu wNsfhda.hg

uqyqK §u i|yd iuyr úfgl ldka;djka fhduqj ;snqfka msßñ

iNslhskaf.a u;jdohkag jvd wkql+,;djhla fmkajñka —yS,E˜ (tamed) N+ñldjka fj; wkq.; ùughs' fjk;a jpkj,ska

lsjfyd;a" wêm;s u;jdohg wkq.; ùuhs'

—msßñ uka;S%jrekag ;ek §,d ysáhu wmsg jev lr

.kak myiqhs'˜

- je,s.u m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNsljßhla42

wmf.a ksÍlaIKhg n÷ka jQ m<d;a md,k wdh;k

iNsljßhka uqyqK fok .eg¿ idlÉPdjg n÷ka l< uyck

iNdjka lsysmhlu rdcH iy rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkj, úoaj;=ka

m, l< tla ckm%sh woyila fuys§ i|yka lsÍu jà' tkï"

ldka;djka msßñka iuÕ Wml%uYS,S f,i lghq;= lrñka jev

lr .ekSug wjia:dj i<id .ekSug lghq;= l< hq;= njhs' tys§

fhdod .ekqKq Wmudj kï .eyeKqka i;= —yeg y;r udhu˜43hs'

42' je,s.u m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNsljßhla iuÕ 2018'09'26 Èk meje;a jQ iïuqL

idlÉPdj

43' frdayK fyÜáwdrÉÑ" 25] fldagdj m<d;a iNd olajd jHdma; lsÍu i|yd idlÉPd

lsÍug kS;sh yd iudc Ndrh úiska ixúOdkh lrk ,o cd;sl jevuq¿j " 2018 cQ,s

31" fld<U

ldrl;ajh fidhd hdu

60

l=reKE., m%dfoaYSh iNd uka;%Sjßhla wm iuÕ woyia olajñka

—.eyeKq wdl¾IKh˜ m%fhdackhg .; yels nj lshd isàfï§ o

weh wÕjkakg we;af;a o fï woyiu hhs is;sh yel'44 l,ska

wm i|yka l< iNdfõ § Bg úreoaOj m< lrk ,o woyila

jQfha fuu —yeg y;r udhï˜ is;Su úiska ia;%S mqreI iudcNdù

N+ñldjka m%;sksIamdokh lrkq ,nk njhs'45

óg fjkia woyila m< l< uq;a;+¾ m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ

iNsljßhla lshd isáfha m<d;a md,k wdh;k ;=<g f;aÍ m;a

jk ldka;djka uqyqK fok wNsfhda.h fN!;sl wNsfhda.hlg

jvd ldka;djka úiskau wNHka;ÍlrKh lr .;a udkisl

wNsfhda.hla jk njhs'46 fï woyi jvd;a rduq.; lrñka m<d;a

md,k iNslhska mqyqKq lsÍu ms<sn| ish w;aoelSï meyeÈ,s

lrñka wdpd¾h úch ch;s,l m%ldY lf<a" iNsljßhka ;=<

wNHka;ÍlrKh ù we;s ia;%S mqreI iudcNdjh ms<sn| iïu;hka

neyer lsÍu ish mqyqKq ;=< § uqyqK fok buy;a wNsfhda.hla

jk njh'47

44' l=reKE., m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNsljßhla iuÕ 2018'09'24 Èk meje;a jQ iïuqL

idlÉPdj

45' jh,d fmf¾rd" 25] fldagdj m<d;a iNd olajd jHdma; lsÍu i|yd idlÉPd lsÍug

kS;sh yd iudc Ndrh úiska ixúOdkh lrk ,o cd;sl jevuq¿j" 2018 cQ,s 31" fld<U

46' uq;a;+¾ m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNsljßhka iuÕ 2018'09'30 Èk meje;a jQ iïuqL

idlÉPdj

47' wdpd¾h úch ch;s,l iuÕ 2018'09'12 meje;a jQ ÿrl:k ixjdoh

61

fuys § kej; j;djla wm yuqjg meñK we;af;a" wm by;ska

m%Yak l< foaYmd,kh ;=< ldka;d ldrl;ajh ms<sn| .eg¨jhs'

ta wkqj" wm l,amkd lrkafka" 25]l ldka;d fldagdj hgf;a

f;aÍ m;a jQ uyck ksfhdað;jßhkag tlS wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK

§u i|yd isÿ flfrk iEu ueÈy;aùulu ^foaYk" iïuka;%K"

jevuq¿" mqyqKq mdGud,d& uQ,sl wruqKq w;r" ldka;d ldrl;ajh

m%j¾Okh lsÍu fmrg f.k wd hq;= njh'

wmf.a wOHhkhg n÷ka jQ úúOdldr rdcH yd rdcH fkdjk

ixúOdkj, mqyqKq fudähq,hkays idlÉPd lrk ,o ud;Dldjka

w;r nyq,j olakg ,enqKq f;audjka jQfha" wdKavql%u jHjia:dj"

m<d;a md,k wdh;k mkf;a m%;smdok yd ksfhdað;hskaf.a

ld¾hNdrh" kdhl;aj mqyqKqj" uQ,sl kS;sh" udkj ysñlï

iy uQ,sl whs;sjdislï" f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï whs;sh" ldka;d

foaYmd,k N+ñldfõ b;sydih" ikaksfõok l=i,;d" ;sridr

ixj¾Ok b,lal" ia;%S mqreI iudcNdjh" .egqï ksrdlrKh"

ixys¢hdj" udOH yeisrùu hkdÈhhs' fuu mqyqKq fudähq,j,

fmdÿ ,laIKh kï tajd mokï lr .kafka oekqu ,nd§u hk

idïm%odhsl mqyqKq m%fõYh ùuhs'

03 fldgi

ldrl;ajh fidhd hdu

62

Y%S ,xldfõ rdcH iy rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk úiska

iEu úgu wkq.ukh lr we;s" tfukau wju M,odhS;djhla

w;am;a lrf.k we;s fulS m%fõYh" wm fuys§ wjOdrKh

lrk ldka;d ldrl;ajh m%j¾Okh lsÍug fl;rï iïnkaO

jkafka o hkak is;d ne,Su jeo.;a h' wm b§ßfha we;af;a

oekqñka ikakoaO lsÍfuka muKla Èkd .; yels hula fkdfõ'

bkaÈhdfõ iy W.kavdfõ m<d;a md,k wdh;k ;=< ldka;djkaf.a

N+ñldjka wOHhkh lrñka ilia lrk ,o tlai;a cd;Skaf.a

jd¾;djla fmkajd fokafka m%dfoaYSh md,kh ;=< —wdh;ksl˜ iy

—úêu;a˜ wOHdmkh fkd,o ldka;djka msßñkaf.a foaYmd,ksl

l+fgdamdhkag yiq ùfï jeä wjOdkula mej;sh yels kuq;a"

Tjqkaf.a wOHdmk uÜgu yd foaYmd,k N+ñldfjys .=Kd;aul

nj w;r iDcq iïnkaOhla fmkajd Èh fkdyels njh'48 ksoiqkla

f,i ngysr fnx.d,h iy rdcia:dkh hk m%dka;j, úêu;a

wOHdmkh fkd,o ldka;djka iNdm;s;ajh ork iNdj,

/iaùï i|yd jeä ldka;d iyNd.S;ajhla olakg yels w;r" ngysr

fnx.d,fha ldka;djka úiska fufyhjk m%dfoaYSh mßmd,khka

úiska b;d by< uÜgfï mdkSh c, jHdmD;s" Ôjjdhq ksIamdok

jHdmD;s" ldka;djka iyNd.S jk fmdÿ ixj¾Ok lghq;= jeks

ia;%S mqreI iudcNdjh uQ,m%jdySlrKh lrk ,o .=Kd;aul

ueÈy;aùï rdYshla ms<sn|j tuÕska f;dr;=re imhkq ,nhs'49

iuyr wdh;kj, mqyqKqlrejka$ldßkshka iajlSh mqyqKq

ieisjdrj,§ iudc iqpß;hka wkq.ukh lsÍfï jeo.;alu

wjOdrKh lsÍu iq,n lreKla úh' wm by; lS f,i n,h

iy wdêm;Hh l%shd;aul ùu ms<sn| ixlS¾K wjfndaOhlska

f;drj isÿ lrk iuyr ueÈy;aùï uÕska isÿ jkafka wm neyer

lsÍug wfmalaId lrk iuyr foa" kej; j;djla wm úiska

48' f.dtÜia" wEka udß" Women’s Education and Political Participation: Background paper prepared for the Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2004, UNESCO49' tu ms' 15

63

uqKisxy | wdßhr;ak

fkdoekqj;aju Yla;su;a lrkq ,eîuhs' WodyrK f,i Tjqka

olajd isáfha ye¢ .Eremamqj,ska wdydr .ekSu" wdpdrYS,S ÿrl:k

ixjdo mqyqKqj" we÷ï me<÷ï ú,dis;djka" wdpdrYS,S;ajh" .re

lghq;= f,i iudc udOH yeisrùu hkdÈhhs' iuyr ;ekl §

cx.u ÿrl;kfha kdo jk ix.S;hka (ringing tone) iïnkaOj

mjd Wmfoia fokq ,eìK'50

—fï wh yeisfrkafka i;a;= jf.a' yßhg lkak

fndkak w¢kakj;a okafka keye˜

- mqyqKq yd iïnkaO ù isák isú,a iudc l%shdldßkshla51

fï iïnkaOj woyia olajñka fjk;a mqyqKqlrejl= lshd

isáfha ish¨ wNspdr úëka b.ekaùu wjYH jkafka hhs ;uka

fkdis;k nj;a" fuu iNsljßhka zjkdka;rfha isg meñ‚ whZ

f,i i,ld lghq;= fkdl< hq;= nj;a h'52 fuu idlÉPdj fndfyda

ir, f,i fmkS hd yels kuq;a" tys .eíj we;s wka;rdhldÍ

t<eUqu wm úiska jgyd .; hq;=h' fulS iïu; iudc iqpß;hka

ta u; mokï jQ mßphka ft;sydisl foaYmd,ksl f.dv kexùï

u; mokï ù ;sfí' wm l,skA o i|yka l< hg;a úð; ldka;d

wOHdmkfha .eí jQ uQ,sl idrO¾uh jQfha o fuhhs' uys,d iñ;s

jHdmdrh uÕska m%j¾Okh l< YslaIK jHdmD;shg ,dxlSh

jdudxYsl jHdmdrh wNsfhda. lf<a fï ;¾lh u; msysgñks'

iqcd;d úoHd,fha úÿy,am;sksh jQ fvdÍka úl%uisxy jeks

mqfrda.dó l%shdldßkshka úiska fn!oaO ldka;d wOHdmkfhka

neyer lsÍug W;aidy ork ,oafoa thhs'

fuh b;d ir,j jgyd .ekSug wm úiska ksÍlaIKhg ,la

l< iuyr jevigykaj, mqyqKqlrejka$ldßkshka olajd isá

wdo¾Yhka bÈßm;a lsÍu jà' tla wjia:djl § tla mqyqKqldßkshla

50' mqyqKqldßkshl iuÕ 2018'08'29 Èk meje;a jQ iïuqL idlÉPdj

51' mqyqKqldßkshl iuÕ 2018'08'28 Èk meje;a jQ iïuqL idlÉPdj

52' mqyqKqlrejl= iuÕ 2018'08'26 Èk meje;a jQ iïuqL idlÉPdj

ldrl;ajh fidhd hdu

64

fhdackd lr isá wdo¾Yhla jQfha ì%;dkH rc mjqf,a iy weußldkq

ysgmq ckdêm;sf.a mjqf,a we÷ï ú,dis;dj,ska ksrEmKh jk

jeo.;aluhs'53 fndfyda úg fuu mqyqKqlrejkag uÕ yeÍ f.dia

;snqfka fuu jákdlï jkdyS" ksYaÑ; oDIaájd§ mokï u; f.dv

ke.=kq iudÔh ks¾ñ;hka jk njhs' fndfyduhla mqyqKqj,§

iNsljßhkag idßh ksjerÈj w¢k wkaou ms<sn|j Wmfoia ,eî

;snqKq w;r" ud;r Èia;%slalfha iNsljßhla lshd isáfha tlS

mqyqKqj,ska miqj ;uka iNd jdrj, § iqÿ idßh ye£ug mqreÿ jQ

nj;a" tuÕska ;ukag jeo.;alula f.k fokafkah hk yeÕSu

;ud ;=< we;s jQ nj;a h'54

wdpd¾h ud,;S o w,aúia úiska" isßudfjda nKavdrkdhl

iy uys,d iñ;s jHdmdrh ;=< wef.a ksrEmKhka fukau fyaud

fma%uodi iy fiajd jks;d ixúOdkh ;=< wef.a N+ñldjka

úuiqug ,la lrñka ,dxlSh iudcfha .re lghq;=Ndjh ms<sn|

woyi úYaf,aIKh lrhs' tys§ weh fhdackd lr isákafka

ia;%S wkkH;dj iïnkaOfhka jk iyiïnkaO m%;smlaIkSh

f.dvkexùï ̂ opposite binary constructions& lvd ì| oud wm

bÈßfha we;s úIh wdia:dkhkaf.a nyqúO;ajh ^multiplicity of subject positions& ms<s.; hq;= jk njhs'

