quartermaster petroleum depot company ary manuals/1960 us army vietnam war... · *fm 10-37 field...
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DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FIELD MANUAL
QUARTERMASTERPETROLEUM DEPOT
COMPANY ARY
.AR...
iHEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
JANUARY 1960
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*FM 10-37
FIELD MANUAL HEADQUARTERS,DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
No. 10-37 WASHINGTON 25, D. C., 11 January 1960
QUARTERMASTER PETROLEUM DEPOTCOMPANY
Paragraph Page
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTIONPurpose and scope -------------- 1 4Application -------------- 2 4
2. THE COMPANYSection I. General
Mission ------------------------ 3 6Capabilities -------------- 4 6
II. OrganizationStructure and composition ------- 5 7Depot headquarters .------------ 6 9Depot headquarters company . 7 4
III. Duties of personnelGeneral ------------------------- 8 10Depot headquarters -------------- 9 11Company headquarters ---------- 10 11Depot control section ------------ 11 12Laboratory section -------------- 12 13Maintenance section ------------ 13 13Terminal operating platoon ------ 14 14Pipeline platoons ---------------- 15 15
IV. EquipmentVehicles ----------------------- 16 16Petroleum handling equipment -.- 17 17Maintenance -------------.... 18 18
*This manual supersedes FM 10-37, 19 September 1957
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Paragraph PageCHAPTER 3. OPERATIONS
Section I. ConceptGeneral ----------------------- 19 20Assignment -------------------- 20 20Employment ------------------- 21 20Related units ---------.-------- 22 21
II. Preparation for operationsOperating sites ------------------ 23 23Site selection ------------------- 24 24Setting-up operations --------- - 25 25Obtaining operating supplies- .--- 26 27
III. Methods of operationTerminals --------------------- 27 27Pipeline operations ----- --------- 28 32Bulk reduction operations -------- 29 26Distribution operations --------- _ 30 37Operations under unusual conditions 31 37
IV. Records and reportsProduction records ----- --------- 32 41Technical records and reports ---- 33 53
CHAPTER 4. ADMINISTRATIONGeneral ------------------- 34 61Training -------------.. . ...._. . 35 61Messing --------------------- 36 62Unit supply_ ------------------- 37 62Records and reports ----------- 38 63Administrative procedures .------ 39 64Movement-------------------- 40 67Defense and security ------------ 41 68Demolition --------------------- 42 71Fire precautions -_--------- 43 72Safety measures ---------------- 44 73
COPTER 5. COMMUNICATIONSGeneral ------------------------ 45 76Teletypewriter communications.--. 46 78Radio communication------------ 47 80Telephone communications --- _--- 48 82
APPENDIx I. REFERENCES _----------- --- ---- 83II. TEMPERATURE CONVERSION
EQUATIONS AND TABLE -- _--. 88
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PageAPPENDIX III. TANK VOLUME FORMULAS
AND TABLES -- - --- - 91IV. CAPACITIES OF PIPELINES ----- 98V. CAPACITIES OF STANDARD
PIPELINE PUMP STATIONS --- 100VI. VOLUME CORRECTION FOR
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS ----- 102GLOSSARY -----.------ - ___-------------------- ----- 128
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1. Purpose and Scope
a. This manual provides information for theeffective utilization of the Quartermaster Petro-leum Depot Company (TOE 10-377). It is a guidefor officers and enlisted personnel of the companyand for other persons concerned with the employ-ment and operation of the company.
b. The manual covers the mission, organization,employment, operations, and administration ofthe company, its operating platoons, and sections.Appendixes contain a list of references, petroleumconversion equations and formulas, and capacitiesof pipelines and pump stations.
2. Application
a. Procedures described in this manual reflectpolicies current at the time of preparation. Theyare intended to be used as guides and must not beregarded as an inflexible set of rules. Companyoperation must be adapted to specific situationsby intelligent application of basic operatingprinciples.
b. Unless otherwise specified, the material pre-sented is applicable without modification to bothnuclear and nonnuclear warfare.
c. Changes in Army organization and conceptsmay require modification of the information pre-
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sented. Users are, therefore, requested to submitrecommendations for changes or correctionsdirectly to the Commanding General, Quarter-master Training Command, U. S. Army, Fort Lee,Virginia. Information, guidance, and format forthe preparation of recommendations are containedin AR 310-3.
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CHAPTER 2
THE COMPANY
Section I. GENERAL
3. Mission
The quartermaster petroleum depot companyoperates military petroleum terminal and pipelinefacilities and provides local distribution of petro-leum products. The company provides for receipt,storage, and issue of petroleum; laboratory serv-ice for quality surveillance of petroleum products;maintenance of prescribed reserves; and, as re-quired, bulk reduction.
4. Capabilities
a. Storage. The company is capable of operat-ing, at full strength, two petroleum terminals,each with a maximum capacity of 500,000barrels of petroleum. An additional terminal op-erating platoon will be authorized when the com-pany is required to operate an additional terminal.
b. Pipeline Operation. The company is capableof operating, at full strength, approximately 90miles of pipeline and 6 pump stations. Whenaugmented by an additional pipeline platoon, thecompany can operate an additional 45 miles ofpipeline.
c. Bulk Delivery. The company normally oper-ates on the basis of two 10-hour shifts per day,and, at full strength, when operating approxi-
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mately 90 miles of pipeline on level terrain, canship approximately-
(1) 25,000 barrels of petroleum per daythrough an 8-inch pipeline; or
(2) 14,000 barrels of petroleum per daythrough a 6-inch pipeline.
d. Local Delivery. On the basis of two roundtrips per day and 75 percent availability, the com-pany is capable of delivering up to 104,000 gallonsof petroleum by organic tank truck. It can alsoship up to 500,000 gallons by barge, tank truck,and tank car when necessary facilities are pro-vided from command transportation sources.
e. Petroleum Handling. Container filling andcleaning capabilities are shown in TOE 10-377.These capabilities may be increased when the com-pany is augmented by a Quartermaster ServiceCompany (TOE 10-67) or an equivalent amountof labor from other sources.
Section II. ORGANIZATION
S. Structure and CompnsitionThe quartermaster petroleum depot company
(fig. 1) consists of the depot headquarters anddepot headquarters company. Depot headquarterscompany is organized into company headquarters,depot control section, laboratory section, mainte-nance section, two identical terminal operatingplatoons, and two identical pipeline platoons.Each terminal operating platoon consists of pla-toon headquarters, a storage section, and a
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distribution section. Each pipeline platoon consistsof platoon headquarters and three identical pipe-line sections.
6. Depot Headquarters
Depot headquarters is the command and controlagency for the depot operated by the company.It directs, supervises, and coordinates the activi-ties performed by the operating elements of thecompany as well as by such other units as may beassigned or attached to the depot for the purposeof accomplishing the assigned mission.
7. Depot Headquarters Company
a. Company headquarters performs administra-tion and supply functions, and supervises thetraining, messing, and security activities of thecompany.
b. The depot control section advises and assiststhe depot commander in planning, coordinating,and supervising the petroleum storage and dis-tribution activities of the operating platoons.
c. The laboratory section provides technicalassistance on handling, storage, sampling, andidentification, and conducts quality surveillanceof bulk and packaged petroleum products.
d. The maintenance section provides organiza-tional maintenance for wheeled and tracked vehi-cles, power-generating and communications equip-ment, and quartermaster and engineer petroleumequipment assigned to the company.
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e. The terminal operating platoons supervisethe receipt, storage, issue, and distribution ofbulk and packaged petroleum products.
(1) Each storage section operates a terminaltank farm complex; receives, stores, andissues packaged greases, oils, and lubri-cants; cleans cans and drums; performsbulk reduction operations; and storesand issues liquid petroleum products.
(2) Each distribution section provides forlocal bulk delivery of petroleum products.
f. Each pipeline platoon supervises the opera-tion of and performs organizational maintenanceon its assigned portion of the multiproduct pipe-line and on three pump stations. Each pipelinesection operates a pump station and its assignedportion of the pipeline. It also patrols its portionof the pipeline for leaks, fires, sabotage, andpilferage.
Section III. DUTIES OF PERSONNEL
8. General
The duties of company personnel are generallyapparent from the job titles listed in TOE 10-377and the general description of duties set forth inAR 611-201 and SR 605-105-5. In addition, keypersonnel perform duties peculiar to the operationof the quartermaster petroleum depot company.The duties of these key personnel are outlined inthis section.
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9. Depot Headquarters
The depot commander is responsible for theeffective and efficient operation of the petroleumdepot. He is responsible for the layout and devel-opment of the depot area as well as operationsinvolved in the receipt, storage, issue, and dis-tribution of class III supplies. He develops plans,.policies, and procedures for the operation of thedepot in accordance with missions and instruc-tions received from higher headquarters. Heplans, directs, and supervises the operation andtraining of the company so that it can performits assigned misison in the field, accomplish itsown administration, maintain military standardsof discipline, and defend itself and its installationsagainst enemy attack. While he may assign tosubordinates authority for supervising specifiedaspects of the mission, he retains full responsi-bility for the general management and proficiencyof his unit.
10. Company Headquarters
The company commander is responsible to thedepot commander for the administration, disci-pline, training, mess, and security of companypersonnel. He sees that company personnel areavailable for duty in the depot headquarters andin the operating elements of the company. Hesupervises the training of attached personnel.He is assisted by the first sergeant, who super-vises the activities of the administrative, supply,and mess personnel in the headquarters.
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11. Depot Control Section
a. The petroleum operations officeT is the prin-cipal assistant and adviser to the petroleum depotcommander for company activities incident to theoperation of the depot. As chief of section, hedirects, supervises, and coordinates company op-erations to assure compliance with directives andinstructions of the depot commander and/orhigher headquarters for the storage and distribu-tion of petroleum and petroleum products. He isassisted by the petroleum operations sergeant andassistant petroleum operations sergeant, one ofwhom should be available for duty on each shift.
b. The petroleum officer controls the flow ofpetroleum through the pipeline system over whichthe company has been assigned jurisdiction. Act-ing in the capacity of dispatcher for the pipelinesystem operated by the company, . he preparesschedules and issues dispatching instructions tothe pump stations and tank farms operated bythe company.- The extent to which the petroleumofficer controls such activities depends primarilyupon the specific mission assigned to the companyand upon the extent to which the pipeline systemhas been developed within the theater. In general,-however, he will normally receive schedules anddispatching instructions from the headquartersor command charged with responsibility for theintersectional bulk distribution of petroleum. Hesupervises the petroleum dispatching supervisorsand assistant petroleum dispatching supervisorsin the performance of their duties. A petroleum
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dispatching supervisor and an assistant petroleumdispatching supervisor operate on each shift.
c. The communications officer directs andsupervises the installation, operation, and mainte-nance of company communication facilities. Hecoordinates communication activities and main-tains liaison with staff and area signal personnel.He directs and supervises the communicationspersonnel organic to the company.
d. The supply officer supervises stock account-ing and control activities incident to the requisi-tioning, receipt, storage, and issue of petroleumproducts. He is assisted by the petroleum depotsupervisor.who supervises the quartermaster sup-ply specialist and supply clerk.
e. The senior movement specialist and themovement specialists assist the petroleum opera-tions sergeant in determining requirements for.shipping petroleum products and prepare trans-portation documents to effect these movements.
12. Laboratory Section
The petroleum laboratory officer directs theoperation of the laboratory and makes appropri-ate reports and recommendations. He is assistedby the petroleum laboratory supervisor whosupervises the specialists and clerical personnelassigned to the section.
13. Maintenance Section
a. The maintenance officer, assisted by themotor sergeant, supervises and directs the organ-
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izational maintenance of organic vehicles, petro-leum handling equipment, materials handlingequipment, and other specialized company equip-ment. The quartermaster parts specialist requisi-tions and issues repair parts required for theorganizational maintenance.
b. The maintenance officer, with the assistanceof the communications officer, also supervises theactivities of section personnel who are engaged inthe organizational maintenance of company com-munications equipment.
14. Terminal Operating PlatoonEach terminal operating platoon is commanded
by a platoon leader who supervises and controlsplatoon activities in accordance with appropriateorders and instructions. Specific duties includediscipline and training of platoon personnel,maintenance of platoon equipment, submission ofrequired reports, and security of platoon installa-tions. Each platoon leader is assisted by a platoonsergeant and by a petroleum storage specialist.The petroleum storage specialist assists in super-vising or conducting inventories and consolidatesplatoon requirements for operational supplies. Heis also safety inspector. The communications per-sonnel organic to each platoon headquarters oper-ate and maintain platoon communications equip-ment and perform-clerical functions as required.
a. -The section chief-. supervises the activities ofeach storage section. These activities are thoseincident to the operation of a tank farm and to the
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bulk reduction, storage, and issue of petroleumproducts. The number of personnel assigned tothese two major types of activities must be deter-mined on the basis of operational requirementsand particular operating conditions. In accordsance with the bulk petroleum distribution concept,however, each section should, for planning pur-poses, be prepared to provide nine petroleumstorage specialists and six supply handlers fortank farm or bulk storage activities. Similarly,~each section should be prepared to provide forduties involved in the handling of packaged petro-leum products one petroleum storage specialist,nine supply handlers, a cleaner-packager, and acrane operator, who also function under thesupervision of the section chief. The assistantsection chief supervises the operations of the sec-ond shift.
b. The section chief of each distribution sectionsupervises truck drivers engaged in the local bulkdelivery of petroleum by organic tank trucks andsemitrailers. The assistant section chief acts asvehicle dispatcher.
15. Pipeline Platoons
a: Each pipeline platoon is commanded by aplatoon leader who directs and supervises the op-eration of assigned pipeline sections. He isassisted by a platoon sergeant and petroleum pipe-line supervisor. Engineer equipment mechanicsare provided to perform organizational mainte-nance on pipeline and pump station equipment.
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b. A gte¢.o g supervises the activities oieach pip eline section. These activities include the-operation of a pump station and an assigned por--tion of pipeline. Each section-chief is assisted bya senior pump station operator and a senior pipe-line patrolman who supervises the activities ofthe assigned pump station operators, pipelinepatrolmen, and assistants.
Section IV. EQUIPMENT
16. Vehiclesa. The company is provided 5-ton truck
tractors with 5,000 gallon semitrailers, and 1,200-gallon tank trucks. These vehicles are used totransport bulk petroleum products requiredlocally. Each type truck is equipped with a gaso-line pump assembly for emergency loading andfor dispensing and transferring petroleum prod-ucts. Each truck is also equipped with a filtersegregator kit for separating water and solidsfrom the fuel.
b. Truck-mounted pipeline construction equip-ment sets are used for organizational maintenanceof pipelines.
c. Truck-mounted shovel cranes, with boom,are provided for loading and unloading packagedpetroleum products, and for maintenance offacilities.
d. Rough-terrain forklift trucks, with drum-handling attachments, are used for handling-packaged petroleum products.
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e. A full-tracked, diesel-driven tractor is usedfor fire fighting purposes, maintenance of firewalls, ditching around storage areas, towing dis-abled vehicles, and for off-road operation in roughterrain and unimproved areas.
f. Cargo, dump, and utility trucks are used fortransporting personnel, equipment, materiel, andsupplies.
g. A medium wrecker truck is used for towingdisabled or inoperative vehicles of the organiza-tion.
17. Petroleum Handling Equipment
a. The company is equipped with gasoline-dispensing pumps of varying capacities. Thesepumps are used to transfer petroleum to or fromstorage tanks, tank cars, tank trucks, and semi-trailers. They can also be used for can and drumfilling, in filling station operations, and in con-junction with other equipment in the operation offuel system assemblages.
b. The company is provided with collapsibletanks for storing liquid fuels. Five-gallon cansand 55-gallon drums to be used for packagingoperations will be obtained through supply chan-nels.
c. A truck-mounted air compressor is used forquick air venting of rigid storage tanks prior tocleaning, and for cleaning steel surfaces of tankand pipe prior to painting.
d. The portable petroleum testing kits containgaging and sampling equipment, and testing ap-
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paratus. The gaging equipment is used for deter-mining the contents of petroleum storage tanksand the temperature of the contents; and thetesting apparatus for the performance of a lim-ited number of tests for quality of petroleumproducts in the field.
e. The company is provided with fuel can anddrum cleaning machines. These machines consistof sedimentation tanks and 50-g.p.m. dispensers.Cradles and cradle valves are mounted on eachtank for cleaning 5-gallon cans. Each sedimenta-tion tank is equipped with a special drum washerassembly for cleaning 55-gallon drums.
18. Maintenance
a. The petroleum depot company commander isresponsible for the organizational maintenance ofequipment used by the company. He is respon-sible for specific organizational maintenance onpipelines, pump stations, and storage tanks, asfollows:
(1) Minor repair work, cleaning, preserva-tion, lubrication, scheduled preventivemaintenance and minor adjustments;external and internal cleaning, includingventilating, caulking, and peening ofbolted tanks; and maintenance ofcamouflage.
(2) Unit replacement of exposed sections ofgrooved pipeline and couplings; repairof small leaks with bolted clamps; andother repairs not involving the use of
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construction or special handling equip-ment.
(3) Repair or replacement of assemblies notrequiring that basic equipment be evacu-ated or pump cover removed, and whichcan be performed with authorized toolsand equipment.
b. The Corps of Engineers performs field anddepot maintenance on pipelines, pump stations,and rigid construction storage tanks.
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CHAPTER 3
OPERATIONS
Section I. CONCEPT
19. General
The quartermaster petroleum depot companyis a primary operating element of the agencywhich controls theater intersectional and inter-zonal bulk petroleum storage and distributionfacilities. The company is a key link in the theaterpetroleum distribution system by which petroleumis supplied in bulk as far forward as possible.This embodies the maximum utilization of portfacilities for the receipt of bulk petroleum bysubmarine line or dockside berthing of tankers,with pipelines as a principal means of movingbulk petroleum overland in a theater of opera-tions.
20. Assignment
The company can be assigned to the theaterarmy logistical command or field army. It maybe attached to Headquarters and HeadquartersDetachment, Quartermaster Battalion (TOE 10-536) or other designated quartermaster head-quarters.
21. Employment
The company, or its operating elements, is em-ployed to operate multi-product pipelines (orportions thereof) and a maximum of two petro-
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leum pipeline terminals, including tank farms,pump stations, and related petroleum storagefacilities. It may be so employed at petroleumports of entry and as required in the communica-tions zone and combat zone. The petroleum inter-sectional service will normally exercise opera-tional control over terminal operations.
a. When employed in the army area, the com-pany, or its operating elements may-
(1) Operate a petroleum depot and becharged with a storage and/or reservemission.
(2) Operate, under the operational control ofthe petroleum intersectional service,pipeline and pipehead terminal facilitiesof the military petroleum pipeline sys-tem.
(3) Operate, under the operational controlof the army quartermaster, petroleumfacilities considered to be a part of'thefield army petroleum distribution system.
b. When a requirement for pipeline operationsdoes not exist, the pipeline platoons of the com-pany may be detached and utilized in other areasas required. Conversely, when additional pumpstations are required, additional pipeline operat-ing personnel may be added to fulfill this require-ment.
22. Related Units
a. Quartermaster. Quartermaster units with amission of providing petroarun supply support to
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ultimate users can normally be regarded as thepetroleum depot company's principal customers.This mission generally involves the establishmentand operation of petroleum supply points, includ-ing convoy refueling points and filling stations;temporary bulk storage and bulk transfer facili-ties; and bulk reduction activities, as required.Such functions may be performed by quarter-master direct and general support organizations;quartermaster supply depot units; or, as is cur-rently the case, by quartermaster petroleum sup-ply companies. The Quartermaster Service Com-pany (TOE 10-67) and the Quartermaster ServiceOrganization (TOE 10-500) also make contri-butions to the accomplishment of this company'smission. The former provides military labor. Thelatter makes available appropriate administra-tive, supervisory, and technical teams or detach-ments.
b. Engineer. Construction and field maintenanceof overland petroleum pipeline systems, installa-tion and field maintenance of tanker and bargeunloading facilities, and erection and repair ofsteel-bolted storage tanks are among the functionsthat may be performed in support of quarter-master petroleum depot company operations bythe Engineer Pipeline Company (TOE 5-377).Additional engineer assistance may be providedin the form of firefighting teams from the Engi-neer Service Organization (TOE 5-500).
c. Transportation. The transportation corps
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will provide line haul transportation for move-ment of bulk POL by means other than pipeline.
d. Signal. Appropriate signal corps units pro-vide the signal support required for the operationof the petroleum distribution system, to includeinstallation, field and higher echelon maintenance,extension, and reconstruction.
e. Other. Mess and automotive maintenancedetachments and helicopters and light aircraftfor use in aerial patrol of the pipeline may be pro-vided, when required.
Section II. PREPARATION FOR OPERATIONS
-23. Operating Sites
The quartermaster petroleum depot companymust be prepared to locate in a variety of operat-ing sites within the theater of operations. Thesite may consist of-
a. A partly or totally constructed pipeline sys-tem, pipeline terminal, and tank farm constructedby the Corps of Engineers.
b. A refinery (intact or partly demolished)with its attendant tank farm system in occupiedareas.
c. An undeveloped area selected by higherheadquarters to become future bulk storage cen-ters for petroleum products, dispensing facilities,and bulk product delivery points.
d. A pipehead terminal or storage and distribu-tion location in a forward area.
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24. Site Selection
a. General. Higher headquarters determinesthe general area for the petroleum depot companyand the location of such fixed facilities as pipe-lines, pump stations, and tank farms. Withinthis operating area, the depot commander deter-mines specific sites for the bivouac area, labora-tory, maintenance facilities, storage of packageditems, and for issue of bulk petroleum products.Site selection factors include the following:
(1) Terrain. Terrain features that providegood cover and concealment minimizethe danger of enemy observation andattack. The ground should be level andwell drained and should be paved orgraveled to permit vehicle traffic to moveeasily in all types of weather. The areashould have good air circulation to mini-mize a dangerous collection of fumes.
(2) Dispersion. Within the limits of efficientoperations, provision should be made fordispersion of supplies and equipment tominimize loss from the impact of mass-destruction weapons.
(3) Camouflage. The most effective measurespossible for altering or disguising theappearance of the installation should beutilized. Natural features of the terrainand landscape should be exploited.Camouflage procedures are described inFM 5-20.
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(4) Transportation nets. The site must belocated with adequate access to trans-portation nets, roads, and rail lines.
b. Tank Farms. Tank farms are located to pro-vide storage for bulk petroleum products. Thetank farm area should be large enough to providetank dispersion and provide for future tank farmexpansion. Defilade for tanks and small tankclusters and natural camouflage are desirable.The tank farm should be accessible by road andrail to permit easy movement of equipment andsupplies. Tank farms should not be located onhigher ground than other installations whereleaks or fires could become a hazard.
c. Pump Stations. Pump stations are locatedalong pipelines and are normally spaced 10 to 20miles apart, depending on the hydraulic design ofthe pipeline and terrain features. The site forpump stations should take advantage of availablenatural cover and camouflage, and permit properspacing of equipment for fire prevention andsecurity. The site should have good drainage.Recessed areas which permit fumes to form vaporpockets should be avoided. Troop housing shouldbe 100 to 200 feet from the pump station.
25. Setting-Up Operations
a. Terminal and pipeline equipment' such as;steel storage tanks, pipelines, pump stations,valves, manifolds, and loading platforms are in-stalled by the Corps of Engineers.
b. Joint testing of new, renovated, or repaired
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petroleum pipelines and terminals, when placing-these facilities in operation for the first time,should be standard practice. Joint testing as usedhere means active participation of both construc-tion agency(s) and operating agency(s). In most.instances this would involve Engineer, Quarter--master, and Signal units. In certain instances itmay include civilian contractors. Its advantagesare:
(1) Early orientation and training of oper-ating personnel to facilitate subsequentoperation and maintenance.
(2) Positive knowledge on the part of allconcerned agencies as to deficiencies de-tected and corrective action taken.
(3) Smoother transition from test to opera--tional phase.
c. Arrangements for joint inventory and test-ing are the responsibility of the commanders ofthe construction and operating agencies andshould be worked out locally through the inter-sectional and interzonal petroleum service.
d. Prior to testing and before acceptance ofnew facilities, complete plans, maintenance re-quirements, and operating characteristics of theline should be made available to the receivingagency.
e. Equipment organic to the petroleum depotcompany, such as the 225-g.p.m. gasoline dis-pensing pump, the 50-g.p.m. gasoline dispensingpump, and the fuel can and drum cleaning ma-
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chine are set up according to instructions con-tained in the TM 10-1100-series.
26. Obtaining Operating Supplies
The petroleum depot commander is responsiblefor seeing that the company is provided withsufficient tools, parts, and supplies to carry outits mission. The quantities requisitioned will bebased on authorized allowances, consumption rec-ords, and estimated petroleum-handling activities.
Section III. METHODS OF OPERATION
27. Terminals
a. Petroleum pipeline terminals (fig. 2) are in-stallations that provide storage and distributionfacilities for the efficient operation of the petro-leum supply system. Terminals normally consistof storage tanks, tank farm manifolds, a centralpump station, and loading racks. Figure 3 is aschematic drawing of a typical terminal, permit-ting the flow of petroleum products in any direc-tion. Terminals may be located at a port of entry(base terminal), along a pipeline (intermediateterminal), or at a pipehead (pipehead terminal).Wherever located, terminals operate fundamen-tally in the same manner.
b. Each of the two terminal operating platoonsof the petroleum depot company may operateseparate terminals, or may work together in theoperation of one terminal, depending upon themission of the company and the size and disper-sion requirements of terminal operating facilities.
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c. The terminal working day may be dividedinto two ten-hour shifts, involving all personnelof the terminal operating platoons and any addi-tional assigned labor. Each shift is supervised bya noncommissioned officer.
d. Quality surveillance of petroleum productsentering and leaving the terminal is conducted bylaboratory section personnel and coordinatedthrough the dispatcher of each shift.
(1) The dispatcher makes certain that thelaboratory receives the required samplespromptly.
(2) The dispatcher is furnished the labora-tory reports on tests on the sample fornecessary action.