—cd;sfha mqreIuQ,sl ne,au ;=," zfmdÿck

.eyeKqkaZ .relghq;=Ndjh ms<sn| yeÕjqïldrlhka"

tkï ìß|la" ujla wd§ jYfhka mj;sk w;ru

wjukalrKhg yd my;a fldg ie,lSug ,la lrkq

,nhs' ia;S%jd§ka f,i wkkH;dj ms<sn| tjeks

m%;smCIkSh f.dvkexùï ì|ouñka wm fj; we;s

úIh wdia:dkhkaf.a nyqúO;ajh ms<s.ekSug ld,h

t<U we;' z.relghq;=NdjhZ T¿fjka isgjd cd;sl

53' mqyqKqldßkshl iuÕ 2018'08'29 Èk meje;a jQ iïuqL idlÉPdj

54' wl=/iai m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ iNsljßhla iuÕ 2018'09'26 Èk meje;a jQ iïuqL

idlÉPdj

65

uqKisxy | wdßhr;ak

yd ,sx.sl YÍr ms<sn| wmf.a u;su;dka;rhka kej;

y÷kd .ekSug ld,h meñK we;'˜ 55

iudch ;=< uq,anei.;a n,h iy wdêm;Hh flfrys

wNsfhda. lsÍu is;k ;rï myiq fkdfõ' úfYaIfhkau fjkia

lsÍug fyda wNsfhda. lsÍug W;aidy lrk wdl,am" iudc

m¾hdh yd w¾: iïmkak f,dalfha fldgila f,i wka;¾.;

jk úg th fnfyúka wiSreh' ld,hla ;siafia rdcH iy rdcH

fkdjk ixúOdk úiska isÿ lrf.k f.dia we;s oekqj;a lsÍfï

jevigykaj, .eg¨j we;af;a fu;ekh' iudc mßj¾;khla

i|yd ueÈy;aùï lrkakkag n,h iy md,kh l%shd;aul jk

cd,hka iy jgyd .ekSï moaO;Ska ms<sn| wjfndaOhla w;HjYH

jkafka tneúks'56

mYapd;a 25] fldagdj ;=< isÿ lrkq ,nk" ldka;d iNslhskaf.a

oekqu jeäÈhqKq lsÍfï ueÈy;aùï iy jHdmD;s ie<iqï lrkakka

fj; wm wjOdrKh l< hq;af;a zoekqu ksIAmdokhZ jkdyS

lsisúfgl;a wysxil jHdmD;shla fkdjk njh' .h;%s iamsjelaf.a

jpkj,g wkqj th hqfrdamh m%uqLj ngysr ksIamdokh ù" f;jk

f,dj ^ks¾m%N+& jeishkaf.a wkkH;d ks¾udKh flfrys odhl jQ

f.da,Sh jHdmD;shla jkafkah'57 fuys§ wm wjOdrKh lrkakg

W;aidy lrkafka" iNsljßhkaf.a oekqu by< kexùug fyda

Tjqka .relghq;= ldka;djka njg m;a lrkakg ork W;aidyhka

ienúkau Y%S ,xldfõ ks¾m%N+ foaYmd,kh iy ldka;d ldrl;ajh

by< kexùfï wr.,hg fl;rï wjxl odhl;ajhla imhkafka

o hkak iajhx-úfõpkd;aulj wOHhkh l< hq;= njh' ■

55' o w,aúia" ud,;S" ''Gender, Politics and the Respectable Lady'' in Pradeep Jeganathan & Quadri Ismail (eds) Unmaking the Nation: The Politics of Identity & History in Modern Sri Lanka, Social Scientist Association, , p. 151 ^mßj¾;kh wfma&

56' fi,udh¾" uqKisxy" wdßhr;ak iy pkaøfialr" mYapd;a hqo Y%S ,xldj ;=< ysxikh

jgyd .ekSu" University of Sydney & Centre for the Study of Human Rights, Colombo (2016), p. 11757' iamsjela" .h;%S Can the Subaltern Speak? in Nelson, Cary and Grossberg, Lawrence (Eds), University of Illinois Press (1988)

Kftuhz;ikf;fhd NjLif

cs;@uhl;rpapy; ngz;fSf;fhd ,l xJf;fPL Fwpj;j

rpy gpujpgypg;Gf;fs;

tpJu gpughj; Kzrpq;f

nfs~y;ah Mupauj;d

Law & Society Trust

%y vOj;Jg; gpujpia thrpj;J jq;fSila

ngWkjpkpf;f gpd;D}l;lf; fUj;Jf;fis

toq;fpaikf;fhf> ,e;E}ypd; Mrpupau;fs;

rl;lk; kw;Wk; r%f ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;gfj;jpd;

epiwNtw;Wg; gzpg;ghsu; fyhepjp rFe;jyh

fjpu;fhku; mtu;fSf;Fk;> epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk;

njhopw;ghLfs; gpuptpd; gzpg;ghsu;; re;Jd; JLfy

mtu;fSf;Fk; jkJ ed;wpfisj; njuptpf;fpd;wdu;.

NkYk;> Neu;fhzypy; gq;Fgw;wpa cs;@uhl;rp

epWtdq;fspd; cWg;gpdu;fs;> gapw;Wtpg;ghsu;fs;

kw;Wk; nrayhu;tyu;fs; MfpNahUf;Fk; vkJ

ed;wpfis cupj;jhf;Ffpd;Nwhk;. mj;Jld;>

fye;Jiuahly;fis xOq;FgLj;jp je;j

rl;lk; kw;Wk; r%f ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;gfj;jpd;

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l Kfhikahsu; gP.vk;. Nrdhuj;d

mtu;fSf;Fk;> ehl;bd; gy;NtW ghfq;fSf;Fk;

gazpj;J Neu;fhzy;fis elhj;jpa Ma;T

cjtpahsu;fshd gpughj; N`ke;j Fkhu> kypq;f

[auj;d> khlrhkp tp[afhe;j;> ,~hd; rhku

kw;Wk; yf;~hd; mNgtu;j;jd MfpNahUf;Fk;

E}yhrpupau;fs; vd;w tifapy; vkJ

ed;wpawpjy;fisj; njuptpf;fpd;Nwhk;.

71

,yq;ifapd; nghJj; jsj;jpy; ngz;fspd; murpay;

ghfk; I

tuyhw;W uPjpapy; ,yq;ifg; ngz;fs; nghJj; jsj;jpyhd

murpaypy; jkJ tfpghfj;ij epWtpAs;sdu;. mt;tfpghfkhdJ>

nray;Kidg;Gs;s thf;fhsu;fs;> murpay; fl;rpfspy; cWg;Gupik

ngw;wpUj;jy;> Cu;tyq;fspYk; Mu;g;ghl;lq;fspYk; NguzpfspYk;

fye;Jnfhs;sy;> NtiyepWj;j eltbf;ifapy; ,ize;Jnfhs;sy;

kw;Wk; tlf;fpYk; njw;fpYk; MAjg; Nghuhl;lq;fspy; gq;Nfw;wik

Nghd;wthwhf mike;jpUe;jd. ,yq;if Rje;jpukile;j

fhyg;gFjpapy;> ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fj; njupthfpapUe;j rpy ngz;fSk;

fhzg;gl;ldu;. ,sk; fpwp];jtg; ngz;fs; rq;fk; (1882)> ,yq;ifg;

ngz;fspd; thf;Fupik gw;wpa ,af;fk; (1927)> ,yq;if K];ypk;

ngz;fs; xd;wpak; (1936)> ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofg; ngz;fs;

mikg;G (1941) kw;Wk; If;fpa ngz;fs; Kd;dzp Nghd;wd>

Kjw;fl;lg; ngz;fs; ,af;fq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; fhzg;gl;l rpy

,af;fq;fshFk;. ,tw;wpdpilNa> If;fpa ngz;fs; Kd;dzp

(United Women’s Front) vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;yj;jf;f

xd;whf ,Ue;jJld; ,yq;ifapy; ngz;fis khj;jpuk; nfhz;l

KjyhtJ murpay; ,af;fkhfTk; jpfo;e;jJ. ,k;Kw;Nghf;F

72

Kftuhz;ikf;fhd NjLif

murpay; ,af;fkhdJ> eLj;ju kw;Wk; njhopy;GupAk; tFg;igr;

Nru;e;j ngz;fSf;fhd nraw;jsk; xd;iw toq;fpaJld;>

,yq;if rkrkh[f; fl;rpAlDk; (LSSP) ,izf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

,yq;ifapy; FLk;g-ika fpuhkpag; nghUshjhuj;ij cau;j;Jk;

Nehf;fpy; nraw;gl;L te;j k`pyh rkpj;jp (kfspu; rq;fk;)

vd;Dk; rq;fj;jpd; kPJ If;fpa kfspu; Kd;dzp fLikahd

vjpu;g;igf; fhl;bapUe;jJ.1 ,t;vjpu;g;Gf;fhd mbg;gil> k`pyh

rkpj;jp vDk; rq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs; ngz;fspd; ghy;epiyrhu;

tpjpKiwfis (gender norms) khj;jpuk; kPs-tYTf;fpLgdthf

(re-enforce) fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gjhFk;. ngz;fspdJ nray;

thjj;jpw;F Mjutspj;J mtu;fis murpaYf;Ff; nfhz;L

tUtJ xU Nghuhl;lj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;w GupjNy ,yq;ifapd;

,lJrhup ,af;fj;jpdJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gq;fspg;ghf ,Ue;jJ.

cjhuzkhf> 1930 Kjy; 1932 Mk; Mz;L tiuapy;> ,yq;if

rkrkh[f; fl;rpapd; cWg;gpduhd nlhupd; tpf;ukrpq;f> khj;jiw

R[hjh tpj;jpahyaj;jpd; mjpguhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;. mf;fy;Y}

upapd; mjpgu; vd;w tifapy;> ghlrhiy vd;gJ tsu;e;JtUk;

rpq;fsg; gpuGj;Jtf; FLk;gq;fSf;fhd vjpu;fhy kidtpaiu

ntspNaw;Wk; xUepWtdk; vd;w mf;fhyf; fUj;ij khw;wpaikj;J>

ghlrhiyapd; Fwpf;Nfhs; ngz;fSf;fhd fy;tpiag; Gfl;Ltjhf

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jhu;.

mJtiu> ehl;bYs;s Kd;dzpg; ngz;fs; ghlrhiyfspd;

gpujhd Fwpf;Nfhshf> mf;fhyg;gFjpapy;> NkNy Kjyhtjhfr;

nrhy;yg;gl;l tplaNk ,Ue;J te;jJ.2

mf;fhyfl;lj;jpd; Gfo;ngw;w murpay; tpQ;Qhdp nwhgu;l;

vk;. fpau;dp Fwpg;gpLfpd;wthW> 1960fspy; murpay; $l;lq;fspy;>

Fwpg;ghff; fpuhkg; gFjpfspy; eilngw;w murpay; $l;lq;fspy;>

1. De Mel, Neloufer. Women and the Nations Narrative: Gender and Nationalism in 20th Century Sri Lanka, Rowman and Littlefeld (2001), p. 146-148.2. Liyanage, Pulsara. "Left Women and Political Participation" in Marshal Fernando & B. Skanthakumar (eds), Pathways of the Left in Sri Lanka, Ecumenical Institute for Study and Dialogue, Colombo (2014).

73

Kzrpq;f ¸ Mupauj;d

iffspy; rhuha Nghj;jiyf; fhtpf;nfhz;L nry;Yk; ciof;Fk;

ngz;fisf; fhz;gJ thbf;ifahd xU tplakhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy.3

Njrpa murpaypy; <Lgl;l ngz;fSs; mjpfsthNdhu; nfhOk;igr;

Nru;e;jtu;fshfTk;> fy;tp fw;wtu;fshfTk;> cau;-kj;jpaju

tFg;igg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpatu;fshfTk; ,Ue;jdu;. Mdhy;>

cs;@u;kl;l murpaypy; <Lgl;Nlhiug; nghWj;jtiu mtu;fs;

gFjpasT efu;g;Gwj;ij my;yJ fpuhkg;Gwr; #oy;fisr; Nru;e;j

fPo;kl;l tFg;gpduhff; fhzg;gl;ldu;. vt;thwhapDk;> cs;@u;

kl;lj;jpy; ,lJrhup murpaypy; <Lgl;l ,g;ngz;fSs; vtUNk

ghuhSkd;wk; nrd;wpUf;ftpy;iy. ,e;jtifapy;> rpupdhtj;jp

j rpy;th> efurig xd;wpy; (mk;gyhq;nfhl) KjyhtJ ngz;

Kjy;tuhfj; njupthd fpuhkpag; gpd;dzpiaf; nfhz;bUe;j xU

ngz;zhfj; jdpj;J tpsq;Ffpd;whu;. 1953 Mk; Mz;L ,lk;ngw;w

`u;j;jhypd;NghJ mk;gyhq;nfhl kw;Wk; gyg;gpl;batpypUe;J

nfhOk;G tiuahd Cu;tynkhd;iw topelj;jpa mtu;> tptpad;

Fztu;j;jdTf;Fg; gpd;du; ,yq;if rkrkh[f; fl;rpapd; kfspu;

gpuptpd; jiytpahfTk;> mjidj; njhlu;e;J 1997 Mk; Mz;L

njd;khfhz rigf;Fk; njupT nra;ag;gl;lhu;.4 cs;@u;kl;l

murpaypy; <Lgl;l ngz;fSs; ngUk;ghyhNdhu; rpq;fstu;fshff;

fhzg;gl;lJld;> jkpo; kw;Wk; K];ypk; ngz;fs;> Fwpg;ghf

,e;jpa tk;rhtspg; ngz;fs; murpay; jiyikj;Jtj;Jf;fhd

tha;g;Gf;fis kpfTk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l mstpNyNa

nfhz;bUe;jdnud nfhbfhu tpsf;fpf; $Wfpd;whu;.5 mNa~h

wT+g; nfhOk;G khefu rigf;F 1949Mk; Mz;L njupT nra;ag;gl;l

mNjNtis> mtu; 1952Mk; Mz;L gpujpNkauhf epakdk;

ngw;wikAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. mt;thNw> 1993Mk; Mz;L Nky;

khfhz rigf;Fj; njupT nra;ag;gl;l Ntyk;khs; nry;yr;rhkp>

khfhzrigf;F njupthd KjyhtJ jkpo;g; ngz;zhf tuyhw;wpy;

,lk;gpbf;fpd;whu;.6

3. Kearney, Robert. Women in Politics in Sri Lanka, Asian Survey, Vol. 21, No.7 (Jul., 1981), p. 743.4. Liyanage, Pulsara. op cit. p.148.5. Kodikara, Chulani. op cit. p.3-6.6. Liyanage, Pulsara. op cit p. 150

74

Kftuhz;ikf;fhd NjLif

gpujhd ePNuhl;lj;jpYs;s vy;yh murpay; fl;rpfSk;

kfspu; gpupnthd;iwf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. MdhYk;> mjpYs;stu;fs;

xUNghJk; Kf;fpa gjtp jhq;Fdu;fshfj; jpfotpy;iy.

cjhuzkhf> [f;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp 1949 Mk; Mz;by; jdJ

kfspu; gpupit cUthf;fpapUe;Jk;> 20 Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd;dNu>

mjhtJ 1969 Mk; Mz;bNyNa 13 Ngiuf;nfhz;l mf;fl;rpapd;

Fohkpy; xNunahU ngz; gjtp jhq;Feuhf te;jhu;. NkYk;> 51

Ngiuf; nfhz;l mf;fl;rpapd; nraw;FOtpy; ,Utu; khj;jpuNk

ngz;fshff; fhzg;gl;ldu;. 1970 ,y; =khNth gz;lhuehaf;f

jiyikapyhd ,yq;if Rje;jpuf; fl;rpapy; 16 Ngu; gjtp

jhq;Feu;fshff; fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk;> mtu;fSs; ,Utu;

khj;jpuNk ngz;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. 1972 ,y; 55 cWg;gpdu;fisf;

nfhz;bUe;j ,yq;if rkrkh[f; fl;rpapd; kj;jpa FOtpy;

xNunahU ngz; gpujpepjpj;JtNk fhzg;gl;lJ. kf;fs; tpLjiy

Kd;dzp> Gnshl;> <gPMu;vy;vg;> jkpoPo tpLjiyg; Gypfs; Nghd;w

MAjk; jhq;fpa FOf;fs; Æ mikg;Gf;fspy;$l> Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj

kfspu; gpupTfs; fhzg;gl;L te;jpUe;jhYk;> fpl;lj;jl;l mtw;wpd;

Kf;fpa gjtpfis Mz;fNs tfpj;jpUe;jdu;.

1970fspy; ngz;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpy; ,j;jifa ,ilntsp

,dq;fhzg;gl;l gpd;du; ,yq;ifapYs;s ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd

murpay; kw;Wk; rptpy; r%fg; ngz; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs;

ngz;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;Jf;fhd Njit Fwpj;Jf; Fuy;

vOg;gpdu;. ,e;Nehf;fj;Jf;fhf mtu;fs;> ngz;fs; gw;wpa Ma;Tfs;

kw;Wk; ntspaPLfs;> gapw;rpfs;> tpopg;Gzu;T+l;ly;fs;> RahjPdg;

gl;bay;fs; Clhfg; ngz;fspd; ngau; epakdj;ij Cf;Ftpj;jy;>

murhq;fj;Jldhd fye;Jiuahly;> tiyaikg;ghf;fk;

kw;Wk; CEDAW FOTf;Fr; nra;ag;gl;l mwpf;iffs; Nghd;w

nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLj;jpUe;jdu;.7

tuyhW neLfpYk; fl;rpfspdhYk; RNal;irf; FOf;fspdhYk;

ngz;fSf;nfd xJf;fg;gl;l ngau; epakdq;fs; 4% – 10% tPjkhfNt

7. Kodikara, Chulani. op cit. p.3-6

75

Kzrpq;f ¸ Mupauj;d

fhzg;gl;lJ.8 tl;lhuq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l rhjhuz

ngUk;ghd;ik Kiwia tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj;Jt mbg;gilapyhd

Nju;jy; Kiwahf khw;wp> 1977 ,y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lNj

cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fs; gw;wpa jw;Nghija fl;likg;ghFk;.

,J Kjd;Kiwahf 1989 Mk; Mz;bYk;> ,Wjpahf 2012 Mk;

Mz;bYk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj;Jt

Kiwapy; fhzg;gl;l Fwpj;j rpy FiwghLfis ePf;Ftjw;fhf

1989 Mk; Mz;L iftplg;gl;l Kd;ida tl;lhu uPjpapyhd

Nju;jy; Kiwikapd; rpy gz;Gf;$Wfis cs;slf;fpajhf Gjpa

Kiwik mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,g;Gjpa Kiwik> ngz;fSf;Fk;

,isQu;fSf;Fkhf 25% ,l xJf;fPl;il mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.

rptpy; mikg;Gf;fspdhYk; Fbkf;fspdhYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L

te;j gytUlfhyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisthf> 2017 Mk;

Mz;L cs;@uhl;rpj; Nju;jy;fs; rl;lj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l

Nkyjpf jpUj;jj;jpD}lhf (2017Mk; Mz;bd; 16Mk; ,yf;f>

cs;@u; mjpfhurigfs; Nju;jy;fs; (jpUj;jr;) rl;lk;) fyg;G

Kiwik mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.9 tl;lhuq;fspy; kf;fSf;Fk;

mtu;fsJ gpujpepjpfSf;Fk; kj;jpapy; cs;@u;kl;lj;jpNyNa

njhlq;Fk; neUq;fpa cwTf;fhd toptiffis

cUthf;FtJk;> Gjpa Nju;jy; KiwikapDs; murpaiy

NkYk; [dehafkag;gLj;Jtjw;F trjpaspg;gJNk ,j;jifa

jpUj;jq;fspd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fshFk;. NkYk;> ngz;fSf;fhff;

8. Kodikara, Chulani and Samuel, Kumuduni. m<d;a md,k wdh;k ;=< ldka;djka

i|yd 25]la fjkalsÍu" Women and Media Collective, 2018. p.4.9. Gjpa Kiwikapd;fPo;> cs;@uhl;rp mjpfhurigapd; gpujpepjpfs; tpfpjhrhu Kiwikapd; mbg;gilapy; njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;wdu;. ,g;gpujpepjpfSs; 60% MNdhu; Xuq;fj;Jt my;yJ gy;yq;fj;Jt tl;lhuq;fspypUe;J njupT nra;ag;glTs;s mNjNtis> 40% MNdhu; thf;fhsu; mbg;gilapyhdjhf ,y;yhky; ‘Nkyjpf Ml;fs;’ gw;wpa gl;bay; xd;wpypUe;J njupT nra;ag;gLtu;. cs;@uhl;rp mjpfhurigfSf;fhd gpujpepjpfspd; vz;zpf;if 4486 ,ypUe;J 8356 Nguhf mjpfupj;Js;sJ. rl;lj;jpd; 27(f) vd;Dk; gpupTf;fika> xt;Nthu; cs;@uhl;rp mjpfhurigAk; 25% ngz;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Gjpa Kiwikapd;fPo;> xt;Nthu; murpay; fl;rpAk; ,UNtWgl;l ngau;epakdg; gl;bay;fisj; jhf;fy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. KjyhtJ gl;bay;> cupa tl;lhuj;Jf;fhf epakpf;fg;gl;l gpujpepjpfspd; ngau;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,e;epakdq;fSs; Mff;Fiwe;jJ 10% ngz;fshf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,uz;lhtJ gl;bay;> ‘Nkyjpf Ml;fs;’ gw;wpa gl;bay; MFk;. mjpy; 50% ngz;fshf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

76

Kftuhz;ikf;fhd NjLif

Fwpj;j vz;zpf;ifapyhd Mrdq;fis xJf;fPL nra;tjd; %yk;

mtu;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jt murpaypd; nghJg;gug;gpDs; ,ize;J

nfhs;tjw;Fk;> mtu;fspd; murpay; <Lghl;il mjpfupg;gjw;Fk;>

murpaypy; <LgLtjw;Fg; ngz;fSf;Fs;s ,aYik njhlu;gpy;

nghJkf;fs; kj;jpapy; epyTk; mgpg;gpuhaj;ij khw;Wtjw;Fk;>

murpaYf;nfdg; ghupastpy; epjpiar; nrytspg;gij

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l murpay; fyhrhuk;> mDruiz> Coy;

kw;Wk; td;Kiw Nghd;wtw;iwj; jLj;J epWj;Jtjw;Fkhd

tuyhw;Wr; re;ju;g;gnkhd;W cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.10

murpaypy; ngz;fspd; Kftuhz;ik

ngz;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; kpff;Fiwthd kl;lj;ijf;

nfhz;bUg;gjw;Fg; gy;NtW fhuzpfs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;sd.

ngz;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; vz;zpf;ifapy; kpfTk; Fiwthff;

fhzg;gLk;11 mNjNtis> murpaypy; ngz;fs; fhz;gpf;Fk; nray;

Kidg;Gs;s <Lghl;bd; juKk; kpfTk; Fiwthd epiyapNyNa

cs;sik mtjhdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ngz;fSf;nfd;Nw cs;s

ghuk;gupa FLk;g tfpghfj;Jf;F mq;fPfhuk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sikAk;>

mj;jifa tplaq;fSf;Nf mtu;fs; Kd;Dupik toq;f Ntz;Lk;

vdf; Nfhug;gLfpd;wikAk; ,j;jifa Nghf;fpw;fhd gpujhd

fhuzq;fshFk;. ,jd; %yk; r%f> fyhrhu kw;Wk; murpay;

jsq;fspy; mtu;fSf;Fs;s ,lk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;L> mtu;fs;

murpaypy; nray; Kidg;Gld; ,aq;FtJ jLf;fg;gLfpwJ.

tuyhw;W uPjpapy; Nehf;Fifapy;> ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa murpaypy;

Kd;Ndhbahff; fhzg;gl;l ngz;fSs; mjpfkhNdhu; jd; FLk;g

Mz; murpay;thjpfSld; jkf;fpUe;j cwT Kiwf;$lhfNt

(jfg;gd; my;yJ fztu;) jkf;fhd murpay; ghijia tFj;Jf;

10. Kodikara, Chulani and Samuel, Kumuduni. op cit p.411. 2017 ,y; ,yq;ifg; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; 13 ngz; cWg;gpdu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;. ,JNt ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; mjpAau; vz;zpf;ifapy; ngz; gpujpepjpfs; fhzg;gl;l re;ju;g;gkhFk;. khfhz rigfisf; fiyg;gjw;F Kd;du;> mit 3% ngz;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jd. 2018 Mk; Mz;Lf;F Kd;du;> cs;@uhl;rp mjpfhurigfspy; ngz;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ntWk; 1.26% MfNt ,Ue;jJ.

77

Kzrpq;f ¸ Mupauj;d

nfhz;ldu;.12 ngz;fs; murpay; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLtJ tPl;Lr;

#oypy; (FLk;gk; kw;Wk; tPL) mtu;fSf;Fs;s tfpghfj;ij

tpl;Lf; nfhLf;fr; nra;JtpLk; vd;w mbg;gilapy; mike;jJk;>

(r%f kw;Wk; murpay;) nghJj;jsq;fspy; mtu;fSf;Fs;s

<Lghl;ilf; Fiwj;J kjpg;gpLfpd;wJkhd Mzhjpf;ff; fUj;jpay;

fhuzkhfg; ngz;fs;> jhq;fshfNt jkJ murpay; nraw;ghLfis

tiuaWj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;. ,j;jifa fl;Lg;ghLk; FLk;g

mOj;jq;fSk; ngz;fSf;F Kl;Lf;fl;ilfshf miktJld;>

murpay; gug;gpy; mtu;fis ntw;wpaila Kbahjtu;fshfTk;

Mf;fptpLfpd;wd.

murpaypy; fhzg;gLk; td;Kiwf; Fk;gy;fspd; <LghL

kw;Wk; tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj;Jtj; Nju;jy; Kiwikapy; Nju;jy;

gpurhuj;Jf;fhf Vw;gLfpd;w mjpf nryT Mfpad ngz;fSf;fhd

jilfshf mikfpd;wd.13 MfNt> ,j;jifa #o;epiyfspd;

fPo; Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl Kaw;rpf;fpd;w ngz;fs; “kupahij Fiwe;jtu;fs;” vd r%fj;jhy; Kj;jpiu Fj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;.

,J nraw;gLepiyrhu; murpaypy; ngz;fspd; nray;Kidg;GkpF

gq;Nfw;Gf;fhd ePz;lfhyj; jilnahd;whf ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ.

tuyhw;wpy;> vy;yh r%f epWtdq;fspYk; cs;s

Mz;fspdhy; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;l jiyikj;Jt tfpghfq;fs;>

mit me;epWtdq;fSld; njhlu;Gilagbapdhy;> ghy;epiyrhu;

tpjpKiwfis jPu;khdpg;gjpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f jhf;fj;ijr;

nrYj;jp ,Ue;jd.14 ,j;jifa #oiktpy;> murpaypy; ngz;fspd;

12. Jayawardena, Kumari. Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World, Zed Books, London (1986), p.12913. jw;Nghija Nju;jy; Kiwikf;fhd jpUj;jq;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lNghJ tl;lhu Kiwikia mwpKfg;gLj;jpaikf;fhd gpujhd Fwpf;Nfhs;fSs; xd;whf> cs;@u;kl;lj;jpYs;s r%fr; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; jkJ nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLf;f rkkhd fsj;ij mtu;fSf;F toq;Ftjhf ,Ue;jJ. Vnddpy;> tpfpjhrhu KiwikahdJ cs;@u; gpuGj;Jt tFg;gpdUf;Fk; mjpfhuk;kpf;ftu;fSf;FNk mj;jifa tha;g;ig mspj;jpUe;jJ.14. An idea expressed by Farzana Hanifa at the discussion on women’s politics in Local Authorities organized by the Social Science Department of the University of Colombo, held at the Sri Lanka Foundation Institute. 14 August 2018.