(3) Normally, the dispatcher controls thekstart and stop of pumping operationswithout informing higher headquarters,provided there is no violation of thedaily pump order.
e. Control of the product and time-pumpingoperations are under the immediate supervisionof the dispatcher in charge of the terminal workshift. He is informed hourly of every stage of theoperations in each area of the terminal. At theconclusion of each work shift, the dispatchertransmits through channels to the depot controlsection the required reports for the work shift.A guide to flow control operations is given intable I.
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Table I. Flow-Control Operations
Pumping from- To- With Open valvespump
Tanker Tank No. 1 1 29, 19, 24, 5, 25Tanker Tank No. 2 1 29, 19, 24, 11, 26Tanker Tank No. 3 1 29, 19, 24, 17, 27Tanker Tank No. 4 1 29, 13, 18, 23, 28Tanker Tank No. 1 2 29, 19, 22, 3, 25Tanker Tank No. 2 2 29, 19, 22, 9, 26Tanker Tank No. 3 2 29, 19, 22, 15, 27Tanker Tank No. 4 2 29, 13, 16, 21, 28Tank No. 1 Tank No. 2 1 25, 6, 11, 26Tank No. 1 Tank No. 3 1 25, 6, 17, 27Tank No. 1 Tank No. 4 1 25, 6, 23, 28Tank No. 1 Loading rack 1 25, 6, 23, 20, 31Tank No. 1 Tank No. 2 2 25, 4, 9, 26Tank No. 1 Tank No. 3 2 25, 4, 15, 27Tank No. 1 Tank No. 4 2 25, 4, 21, 28Tank No. 1 Loading rack 2 25, 4, 21, 20, 31Tank No. 2 Tank No. 1 1 26, 12, 5, 25Tank No. 2 Tank No. 3 1 26, 12, 17, 27Tank No. 2 Tank No. 4 1 26, 12, 23, 28Tank No. 2 Loading rack 1 26, 12, 5, 2, 31Tank No. 2 Tank No. 1 2 26, 10, 3, 25Tank No. 2 Tank No. 3 2 26, 10, 15, 27Tank No. 2 Tank No. 4 2 26, 10, 21, 28Tank No. 2 Loading rack 2 26, 10, 21, 20, 31Tank No. 3 Tank No. 1 1 27, 18, 5, 25Tank No. 3 Tank No. 2 1 27, 18, 11, 26Tank No. 3 Tank No. 4 1 27, 18, 23, 28Tank No. 3 Loading rack 1 27, 18, 23, 20, 31Tank No. 3 Tank No.1 2 27, 16, 3, 25Tank No. 3 Tank No. 2 2 27, 16, 9, 26Tank No. 3 Tank No. 4 2 27, 16, 21, 28Tank No. 3 Loading rack 2 27, 16, 21, 20, 31Tank No. 4 Tank No. 1 1 28, 24, 5, 25Tank No. 4 Tank No. 2 1 28, 24, 11, 26Tank No. 4 Tank No. 3 1 28, 24, 17, 27Tank No. 4 Loading rack 1 28, 24, 17, 14, 31
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Table I. Flow-Control Operation--Continued
Pumping from- To- With Open valvespump
Tank No. 4 Tank No. 1 2 28, 22, 3, 25Tank No. 4 Tank No. 2 2 28, 22, 9, 26Tank No. 4 Tank No. 3 2 28, 22, 15, 27Tank No. 4 Loading rack 2 28, 22, 15, 14, 31
28. Pipeline Operations
In a military pipeline, the tanks, pumps, andtubing form a single closed system usually con-taining large quantities of petroleum products inthe process of transport.
a. Control of Operations. Each pipeline platoonof the petroleum depot company operates an as-signed sector of the military pipeline system un-der control of the petroleum officer, who controlsthe starting and stopping of all pump operations.He is provided with continuous and exclusivecommunication with depot headquarters andpump stations of the pipeline platoons. TM 10-1112 provides detailed information on schedulingand dispatching petroleum products through amilitary pipeline system.
b. Delivery Procedure.(1) Before the petroleum product is drawn
from storage for delivery through thepipeline, it is sampled and tested by thelaboratory section. Upon receiving clear-ance from the laboratory that the prod-uct meets specifications, the dispatcher
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may then approve the product for deliv-ery to the pipeline.
(2) When quality clearance is received by thedispatcher, he publishes a definite timefor the start of a tender (batch) ofpetroleum products from storage throughthe pipeline. Each pipeline platoon head-quarters and pump station is providedinformation on the type of product tobe pumped, amount of product in thetender, the time the head and tail of thetender is scheduled to arrive at pumpstations and installations, pressure to bemaintained, and any other informationrequired.
c. Pump Station Operation. The standard pipe-line pump station with four centrifugal pumps ismanifolded so that all four pumps operate inseries (fig. 4). Under normal conditions, onlythree pumps are used with the fourth in reservefor emergency operations and to permit mainte-nance of each pump.
(1) Pump station crews. One pipeline sec-tion normally operates one pump station.Each pipeline section is capable of oper-ating a pump station 24 hours a day.
(2) Rotation of pump units. As a pump sta-tion normally operates on three pumpunits, with one in reserve, alternationof the reserve status among the fourpumps will permit maintenance of eachpump without shutting down the station.
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The usual procedure in rotating pumpunits to reserve is to make the changeat the beginning of each shift.
(3) Station reporting. As each interface be-tween batches passes his station, thestation operator notifies the pipeline pla-toon headquarters or petroleum officer.Each pump station sends hourly reportson pump station operations to the pipe-line platoon headquarters and petroleumofficer.
d. Patrolling the Pipeline. Breaks in the pipe-line or major leaks are usually detected by pumpstation operators from suction and dischargepressure readings or from the change in the nor-mal sound of pump engines. Pump station opera-tors should investigate immediately any unex-pected sounds of pump engines. The main purposeof patrols is to detect actual or potential leaksand breaks in the lines; secondarily, patrols serveto discourage sabotage and pilferage. Patrolschedules are irregular to discourage saboteursand thieves.
(1) Ground patrols. Where the pipeline routeis visible and accessible from the road,pipeline patrolmen-repairmen maypatrol the pipeline by motor vehicle.Motor patrolling is quicker, and hencemay be more frequently done than byfoot. Since motor patrolling does notafford close inspection of the pipeline,it supplements foot patroling. Patrol-
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men use truck radios for communicationwith pump stations. They also carrytools, repair couplings, and leak clampsfor minor organizational repairs to thepipeline.
(2) Air patrols. Patrol by helicopter or lightaircraft is useful as a supplement toother means, especially where the pipe-line does not follow roads. Efficiency ofair patrolling depends on the skill andexperience of the observer in identifyingleaks and trouble spots. Dead or with-ered vegetation and unusual discolora-tion of the ground are spotted by airpatrols as indicating possible leaks.
29. Bulk Reduction OperationsBulk reduction is performed by the storage sec-
tion of each terminal operating platoon of thepetroleum depot company. Operations may becentralized when the company is functioning asan integral unit; dispersed when the platoons areeach operating a separate terminal. In eithercase, the bulk reduction area is organized intothree subareas: drum and can filling, drum andcan cleaning, and storage. Normally, bulk reduc-tion constitutes but a small portion of the opera-tions of the petroleum depot company. When thetactical and logistical situation requires, however,the company may be called upon to fill drums andcans in large quantities. Drum and can filling andcleaning procedures described in TM 10-1101
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should be thoroughly and rigorously applied bypersonnel of the petroleum depot company.
30. Distribution Operations
a. The distribution section of each terminaloperating platoon is responsible for the vehiculardelivery of bulk petroleum products within theterminal area and to supported units in localareas. Tank trucks and semitrailers are normallyfilled at the terminal loading platforms. Normally,the vehicle drivers make local delivery and dis-pense gasoline from the organic 5,000-gallon semi-trailers to 1,200-gallon tank trucks or collapsibletanks of supported units. Organic 1,200-gallontank trucks can distribute directly into collapsibletanks or vehicles. Dispatchers of the operationssection are responsible for scheduling movement.
b. When required by the tactical situation oruntil a bulk distribution system becomes opera-tive, additional flexibility can be provided by useof a dispensing manifold constructed from equip-ment organic to the company. Through the use ofthe manifold, petroleum can be transferred from55-gallon drums to bulk containers. Details onconstruction and employment are described inTM 10-1101.
31. Operations Under Unusual Conditions
a. Arctic Operations. Arctic ports normallyare icebound in winter, and depots located inlandmay be snowbound. It will be necessary, there-fore, to take advantage of the summer season forthe stockpiling of supplies of petroleum products.
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(1) Frost and permafrost. Frost ground issoil subject to seasonal freezing andthawing. Permafrost is a layer of per-manently frozen ground beneath theearth's surface and which is not subjectto seasonal thawing. The swelling andsettling of the ground during thaws fre-quently causes landslides and groundcleavages. The first preventive measureagainst damage from thawing is propersite selection. If needed, advice shouldbe obtained from the Corps of Engineerson terrain best suited for the placementof equipment and supplies and for meth-ods of blocking, bracing, and drainagein anticipation of damage. Close inspec-tion of the installation during the firstdays of thaw is another safeguard. Asection of pipeline that appears to bebuckling should be separated or rein-forced; and a storage tank that appearsto be settling should be drained immedi-ately.
(2) Snow. Storage tanks, pump stations,and complicated manifolds with theirexposed valves must be protected againstdrifts and heavy snowfalls. Open stor-age areas must be properly identifiedbefore the rows of cans and drums arecompletely covered by snow.
(a) Snow fences. Erection of snow fencesis the simplest method of controlling
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drifts. Snow fences should be placedabout all terminal pipelines, storagetanks, and pump stations. Fences aremost effective if transverse to prevail-ing winds. Snow fences may be im-provised by using standing brush, bybuilding snow walls, or by interlacingbranches.
(b) Snow traps. A snow trap consists ofone or more trenches or ditches,plowed parallel to the structure beingprotected, in locations where snowfences would otherwise be erected. Onthe windward side of each trap, a bankis built from 5 to 6 feet high. Snowtraps must be built before the groundhardens.
(c) Snow markers. Snow markers are longpoles placed into the ground along therows of packaged products in the can-ning area. They serve to identify theposition and type of product buriedby the snow. A schematic diagram ofthe canning area should be used dur-ing the season of snows to indicate theposition of each marker and the typeof product it represents.
(3) Ice. The perpetual condensation of waterwithin terminal equipment creates theserious problem of frost lock, particu-larly on the above-ground storage tanks.The pressure and vacuum vents and
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water drawoffs are common places forwater to freeze and lock equipment.Vents should be examined and defrostedoften, as pumping against a frozen ventmay create enough vacuum to collapse atank. A water drawoff can be preventedfrom freezing and icing by wrappingwith felt or burlap. A frozen waterdrawoff is usually cracked, and the con-tents of the tank should be withdrawnbefore any attempt is made to defrostor repair the valve.
(4) Fluid flow.(a) Viscosity and temperature. The vis-
cosity of all low-flash point fuels issuch that the fuels are pumpablethroughout the year. Diesel and fueloils, with maximum pour points rang-ing from -10 ° F. to 30° F., must beheated before pumping-, is attemptedif the temperature falls below thepour point.
(b) Heating systems. Heating systems ofsteam pipes placed in or near storagetanks or pump stations are used toraise the temperatures of high viscos-ity petroleum products and make themflow in cold climates.
(5) Gaging. In computing the volume of apetroleum fluid in a 3,500-gallon orlarger container, the hydrometer readingat an observed temperature must be cor-
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rected to the API gravity reading at60 ° F. A multiplier is then obtained toadjust for expansion or contraction ofthe product (app. VI).
b. Tropic Operations.(1) Evaporation losses. Evaporation losses
of volatile stocks, such as gasoline, willbe high in tropical regions. They arecaused by changes in temperature insidethe tank and result in alternate expulsionof vapor and induction of air. Evapora-tion cycles in above-ground tanks mayoccur several times a day if there aresuccessive periods of sunlight, shade, orrain. Evaporation losses may be lessenedby covering vents with moistened burlapand spraying or shading tanks.
(2) Condensation. Water condensation inpipelines and storage tanks presents aformidable problem in the tropics. Rigidcontrol methods must be enforced to keepsuch condensation at a minimum.
(3) Corrosion. Corrosion of pipelines is ac-celerated by salt water and salty air. Itmay be controlled by applying protectivecoatings to surface lines and cathodicprotection to buried lines.
Section IV. RECORDS AND REPORTS
32. Production Records
The terminal operated by the company makesdaily issues of petroleum to meet neeeds of sup-
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ported units. Initially, it may be necessary forsupported units to transmit requirements in ac.cordance with procedures developed by higherheadquarters. These requirements may be placedby TWX, telephone, or other means of communi-cation. Ultimately, the terminal may make dis-tribution on the basis of issue experience, con-sumption factors, and other data. Consequently,production records reflecting operations of thequartermaster petroleum depot company willdepend upon specific operating conditions. Therecords discussed below are indicative of thosethat may be used to develop and maintain suffi-cient information on a daily, weekly, or monthlybasis. Some may be prepared for transmission tothe petroleum intersectional service. Others maybe submitted to the command quartermaster asrequired. Some may be required for historicalpurposes only as automatic data processing equip-ment and other considerations permit establish-ment of centralized stock accounting and/or in-ventory control agencies and automatic-typeresupply procedures.
a. Tank Farm Intake Record. The Tank FarmIntake Record, DA Form 10-234, tabulates theflow of petroleum from the dock area (or otherpoint of entry) to the storage tank area. Thevarious columns of the form (fig. 5) are self-explanatory, except that notice should be takenof column g, "Net U.S. gallons at 60° F.". Thiscolumn represents the corrected volume presentin tanker or tank car before pumping begins.
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When a vessel is being gaged by a crew gager,an individual from the tank farm (usually a gager)will be present to audit the results. In the eventof any difference of opinion as to the quantity orquality of a product to be pumped, the questionwill be resolved by the petroleum depot com-mander before the order to start pumping maybe given.
b. Tank Farm Outturn Record. The Tank FarmOutturn Record, DA Form 10-235, tabulates theflow of peetroleum from the storage tank area tothe loading rack area. This record (fig. 6) is usedwhen shipments from the tank farm are con-signed to outgoing veessels, tank cars, or tanktrucks. The record is also used when the productis being transferred from the dock area to theloading rack area, bypassing the terminal storagetanks in emergencies.
c. Pump Station Hourly Operations Record.The Pump Station Hourly Operations Record,DA Form 10-236, tabulates the flow of petroleumpassing through the pump station on a 24-hourbasis. Notice should be taken of the column f ofthe form (fig. 7) captioned "Other", which mayshow whether a product has been shipped throughthe pump station, bypassing terminal storage atthat ponit. This column is checked when the tankfarm acts as a booster pump station for a pipe-line. This record will be used by pipeline pumpstations as an hourly record.
d. Storage Tank Gage Record. The StorageTank Gage Record, DA Form 10-237, is used
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when receiving petroleum into a storage tank ordischarging petroleum from a storage tank. In-formation contained on the storage tank gagerecords (fig. 8) for a 24-hour period can bequickly tabulated to reveal the tank farm inven-tory of bulk petroleum products.
e. Daily Issues of Gasoline and Oils. DailyIssues of Gasoline and Oils, DA Form 10-118,may be used to tabulate the issue of petroleumto supported organizations. It may also be usedto record issues of petroleum to vehicles at com-pany-operated filling stations and for other serv-ices provided by the company.
f. Monthly Abstract of Issues of Gasoline, Oils,and Operating Supplies. The Monthly Abstractof Issues of Gasoline, Oils, and Operating Sup-plies, DA Form 10-117, is compiled from dailyrecords of issues of gasoline and oil. This formis illustrated in figure 10.
g. Package Area Inventory. The Package AreaInventory, DA Form 10-238, reflects, at any givenperiod, the inventory of packaged petroleum pro-ducts and empty cans and drums (fig. 11). Theinventory is taken at intervals necessary to satisfyrequests for information from higher head-quarters, and as necessary, to verify and adjuststock records.
h. Petroleum Loading and Discharging Reports.(1) Records of petroleum loading and dis-
charging of tankers, barges, and/or pipe-lines are kept on DD Form 250-1(Tanker/Barge/Pipeline Shipping
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report) and DD Form 250-2 Tanker/Barge/Pipeline Discharge Report).
(2) Tank car or tank truck loadings areusually recorded in a tank car book anda tank truck book.
33. Technical Records and Reports
a. Technical reports of the petroleum depotcompany normally are prescribed by higher au-thority. These reports will consist of summariesof production and technical records. The recordsand reports should cover the-
(1) Number of sections in operation.(2) Number of operating hours for each
section.(3) Production output.(4) List of parts, tools, and equipment criti-
cally needed.b. Some suggested records and reports which
may be used by the petroleum depot company areas follows:
(1) Vehicle maintenance records. Mainte-nance records for vehicles will be kepton DA Form 460 (Preventive Mainte-nance Roster). Weekly, semimonthly,and monthly records will be completed.
(2) Daily preventive maintenance schedule.Each pump station shift should maintainan Engine Operator Maintenance andOperational Log (DA Form 10-239).The completed forms (fig. 12) should befiled in the pipeline platoon headquarters.
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PITROLEWU PIDJCTS I
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Figure 1. Engine operator' and operational log.
As fuel and oil consum.tion is a good
indication of engine operating efficiency,this form is a check on each engine of a
pump station.(3) The 100-hour inspectionr. Each pump
unit is inspected at intervals of about100 hours operatio n to insure necessaryadjustments operato compensate for normalwear. The 100-hour inspection is theresponsibility of unit mechanics or main-tenance crews. The 100-Hour PreventiveMaintenance Record (DA Form 10-240)should be used. Completed DA Forms10-240 (fig. 13) may be kept on recordwithin the pipeline section or pipelineplatoon headquarters.
(4) Operations log. Each operating shift ofa pipeline pump station should maintain
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V
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A_. LO-240
Figure 18. The 100-hour preventive maintenance record.
a pipeline pump station operations log.The operator on each shift will inspectthe pumps hourly and make the requiredentries on the Pump Station OperationsLog (DA Form 10-241). At the end ofthe shift the log (fig. 14) should beturned in to the section chief who may
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in turn forward it to the platoon head-quarters.
(5) Pipeline leakage report. Whenever pipe-line patrolmen-repairmen discover a leakduring patrols, or when they are sentout to find trouble indicated by pumpstation operations along the pipeline, aPipeline Leakage Report (DA Form 10-242) should be prepared. This report(fig. 15) will be forwarded throughchannels to the petroleum depot com-mander.
(6) Status report. The class III status reportis an instrument the petroleum depotcompany may use to requisition petro-leum supplies. It includes informationas to stock on hand, receipts, issues,transfers, gains, and losses during a
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Figure 15. Pipeline leakage report.
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given period; and requirements for thenext period. Reports are submitted inaccordance with schedules established byhigher headquarters. A suggested sam-ple report is illustrated in figure 16.Columns should be added and/or deleted,as required, to reflect bulk or packagedproducts, or a combination of both. Theform may be locally-reproduced. Theprovisions of paragraph 20a, AR 310-1apply.
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CHAPTER 4
ADMINISTRATION
34. GeneralAdministration is the management, guidance,
supply, physical conditioning, leadership, disci-pline, and morale of company personnel. It maybe regarded as the means by which the depotcommander directs the internal operations of thecompany. Normally, instructions on companysupply, mess, personnel administration, and train-ing will be contained in standing operatingprocedures.
35. TrainingWhile supervision and guidance may be pro-
vided from the headquarters to which the petro-leum depot company is attached, the responsibilityfor training the company rests upon the depotcommander. To accomplish training, he is pro-vided with-
a. Army Training Program (ATP) 10-110which prescribes individual training for personnelof all quartermaster units.
b. ATP 10-377 which provides guidance andscope of instruction for the unit training of thecompany.
c. Army Training Test (ATT) 10-377 whichis given to determine the tactical and technicalproficiency of the unit upon completion of thetraining program.
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36. Messing
The company has organic personnel and equip-ment sufficient to operate a company mess. Thispermits the company to operate independentlyand at a distance from other units or installations.The company seldom operates at a single location,however, due to dispersion and the necessity tospread out tank farms, pump stations, and otherfacilities over a considerable distance. This makesit necessary that the mess be prepared to operateas the situation dictates. Small detachment cook-ing outfits are provided each pipeline platoonheadquarters and pipeline section. Mess person-nel may be detached from company headquartersto provide for the subordinate elements. Companymess personnel may be placed on duty in a con-solidated mess.
37. Unit Supply
Unit supply includes the requisition, receipt,storage, maintenance, and issue of clothing, arms,ammunition, individual and organizational equip-ment, fuel, office supplies, and other administra-tive equipment. It includes also laundry and sal-vage. Specific procedures and/or schedules forthese supplies and services will normally be pre-scribed by battalion or other command head-quarters. Within such instructions, the companycommander must develop procedures and sched-ules applicable to the various elements of thecompany.
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38. Records and Reports
Administration involves the maintenance andsubmission, as required, of a variety of reportsdealing with company personnel and/or companyactivities. Principal among these are the morn-ing reports; daily sick slip; duty roster; and offi-cer and enlisted qualification records, enlistedservice records, and other documents which arepart of the personnel records jacket and the finan-cial data records folder for officer and enlistedpersonnel. To insure proper preparation of per-sonnel records, the company personnel adminis-trative clerk may, if directed, be placed on dutywith battalion headquarters and work directlyunder the supervision of the battalion adjutantor personnel officer.
a. Policy File. While not mandatory, the depotcommander should maintain a policy file contain-ing a summary of such decisions, experiences, orother information as he desires to serve as a guidefor company personnel. The policies may be inthe form of brief notes, plans, or directives andmay include current policies of higher head-quarters.
b. Standing Operating Procedure. A standingoperating procedure (SOP) should be establishedto expedite operations and to set forth those in-structions the company commander desires tomake routine. The standing operating procedureshould be changed as necessary to meet changingconditions or to effect modifications in existingpractices. The amount of detail will depend pri.
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marily upon the state of training of the company,but must be sufficiently complete to serve as aguide for new arrivals to the unit. Normally, thebattalion or other headquarters to which the com-pany may be attached will provide a standingoperating procedure to which the company SOPmust conform.
c. Unit Journal and History. The preparationand maintenance of a unit journal and historyare normally regarded as command functions.Depending upon specific command or theater armypolicy, the history may be a monthly or quarterlyreview of all company activities. The unit journalis normally prepared on a daily basis to give achronological record of events. Detailed instruc-tions concerning the scope and preparation ofunit history are contained in AR 220-345. Infor-mation on the daily journal is contained in FM101-5.
d. Command Report. The depot commandermay, in the combat zone, be called upon to pro-vide information for the monthly command reportprepared, in accordance with theater army poli-cies and/or SR 525-45-1, by the battalion orother headquarters to which the company isattached.
39. Administrative Procedures
a. Certain administrative procedures must befollowed when the assigned mission of the com-pany is an initial operation, relief of anothercompany, or change of commanders. Specific pro-
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cedures will vary slightly depending upon thesituation and the desires of the command head-quarters to which the company is attached. Themeasures listed below are, however, universallyapplicable. They are not listed in sequence ofpriority.
(1) Determine exact nature and scope ofmission to be performed.
(2) Obtain all available information on unitsor troops to be supported.
(3) Determine time operations are to begin.(4) Submit to command headquarters a
statement of critical shortages of sup-plies and equipment.
(5) Prepare, review, and revise standingoperating procedures as necessary.
(6) Arrange for installation of communica-tions network.
(7) Prepare a security and defense plan.(8) When change of commanders is involved,
conduct inventory of all company prop-erty and equipment; audit council book;accomplish transfer of accountability;and inspect all operating elements of thecompany.
b. Frequent staff visits and inspections will nor-mally be made by the commander or the membersof the command headquarters staff to determinethe military and technical efficiency of the com-pany. These inspections may be classified asfollows:
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(1) Command maintenance. Command main-tenance inspections are made to-
(a) Insure the adequacy and efficiency oforganizational maintenance.
(b) Establish the adequacy and use oftechnical manuals.
(c) Determine the adequacy of records,authorized levels of equipment, supplyeconomy practices, and preservationand safekeeping of authorized toolsand equipment.
(2) Administrative. Administrative inspec-tions are conducted to determine whetherthe company is complying with pre-scribed regulations and directives, com-mand headquarters standing operatingprocedures, and/or instructions fromhigher headquarters.
(3) Command. Command inspections coversuch activities as food service, sanita-tion, discipline, and general militaryeffectiveness.
(4) Tactical and training. Tactical and train-ing inspections are used to evaluatetraining, ascertain readiness of the com-pany. for field duty, and correct trainingdeficiencies. Inspections may be formalor informal and are normally madebefore the unit is committed to actualfield operations.
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40. Movement
a. Orders and Plans. The petroleum depot com-pany commander will prepare and maintain acurrent movement plan for the company. Move-ment orders originate from higher headquartersand are usually preceded by warning orders.After the warning order has been received, thepetroleum depot company commander notifies theunit officers so that they can submit specific plansfor the movement of their platoons for inclusionin the company plan of movement. To insureprompt compliance with movement orders, plansshould include:
(1) Detailed loading tables for personnel,equipment, and supplies (to includeweight and cube).
(2) Transportation requirements for motor,rail, or air movement.
(3) Loading and unloading plans for person-nel.
(4) Assignment of responsibilities to officersand noncommissioned officers.
(5) Clearance of the area upon departure ofthe company.
b. Responsibilities. Responsibility for success-ful movement of the company rests with the petro-leum depot company commander. He delegatesauthority to the officers of the company, holdingthem responsible for the performance of certainduties incident to the movement.
c. Procedures. To obtain transportation formovement by any means, the company commander
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will submit a transportation request to the trans-portation movements office which will coordinatearrangements and provide the appropriate trans-port.