78

Kftuhz;ikf;fhd NjLif

Kftuhz;ik Fwpj;j fUj;jhly; xd;iwj; njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;

vd;gij ehk; Vw;W mq;fPfupj;Njhk;. mf;fUj;jhly; ngz;fSf;fhd

,lxJf;fPl;ilf; Fwpj;J xJf;Ftjidg; gpujhd Fwpf;Nfhshff;

nfhz;like;jJ. 2018 ,y; ngz;fSf;fhd ,lxJf;fPl;L

Kiwik mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ljpypUe;J Rkhu; xd;wiu Mz;Lfs;

fope;Js;sikahy;> mj;jifa fUj;jhliyj; njhlq;Ftjw;F

,J nghUj;jkhd Neukh vd;gJk; tpthjj;Jf;FupaJ. MdhYk;>

,d;W gpujpepjpj;Jt murpaypy; ngz;fspd; Kftuhz;ik Fwpj;j

VNjDk; fye;Jiuahly;fs; gw;wpf; Nfs;tpg;gLtNj mupjhff;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j MtzkhdJ> fle;j xd;wiu Mz;Lfspy;

cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fspy; gpujpepjpj;Jt murpaypy; ngz;fspd;

Kftuhz;ik vd;Dk; tplaj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F

vLf;fg;gl;l Kaw;rpfis guprPyid nra;tjd; %yk;> mt;tplak;

gw;wpa rk;gtj;Jf;Fg; gpd;duhd fUj;jhly; (post-hoc dialogue) xd;iwj; njhlq;Ftjw;F vj;jdpf;fpwJ. ,d;iwa murpay;

#oiktpy; fye;JiuahlyhdJ ngz;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ijAk;

Kftuhz;ikiaAk; tYg;gLj;JtJ gw;wpa ftdf;FtpitNa

nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;thNw> 2018 cs;@uhl;rpj; Nju;jy;fspy;

vLf;fg;gl;l Kw;Nghf;fhd efu;T njhlu;e;Jk; Kd;ndLj;Jr;

nry;yg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mj;jifaNjhu; mZFKiwahdJ>

murpdJk; murhq;fq;fspdJk; jpl;l EZf;fq;fSf;F mg;ghw;

nry;fpd;w nray; Kidg;Gs;s Fbkf;fs; fz;Nzhl;lk; xd;iw

epWTtjw;Fk; mtrpakhf cs;sJ.

ngz;fSf;fhd ,lxJf;fPL gw;wpa mwpKfkhdJ

gpujpepjpj;Jt murpaypy; ngz;fspd; Kftuhz;ikia ve;jsTf;F

Kd;Ndw;wpAs;sJ my;yJ tYg;gLj;jpAs;sJ vd;gij kjpg;gPL

nra;tNj ,jd; mbg;gilf; Fwpf;Nfhshff; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,e;j

Ma;tpdJ ngWNgwhdJ> ngz;fspd; Kftuhz;ik gw;wpa

fUj;jhliyj; njhlq;FtNj MFk;. fUj;jhlypy; Ma;thsu;fs;>

ngz;fspd; Kftuhz;ikiag; gpujhd kag;gLj;Jtjw;Fg;

gq;fspj;Js;s murpdJk; murrhu;gw;w epWtdq;fspdJk;

79

Kzrpq;f ¸ Mupauj;d

,ilaPLfs; Fwpj;Jf; fye;Jiuahbdu;. mj;jifa ,ilaPLfs;

ngz;fs; vjpu;nfhz;l rthy;fis tpspj;Jiug;gjw;F

Kaw;rpj;jitahf ,Ue;jd.

,jw;fhf Vw;Gr; nra;ag;gl;l Kiwikapay; gpd;tUkhW

fhzg;gl;lJ :

1. ntt;NtW fl;rpfspy; ,Ue;J

cs;@uhl;rp mjpfhurigj; Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl;l

ngz; gpujpepjpfSld; fye;Jiuahly;fspy; <Lgl;lik.

vy;yh rka kw;Wk; ,df; FOtpduJk; Kiwahd

gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L>

,f;fye;Jiuahly;fs; FUzhfy;> nghy;gpjpfk>

N`hkhfk> ntypfk> mj;Juypa> mf;Fu];]> ngypaj;j>

NrUtpy> %J}u;> MiyabNtk;G> nghj;Jtpy;> `l;ld;>

ghzk kw;Wk; g];ru Mfpa cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fspd;

gpujpepjpfSld; ,lk;ngw;wd. mg;ngz; gpujpepjpfs;

[f;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp (UNP)> [f;fpa kf;fs; Rje;jpu Kd;dzp (UPFA)> =yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rp (SLFP)> kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzp (JVP)> jkpo; Njrpaf;

$l;likg;G (TNA)> =yq;fh K];ypk; fhq;fpu]; (SLMC)> mfpy ,yq;if kf;fs; fhq;fpu]; (ACMC) kw;Wk;

kiyaf kf;fs; Kd;dzp (KJP) Mfpa fl;rpfisr;

Nru;e;jtu;fshff; fhzg;gl;ldu;.

2. cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fspd; gpujpepjpfs;> murrhu;gw;w

epWtdq;fs;> Nju;jy;fs; Mizf;FO kw;Wk; ,yq;if

cs;@u; MSif epWtdk; Mfpatw;wpd; mYtyu;fs;

cl;gl> Nju;jy; mtjhdpg;Gf; flikfspy; <Lgl;l

mYtyu;fs; mj;Jld; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs;

MfpNahUldhd gy;NtW fye;Jiuahly;fspy;

nray; Kidg;Gld; gq;Nfw;Nwhk;. ,j;jifa

fye;Jiuahly;fspy; Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; gq;Fgw;wpdu;

vd;gJld;> fye;Jiuahly;fspd; NghJ Kd;itf;fg;gl;l

mtjhdpg;Gf;fSk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;ld.

80

Kftuhz;ikf;fhd NjLif

3. NkYk;> njupT nra;ag;gl;l ngz; gpujpepjpfisg;

gapw;Wtpg;gjpy; <Lgl;l epWtdq;fspdhYk;

gapw;Wtpg;ghsu;fspdhYk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l gapw;rpf;fhd

ifE}y;fs; guprPyidf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;ld. mNjNghd;W

njupT nra;ag;gl;l ngz; gpujpepjpfisg; gapw;Wtpg;gjpy;

<Lgl;l murq;f epWtdq;fs;> murrhu;gw;w mikg;Gf;fs;

kw;Wk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; Mfpatw;iwr; Nru;e;j

gapw;Wtpg;ghsu;fSk; Neu;fhzy; nra;ag;gl;ldu;. njupT

nra;ag;gl;l ngz; gpujpepjpfSf;fhf rl;lk; kw;Wk;

r%f epiyaj;jpdhy; (Law & Society Trust) xOq;F

nra;ag;gl;l mku;TfspypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l

kjpg;gPl;L mwpf;iffSk; ,g;gFg;gha;Tf;nfd ftdj;jpy;

vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

81

gFjp II

ngz;fSf;fhd ,lxJf;fPl;bdhy; kuGtopapyhd fl;rpf;

fl;likg;Gf;fs; %yk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l rthy;fs;

ngz;fSf;nfd Fiwe;jgl;rk; 25% ,lxJf;fPl;ilf;

ftdj;jpy; vLf;ftpy;iy vd;w fhuzj;jpdhy; xU ngau; epakdg;

gl;baiy epuhfupg;gjw;fhfTs;s Vw;ghLfs;> murpay; fl;rpfSf;F

Muk;gr; rthnyhd;iwj; Njhw;Wtpj;jd. nghJj;jsj;jpy; (Public Sphere) ngz;fspd; nray; Kidg;ghd <Lghl;bdJ tpfpjhrhuk;

Fiwthff; fhzg;gl;lJld;> cs;@u; mjpfhurig kl;lj;jpypUe;J

Njrpakl;l murpay;tiu midj;Jj; jsq;fspYk; ngz;fspd;

gq;Fgw;Wif Fiwe;j epiyapNyNa ,Ue;jJ. 15,g;gpur;rpidia

tpspj;Jiuf;Fk; tplaj;jpy;> murpay; fl;rpfs;> Njitg;gLj;jg;gl;l

vz;zpf;ifapyhd ngz; Ntl;ghsu;fisj; jkJ gl;bay;fspy;

cs;thq;Fk; nghUl;L gy;NtW je;jpNuhghaq;fisf; ifahz;L

,Ue;jikiaf; fhzKbe;jJ. mj;jifa jUzq;fspy;>

15. nghJthf> xU gpuNjrj;jpy; nray;Kidg;ghf cs;stu;fNs cs;@u; murpaYf;Fs; gpuNtrpf;Fk; rhj;jpak; cs;sJ. cjhuzkhf> tptrha rq;fq;fs;> tpisahl;Lf; fofq;fs;> kuz Mjhu rq;fq;fs; Nghd;w r%f epWtdq;fspy; <LgLjy; cs;@u; murpaYf;Fs; gpuNtrpf;f toptFf;Fk; khu;f;fq;fshf mikaf;$Lk;.

82

Kftuhz;ikf;fhd NjLif

cs;@u; gpuKfu;fSlDk; gpugy;akhd murpay; Gs;spfSlDk;

epytpa cwTfs;> rhjp> tFg;G kw;Wk; ,dj;Jtj; njhlu;Gfs;

Nghd;wd ngau; epakdq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tijj; jPu;khdpf;Fk;

fhuzpfshf mike;jd. rpy ngz;fs;> gpuhe;jpa kl;lj;jpy;

ngz;fSf;F kfj;jhd Nritahw;wpapUe;Jk;> Kf;fpakhf mq;Fs;s

Mzhjpf;f murpay; fhuzkhf jkf;fhd Ntl;Gupikiag;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; tplaj;jpy; murpay; fl;rpfspdhy; mtu;fs;

rpwe;j Kiwapy; mq;fPfupf;fg;glhky; fhzg;gl;ldu;. vk;khy;

Neu;fhzYf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;l> njupT nra;ag;gl;l ngz;

gpujpepjpfSf;F kj;jpapy;> cs;@u; murpaypy; kuGtopahf <Lgl;L

tUfpd;w Mz;fspd; kidtpkhu;> Njhopfs; kw;Wk; cwtpdu;fs;;

jd;Kidg;Gs;s Mrpupiafs; kw;Wk; rl;lj;juzpfs;; r%f

eyd;Gupr; nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgl;Ls;s RahjPd K];ypk; Atjpfs;>

Gdu;tho;tspf;fg;gl;l tpLjiyg; Gypfs; ,af;fg; Nghuhspfs;;

mj;Jld; rpwpa N`hl;ly;fspy; rikay; njhopyhsu;fshf

<LgLNthu; Nghd;Nwhu; fhzg;gl;ldu;.

xU rpwe;j cjhuzkhf> Fwpj;j Nju;jy; njhFjpapy;

ngz;nzhUtu; 17 tUlq;fshff; fl;rpapd; kfspu; FOr;

rigapy; mq;fj;jtuhf ,Ue;Jte;j gpd;du; mg;ngz;iz

mf;fl;rp ngau;epakdk; nra;jNghJ ntypfk gpuNjrrigf;F

mtu; Kjd;Kjyhfj; njupthfpAs;shu;.16 mNjNtis> Fwpj;j

fl;rp> ,d;DnkhU ngz;iz ngau; epakdk; nra;jpUe;jJ.

me;j epakdkhdJ> Kw;WKOjhf mf;fl;rpapd; gpujk

mikg;ghsUf;Fk; mg;ngz;zpd; fztUf;Fk; ,ilapy;

epytpte;j neUf;fkhd cwit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.17 ,q;F ,uz;lhtjhff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ltupd;

tplaj;jpy;> mtu; njupT nra;ag;gl;L gy khjq;fs; rigapy;

16. ntypfk gpuNjr rig cWg;gpdUld; 2018.09.26 Mk; jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w Neu;fhzy;.17. ntypfk gpuNjr rig cWg;gpdUld; 2018.09.26 Mk; jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w Neu;fhzy;.

83

Kzrpq;f ¸ Mupauj;d

Nritahw;wpa gpd;dUk;$l> mtuJ nrhe;jf; fpuhk kf;fs; mtu;

jkJ gpuNjr rigf;Fj; njupT nra;ag;gl;l cWg;gpdu; xUtu;

vd;gijg; gw;wp mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. vk;Kld; Ngrpa ngUk;ghyhd

cs;@uhl;rp Mz; gpujpepjpfSk; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fSk;

nfhz;bUe;j nghJthd fUj;JepiyahdJ> ntWkNd mj;jifa

mD~;lhdq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mike;jpUe;jNj

xopa> mJ #o;epiyfspd; rpf;fy;fis mbnahw;wpajhff;

fhzg;gltpy;iy.

“,tu;fSf;F murpay; gw;wpa ve;jNthu;

mgpg;gpuhaKkpy;iy. ,tu;fs; murpaiyf;

fw;Wf;nfhs;s Kaw;rpg;gjpNyNa mLj;Js;s ehd;F

tUlq;fisAk; fopg;gu;. kpf ePz;lfhyk; kf;fSf;fhfg;

gzpahw;wpa gpd;dNu ,e;j ,lj;Jf;F ehk; te;Js;Nshk;.

ehk; nghJkf;fSld; ,uz;lwf;fye;J mjd; %yk;

fzprkhd mDgtj;ijg; ngw;Ws;Nshk;. ,g;NghJ

murpaiyf; fw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhfNt ,g;ngz;fSf;F

rk;gsk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.”

NrUtpy gpuNjr rig cWg;gpdu;18

“NkNyhl;lkhfg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ ngz;fSf;fhd

,e;j ,lxJf;fPl;L Kiwik vd;gJ rpwg;ghfNt

cs;sJ. MdhYk;> ,jid nray; Kiwg;gLj;Jk;NghJ

,J eifg;Gf;fplkhd xd;whff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Vndd;why; fztd;khu;fspd; ,lj;jpy; kidtpaUk;>

je;ijkhu;fspd; ,lj;jpy; kfs;khu;fSk; ngau;

epakdk; ngw;Ws;sdu;. ,g;ngz;fs; ifg;nghk;ikfs;

Nghd;wtu;fs;. ,tu;fSs; gyupdhy; gFj;jwpT uPjpapy;

rpe;jpf;f KbahJs;sJ.”

N`hkhfk gpuNjr rig cWg;gpdu;19

18. NrUnty gpuNjr rig cWg;gpdUld; 2018.10.03 Mk; jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w Neu;fhzy;.19. N`hkhfk gpuNjr rig cWg;gpdUld; 2018.10.03Mk; jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w Neu;fhzy;.

84

Kftuhz;ikf;fhd NjLif

“,g;ngz;fs; tajpy; kpfTk; ,isatu;fs;.