41. Defense and SecurityThe petroleum depot company must be prepared
to defend itself against air, ground, and nuclear,biological, and chemical attack. The companycommander should prepare a defense plan thatwill fit into the defense plan prescribed by higherheadquarters and one that can be coordinatedwith the defense plan of adjacent units. The gen-eral plan for defense of the company shouldestablish both active and passive defense meas-ures.
a. Active Defense Measures. The defense planshould be clear and brief so as to be easily under-stood. As the company may be subjected to nu-merous types of attack, flexibility of the plan isan essential factor. Company personnel shouldbe well trained in the use of organic weapons andassigned definite defensive positions in the eventof enemy attack.
b. Passive Defense Measures. Passive measuresare taken to reduce casualties and damage in theevent of attack and to prevent enemy observationof the operating elements of the company. Dis-persion, cover, and camouflage of supplies, equip-ment, and personnel will reduce casualties anddamage from artillery fire and from nuclear, bio-logical, and chemical weapons. Training in de-
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fense measures against such attack should bestressed to enable company personnel to survivesuch attacks and to minimize interruption of pipe-line and terminal operations.
(1) In the event of enemy attack with nu-clear, biological, or chemical weapons,company personnel should be able to-
(a) Perform their misison during friendlyor enemy employment of suchweapons.
(b) Perform simple decontamination ofthe person, personal equipment, andunit equipment and materiel.
(c) Perform first aid for casualties fromnuclear, biological, and chemicalagents.
(d) Recognize standard marking signs in-dicating areas contaminated with suchagents.
(e) Cross or bypass radiological, biological,or chemical contaminated areas withminimum danger to themselves.
(f) Maintain individual protective equip-ment.
(g) Maintain a high order of health, per-sonal hygiene, and sanitary disciplineas a protective measure against bio-logical warfare.
(h) Take protective measures against theblast, heat, and radiation effects ofnuclear explosions.
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(i) Operate chemical agent detector kitsand various radiation detection instru-ments organic to the company.
(2) The most destructive effects of suchattack on petroleum terminals and pipe-lines are the blast and thermal effects ofa nuclear explosion. The blast effect cancause severe damage to petroleum stor-age tanks, pipelines, and cans and drums.The thermal activity that follows a nu-clear explosion can ignite leaking storagefacilities and pipelines. Protectionagainst nuclear weapons is best affordedby-
(a) Providing alternate petroleum storageareas, each containing a complete lineof petroleum products.
(b) Placing pipeline underground wherepossible.
(c) Maximum utilization of natural coverand camouflage for pipelines and ter-minals.
(d) Use of revetments and undergroundstorage areas where possible.
(e) Dispersion of packaged petroleumstorage areas.
(f) Elimination of litter and combustiblematerials in and around terminals andstorage areas.
(g) Use of dummy terminals, pipelines,pump stations, and storage areas.
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42. DemolitionDemolition of petroleum depot facilities is a
command responsibility and will usually be doneon orders from higher headquarters. In extremeemergencies, however, the petroleum depot com-pany commander must be prepared to take theinitiative to prevent any petroleum depot materieland supplies from falling into the hands of theenemy. Demolition methods must be adequate,uniform, easy to follow, and flexible enough topermit on-the-spot changes. Destruction must beas complete as possible, and adequate safety pre-cautions must be taken to protect demolition per-sonnel.
a. Terminals and Pipelines. Storage tanks canbe pumped out, made to overflow by pumping inwater, or ignited by fire or explosive. Pumps,engines, and other equipment contained in pumpstations and terminal manifolds should be dis-mantled, smashed, and set afire with gasoline.The demolition of petroleum products may alsobe coordinated with tactical plans to destroy orcontaminate resources and facilities which mightbe of benefit to the enemy.
b. Canning and Storage Areas. Products pack-aged in cans and drums should be destroyed byfire. Grease, oils, and heavy lubricants do notburn easily, but burning can be speeded by punc-turing containers and saturating them with gaso-line. The gasoline trails to be ignited shouldalways be laid a safe distance from the materialto be destroyed. Vehicles, gasoline dispensers,
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and drum cleaners should be dismantled, smashed,and burned.
43. Fire Precautions
Due to the flammable nature of petroleum fuels,fire precautions are most important safety con-siderations in. the operation of petroleum pipe-lines and terminals. Personnel of the petroleumdepot company should be instructed and remindedof the hazards of petroleum operations, and oper-ating personnel should exercise every possible pre-caution at all times. The following fire precau-tions should always be observed in petroleumhandling areas.
a. All equipment, such as pumps, tanks, vehi-cles, or storage tanks, must be electrostaticallybonded and grounded when used in transfer opera-tions. Bonding connection must be made beforehose connections and should not be removed untilhose has been disconnected.
b. Open flames, heating stoves, electrical tools,and other flame or spark-generating equipmentmust be kept away from the operating area.
c. Only authorized items of clothing, explosion-proof lights, tools, equipment should be used.
d. Precautions should be taken against sparksfrom equipment exhaust systems, nearby railroadtrains, shoes with metal nails, metal buttons, andfrom striking metal against metal.
e. Under no circumstances will gasoline be usedfor cleaning floors or clothes or for kindling fires.
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f. No filtering of gasoline under pressure shouldbe allowed. The use of a chamois skin over theend of a nozzle to act as a strainer or filter shouldbe prohibited as it is a source of static electricity.
g. Gasoline spills should be avoided and cleanedup immediately when they occur. If an absorbentagent is needed, sand should be used.
h. All containers, hose connections, faucets, andsimilar equipment should be inspected frequentlyfor leaks.
i. Fire-fighting troops should accompany repaircrews on line-break assignments as each breakmust be regarded as a potential fire.
j. Rules prohibiting smoking must be estab-lished and strictly enforced. Adequate NO SMOK-ING signs must be prominently posted, and carry-ing matches and cigarette lighters must be for-bidden.
k. All personnel coming into contact with petro-leum products in the course of their normallyassigned duties should be thoroughly trained inthe proper use and maintenance of all fire-extin-guishing equipment.
1. Fire extinguishers and other fire-fightingequipment must be in working condition, easilyaccessible, available in the type and number re-quired, and conspicuously marked.
44. Safety Measures
Safety is an important consideration inthe han-dling of petroleum products. Petroleum depotpersonnel engaged in pipeline and terminal opera-
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tions must be constantly on guard to preventaccidents to personnel and damage or loss of prop-erty and equipment. The following safety precau-tions should always be observed in petroleum-handling areas:
a. Handling Gasoline.(1) Avoid excessive inhalation of gasoline
vapors. These vapors have a toxic effecton man, and excessive inhalation maycause unconsciousness. First aid shouldbe given, and medical attention shouldbe secured as soon as possible.
(2) Operating personnel exposed for pro-longed periods to leaded gasoline maydevelop lead poisoning. To limit theperiod of individual exposure to lead-treated gasoline vapors, personnel shouldbe rotated on the job.
(3) When gasoline is accidentally swallowed,vomiting should be induced and medicalattention secured as soon as possible.
(4) If gasoline is spilled on clothing, thewearer should immediately remove cloth-ing and allow gasoline to evaporate.
(5) When gasoline comes in contact with theskin, it should be washed off immedi-ately with soap and water.
(6) If gasoline comes in contact with theeyes, olive oil, castor oil, mineral oil, orvaseline should be applied immediatelyand medical attention secured as soon aspossible.
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b. Handling Diesel Fuel, Kerosene, and JetFuels.
(1) These products should not be inhaled foran extended period.
(2) While not as irritating as gasoline, theyshould be washed off immediately whenthey come in contact with the skin.
(3) When any of these fuels come in contactwith the eye, action should be taken aswith gasoline.
c. Storage of Petroleum Fuels.(1) Transfer operations should be closely
watched to prevent overflow or to stopthe flow in case of emergencies.
(2) Storage containers should allow spacefor probable expansion of petroleumproduct.
(3) When cleaning or inspecting tanks, ves-sels, or other storage facilities with ahigh concentration of gaseous vapors, ablower-type fresh air mask should beworn.
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CHAPTER 5
COMMUNICATIONS
45. General
The communications system of the companyprovides the necessary flexibility to cope withchanging tactical situations and logistical require-ments. It is based on the building-block principleand contemplates a system dispatcher chargedwith control over the movement of all petroleumshipments in the pipeline system. Under suchan arrangement, the petroleum officer in the depotcontrol section (par. 11) acts as a district dis-patcher and issues dispatching instructions to thepipelines, pump stations, and tank farms operatedby the company. Under certain circumstances,the functions of the system dispatcher and thepetroleum officer of the company may be accom-plished at the same location. This is particularlytrue if the company is operating the terminal atwhich product is first received. Such a conceptallows the communications network to be keptrelatively simple to preserve quality of transmis-sion, permit maximum alternate routing, andfacilitate troubleshooting and restoration ofservice. In practice, the company employs tele-typewriter, radio, and telephone circuits. Thecomplete communications system is schematicallydepicted in figure 17.
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US a-
cc
I!~~~~~~~~~u
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7
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46. Teletypewriter Communications
a. Teletypewriter is the primary means ofcommunication for the control of the pipeline.The system dispatcher normally has a teletype-writer circuit to each of the petroleum depot com-panies in the pipeline system. These circuits areprovided by telegraph carrier equipment on theradio relay system. The systems dispatcher isprovided in addition, a teletypewriter switch-board and teletypewriter capable of transmittingmessages by tape. These circuits extend to thepetroleum depot companies which are equippedwith teletypewriters capable of receiving bothtape and page copy. Principal among these arethe-
(1) Teletypewriter set TT-4/TG. This is aportable standard communications pageprinting teletypewriter designed totransmit, monitor, and receive messagesunder field conditions. These sets areprovided to the depot control section,pipeline platoon headquarters, terminaloperating platoon headquarters, andeach pipeline section. Operating andmaintenance procedures are set forth inTM 11-2234.
(2) Teletypewriter set AN/GGC-3. This isa lightweight transportable unit whichmay be used in either fixed or tacticalmilitary teletypewriter stations. Theyprovide manual transmission directlyfrom keyboard and for tape transmis-
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sion. Received messages are printed andperforated on a paper tape for latertransmission. These sets are located inthe depot control section and pipelineplatoon headquarters. Operating andmaintenance procedures are set forth inTM 11-2225.
(3) Radio teletypewriter set AN/GRC-46.This set provides back-up support forteletypewriter and voice circuits. It isused by the company as a fixed-portablestation capable of providing voice trans-mission up to 35 miles or teletypewritertransmission up to 75 miles. Thesetransmission distances are approximate,as the operating distance between twostations is variable and depends uponsuch factors as site selection, type an-tenna used and frequency utilized. Theset is located in the depot control section.Operating and maintenance proceduresare set forth in TM 11-5815-204-10.
b. Use of the switchboard enables the systemdispatcher to contact one or all of the petroleumdepot companies along the pipeline either sepa-rately or in any combination desired. This ar-rangement further allows any petroleum depotcompany to contact any adjacent petroleum depotcompany for administrative purposes.
c. The teletypewriter circuity also permits thepetroleum officer access to each of the pump sta-tions on a party line basis. For this purpose, each
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of the pump stations is equipped with a pageprinting teletypewriter.
47. Radio Communicationa. A radio voice circuit provides two-way com-
munications between pump stations and mobileland and air patrols as well as standby communi-cations among pump stations. A voice circuitprovides back-up communications for the systemsdispatcher to the petroleum depot company. Thiscircuit is provided over the same high-frequencyradio facilities as the back-up teletypewriter cir-cuit. It is used to back up the direct teletype-writer circuits provided by carrier and is oper-ated on a net operations basis.
b. To provide for radio communications, thecompany is equipped with-
(1) Radio set AN/FRC-27. This set is usedprimarily as a fixed station and requiresvery little attention by operating person-nel. The set is designed for voice trans-mission and reception by frequencymodulated (FM) signals. It is designedto net with AN/VRC-19 and the AN/PRC-21 radio sets organic to the com-pany. The distance range of the set isline of sight. These sets are located inthe control section, terminal operatingplatoon headquarters, and pipeline sec-tions. Operating and maintenance pro-cedures are set forth in TM 11-226.
(2) Radio set AN/VRC-19. This set is a
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mobile, frequency modulated (FM) setnormally used for nontactical purposeswith an operating range of approxi-mately 25 miles. This set is mounted ina 3/4-ton truck and is used by pipelinemaintenance personnel and pipelinepatrols. The set nets with radio set AN/FRC-27 used in pipeline pump stationsand radio set AN/PRC-21 used by pipe-line patrolmen and tank farm attend-ants. It is located in pipeline platoonheadquarters and pipeline sections. Op-erating and maintenance procedures areset forth in TM 11-297.
(3) Radio set AN/PRC-21. This is a smallportable voice (FM) radio designed tobe carried by hand or by means of ashoulder carrying strap. It can be usedin connection with the vehicularmounted radio set AN/VRC-19 to ex-tend the use of two-way radio telephonecommunications to areas inaccessible tovehicles. It is specially designed to aidin performing functions such as pipelinepatrolling, inspection and maintenance,tank farm operations, and similar serv-ices. It is located in the depot controlsection, pipeline platoon headquarters,terminal operating platoon storage sec-tions, and pipeline sections. Operatingand maintenance procedures are setforth in TM 11-610.
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(4) Radio teletypewriter set AN/GRC-46.See paragraph 46a(3).
48. Telephone Communications
a. The telephonic circuity may be divided intothe following elements:
(1) The circuit between the systems dis-patcher and the petroleum depot com-pany. This circuit allows communica-tions between systems dispatcher andthe first and second petroleum depotcompany along the pipeline system.