,tu;fs; $l;lq;fSf;Fr; rKfkspf;Fk;NghJk; jkJ

jha;khu;fSlNdNa rKfkspf;fpd;wdu;.” khj;jiw khtl;l ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;20

“ngz;fis thdj;jpypUe;J nfhz;Lte;J

nraw;ifahf murpaypy; Fjpf;fitg;gijtpl>

murpaypy; mtu;fSf;F cfe;j #oy; xd;W

cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; mJ XusTf;F rpwg;ghf

,Ue;jpUf;Fk;. ‘Njq;fha; cupkl;i Nghd;w ngz;fis

,q;F itj;jpUg;gjpy; ve;j mu;j;jKk; ,y;iy.” mf;Fu];] gpuNjr rig cWg;gpdu21;

mj;jifa nghJikg;gLj;jy;fs; ,t;tplaj;Jf;F kl;Lk;

tiuaWf;fg;gl;lditahff; fhzg;gltpy;iy vd;gij ehk;

mtjhdpj;Njhk;:

“Mzh my;yJ ngz;zh vd;gjy;y gpur;rpid

vd;gNj fl;rp vd;w tifapy; vkJ ek;gpf;ifahFk;.

Kjyhspj;Jtk; kw;Wk; tsg;gq;fPl;by; fhzg;gLk;

Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; gpur;rpidfs;

cs;sd. mjid rthYf;F cl;gLj;Jtjw;F mwptpy;

rpwe;jtu;fshf ,Ug;gpd;> mtu;fs; ngz;fsh Mz;fsh

vd;gJ nghUj;jkw;wJ. fPioj;Nja fyhrhuq;fspy;

cs;s ngz;fspd; gpw;Nghf;F jdj;jhy; mtu;fs;

mjpfhuj;Jf;F tUtjpy; vOk; rpy gpur;rpidfs;

jtpu;f;f KbahJ. ,Ug;gpDk; vkJ fl;rpapYs;s

ngz;fs; tpj;jpahrkhdtu;fs;. mtu;fs; mwptpy;

rpwe;jtu;fs;> fyhrhu uPjpapYk; NtWgl;ltu;fs;.” kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzp gpuNjr rig cWg;gpdu;;22

20. khj;jiw khtl;l ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdUld; 2018.09.12Mk; jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w Neu;fhzy;.21. mf;Fu];] gpuNjr rig cWg;gpdUld; 2018.09.26Mk; jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w Neu;fhzy;. 22. kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzp gpuNjr rig cWg;gpdUld; 2018.09.20 Mk; jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w Neu;fhzy;.

85

Kzrpq;f ¸ Mupauj;d

vt;thwhapDk; Nkw;$wpatw;Wf;F khw;wkhf> ehk; re;jpj;j

mNjfl;rpiar; Nru;e;j ngz; cs;@uhl;rp cWg;gpdnuhUtu;> jdJ

fztu; murpaypy; nray; Kidg;Gld; <Lgl;bUe;j NghjpYk;>

jhd; Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl Kd;du; vt;tifahd murpaypYk;

<Lgltpy;iynad epjhdkhf vLj;Jiuj;jhu;.

xd;wpy; mbkl;lj;jpy; r%f tfpghfq;fspy; <Lgl;l

ngz;fis ehbr;nrd;W mtu;fis Ntl;ghsu; Mf;Ftjw;fhd>

my;yJ ghuk;gupakhf ele;jijg;Nghy> cwTr;rYif> jkf;F

Ntz;lg;gl;ltUf;fhd MjuT kw;Wk; fpuhkpa gpuGj;Jt

Ml;rpiag; gyg;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; mtu;fisj;

Nju;e;njLg;gjw;fhd KbthdJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l fl;rpapd; gpuhe;jpakl;l

Mz; murpay;thjpfspdhNyNa vLf;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt ,J

xUGwk; gpuhe;jpakl;l gpuGj;Jt Ml;rpapd; tp];jupg;ig xU

tpisthff; nfhLj;Js;s mNjNtis> kWGwk;> nraw;gLepiy

murpaYf;Fs; Eiotjw;F ve;jtpjkhd Vw;ghl;ilAk;

nfhz;bUf;f Kbahj ngz;fSs; rpyiu mt;thW murpaYf;Fs;

Eioar; nra;tpj;Jk; cs;sJ. vt;thwhapDk;> r%f uPjpapy;

nray;Kidg;Gld; fhzg;gl;l ngz;fis Ntl;ghsu;fshf;Fk;

,e;j Kaw;rpAk;$l> mJ njhlu;ghf KbngLf;Fk; kl;lq;fspy;

ngz;fspd; Kftuhz;ikia murpaypy; cs;sPu;j;jy;

vd;gijtpl> mf;fl;rpfspd; toikahd mjpfhug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy;

mg;ngz;fis <LgLj;JtijNa cz;ikahd mZFKiwahff;

nfhz;bUe;jik mtjhdpf;fg;gl;lJ.

cjhuzkhf> 85% jkpou;fs; ngUk;ghd;ikahf cs;s

Fwpj;j tl;lhuk; xd;wpy; jkpo; Njrpaf; $l;likg;gpypUe;J ngau;

epakdj;ijg; ngw;w ngz; mt;tl;lhuj;jpy; gpugykhdtuhfTk;

cau; rhjpiar; Nru;e;jtuhfTk;> Gdu;tho;tspf;fg;gl;l Kd;dhs;

tpLjiyg;Gyp cWg;gpduhfTk; fhzg;gl;lhu;. mt;thNw>

Fwpj;jnthU tl;lhuj;jpd;kPJ ed;F jhgpf;fg;gl;l murpay;

mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;s =yq;fh K];ypk; fhq;fpu]pd;

Ntl;ghsiu vjpu;j;Jg; Nghl;bapLtjw;F> mfpy ,yq;if kf;fs;

86

Kftuhz;ikf;fhd NjLif

fhq;fpu]; fl;rpahdJ tpisahl;Lj;Jiwapy; mfpy ,yq;if

uPjpapy; ntw;wpngw;W jw;NghJk; nray; Kidg;Gld; r%f Nritapy;

<Lgl;LtUk; AtjpnahUtiu fskpwf;fp ,Ue;jJ. murpaypy;

epiyahd rkj;Jtj;ij (substantive equality) cWjpg;gLj;jy;>

tuyhW neLfpYk; murpaypy; ,Ue;J tpyf;fp itf;fg;gl;l xU

FOtpdiu cs;thq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;23 kw;Wk; murpay; mjpfhug;

Nghuhl;lj;jpDs; ngz;fis rpwg;ghf cs;sPu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjhdJ

mtu;fs; nray; Kidg;Gs;s gq;fhsu;fshf tUtjw;fhd

tha;g;ig mtu;fSf;F toq;ff;$Lk; Nghd;w tplaq;fNs 25%

,lxJf;fPl;il mwpKfg;gLj;jpajd; Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fshf

mike;jpUe;jd. ,t;tZFKiwia vjpu;kiwahd xspapy;

itj;Jg; ghu;f;ff;$lhJ. murpaypy; ngz;fis cs;sPu;j;jy;

vd;Dk; tplaj;jpy; ,d;dKk; Xu; ,ilntsp fhzg;gLfpwJ.

Nju;jy; nray;Kiw> njupT nra;ag;gLjy; kw;Wk;

cs;@uhl;rp mjpfhu rigfspyhd <LghL

ngz;fis tl;lhuq;fSf;nfdg; ngau; epakdk; nra;jy;

kw;Wk; tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj;Jtg; gl;bay;fspy; mtu;fspd;

ngau;fis cs;thq;Fjy; Mfpatw;Wf;fhd nghWg;G fl;rpapd;

mikg;ghsiuAk;> <w;wpy; fl;rpapd; nghJr;nrayhsiuAk;

rhu;e;jjhFk;. ngUk;ghYk; mtu;fs; Mz; murpay;thjpfshfNt

fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,J mj;Jld; KbtilAk; xU tplaKky;y;

,g;ngz;fs;> Nju;jypd; gpd;du;$l> tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;

gl;baypD}lhfj; jkf;fhd epakdq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk;

fl;rpapy; murpay; mjpfhuk; nfhz;l Mz;fspNyNa jq;fpapUf;f

Ntz;bAs;sJ. mjpfhuj;jpy; mku;j;Jtjw;fhd epakdj;ij

toq;Ftjw;fhd gpujpAgfhukhf> Fwpj;j rpy mikg;ghsu;fspdhy;

ghypay; ,yQ;rk; Nfhug;gl;l rk;gtq;fSk; gjpthfpAs;sd.24

MfNt> xl;Lnkhj;jj; Nju;jy; gpurhu eltbf;ifAk; Mzhjpf;f

23. Ferzana Hanifa, Discussion above. 14 August 2018.24. Sexual bribre sought from actress to contest from MR’s party, available at https://colombogazette.com/2018/01/07/sexual-bribe-sought-from-actress-to-contest-from-mrs-party/ party /(accessed 17 June 19)

87

Kzrpq;f ¸ Mupauj;d

Kiwik xd;wpNyNa ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ. njupT nra;ag;gl;l

gpd;dUk;> Nju;jYf;Fg; gpd;duhd fhyj;jpy;> Rkhu; 98% Mz;fis

cs;slf;Ffpd;w Kiwik xd;wpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l khjpup

xd;wpYk;> mj;Jld; Mz;fspd; vLg;ghu; ifg;gps;isfshfTNk

,g;ngz;fs; njhopw;gl Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,r;#o;epiyahdJ>

Kd;dNu ehk; Fwpg;gpl;bUe;j ngz;fspd; Kftuhz;ik gw;wpa

fUj;jhlypy; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl Kbahj xd;whFk;.

“,Jtiu fhyKk; vdJ fztNu murpaypy;

<Lgl;L te;jhu;. mtUf;F mikg;ghsiu ed;F

njupAk;. ngau;epakdg; gj;jpuj;jpy; ifnahg;gkpl

mioj;Jr; nrd;wJk; vdJ fztu;jhd;. vd;dhy;

ciuahw;w KbahJ vd;gjhy;> gpurhuf; $l;lq;fspy;

ciuahw;wpaJk; mtu;jhd;.”

mf;Fu];] gpuNjr rigapd; ngz; cWg;gpdu;25

“ngau;g;gl;baypDs; vdJ ngaUk;

cs;slf;fg;gLk; tplaj;jpy; vdf;F ve;jg; gpur;rpidAk;

,Uf;ftpy;iy. vdJ fztUf;F mikg;ghsiu

ed;F njupAk;.”

FUehfy; gpuNjr rigapd; ngz; cWg;gpdu;26

,q;F ehk; Neu;fhzy; nra;j> jpUkzk; Kbj;j vy;yhg;

ngz;fSf;Fk; murpaypy; <LgLtjw;F mtu;fsJ fztd;khupd;

KOikahd xj;Jiog;Gf; fpilj;jpUe;jJ. MapDk; mtu;fs;

jkJ Vida FLk;gj;jpduplkpUe;Jk; ez;gu;fsplkpUe;Jk; gy;NtW

tpjkhd vjpu;tpidahw;Wiffisg; ngw;wpUe;jdu;. cjhuzkhf>

%J}u; gpuNjr rigf;fhfg; Nghl;bapl;l K];ypk; ngz; Ntl;ghsu;

xUtUf;F mtuJ fztu; kw;Wk; ngw;Nwhu; MjuT toq;fpapUe;j

NghjpYk;> mt;Ntl;ghsupd; rNfhjup xUtu; mg;ngz; Ntl;ghsupd;

25. mf;Fu];] gpuNjr rig cWg;gpdUld; 2018.09.26 Mk; jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w Neu;fhzy;.26. FUehfy gpuNjr rig cWg;gpdUld; 2018.09.24 Mk; jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w

Neu;fhzy;.

88

Kftuhz;ikf;fhd NjLif

Kbtpw;F gyj;j vjpu;g;ig ntspapl;bUe;jhu;. rpy ngz;fs;>

jhk; murpaypy; <LgLtjid> murpaypy; nray; Kidg;Gld;

<Lgl;l jkJ je;ijau;fspd; topte;j kuGupikahff; fUjp

murpaYf;Fs; mbnaLj;J itj;jpUe;jdu;. MapDk; ntypfk

gpuNjr rigapd; ngz; cWg;gpdu; xUtu;> jdJ je;ijapd;

murpay; nraw;ghLfSf;F xj;Jiog;G toq;fpaNghJ mjw;F

MjuT toq;fpapUe;j cwtpdu;fSk; ez;gu;fSk;> jhd; jdpahfg;

Nghl;bapl;lNghJ jdf;fhd vjpu;g;igj; njuptpj;jpUe;jjhff;

Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. xUngz; Neubahf murpaypy; <LgLtJ kpfTk;

nghUj;jkhd xd;wy;y vd mtu;fs; mg;ngz; Ntl;ghsuplk;

njuptpj;jpUe;jdu;. rka epWtdq;fSk; ngz;fs; murpaypy;

<LgLtij vjpu;g;gJ tof;fj;Jf;F khwhd xd;wy;y. xU ngz;

Ntl;ghsUf;F tpfhiuapd; kjFU ClhfTk;> ,d;ndhU ngz;

Ntl;ghsUf;F gs;spthay; ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;Gr; rigaplkpUe;Jk;

vjpu;g;Gf;fs; fpsk;gpapUe;j rk;gtq;fSk; epfo;e;NjwpAs;sd.

(Neu;fhzy; nra;ag;gl;NlhUs;) mjpfkhd ngz;fs;

tpfpjhrhug; gl;baypy; cs;slf;fg;gl;ltu;fshf ,Ue;jikahy;

mtu;fSf;Fj; Nju;jy; gpurhuj;jpD}lhf tl;lhuk; xd;iw

ntw;wpf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaj;jpy; ghupa rthy;fs;

,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> gpurhu eltbf;iffSf;fhf mjpf

nray; Kidg;Gld; <Lgl;l ngz;fisr; re;jpj;jijg; Nghd;Nw

ve;jtpjkhd gpurhuj;jpYk; <Lgl;buhj ngz;fisAk; re;jpj;Njhk;.

%J}u; gpuNjr rigapy; fl;ilg;gwpr;rhd; tl;lhuj;jpy; Nghl;bapl;l

ngz;nzhUtu; mt;tl;lhuj;jpy; Vida fl;rpfspy; Nghl;bapl;l Mz;

Ntl;ghsu;fisj; Njhw;fbj;J mjpf ngUk;ghd;ik thf;Ffshy;

xU kfj;jhd ntw;wpiag; ngw;wpUe;jhu;. ngz;fSf;Nf cupj;jhd

FLk;gg; nghWg;Gf;fs;> ,uT NtisfspYk; - mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf-

J}ug;gFjpfSf;Fr; nrd;Wk; $l;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhs;sy;

mj;Jld; ngz;fspd; elkhl;lk; (mobility) njhlu;ghd r%f

kdg;ghq;F Nghd;w rthy;fSf;F kj;jpapYk;> murpay; gpurhuq;fspy;

gq;Nfw;Fk; ngz;fisf; fl;lhak; ghuhl;bNa MfNtz;Lk;.

89

Kzrpq;f ¸ Mupauj;d

ghy;epiyrhu; tpjpKiwfis rthYf;Fl;gLj;jpa ngz;fs;

vjpu;Nehf;fpa rthy;fs;

r%fr; nraw;ghLfspy; nray;Kidg;Gld; ,aq;fp> mjdhy;

jkJ fUj;Jf;fisr; Rje;jpukhf ntspg;gLj;jf;$ba ngz;fis

mtJ}WfSf;F cl;gLj;JtJ vd;gJ ,yq;ifr; r%fj;jpy; xU

nghJthd mk;rkhFk;. khyjp j my;tp]; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wthW>

“ntl;fk; kw;Wk; gak;” gw;wpa fUj;JepiyahdJ ,yq;ifr;

r%fj;jpDs; mbgzpaitg;gijj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; xU fhuzpahf

cs;sJ. ,q;F Kd;gps;isg; gUtj;jpypUe;Nj Mz;gps;isfs;

gaj;jpw;F vjpu;tpidahw;Wtjw;Fk;> ngz;gps;isfs;

ntl;fj;jpw;F gjpypWg;gjw;Fk; fw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;.

r%fuPjpapy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l ghy;epiyrhu; tpjpKiwfisr;

rthYf;F cl;gLj;Jk; Mz;fs;> gaj;ij mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;Nl mtw;iwr; rthYf;F cl;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. mNj

ghy;epiyrhu; tpjpKiwfisr; rthYf;F cl;gLj;Jk; ngz;fs;

ntl;fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl mjidr; nra;fpd;wdu;.27

%J}u; gpuNjrrigf;Fj; njupT nra;ag;gl;Ls;s ,U K];ypk;

ngz; cWg;gpdu;fs; Nju;jy; gpurhuf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; jkf;F

NtW fl;rpfspd; Mz; Ntl;ghsu;fshy; mr;RWj;jy;fs;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ljhf vk;kplk; $wpdu;. xU ngz; Ntl;ghsUk;

mtuJ jhahUk; thf;fspg;G epiyaj;jpw;F Kd; jfhj thu;j;ijg;

gpuNahfq;fis vjpu;nfhz;bUe;jdu;. mNjNtis> ,d;DnkhU

ngz; Ntl;ghsupd; ngw;Nwhuplk; mt;Ntl;ghsiuj; Nju;jy;

gpurhuq;fspypUe;J ePf;FkhW $wp mr;RWj;jy; tpLj;Js;sdu;. ,t;tpU

ngz; Ntl;ghsu;fspdJk; Mz; Mjuthsu;fs; Nju;jy; gpurhuf;

fhyj;jpy; cly; uPjpapyhd jhf;Fjy;fSf;F cs;shfpapUe;jdu;.

mjpfkhd ngz; Ntl;ghsu;fs; Nju;jy; gpurhuq;fspy; nray;

Kidg;Gld; <Lgl;lgbapdhy; mtu;fs; ntw;wpnfhs;s

Ntz;bapUe;j xU rthyhf ,JNt fhzg;gl;lJ. murpaypy; nray;

27. De Alwis, Malathi. The Production and Eembodiment of Respectability: Gendered Deneanoursin Colonial Ceylon in Michel Roberts (ed), Collective Identities Revisited, Vol.1, Marga Publishers, Colombo (1997) p.105-143

90

Kftuhz;ikf;fhd NjLif

Kidg;Gld; <LgLk; ngz;fs; fw;nghOf;fk; ,y;yhjtu;fs; vd

mtJ}whfg; Ngrg;gLfpd;wdu;. ntypfk gpuNjr rigapy; Nghl;bapl;l

xU ngz; Ntl;ghsu;> “ehq;fs; epr;rakhf Fwpj;jrpy fyhrhu tiuaiwf;Fs; nraw;gl;lhf Ntz;Lk;. ‘ngaiuf; nfLj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;lhk;> ngz;fSf;F ,J ruptuhJ’ Nghd;W ,d;Ndhud;d

tplaq;fis r%fk; vdf;F $wpaJ"28 vdf;Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.

ngz;fs; nghJj;jsj;jpy; nray; Kidg;Gs;stu;fshf

cUthfp tUfpd;wNghJ mtu;fs; Kfq;nfhLf;f Neu;fpd;w

rthy;fis khj;jpuNk mtu; typAWj;jpf; $wpapUe;jhu;. xUngz;

epiwNtw;wf;$ba r%f tfpghfq;fs; vt;thwpUe;jhYk; mjidg;

nghUl;gLj;jhJ> mtsJ FLk;gj;jpd;kPNj mtSf;F KOKjy;

flg;ghL cs;snjd vk;Kld; Ngrpa mjpfkhd ngz;fSk;

Mz;fSk; typAWj;jpf; $wpapUe;jdu;.

“cq;fs; FLk;gk; Njhy;tpaile;J ,Uf;Fkhf

,Ue;jhy;> ePq;fs; vjid mile;jpUe;Jk;

gydpy;iy. r%fj;Jf;Fr; Nritahw;Wtijg; gw;wpr;

rpe;jpg;gjw;F Kd;du;> ckJ FLk;gj;jpd; ghJfhg;ig

cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.”

FUehfy; gpuNjr rigapd; ngz; cWg;gpdu;29

“vdJ FLk;gj;jtu;fs; Nju;jypd;NghJ vdf;F cjtpahf ,Ue;jdu;. MapDk; FLk;gj;ijAk;

murpaiyAk; rkepiyapy; nfhz;Lnry;Yq;fs; vd

mtu;fs; mbf;fb vd;dplk; $wpdu;.”

ntypfk gpuNjr rig ngz; cWg;gpdu;30

“ngz;fs; murpaypy; <LgLtjw;Ff; fhyb

vLj;Jitf;f Kd;du;> epr;rakhf tPl;by; jkf;Fs;s

28. %J}u; gpuNjr rig cWg;gpdUld; 2018.09.30 Mk; jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w Neu;fhzy;.29. FUehfy; gpuNjr rig cWg;gpdUld; 2018.09.18 Mk;jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w Neu;fhzy;.30. ntypfk gpuNjr rig cWg;gpdUld; 2018.09.26 Mk; jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w Neu;fhzy;.

91

Kzrpq;f ¸ Mupauj;d

flg;ghLfis mtu;fs; G+u;j;jpnra;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

epr;rakhf mtu;fs; mJFwpj;J mrl;ilj;jdkhf

,Uf;f KbahJ.”

N`hkhfk gpuNjr rigapd; Mz; cWg;gpdu;31

jdpg;gl;l nraw;jsj;jpd; Rikiaj; jdpNa ngz;fsplk;

khj;jpuk; Rkj;Jfpd;w khwhepiyj; jd;iknfhz;l ghy;epiyrhu;

tpjpKiwfNs ,t;thwhd rpe;jidg; Nghf;Ff;Fg; gpd;dhy;

,Uf;fpd;wd. njw;fhrpa #oypy; fyhrhuk; kw;Wk; milahsk;

Mfpad MnshUtupd; jdpg;gl;l nraw;jsj;jpd;fPo; tUfpd;w

gFjpfshf Nehf;fg;gLtJld;> mit ngz;fs; ifahs

Ntz;ba tplaq;fshfTk; fUjg;gLfpd;wnjd uhjpfh

FkhuRthkp thjpLfpd;whu;.32 ,t;thWjhd; ngz;fspd; jdpg;gl;l

tho;f;if kpff;ftdkhd Kiwapy; MSif nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

rk;gpujhaq;fs;> eilKiwfs; kw;Wk; r%f newpKiwfs;

Nghd;wtw;iwg; ghJfhf;Fk; nghWg;igg; ngz;fNs Rke;Js;sdu;

vd;w rpe;jidg; Nghf;fpypUe;Jk; ,J vOfpd;wJ. ,e;j

rpe;idg;Nghf;F> ngz;fis ntl;fj;Jf;F cs;shf;FtijAk;

Fw;wQ; Rkj;JtijAk; J}z;LfpwJ. mjdhy;> ghuk;gupakhf

Mzhjpf;fj;Jf;F cupajhf ek;gg;gLfpd;w nghJj;jsj;jpy;> nray;

Kidg;Gs;stu;fshfg; tUtjpypUe;Jk; mtu;fs; Cf;fkpof;fr;

nra;ag;gLfpd;wdu;. Neu;fhzy; xd;wpy; gpuNjrrig Mz; cWg;gpdu;

xUtu;> Gjpjhfj; njupT nra;ag;gl;l ngz; cWg;gpdu;fisg;

gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ> “,dpnad;d> ,g;ngz;fs; miye;Jjpupe;J

nfhz;bUf;f> mtu;fspd; fztd;khu; tPl;by; gps;isfisf;

ftdpf;f Ntz;baJjhd;” vdf; Nfypahff; $wpdhu;.33

31. N`hkhfk gpuNjr rig cWg;gpdUld; 2018.09.08 Mk; jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w Neu;fhzy;.32. Coomaraswamy, Radhika. The Disrobing Draupadi: Women, Violence and Human Rights,International Centre for Ethic Studies, Colombo (2000)33. mf;Fu];] gpuNjr rig cWg;gpdUld; 2018.09.26 Mk; jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w Neu;fhzy;.

92

Kftuhz;ikf;fhd NjLif

mNj ghy;epiyrhu; tpjpKiwfs;jhd;> ,e;j 25% ,lxJf;fPl;L Kiwik Clhf cs;@uhl;rp rigfSf;Fj; njupT

nra;ag;gl;Ls;s vy;yhg; ngz;fSk; Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;bAs;s

mbg;gil ajhu;j;jq;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd. ,j;jifa

rthy;fisg; gw;wpa Ez;zha;Tk; fye;Jiuahly;fSk; Vw;fdNt

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT njhlq;fg;gl;Ltpl;ld. ,g;ngz;fSld; cs;s

rf Mz; cWg;gpdu;fs; kl;Lkd;wp> cs;@uhl;rp mjpfhurigfs;

gytw;wpd; gzpahs; njhFjpapdUk; ,g;ngz; cWg;gpdu;fis

‘gpq;ke;jpup’ (gupjhgj;Jf;Fupa cWg;gpdu;) vd;Nw tpgupf;fpd;wdu;.34

,e;j vjpu;g;Gf;fhd mbg;gilahf tpsq;FtJ> gpuNjr rigf;Fj;

njupT nra;ag;gl;Ls;s ,g;ngz; cWg;gpdu;fSs; mNefkhNdhu;

tl;lhuk; xd;Wf;fhf tpfpjhrhug; gl;baYf;F Clhfg; Nghl;baplhik

my;y khwhf> ngz;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij vz;zpf;ifapy;

1.29% ,ypUe;J 23.6% tiu cau;j;jpAs;s mtu;fspd;

gpujpepjpj;Jtj;Jf;fhd tpfpjhrhug; gq;if Cf;Ftpf;Fk; ntWk;

rl;lthf;fk; xd;Nw MFk;. mjidnahj;j tpfpjhrhug; gl;bay;

xd;Wf;$lhf te;j Mz;fisf; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ mj;jifa

Nftykhd njhdpapd; xw;Wikj; jd;ikiaf; fhzKbatpy;iy.

mjpfsthd ngz; cWg;gpdu;fs; epakdg;gl;bay; %yk;

njupthfp cs;sikapdhy;> mtu;fSf;Ff; Fwpj;jspf;fg;gl;l

tl;lhunkhd;W ,y;iy. mjdhy;> xUngz; cWg;gpdu; mg;gFjpapy;

nghJr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLk;NghJ> mt;tl;lhuj;ijg;

gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; cWg;gpdu;fspd; Mjuitg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s

Ntz;baepiy Vw;gLfpd;wJ. cz;ik vd;dntd;why;> Mz;

cWg;gpdu;fs; mj;jifa <Lghl;il tuNtw;gjpy;iy. mJtiu

Mz; cWg;gpdu;fs; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jptUk; thf;fhsu; jsj;jpdJ

mgptpUj;jpr; nraw;ghLfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; mj;jifa

<Lghl;Lf;Ff; fLikahd vjpu;g;G fhl;lg;gLk; vd;gJld;> ngz;

cWg;gpdu; xUtu; %ykhf mj;jifa <LghL Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;

NghJ me;j vjpu;g;G NkYk; cf;fpukhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.

34. Nuh`z n`l;bMuhr;rp> 25% ,l xJf;fPl;il khfhz rigfSf;Fk; ePbg;gjw;fhf> rl;lk; kw;Wk; r%f ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;gfj;jpdhy; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;l Njrpa gapw;rpg;gl;liw> 2018 [_iy 31> nfhOk;G.

93

Kzrpq;f ¸ Mupauj;d

“ehq;fs; murpay; gpurhuj;jpy; ,wq;Ftjw;F

Kd;dNu> ePz;lfhyk; Cu; kf;fSld; Ntiynra;J gy

mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Ws;Nshk;. Mdhy;> ,g;ngz;fs;

,q;F te;Jjhd; fw;Wf;nfhs;sNt Muk;gpf;fpd;wdu;.