(2) The circuit between the petroleum depotcompany and its pump stations. Thiscircuit provides communications on aparty line basis. Manual code ringing isemployed.
(3) The company circuit which is used bycompany elements for administrationand operational purposes. All companyelements are included in one or more ofthe telephone circuits.
b. The telephone sets used by the company arethe TA-264/PT and the TA-312/PT telephones.The TA-264/PT telephones are used for the partyline circuit. The TA-312/PT telephones are gen-erally used in the circuits not connected to theparty line. Operating and maintenance proce-dures for these telephone sets are contained inTM 11-2059 and TM 11-2155.
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APPENDIX I
REFERENCES
AR 220-70 Companies-General ProvisionsAR 220-345 Unit HistoriesAR 220-346 Journals and Journal Files
AR 310-3 Military Publications-Prepar-ation and Processing
AR 320-5 Dictionary of United StatesArmy Terms
AR 320-50 Authorized Abbreviations andBrevity Codes.
AR 345-250 Maintenance and Disposition ofManagement Files
AR 525-24 Command ReportAR 611-201 Manual of Enlisted Military
Occupational Specialties.AR 700-5 Organization & Operation of In-
ventory Control pointsAR 700-9100-3 Quality Surveillance and Test
Facilities for Petroleum Pro-ducts in Oversea Areas
AR 701-9100-1 Petroleum Supply System
AR 711-16 Installation Stock Control andSupply Procedures
SR 605-105-5 Commissioned and Warrant Of-ficer Personnel Military Oc-cupational Specialties
SR 890-45-1 Estimated Requirements forPetroleum Products
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DA Pam 108-1 Index of Army Motion Pictures,Film Strips, Slides, and Phono-
RecordingsDA Pam 310-1 Index of Administrative Publi-
cationsDA Pam 310-2 Index of Blank FormsDA Pam 310-3 Index of Training PublicationsDA Pam 310-4 Index of Technical Manuals,
Technical Bulletins, SupplyBulletins, Lubrication Ordersand Modification WorkOrders.
DA Pam 310-7 Index of Tables of Organizationand Equipment, Tables ofOrganization, Type Tables ofDistribution, and Tables ofAllowances
DA Pam 310-30 Index of Supply Manuals-Quartermaster Corps
JCS Pub. 1 Dictionary of United StatesMilitary Terms for JointUsage
FM 5-20 Camouflage, Basic Principlesand Field Camouflage
FM 5-25 Explosives and DemolitionsFM 10-6 Quartermaster Service CompanyFM 10-13 Quartermaster Reference DataFM 11-17 Tactical Communications Center
OperationFM 20-15 Tents and Tent PitchingFM 21-5 Military TrainingFM 21-6 Techniques of Military Instruc-
tion
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FM 21-10 Military SanitationFM 21-30 Military SymbolsFM 21-40 Small Unit Procedures in
Atomic, Biological, andChemical Warfare
FM 21-75 Combat Training of the Indi-vidual Soldier and Patrolling
FM 31-15 Operations Against AirborneAttack, Guerilla Action, andInfiltration
FM 31-25 Desert OperationsFM 31-70 Basic Arctic ManualFM 31-71 Northern OperationsFM 100-5 Field Service Regulations:
OperationsFM 100-10 Field Service Regulations:
AdministrationFM 101-5 Staff Officers' Field Manual:
Staff Organization andProcedures
FM 101-10 Staff Officers' Field Manual:Organization, Technical, andLogistical Data
TM 3-220 DecontaminationTM 5-350 Military Pipeline SystemsTM 10-1101 Petroleum-Handling OperationsTM 10-1103 Quartermaster Petroleum-
Handling EquipmentTM 10-1105 Testing Petroleum ProductsTM 10-1109 Military Petroleum Pipeline
System Maintenance (Quarter-master Corps)
TM 10-1110 Military Petroleum PipelineSystem-Terminals
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TM 10-1111 Military Petroleum PipelineSystem-Pump Stations
TM 10-1112 Military Petroleum PipelineSystem-Scheduling andDispatching
TM 10-1114 Cleaning Bulk Petroleum Stor-age Tanks, Railway TankCars, and Tank Trucks
TM 10-1115 Pump, Centrifugal, Gasoline-Dispensing, Portable, Gaso-line-Engine-Driven, Capacity225-GPM-50-Foot Head
TM 10-1125 Pump, Centrifugal, Gasoline-Dispensing, Portable, Gaso-line-Engine-Driven, Capacity50-GPM-100-Foot Head
TM 10-1130 Tank, Liquid Fuel, Collapsible900- and 3,000-Gallon
TM 10-1140 Cleaning Machine, Fuel Cansand Drum
TM 10-1158 Petroleum Testing Kit
TM 11-226 Radio Sets AN/FRC-27 andAN/TRC-34
TM 11-297 Radio Set AN/VRC-19, -19X,and -19Y
TM 11-610 Operation and OrganizationalMaintenance Radio Set AN/PRC-21
TM 11-2059 Telephone TP-9 and TelephoneSet TA-264/PT
TM 11-2155 Telephone Set TA-312/PT
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TM 11-2225 Teletypewriter Sets AN/GGC-3and AN/GGC-3A and Tele-typewriter Reperf,orator-Transmitters TT-76/GGC,TT-76A/GGC, and TT-76B/GGC
TM 11-2234 Teletypewriter Sets AN/PGC-1 and AN/TGC-7A,and . Teletypewriters TT-4/TG, TT-4A/TG, and TT-173A/TG
TM 11-5815-204-10 Operator's Manual: Radio Tele-typewriter Sets AN/GRC-46and AN/VRC-29
TM 743-200 Storage and Materials HandlingTM 743-200-1 Storage and Materials HandlingATP 10-110 Advanced Individual Training
of Quartermaster PersonnelATP 10-377 Army Training Program for
Quartermaster Petroleum De-pot Company
ATT 10-377 Training Test for QuartermasterPetroleum Depot CompanyManual for Courts Martial,United States, 1951.
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APPENDIX II
TEMPERATURE CONVERSIONEQUATIONS AND TABLE
1. Equations for Converting Temperatures
The following equations are used for the con-version of Fahrenheit and Centigrade tempera-tures. F. = Fahrenheit; C. = Centigrade:
a. Centigrade temperature to Fahrenheit tem-perature.
(1) Equation. F. = % (C.) + 32.(2) Illustration. Determine the temperature
in Fahrenheit degrees where the temperaturereading is 10° C.
F.==% (10) +3290 + 325
= 18 + 32= 50° F.
b. Fahrenheit temperature to Centigrade tem-perature.
(1) Equation. C. = 5/9% (F.-32).(2) Illustration. Determine the temperature
in Centigrade degrees where the temperaturereading is 50 ° F.
C. = 5% (50 - 32)5/9% (18)90
= 10° C.
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2. Temperature Conversion TableThe following temperature conversion table
may be used to convert the degrees of Fahrenheitand Centigrade temperatures from one to theother.
Temperature Conversion Table
C. F. C. F. C. F.
-17.8 0 -1.67 29 14.4 58-17.2 1 -1.11 30 15.0 59-16.7 2 -. 56 31 15.6 60-16.1 3 0 ·32 16.1 61-15.6 4 .56 33 16.7 62-15.0 5 1.11 34 17.2 63-14.4 6 1.67 35 17.8 64-13.9 7 2.22 36 18.3 65-'13.3 8 2.78 37 18.9 66-12.8 9 3.33 38 19.4 67-12.2 10 3.89 39 20.0 68-11.7 11 4.44 40 20.6 69-11:1 12 5.00 41 21.1 70-10.6 13 5.56 42 21.7 71-10.0 14 6.11 43 22.2 72-9.44 -15 6.67 44 22.8 73-8.89 16 7.22 45 23.3 74-8.33 17 7.78 46 23.9 75-7.78 18 8.33 47 24.4 76-7.22 19 8.89 48 25.0 77-6.67 20 9.44 49 25.6 78-6.11 21 10.0 50 26.1 79-5.56 22 10.6 51 26.7 80-5.00 23 11.1 52 27.2 81-4.44 24 11.7 53 27.8 82-3.89 25 12.2 54 28.3 83-3.33 26 12.8 55 28.9 84-2.87 27 13.3 56 29.4 85-2.22 28 13.9 57 30.0 86
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Temperature Conversion Table-Continued
C. F. C. F C. F
30.6 87 60 140 149 30031.1 88 66 150 154 31031.7 89 71 160 160 32032.2 90 77 170 166 33032.8 91 82 180 171 34033.3 92 88 190 177 35033.9 93 93 200 182 36034.4 94 99 210 188 37035.0 95 100 212 193 38035.6 96 104 220 199 39036.1 97 110 230 204 40036.7 98 116 240 210 41037.2 99 121 250 216 42037.8 100 127 260 221 43043 110 132 270 227 44049 120 138 280 232 45054 130 143 290 238 460
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APPENDIX III
TANK VOLUME FORMULAS AND TABLES
1. Volume Formulasa. Cylindrical Tanks.
(1) Formula.
v= d2 X h
where: v = volume of the tank in cubic feet,, =3.14d =inside diameter of the tank (in
feet), andh = inside height of the tank (in feet).
(2) Illustrative problem. Find the capacityof a cylindrical tank 8 feet high with aninside diameter of 21.50 feet. Assume0.178 barrel per cubic foot.
v=3.14 X (21450) X 8
= 2,903 cubic feetTank capacity = 517 barrels (2,903 X 0.178)
b. Spherical Tanks.(1) Formula.
v = 4.189r3
where: v = volumer =radius of the sphere,
and 4.189 =4 /,
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(2) Illustrative problem. Find the capacityof a spherical tank with a radius of 9feet. Assume 0.178 barrel per cubic foot.
v=4.189 X (9)3= 3,054 cubic feet
Tank capacity = 544 barrels (3,054 X 0.178)
c. Oblate Spheroid Tanks.(1) Formula.
v = 4.189a2 bwhere: v = volume of the tank,
a = major semiaxis of the tank, andb = minor semiaxis of the tank.
(2) Illustrative problem. Find the capacityof a tank which is an oblate spheroid 20feet wide and 10 feet high. Assume 0.178barrel per cubic foot.The major semiaxis, a = / width (20
ft.)=10 feetThe minor semiaxis, b 1/2 height (10
ft.) = 5 feetv =4.189 X (10)2
X5= 2,094.5 cubic
feet
Tank capacity = 373 barrels(2,094.5 X0.178).
d. Tank-Gaging Formulas (Tank Strapping).(1) General. It is necessary to know how
much fuel any cylindrical storage tank
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contains at any time and at any liquidlevel. Gage tables should be made tocalculate the volume in barrels per ¼8-inch at 1/8-inch intervals from the bottomto the top of the tank. Gagers and dis-patchers are furnished with these tablesfor each tank in the tank farm.
(2) Formulas. The volume of a cylindricaltank is equal to ,r 2h, where r is theradius of the tank and h is the height.For cylindrical tanks, the following for-mulas may be used:C2 x0.0011804=Barrels per inch depthC2X 0.0001475=-Barrels per ½-inch
depthC2 X 0.0002951=Barrels per 1/4-inch
depthD2 X 0.011650=Barrels per inch depth
where: C-the inner circumference of the tank,and
D-the inner diameter, in feet.e. Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks.
(1) Full tank. The contents of a full hori-zontal cylindrical tank is calculated withthe formula given in a above (simplyassuming that the tank is standing onend).
(2) Partly full tank. The contents of a partlyfull horizontal cylindrical tank withflat ends may be determined by using thetable in paragraph 2, below. First, thediameter and length of the tank aremeasured in feet. Second, the depth of
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the liquid from the tank bottom (in-nage) is measured in feet. With thediameter and innage known, find thecorresponding factor on the table. Thisfactor represents the volume of liquidfor 1 foot of length of tank. Third, multi-ply this factor by the length of the tankto obtain the volume in U. S. gallons.
f. Standard Military Fuel Storage Tanks. Thetable in paragraph 3, below, gives the capacitiesof standard military fuel storage tanks. The tablein paragraph 4, below, gives the deadwood volumewhich must be subtracted from the computedvolume of standard military bolted tanks to givetrue volume.
2. Volumes of Partially Filled HorizontalCylindrical Tanks Table
The contents of a partially filled horizontalcylindrical tank can be ascertained by the use ofthe table facing this page.
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3. Standard Military Bolted-Tank Gage DataTable
The gage data table gives the capacities ofstandard military fuel storage tank.
Standard Military Bolted-Tank Gage Data'
H-3,000 bbl.31 H-10,000Depth L-100bbl.2 L-250 bbl.' L-500 bbl.2 or bbl. a
,000 bb1.