MfNt ,tu;fs; nkhj;jkhfTs;s 5 tUlq;fisAk;

murpaiyf; fw;gjpNyNa nrytpl cs;sdu;. mLj;j

Nju;jypy; njupT nra;ag;gl;lhy;jhd; ,tu;fshy;

rpy gq;fspg;Gf;fisr; nra;af;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.

tPLfspypUe;j ,g;ngz;fs; gl;baypD}lhf ,q;F

te;Js;sdu;. ,tu;fs; nra;a Kaw;rpf;Fk; gzpfs;>

ehq;fs; jhgpj;Js;s thf;fhsu;fspd; jsj;ij

,og;gjw;fhd xU fhuzkhff;$l mikayhk;.”

NrUtpy gpuNjr rig cWg;gpdu;35

gpuNjrj;jpYs;s mjpgu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs; Nghd;w mur

mYtyu;fSk; VNjhnthUtifapy; r%f mq;fPfhuk;ngw;w taJ

Kjpu;e;j Mz;fSk; vj;jifa gpur;rpidfs; ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> jk;ikr;

re;jpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLtjw;F mtu;fs; tpUk;gtpy;iynad

,d;DnkhU ngz; cWg;gpdu; vk;kplk; $wpdhu;.36 mtuJ

fUj;jpd;gb> jhd; xU ngz; cWg;gpduhf cs;sikNa mjw;fhd

fhuzkhFk;. NkYk;> ,d;DnkhU ngz; cWg;gpdu; Fwpg;gpLifapy;>

jhd; tajpy; Kjpu;e;jtuhf ,y;yhjpUg;gNj jd;id mtu;fs;

fzf;fpnyLf;fhky; ,Ug;gjw;fhd fhuzk; vd;whu;.37

%J}u; gpuNjrrigapd; ngz; cWg;gpdnuhUtu; jdJ

khw;Wj;jpwDila Foe;ijAld; Gjpa cWg;gpdu;fSf;fhd gapw;rp

xd;wpy; fye;Jnfhs;Sk; nghUl;L> mjw;nfdj; jahuhftpUe;j

35. NrUtpy gpuNjrrig cWg;gpdUld; 2018.10.03 Mk; jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w Neu;fhzy;.36. NrUtpy gpuNjr rig cWg;gpdUld; 2018.10.03 Mk; jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w Neu;fhzy;.37. ntypfk gpuNjr rig cWg;gpdUld; 2018.09.26 Mk; jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w Neu;fhzy;.

94

Kftuhz;ikf;fhd NjLif

Ng&e;jpy; VWtjw;F Kaw;rpj;jhu;. mt;Ntisapy;> Fwpj;j

gpuNjr rigapd; nrayhsu;> VNjDnkhU tifapy; mg;ngz;

cWg;gpdu; Foe;ijAld; te;jhy; Ng&e;J Gwg;gl;Lr; nry;tjw;Fj;

jd;dhy; ,lkspf;f KbahJ vdf;$wp kpul;bapUf;fpd;whu;.38

ngz;fs;kPJ mePjpahd Kiwapy; mjpfhuj;ijg; gpuNahfpf;Fk;

cs;@uhl;rp epWtd Copau;fspd; ,j;jifa elj;ijfisg; gy

cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fspy; fhzKbAk;. ,j;jifa elj;ijfs;>

cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fspy; gzpahw;Wk; mur mYtyu;fs;

Kjw;nfhz;L epWtdj;jpd; jiytu;fSld; neUq;fpa

njhlu;Gfisg; NgZk;> kw;Wk; mtu;fSld; neUf;fkhd

Kiwapy; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; gy;NtW

kl;lq;fspyhd egu;fs;tiu tpupe;J nry;fpd;wd. xUKiw

ntypfk gpuNjr rigapd; ngz; cWg;gpdnuhUtu;> gpuNjrrigj;

jiytuJ MNyhrfnud;W jd;id vg;NghJk; nrhy;ypf;nfhs;fpd;w

xUtu;> njhlu;e;J jdf;F kpul;ly;fisAk; mOj;jq;fisAk;

Vw;gLj;jpajhfTk; mJ njhlu;gpy; jiytu; my;yJ NtW vtUk;

cupa eltbf;iffis vLf;ftpy;iy vdTk; Kiwapl;bUe;jhu;.39

xUKiw gJis khefu rigapd; rfy ngz; cWg;gpdu;fSk;

xd;wpize;J Clfr; re;jpg;nghd;iw elhj;jp> ,Jtiu eilngw;w

6 rig mku;TfspYk; ve;jnthU fUj;ijAk; njuptpg;gjw;F

Mz; cWg;gpdu;fs; jkf;Fr; re;ju;g;gq;fis toq;ftpy;iy

vd;Wk;> jk;ikj; jfhj thu;j;ijfshy; jpl;bapUe;jdu; vd;Wk;

njuptpj;jdu;.40

25% ,lxJf;fPl;bd; fPo; njupT nra;ag;gl;l ngz;

cWg;gpdu;fSf;F cs;@uhl;rp epWtd xOq;F tpjpfs;> rl;l

jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; eltbf;if Kiwfs; njhlu;ghd Gupjnyhd;W

,y;iy> cs;@uhl;rp epWtd mku;Tfspy; fUj;Jf;fisj;

38. %J}u; gpuNjr rig cWg;gpdUld; 2018.09.30 Mk; jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w

Neu;fhzy;.39. Fwpj;j cWg;gpduhy; rl;lk; kw;Wk; r%f ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;gfj;Jf;F mDg;gpitf;fg;gl;l fbjj;jpy; ,J Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ.

40. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSwDhw1PaM (accessed on 17 june 2019)

95

Kzrpq;f ¸ Mupauj;d

njuptpf;Fk; NghJ ju;f;f uPjpapYk; murpay; uPjpapYk; fUj;Jf;fis

Kd;itf;f mtu;fshy; Kbatpy;iy kw;Wk; tYthd murpay;

jPu;khdq;fis vLf;Fk;NghJ mtu;fs; ek;gj;jFe;jtu;fshf ,y;iy

vd;gd Nghd;w mjpfsthd Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs; nghJthf Mz;

cWg;gpdu;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,f;Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fisj;

njupT nra;ag;gl;l ngz; cWg;gpdu;fNs rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy;

jkJ gytPdk; vd xg;Gf;nfhz;l epfo;TfisAk; ehk; re;jpj;Njhk;.

ehk; Neu;fhzYf;F cl;gLj;jpa mur kw;Wk; murrhu;gw;w

epWtdq;fspd; Mz;> ngz; gapw;Wtpg;ghsu;fSk; ,jidnahj;j

fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;jpdu;. ,r;rthiy vjpu;nfhs;tjw;fhf

rpyNtisfspy; ngz;fs;> Mz; cWg;gpdu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fSf;F

kpifahd rhu;Gj;jd;ikiaf; fhz;gpj;jikahdJ mlf;fg;gl;l

#oYld; (tamed) mtu;fs; xd;wpj;Jg; Nghtjw;fhfNt MFk;.

,jid ,d;ndhU tifapy; nrhy;tjhdhy;> ,J Nkyhjpf;ff;

fUj;jpaYld; ,zq;fpr; nry;tjhFk;.

“Mz; cWg;gpdu;fSf;F cupa Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

nfhLj;Jtpl;lhy;> vkf;F Ntiy nra;tJ Rygkhf

,Uf;Fk;.”

ntypfk gpuNjr rigapd; ngz; cWg;gpdu;41

mtjhdpg;Gf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;l cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fspd;

ngz; cWg;gpdu;fs; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; gpur;rpidfs; gw;wpf;

fye;Jiuahlg;gl;l nghJkf;fs; muq;Ffs; gytw;wpy;> mur

kw;Wk; murrhu;gw;w epWtdq;fspd; Gj;jp[Ptpfs; njuptpj;j

xU gpugy;akhd fUj;ij ,q;F Fwpg;gpLtJ nghUj;jkhFk;.

mjhtJ> ngz;fs; Mz;fSld; kjpEl;gj;Jld; nraw;gl;L

Ntiy nra;tjw;fhd re;ju;g;gj;ij cUthf;fpf;nfhs;s

eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj mf;fUj;jhFk;. ,jw;fhf

mq;F vLj;Jf;$wg;gl;l ctikahdJ> ngz;fsplk; fhzg;gLk;

41. ntypfk gpuNjr rig cWg;gpdUld; 2018.09.26 Mk; jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w

Neu;fhzy;.

96

Kftuhz;ikf;fhd NjLif

“mWgj;J ehd;F khake;jpuq;fisAk;” gpuNahfpj;jy; vd;gjhFk;.42 FUzhfy; gpuNjr rigapd; ngz; cWg;gpdnuhUtu; vk;kplk;

fUj;Jj; njuptpf;Fk;NghJ> “ngz;fspd; trPfuj;ijg;” gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s KbAk; vd;W $wpajD}lhf mtUk; ,Nj

fUj;ijj;jhd; Rl;bf;fhl;bapUg;ghu; vd vz;zj; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.43

VyNt ehk; Fwpg;gpl;l kf;fs; muq;Ffspy;> ,jw;nfjpuhf

ntspaplg;gl;l fUj;jhf ,Ue;jJ ahnjdpy;> ,e;j “mWgj;J

ehd;F khake;jpuq;fshdit” VyNt epiyA+d;wpg;NghAs;s

mNjKiwapy; ghy;epiyrhu; tfpghfq;fis kPs;cUthf;FtJ

gw;wpNa rpe;jpf;fpd;wd44 vd;gjhFk;.

,jw;F khw;wkhd fUj;ijj; njuptpj;j

%J}u; gpuNjr rigapd; ngz; cWg;gpdu; xUtu;>

cs;@uhl;rp epWtdj;jpw;F njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;w ngz;fs;

vjpu;nfhs;Sk; rthyhdJ> ngsjpfr;rthy; vd;gijtpl ngz;fs;

jhq;fshfNt cs;sfg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l csuPjpahd rthyhfNt

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ45 vd;whu;. ,f;fUj;ij NkYk; rl;lfg;gLj;jp

cs;@uhl;rp cWg;gpdu;fisg; gapw;Wtpj;jy; njhlu;ghd jdJ

mDgtq;fisj; njspTgLj;jpa fyhepjp tp[a [ajpyf> ngz;

cWg;gpdu;fs; jkf;Fs; cs;sfg;gLj;jpf;nfhz;Ls;s ghy;epiy

njhlu;ghd tpjpKiwfis ePf;FtNj jdJ gapw;rpapd;NghJ jhd;

vjpu;nfhs;fpd;w ghupa rthyhf cs;sJ vdj;njuptpj;jhu;.46

42. Nuh`z n`l;bMuhr;rp> 25% ,l xJf;fPl;il khfhz rigfSf;Fk; ePbg;gjw;fhf> rl;lk; kw;Wk; r%f ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;gfj;jpdhy; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;l Njrpa gapw;rpg;gl;liw> 2018 [_iy 31> nfhOk;G.43. FUehfy; gpuNjr rig cWg;gpdUld; 2018.09.24 Mk; jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w Neu;fhzy;.44. tayh ngNuuh> 25% ,lxJf;fPl;il khfhz rigfSf;Fk; ePbg;gjw;fhf> rl;lk; kw;Wk; r%f ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;gfj;jpdhy; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;l Njrpa gapw;rpg;gl;liw> 2018 [_iy 31> nfhOk;G.45. %J}u; gpuNjr rig cWg;gpdUld; 2018.09.30 Mk; jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w Neu;fhzy;.A46. fyhepjp tp[a [ajpyf mtu;fSld; 2018.09.12 Mk; jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w njhiyNgrp ciuahly;.

97

ghfk; III

kPz;Lk; xUKiw ehk; ,q;F ngz;fspd; Kftuhz;ik gw;wpa

gpur;rpidf;Nf Kfq;nfhLj;Js;Nshk;. 25% ,lxJf;fPl;bd; fPo;

njupTnra;ag;gl;l ngz; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfSf;F cjTk; nghUl;L

tbtikf;fg;gLk; (tpupTiufs;> khehLfs;> gapw;rpg;gl;liwfs;>

gapw;rp newpfs;) vy;yh ,ilaPLfspYk; ngz;fspd; Kftuhz;ik

vd;w tplaNk Kd;Dupikg;gLj;jg;gl;L> mtw;wpd; gpujhd

Fwpf;Nfhshf mJNt mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj vkJ mgpg;gpuhak;

MFk;. ,J> ,t;thwhd rthy;fis vjpu;nfhs;tjw;F mtu;fis

,ayr; nra;tpf;Fk;.

vkJ guprPyidf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;l> gy;NtW mur kw;Wk;

murrhu;gw;w epWtdq;fspdhy; jahupf;fg;gl;l gy gapw;rpf;

ifE}y;fspy; (Training Modules) ntt;NtWgl;l jiyg;Gf;fs; Fwpj;Jf; fye;Jiuahlg;gl;bUe;jd. mtw;Ws; murpayikg;G>

cs;@uhl;rp mjpfhurigr; rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfs;> kf;fs;

gpujpepjpfspd; tfpghfk;> jiyikj;Jtg; gapw;rp> mbg;gilr;

rl;lk;> kdpj cupikfs; kw;Wk; mbg;gil cupikfs;>

jftywpAk; cupik> ngz;fspd; murpay; tfpghf tuyhW>

njhlu;ghly; jpwd;fs;> epiyNgz;jF mgptpUj;jp ,yf;Ffs;>

98

Kftuhz;ikf;fhd NjLif

ghy;epiy> Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;j;jy;> ey;ypzf;fk; kw;Wk; Clfg;

gad;ghL vd;gd mjpfstpy; fhzg;gl;l jiyg;Gf;fshFk;.

mwpT+l;Lk; tplaj;jpy; mtu;fs; ghuk;gupa mDFKiwiaNa

gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu; vd;gJ ,g;gapw;rpf; ifE}y;fs; midj;jpdJk;

nghJthd gz;Gf;$whff; fhzg;gl;lJ.

,yq;ifapd; mur kw;Wk; murrhu;gw;w epWtdq;fshy;

njhlu;r;rpahfg; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L te;Js;sJk;> Fiwe;jstpyhd

tpidj;jpwidf; nfhz;Ls;sJkhd ,t;tZFKiw> ehk;

,q;F ftdk; nrYj;jpAs;s tplakhfTs;s ngz;fspd;

Kftuhz;ikia Nkk;gLj;Jjy; vd;Dk; tplaj;Jld;

ve;jsTf;Fj; njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ vd;gijr; rpe;jpj;Jg; ghu;g;gJ

,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. vkJ Kd;dpiyapy; fhzg;gLtJ

mwpTg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAkhd

xd;wy;y. ,e;jpahtpdJk; cfz;lhtpdJk; cs;@uhl;rp

epWtdq;fspy; ngz;fspd; tfpghfj;ij Ma;T nra;J [.eh rig

mwpf;ifnahd;iwj; jahupj;jpUe;jJ. mt;twpf;ifapy;> gpuNjr

epUthfj;jpDs; “epWtdQ;rhu;” kw;Wk; “Kiwrhu;” fy;tpiag;

ngw;wpuhj ngz;fs;> Mz;fspd; tQ;rf murpay; #o;r;rpfSf;Fs;

rpf;fpf;nfhs;Sk; mghak; cs;snjdpDk;> mtu;fsJ fy;tp

kl;lj;jpdJk; murpay; tfpghfj;jpdJk; juq;fSf;fpilNa xU

Neubj;njhlu;G cs;sijf; fhz;gpf;f KbahJ vdr; Rl;bf;

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.47 vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> Nkw;F tq;fhsk; kw;Wk;

uh[];jhd; Mfpa gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; Kiwrhu; fy;tpiag; ngw;wpuhj

ngz;fs; jiyikj;Jtk; tfpf;ff;$ba rigfspdJ $l;lq;fspy;

mjpfsthd ngz;fspd; gq;Fgw;Wjiyf; fhzKbAk;. mj;Jld;>

Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; ngz;fshy; elhj;jpr; nry;yg;gLk; gpuNjr

epUthfk; %yk; kpfTk; cau;kl;lj;jpyhd FbePu;r; nraw;wpl;lq;fs;>

capu;thA cw;gj;jpr; nraw;wpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fs; gq;Fgw;Wk;

nghJthd mgptpUj;jpr; nraw;ghLfs; Nghd;w ghy;epiyrhu;

xg;GuTf;fhd (Gender equity) rhj;jpaj;ij vLj;Jf; fhz;gpf;Fk;

47. Goetz, Anne Marie. Women’s Education and Political Participation: Background paper prepared for the Education for All Global Monitoring Report, 2004, UNESCO

99

Kzrpq;f ¸ Mupauj;d

cau;juj;jpyhd gy ,ilaPLfs; Fwpj;j gy;NtW jfty;fis

,t;twpf;if jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sJ.48

r%f xOf;f newpfisg; gpd;gw;Wtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

Fwpj;J rpy epWtdq;fspd; gapw;Wtpg;ghsu;fspdhy; typAWj;jpf;

$wg;gl;l tplak; nghJthd xd;whff; fhzg;gl;lJ. ehk;

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lJ Nghd;W> mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; Nkyhjpf;fj;jpd;

nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghf Mokhd Gupjy;fspd;wp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;

rpy ,ilaPLfs; %yk; ehk; Gwj;njhJf;Ftjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;Fk;

rpy tplaq;fs; kPz;Lk; xUKiw vk;ik mwpahkNyNa

gyg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf> czT cl;nfhs;tjw;fhd

xOf;fnewpfs;> ehfupfkhd njhiyNgrp ciuahlYf;fhd

gapw;rp> Mil myq;fhuq;fs;> gz;ghfTk; kupahijahfTk;

r%f Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy; Nghd;wdtw;iw mtu;fs;

Kd;itj;jpUe;jdu;. rpy ,lq;fspy; ifj;njhiyNgrpapy; xypf;Fk;

miog;nghyp njhlu;ghff;$l mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld.49

“,tu;fs; fhl;L kpUfq;fisg; Nghd;W

ele;J nfhs;fpd;wdu;. Kiwahf vt;thW czT

cl;nfhs;tJ my;yJ Mil mzptJ vd;gJk;

,tu;fSf;Fj; njupahJ”

gapw;rpfspy; <Lgl;l rptpy; r%fg; ngz; nraw;ghl;lhsu;50

,Jnjhlu;ghff; fUj;Jj; njuptpj;j gpwpnjhU gapw;Wtpg;ghsu;>

rfy Mrhu tpjpfisAk; fw;gpf;f Ntz;ba Njit ,Ug;gjhfj;

jhd; epidf;ftpy;iy vdTk;> ,g;ngz; cWg;gpdu;fs; ‘fhl;bypUe;J te;jtu;fs;’ vdf;fUjp nrayhw;wf;$lhJ vdTk; $wpapUe;jhu;.51 ,f;fye;Jiuahly; kpfNkNyhl;lkhd xd;whff; fhzg;gl;lhYk;$l>

,jpy; kiwe;Js;s Mgj;jhd mbg;gil mZFKiwia ehk;

48. Ibid. p.15.49. ngz; gapw;Wtpg;ghsu; xUtUld; 2018.08.29 Mk; jpfjp ,lk; ngw;w Neu;fhzy;.

50. ngz; gapw;Wtpg;ghsu; xUtUld; 2018.08.28 Mk; jpfjp ,lk; ngw;w Neu;fhzy;

51. ngz; gapw;Wtpg;ghsu; xUtUld; 2018.08.26 Mk; jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w Neu;fhzy;.

100

Kftuhz;ikf;fhd NjLif

Gupe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,q;F Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l r%f

newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; mtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l elj;ijfs;

vd;gd tuyhw;W murpay;rhu; fl;likg;Gf;fis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;Ls;sd. ehk; Kd;dNu Fwpg;gpl;l fhydpj;Jtf; fhyj;Jg;

ngz;fspd; fy;tpapy; epiyA+d;wpg; NghapUe;j mbg;gil xOf;f

newpfshf mike;jJk; ,itNa. k`pyh rkpj;jp ,af;fj;jpdhy;

Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l fw;gpj;jy; nraw;wpl;lj;ij ,yq;if ,lJrhup

mikg;G ,j;jifa ju;f;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapNyNa rthYf;F

cl;gLj;jpaJ. R[hjh tpj;jpahya mjpguhf ,Ue;j nlhupd;

tpf;fpukrpq;f Nghd;w Kd;Ndhbr; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fshy; ngsj;j

ngz;fis mj;jifa ghuk;gupa fy;tpapypUe;J J}ukhf;Ftjw;fhd

Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;likAk; ,jdhNyNa MFk;.

rpy gapw;rp jpl;lq;fspy; (Mz;> ngz;) gapw;Wtpg;ghsu;fs;

gad;gLj;jpa cjhuzq;fspd; %yk; fhydpj;Jtf;fhy

fUj;Jepiyfs; ,d;Dk; epiyngw;wpUg;gij ehk; mtjhdpj;Njhk;.

xU re;ju;g;gj;jpy; gapw;Wtpg;ghsu; xUtu;> gpupj;jhdpa mur

FLk;gj;jpdJk; mnkupf;fhtpd; Kd;dhs; [dhjpgjpapd;

FLk;gj;jpdJk; Milayq;fhuq;fspy; ntspg;glf;$ba

ngWkhdj;ij cjhuzkhf Kd;nkhope;jpUe;jhu;.52 mNef

re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,g;gapw;Wtpg;ghsu;fs; ,j;jifa ngWkhdq;fs;

Nghd;w Fwpg;ghd fUj;jpay;rhu; mbg;gilapy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l

r%ff; fl;likg;Gf;fisj; jtwtpl;Ls;sdu;. gapw;rpfspd; NghJ

ngz; cWg;gpdu;fSf;F Nriyiar; rupahf mzpAk; Kiw

njhlu;gpy; mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fg;gl;bUe;jd. mj;Jld;> khj;jiw

khtl;l cWg;gpdu; xUtu; mg;gapw;rpapd; gpd;du; jhd; rig

mku;Tfspd; NghJ nts;is epwj;jpyhd Nriyia mzptjw;Fg;

gofpajhfTk;> mJ jdf;F xU kjpg;igj; jUtJNghd;w Xu;

czu;T jd;Ds; Vw;gLtjhfTk; $wpapUe;jhu;.53

52. ngz; gapw;Wtpg;ghsu; xUtUld; 2018.08.29 Mk; jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w Neu;fhzy;.53. mf;Fu];] gpuNjr rig cWg;gpdUld; 2018.09.26 Mk; jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w Neu;fhzy;.

101

Kzrpq;f ¸ Mupauj;d

fyhepjp khyjp j my;tp];> ,yq;ifr; r%fj;jpy;

‘kupahij’ vd;w fUj;Njw;ig Ma;T nra;tjw;fhf k`pyh rkpj;jp

,af;fj;jpy; =khNth gz;lhuehaf;f tfpj;j tfpghfj;ijAk;>

Nrth tdpjh mikg;gpy; N`kh gpNukjhr tfpj;j tfpghfj;ijAk;

Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;jpg; gFg;gha;T nra;fpd;whu;. mtu;> ngz;fspd;

milahsk; gw;wpa vjpu;epiy ,ul;ilf; fl;likg;Gf;fs; (opposite binary constructions) jfu;j;njwpag;gl;L vkf;F Kd;Ds;s

tplaepiyfs; gw;wpa gy;tifik (multiplicity of subject positions) mq;fPfupf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd Kd;nkhopfpd;whu;.

“Njrj;jpd; Mzhjpf;fg; ghu;itapy;>

‘kf;fs; gpujpepjpahfTs;s ngz;fs;’ kupahij

njhlu;ghd rkpf;iQahsu;fshf> mjhtJ

kidtp> jha; Nghd;wtu;fshff; fhzg;gLtJld;>

mtu;fs; mtkhdg;gLj;jy; ,opepiyg;gLj;jYf;F

cs;shf ;fg ;gLf pd ;wdu ; .ngz;zpathj pfshf>

milahsk; gw;wpa mj;jifa ,ul;ilf;

fl;likg;Gf;fisj; jfu;j;njwpe;J vk;kplKs;s tpla

epiyfs; gw;wpa gy;tifikia Vw;wq;fPfupg;gjw;fhd

fhyk; fdpe;Js;sJ. ‘kupahij’ vd;Dk; fUj;Njw;gpd;

Clhf ,Jtiu fhyKk; ngz;fs; Fwpj;J Njrpa

uPjpapYk; ghypay; mbg;gilapYk; ehk; nfhz;bUe;j

mgpg;gpuhaq;fis jiyfPohf khw;wp kPz;Lk; mtw;iwr;

rupahf ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhd fhyk; cUthfpAs;sJ.”54

r%fj;jpDs; Nt&d;wpg;NghAs;s mjpfhuj;ijAk;

Nkyhjpf;fj;ijAk; rthYf;F cl;gLj;JtJ vd;gJ epidf;Fk;

msTf;F ,yFthdnjhU fhupaky;y. Fwpg;ghf> khw;wq;fis

Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F my;yJ rthYf;F cl;gLj;Jtjw;F

vj;jdpf;fpd;w kdg;ghq;Ffs;> r%f xOq;fpdJk; mu;j;jG+u;tkhd

54. De Alwis, Malathi. Gender, Politics and the Respectable L in Pradeep Jeganathan & Quadri Ismail (eds) Unmaking the Nation: The Politics of Identity & History in Modern Sri Lanka, Social Scientist Association, p. 151

102

Kftuhz;ikf;fhd NjLif

Xu; cyfpdJk; ghfnkhd;whf cs;slq;Ffpd;w NghJ mJkpfTk;

fbdkhdjhfpwJ. fhyhfhykhf mur kw;Wk; murrhu;gw;w

epWtdq;fs; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L te;j tpopg;Gzu;T

epfo;r;rpfspy; gpur;rpidfs; epiynfhz;bUg;gJ ,t;tplj;jpy;jhd;.

,jd; fhuzkhfNt> r%f khw;wk; xd;Wf;fhd ,ilaPLfis

Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wtu;fSf;F mjpfhuk; gw;wpAk; fl;Lg;ghLfisg;

gpuNahfpf;fpd;w tiyaikg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; Gupe;Jzu;Tf;

fl;likg;Gf;fs; gw;wpAkhd Gupjnyhd;W mtrpakhfpwJ.55

MfNt> 25% ,l xJf;fPL eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l

gpd;du; mjD}lhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ngz; cWg;gpdu;fspd;

mwpit Nkk;gLj;Jk; ,ilaPLfisAk; nraw;wpl;lq;fisAk;

tbtikg;gtu;fsplj;jpy;> ‘mwpT’ ve;jnthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk;

mg;ghtpj;jdkhd xUnraw;wpl;lk; my;y vd;gijNa ehk; typAWj;j

Ntz;bAs;sJ. fhaj;jpup ];gpntf;fpDila fUj;Jf;fika> mJ

INuhg;ghit Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpa Nkiyj;Njaj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahfp>

%d;whk; cyf ehLfisr; Nru;e;j kf;fspd; jdpj;Jtj;ij

cUthf;Ftjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j G+Nfhsj; jpl;lkhFk;.56 ,q;F

ehk; typAWj;j vj;jdpg;gJ ahnjdpy;> ngz; cWg;gpdu;fspd;

mwpit Nkk;gLj;j my;yJ mtu;fisg; ‘ngWkhdKs;s’ cWg;gpdu;fshf khw;w Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w Kaw;rpfs;

cz;ikapy; ,yq;ifapd; fPo;epiy murpaiyAk; ngz;fspd;

Kftuhz;ikiaAk; Nkk;gLj;Jk; Nghuhl;lj;Jf;F ve;jsTf;F

Neu;ikahd gq;fspg;ig toq;Ffpd;wd vd;gJ gw;wp ehk; Ra

tpku;rdj;Jldhd Ma;itr; nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ.■

55. Celermajer, Munasinghe, Ariyarathne & Chandrasekara, Understanding Abuse in Post War Sri Lanka, University of Sydney & Centre for the Study of Human Rights, Colombo (2016).56. Spivak, Gayatri. Can the Subaltern Speak? in Nelson, Cary and Grossberg, Lawrence (Eds), University of Illinois Press (1988)