* - 0.24 0.69 1.35 2.57 8.81y2" .49 1.38 2.70 5.15 17.62Y" - .73 2.07 4.06 7.72 26.431" .98 2.76 5.41 10.30 35.232"' 1.97 5.52 10.82 20.59 70.473" 2.96 8.28 16.23 30.89 105.704" 3.95 11.04 21.64 41.18 140.945" :4.94 13.80 27.05 51.48 176.17
.6" 5.93 16.56 32.46 61,77 211.417" 6.92 19.32 37.87 72.07 246.648" 7.91 22.07 43.28 82.36 281.889" 8.90 24.83 .48.68 92.66 317.11
101" 9.89 27.59 54.09 102.96 352.3511i" 10.88 30.35 59.50 113.25 387.58
1'0" 11.87 -33,:11 64.91 123.56 422.822'0" 23.76 66.22 129.83 247.09 845.643'0" 35.66 99.34 194.74 370.64 1,268.464'0" 47.54 132.45 . 259.65 494.19 1,691.285'0" 59.43 165.56 324.56 617.74 2,114.096'0" 71.32 198.67 389.48 741.28 2,536.917'0" 83.21 231.79 454.39 864.38 2,959.738'0" 95.10 4 264.90 4 519.30 988.38 3,382.559'0" 4106.99 298.01 584.22 41,111.93 3,805.3710'00 118.88 331.12 649.13 1,235.47 4,228.1911'0" 130.77 364.24 714.04 1,359.02 4,651.0112'0" 142.66 397.35 778.96 1,482.57 5,073.8313'0" 154.55 430.46 843.87 1,606.12 5,496.6414'0/ 166.44 463.57 908.78 1,729.66 5,919.46
For explanation of footnotes. see notes at end of table.
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Standard Military Bolted-Tank Gage Datal-Continued
H-3,000 bbl.' H-10,ODODepth L-100bl.' L-250 bbl.
lL-500bb or bbl.
L-1.000 bbl.'
15'0" 178.33 496.69 973.69 1,853.29 6,342.2816'0" 190.22 529.80 1,038.61 1,976.76 6,765.1017'00 ------------------.......- - - - 2,100.30 7,187.9218'0" _------------------......- - - - 2,223.85 7,610.7419'0" -..------- -------.......- - 2,347.40 8,033.5620 '0" ------------------.-...-- - - 2,470.95 8,456.3821'0" ------------------.-......- - - 2,594.49 8,879.1922'0" -------------- -- 2,718.04 9,302.0123'0" --------------------------- 2,841.59 9,724.8324'0" -------------- ---------- 2,965.13 10,147.65
I Capacities are given in standard 42-gallon barrels.'1-ring tank.' More than 1-ring tank.' Capacities greater than nominal size are produced by adding an addi-
tional ring. No more than one additional ring is permitted.
4. Deadwood for Standard Military BoltedTanks Table
The deadwood table is used to compute the truevolume for standard military bolted tanks.
Deadwood for Standard Military -Bolted Tanks1
H-3,000 bbl.' H-10,00Depth L-100bbl.' L-250 bbl.' L-500 bbl.' or bbl.'
L-1,000 bbl.*
1'0" 0.007 0.008 0.010 0.030 0.0552'0" .013 .016 .020 .060 .1103'0" .019 .024 .030 .089 .1644'0" .026 .032 .040 .119 .2175'0" .031 .039 .048 .145 .279
For explanation of footnotes, see notes at end of table.
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Deadwood for Standard Military Bolted Tanks'-Continued
H-3,o000 bbl.: H-10,000Depth L-109bbLq. L 2530tLI. L 500bbl. or bbl.'
I-1,000 bbl.
6'0" .036 .046 .057 .169 .3407'0" .042 .053 .065 .195 .4058'0" .047 .058 .073 .219 .4679'0" .052 .066 .081 .243 .508
10'0" .058 .073 .089 .268 .54811'0" .063 .079 .098 .292 .58612'0" .069 .086 .105 .317 .62413'0" .074 .093 .113 .340 .66514'0" .079 .100 .122 .366 .70015'0" .084 .106 .129 .390 .74016'0" .090 .113 .137 .416 .77917'0" -- ------- - - ---- - - .441 .81718'0" .--------.-----.....------ - - .464 .85519'0" ..--------------- ------ - .490 .89320'0" -_.--- --- ----- - .521 .93321'0" .------- ------ ---- -- .538 .97222'0" - - ------------.---.----- -- .562 1.00623'0" - --------------- I---- -- .586 1.10024'0" --------.------.....-- - -- .690 1.368
I The deadwood figures given above make allowances for bolt-heads, boltchannels, and deck-supporting members. Capacities are expressed in standard42-gallon barrels.
'1-ring tank.I More than l-ring tank.
AGO 3288C 97
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APPENDIX IV
CAPACITIES OF PIPELINES
1. Equation for Determining Capacity
The capacity per mile of any pipeline can becomputed with the following equation, in whichV equals the volume expressed in 42-gallon, U. S.barrels per mile; d equals the inside diameter ofthe pipe in inches; and 5.13 is the conversionfactor:
V= d2 (5.13).
2. Table of Pipeline Capacities
The table below may be used to find the capacityof standard military lightweight steel tubing.
98 AGO 3288C
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APPENDIX VIVOLUME CORRECTION FOR PETROLEUM
PRODUCTS
1. Determining API Gravity Number
To chvert a measured volume of product at ob-served temperature to corresponding volume at60 ° F., it is first necessary to determine the APIgravity group number corresponding to the prod-uct by the use of the following table.
API Gravity Groups
Coefficient Corre-Group of sponding Range of group Products normally
No. expansion derees (degrees API/60') in group
0 .00035 6 Up to 14.9 Heavy crude oils1 .0004 22 15.0 to 34.9 Light crude oils
Residual fuel oilsLubricating oils
2 .0005 44 35.0 to 50.9 KeroseneHeavy diesel fuelsSolventsJet fuels
3 .0006 58 51.0 to 63.9 Motor gasolinesLight diesel fuels
4 .0007 72 64.0 to 78.9 Aviation gasolines5 .0008 86 79.0 to 88.9 )6 .00085 91 89.0 to 93.9 ?Liquefied gases7 .0009 97 94.0 to 99.9
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2. Using Conversion Factors for Various APIGroups at Observed Temperatures
The following table gives conversion factorsfor the various API groups at observed tempera-tures. Multiply the volume at observed tempera-ture by the appropriate conversion factor to ob-tain corresponding volume at 60 ° F. For example,100 gallons of automotive combat gasoline (group3) at an observed temperature of 80° F. is con-verted to corresponding volume at 600 F. bymultiplying by the factor 0.9879. The result is98.79 gallons at 60 ° F.
AGO t288, 103
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co to o o ko to m m V q C0C
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0 0 CD * 0 00C'0cO 0 . CD C CeD 0CDoo O0 o to oO oO oo t- o o o oO o oo s t- t- o r
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C . 0 g C! Cs ! ! C! N _ C!O~~~~ CD 0 000 0 0 000 0 0
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vo va ow vz va va vC (mm mm w w O t = - a
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Volume Correction Table-Continued
Group Number and API Gravity Range at 60* F.
Group 0 Group 1Observed Temperature, IF. ___
0-14.9°
API 15.0-34.90 API
Factor for Reducing Volume to 60°
F.
250 0.9352 0.9268251 0.9349 0.9264252 0.9346 0.9260253 0.9342 0.9257254 0.9339 0.9253
255 0.9336 0.9249256 0.9332 0.9245257 0.9329 0.9242258 0.9326 0.9238259 0.9322 0.9234
260 0.9319 0.9231261 0.9316 0.9227262 0.9312 0.9223263 0.9309 0.9219264 0.9306 0.9216
265 0.9302 0.9212266 0.9299 0.9208267 0.9296 0.9205268 0.9293 0.9201269 0.9289 0.9197
270 0.9286 0.9194271 0.9283 0.9190272 0.9279 0.9186273 0.9276 0.9182274 0.9273 0.9179
275 0.9269 0.9175
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Volume Correction Table-Continued
Group Number and API Gravity Range at 600 F.
Group 0 Group 1Observed Temperature, 'F. Group 0 Group 1
0-14.9°
API 15.0-34.90 API
Factor for Reducing Volume to 600 F.
276 0.9266 0.9171277 0.9263 0.9168278 0.9259 0.9164279 0.9256 0.9160
280 0.9253 0.9157281 0.9250 0.9153282 '0.9246 0.9149283 0.9243 0.9146284 0.9240 0.9142
285 0.9236 0.9138286 0.9233 0.9135287 0.9230 0.9131288 0.9227 0.9127289 0.9223 0.9124
290 0.9220 0.9220291 0.9217 0.9116292 0.9213 0.9113293 0.9210 0.9109294 0.9207 0.9105
295 0.9204 0.9102296 0.9200 0.9098297 0.9197 0.9094298 0.9194 0.9091299 0.9190 0.9087
300 0.9187 0.9083301 0.9184 0.9080
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Volume Corretion Table-Continued
Group Number and API Gravity Range at 600 F.
Group 0 Group 1Observed Temperature, °F.
0-14.9° API 15.0-34.9 ° API
Factor for Reducing Volume to 60° F.
302 0.9181 0.9076303 0.9177 0.9072304 0.9174 0.9069
305 0.9171 0.9065306 0.9167 0.9061307 0.9164 0.9058308 0.9161 0.9054309 0.9158 0.9050
310 0.9154 0.9047311 0.9151 0.9043312 0.9148 0.9039313 0.9145 0.9036314 0.9141 0.9032
315 0.9138 0.9029316 0.9135 0.9025317 0.9132 0.9021318 0.9128 0.9018319 0.9125 0.9014
320 0.9122 0.9010321 0.9118 0.9007322 0.9115 0.9003323 0.9112 0.9000324 0.9109 0.8996
325 0.9105 0.8992326 0.9102 0.8989327 0.9099 0.8985
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Volume Correction Table-Continued
Group Number and API Gravity Range at 60° F.
Group 0 Group 1Observed Temperature, °F.
0-14.9° API 15.0-34.9 ° API
Factor for Reducing Volume to 600 F.
328 0.9096 0.8981329 0.9092 0.8978
330 0.9089 0.8974331 0.9086 0.8971332 0.9083 0.8967333 0.9079 0.8963334 0.9076 0.8960
335 0.9073 0.8956336 0.9070 0.8952337 0.9066 0.8949338 0.9063 0.8945339 0.9060 0.8942
340 0.9057 0.8938341 0.9053 0.8934342 0.9050 0.8931343 0.9047 0.8927344 0.9044 0.8924
345 0.9040 0.8920346 0.9037 0.8916347 0.9034 0.8913348 0.9031 0.8909349 0.9028 0.8906
350 0.9024 0.8902351 0.9021 0.8899352 0.9018 0.8895353 0.9015 0.8891
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Volume Correction Table-Continued
Group Number and API Gravity Range at 600 F.
Group 0 Group 1Observed Temperature, °F.
0-14.9 ° API 15.0-34.9 ° API
Factor for Reducing Volume to 600 F.
354 0.9011 0.8888
355 0.9008 0.8884356 0.9005 0.8881357 0.9002 0.8877358 0.8998 0.8873359 0.8995 0.8870
360 0.8992 0.8866361 0.8989 0.8863362 0.8986 0.8859363 0.8982 0.8856364 0.8979 0.8852
365 0.8976 0.8848366 0.8973 0.8845367 0.8969 0.8841368 0.8966 0.8838369 0.8963 0.8834
370 0.8960 0.8831371 0.8957 0.8827372 0.8953 0.8823373 0.8950 0.8820374 0.8947 0.8816
375 0.8944 0.8813376 0.8941 0.8809377 0.8937 0.8806378 0.8934 0.8802379 0.8931 0.8799
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Volume Correction Table-Continued
Group Number and API Gravity Range at 600 F.
Group 0 Group 1Observed Temperature, 'F. _ Goprup
0-14.9°
API 15.0-34.9 °API
Factor for Reducing Volume to 600 F.
380 0.8928 0.8795381 0.8924 0.8792382 0.8921 0.8788383 0.8918 0.8784384 0.8915 0.8781
385 0.8912 0.8777386 0.8908 0.8774387 0.8905 0.8770388 0.8902 0.8767389 0.8899 0.8763
390 0.8896 0.8760391 0.8892 0.8756392 0.8889 0.8753393 0.8886 0.8749394 0.8883 0.8746
395 0.8880 0.8742396 0.8876 0.8738397 0.8873 0.8735398 0.8870 0.8731399 0.8867 0.8728
400 0.8864 0.8724401 0.8861 0.8721402 0.8857 0.8717403 0.8854 0.8714404 0.8851 0.8710
405 i 0.8848 0.8707
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Volume Correction Table--Continued
Group Number and API Gravity Range at 6001 F.
Group 0 Group 1Observed Temperature, °F.
0-14.90 API 15.0-34.9 °API
Factor for Reducing Volume to 600 F.
406 0.8845 0.8703407 0.8841 0.8700408 0.8838 0.8696409 0.8835 0.8693
410 0.8832 0.8689411 0.8829 0.8686412 0.8826 0.8682413 0.8822 0.8679414 0.8819 0.8675
415 0.8816 0.8672416 0.8813 0.8668417 0.8810 0.8665418 0.8806 0.8661419 0.8803 0.8658
420 0.8800 0.8654421 0.8797 0.8651422 0.8794 0.8647423 0.8791 0.8644424 0.8787 0.8640
425 0.8784 0.8637426 0.8781 0.8633427 0.8778 0.8630428 0.8775 0.8626429 0.8772 0.8623
430 0.8768 0.8619431 0.8765 0.8616
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Volume Correction Table-Continued
Group Number and API Gravity Range at 600 F.
Group 0 Group 1Observed Temperature, °F.
0-14.9 ° API 15.0-34.9 ° API
Factor for Reducing Volume to 60° F.
432 0.8762 0.8612433 0.8759 0.8609434 0.8756 0.8605
435 0.8753 0.8602436 0.8749 0.8599437 0.8746 0.8595438 0.8743 0.8592439 0.8740 0.8588
440 0.8737 0.8585441 0.8734 0.8581442 0.8731 0.8578443 0.8727 0.8574444 0.8724 0.8571
445 0.8721 0.8567446 0.8718 0.8564447 0.8715 0.8560448 0.8712 0.8557449 0.8709 0.8554
450 0.8705 0.8550451 0.8702 0.8547452 0.8699 0.8543453 0.8696 0.8540454 0.8693 0.8536
455 0.8690 0.8533456 0.8687 0.8529457 0.8683 0.8526
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Volume Correction T'able-Conti nued
Group Number and API Gravity Range at 60' F.
Group 0 Group 1Observed Temperature, °F.___ _ _
0-14.9 ° API 15.0-34.9° API
Factor for Reducing Volume to 600 F.
458 0.8680 0.8522459 0.8677 0.8519
460 0.8674 0.8516461 0.8671 0.8512462 0.8668 0.8509463 0.8665 0.8505464 0.8661 0.8502
465 0.8658 0.8498466 0.8655 0.8495467 0.8652 0.8492468 0.8649 0.8488469 0.8646 0.8485
470 0.8643 0.8481471 0.8640 0.8478472 0.8636 0.8474473 0.8633 0.8471474 0.8630 0.8468
475 0.8627 0.8464476 0.8624 0.8461477 0.8621 0.8457478 0.8618 0.8454479 0.8615 0.8451
480 0.8611 0.8447481 0.8608 0.8444
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Volume Correction Table-Continued
Group Number and API Gravity Range at 600 F.
Group 0 Group 1Observed Temperature, °F.
0-14.90 API 15.0-34.9°API
Factor for Reducing Volume to 600 F.
482 0.8605 0.8440483 0.8602 0.8437484 0.8599 0.8433
485 0.8596 0.8430486 0.8593 0.8427487 0.8590 0.8423488 0.8587 0.8420489 0.8583 0.8416
490 0.8580 0.8413491 0.8577 0.8410492 0.8574 0.8406493 0.8571 0.8403494 0.8568 0.8399
495 0.8565 0.8396496 0.8562 0.8393497 0.8559 0.8389498 0.8556 0.8386499 0.8552 0.8383
500 0.8549 0.8379
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GLOSSARY
1. AbbreviationsAPI-American Petroleum Institute.ASTM-American Society for Testing Ma-
terials.bph.-Barrels per hourB. T. U.-British thermal unit. It is the amount
of heat required to raise the temperature ofone pound of water one degree Fahrenheit atits point of maximum density.
cc-Cubic centimeter (identical with ml).fps-Feet per second.gpm--Gallons per minute.ml-Milliliter (identical with cc). One thou-
sandth of a liter.POL-The military abbreviation for petroleum
products. From the British: Petrol, Oil, Lub-bricants. A term signifying petroleum and/orpetroleum products.
psi-Pounds per square inch.rpm-Revolutions per minute.SAE-Society of Automotive Engineers.
2. Definitions
Ash content-The amount of noncombustiblematerial, such as silica and metal compoundsin petroleum products.
Aviation gasoline-Gasoline made especially forpiston aircraft engines. It has a relativelyhigh octane rating and a distillation rangebetween 129° F. and 3380 F.
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Barrel-A measure of the volume of liquidpetroleum products equal to 42 U. S. gallonsat 60 ° F. Not to be confused with drum (asthe standard military 55-gallon drum).
Base terminal-Upstream terminal of a pipe-line, usually a port where tankers are un-loaded. Principal bulk storage location.
Batch-A specific volume of a certain productpumped into and through a line in one con-tinuous operation, usually preceded andfollowed by a different type product.
Black oil-The trade name for petroleum prod-ucts which cannot be handled in the samepipeline or tanker as more highly refinedoils. Such products are low-grade diesel fuel,road oils, and furnace or bunker oils. Con-trast, white oil.
Blended fuel-A fuel oil which is a mixture oftwo or more fuels, such as residual, distillate,or cracked.
Blending-The process whereby two or morecomponents of like nature are mixed, such asmixing a light and heavy lubricating oil tomake a blend of medium viscosity.
Boiling point-The temperature at which a sub-stance begins to boil or to be converted intovapors. It varies with atmospheric pressurefor any substance. Under ordinary condi-tions, namely, at sea level, it is 212° F. forwater. The boiling point decreases withlessening atmospheric pressure, as in ascend-ing a mountain, falling about one degreeFahrenheit for every 550 feet of ascent.
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Booster station-A pump station used to boostthe discharge from tanker pumps to base-terminal storage.
Branch station-Pump station on a branch pipe-line.
Bright stock-A term, used in the petroleumindustry, which is applied to a highly refinedand heavy lubricating oil.
Bulk products-Petroleum products transportedand stored in pipelines, tankers, barges, railtank cars, and tank trucks.
Bull plug-Blank-end pipe fitting used to closean open pipe end or pipefitting opening.
Bunker fuel-Fuel oil carried on oil-burningships for their own use.
Butane-A saturated hydrocarbon found inpetroleum which exists as a gas above, and asa liquid below, 32° F. at normal atmosphericpressure.
Carbon-A chemical element occurring in allorganic compounds, such as coal, oil, or wood.Pure carbon is crystalline, as in diamonds, ornoncrystalline, as in lampblack.
Carbon residue-The carbon deposit left afterall of an oil has been strongly heated andvolatilized in the absence of air.
Carbon tetrachloride-A colorless, heavy, non-flammable liquid used in fire extinguishers.
Cathodic protection-Introducing into a petro-leum pipeline, at frequent intervals along theline, externally generated electrical currentsof sufficient strength to overpower existingweaker currents
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Centigrade-A thermometer scale which showsthe freezing point of pure water at 0° andthe boiling point at 100 ° . Used internationally.
Cetane-A saturated liquid hydrocarbon usedas the primary reference fuel when determin-ing the ignition quality.
Cetane number-The rating of a diesel fuelwhich describes its ignition quality.
Chime-The top or bottom flanged edge or rimof a stave sheet for a storage tank or drum.
Clean product-A term, used in the petroleumindustry, which is applied to a highly refinedproduct such as gasoline, kerosene, and jetfuel.
Colorimeter-An apparatus used to comparethe color of petroleum products with prede-termined color standards. There are two maintypes, Saybolt and ASTM.
Commingling-The mixing of any two or moretypes or grades of petroleum products.
Composite sample-A mixture of samples takenseparately from the upper, middle and lowerthirds of a tank's contents.
Composite temperature-The average tempera-ture of the liquid in a bulk container afterreading temperatures at upper, middle, andlower levels.
Condensation-The conversion of a vapor to aliquid or solid state.
Cracking-The process of breaking down highmolecular weight compounds to form a com-pound of lower molecular weight by the ap-plication of a catalyst and/or heat. The crack-
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ing process is applied specifically topetroleum refining.
Crude-Naturally occurring petroleum fluidconsisting predominantly of hydrocarbonswith or without impurities such as sulfur,nitrogen, or oxygen.
Cut-A fraction directly obtained in the processof distillation.
Deadwood--Internal fittings and fixtures suchas boltheads, channels, ladders, and poles,which occupy space in the inside of a tankand thus reduce. its storage capacity.
Decant-To remove liquid petroleum productsfrom one type of container to another.
Density-The ratio of the weight of a substanceper unit volume to the weight of the samevolume of water. The density of petroleumliquid fuel is less than that of water.
Diesel engine-An engine in which the vapor offuel injected into the engine cylinders underhigh pressure is ignited by air heated to theignition point or temperature by compres-sion.
Diesel index-A measure of the ignition qualityof a diesel fuel obtained from its API gravityand its aniline point.
Dirty product-A term, used in the petroleumindustry, which is applied to residual petro-leum products such as asphalt or bunker oil.
Discharge pressure-The pressure at whichfluid is discharged from a pumping unit or apumping station.
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Dispensing storage tanks-Tanks from whichfuel is dispensed directly to drums, tankvehicles, and vehicle fuel tanks.
Distillate-The collected and condensed vaporsof a liquid collected as a result of a distilla-tion process.
Dolphin--A group of piles lashed together foruse as a mooring to which ships are fastened.
Downgrade-A grade which slopes downwardin the direction of flow in a pipeline. Not tobe confused with downstream; reclassifica-tion or blending of contaminated petroleumproduct to the next lower quality grade.
Downstream-The direction of flow in a pipe-line.
Drum--Container, usually metal, for liquidpetroleum products. Most common capacitiesin Army use are 5 gallons and 55 gallons.Five-gallon drums are usually referred to ascans.
Elbow, ell--A fitting that makes an anglebetween pipes; the angle is always 90° unlessotherwise stated.
Emergency head capacity-Pressure in feet ofhead which a pumping unit produces atmaximum rate of discharge.
End point-The final temperature at which thelast portion of a product has been vaporizedby ASTM distillation methods.
Ethane-A gaseous hydrocarbon of the para-ffin series found principally in natural gasand which can be liquified at low temperaturesand high pressure.
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Ethylene-A colorless gas which is the frequentproduct of destructive distillation.
Evaporation losses-Losses of fuel due to evap-oration. Losses are greatest in the morevolatile fractions of the fuel.
Fahrenheit-A thermometer scale which showsthe freezing point of pure water at 32 ° andthe boiling point at 212 °.
Feeder station-A pumping station used toboost the discharge from tank farms to apipeline pumping station.
Feet of head-The measure of pressure in termsof the height in feet of a column of a givenfluid. This measurement is convenient foruse in hydraulic design of pipelines, since itcan be applied directly to terrain elevations.
Flash point-The lowest temperature at whichan oil or a fuel gives off sufficient vapor toform a mixture that will ignite under stand-ard test conditions. As applied to fuels, highflash means that the fuel flashes at a rela-tively high temperature and consequently iscomparatively safe to handle. Similarly, lowflash fuels must be handled carefully becauseof the fire and explosion hazards.
Fractional distillation - The separation ofliquids with different boiling points by apply-ing heat. This process is applied specificallyto petroleum refining.
Gaging-Measuring the contents of storagetanks by determining the height of liquidlevel above the tank bottom (innage gage) orthe distance between the liquid level and the
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top of the tank (outage gage). Volume ofcontents is then determined from gagingtables compiled by strapping the tank.
Gas oil--A distilled petroleum fraction whichhas a boiling range above that of keroseneand a viscosity between kerosene and lubri-cating oil.
Gravity, API-The gravity scale developed bythe American Petroleum Institute to expressthe density of liquid petroleum products.
Gravity, specific-The ratio of the weight of asubstance per unit volume to the weight ofthe same volume of water. The specificgravity of substances lighter than water,such as petroleum liquid fuels, is less than 1.0.
Header-A common source or terminus; a mani-fold; a section of pipe having many inflowingand outflowing lines.
Head terminal-Tank farm installation at apipehead.
High-test gasoline-This term is applied togasoline which has an especially high anti-knock rating. Such gasoline generally con-tains large amounts of cracked gasoline and,frequently, tetraethyl lead compounds.
Hydrocarbon-A chemical compound of hydro-gen and carbon in various combinations.Petroleum products are hydrocarbons.
Hydrogen-A colorless, tasteless, odorless, andflammable gaseous element which is lighterthan any other known substance.
Hydrometer-An instrument used to determinethe specific gravity of a liquid.
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Incremental pressure-The difference betweenthe suction and discharge pressure of a pump.
Innage-The volume of liquid present in astorage tank.
Interface-The plane of contact between suc-cessive tenders of dissimilar fuels in a pipe-line. Ideally, the interface would be a plane.Actually, the dissimilar products contami-nate each other on both sides of the theoreticalinterface, forming a mixed plug.
Iso-octane-A hydrocarbonate showing anoctane number of 100 and used as a referencefuel in determining the octane number of afuel under test.
Joint-The junction of two pieces of pipe. Also,a standard length of pipe, usually 20 feet.
Kerosene-A petroleum distillate with a boilingrange from approximately 3500 to 5720 F.
Knock test-A test made to determine theoctane number of gasoline. A measure of theantiknock value of gasoline.
Line-The pipe and supporting structures of apipeline between installations.
Looped line-A doubled pipeline constructed forthe purpose of increasing capacity or reducingpressure losses. Also, an alternate section ofpipeline built around a break or a point ofpotential damage, such as a river crossing, torestore or maintain operations during re-pairs.
Manifold-Assembly of pipe and fittings con-taining several branches for conducting flowfrom several lines into one line, or vice versa.
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Marker buoy-A small buoy used to mark theend of a submarine pipeline tanker un-loading hose.
Maximum head capacity-See Emergency headcapacity.
Melting point-The temperature at which asolid substance melts or fuses.
Methane-An odorless and flammable gaseoushydrocarbon which forms the principal con-stituent of natural gas. It can be liquified atexceedingly low temperatures and high pres-sure. Methane is sometimes known as marchgas or firedamp.
Mixed plug-The volume of fluid between twotenders of dissimilar fluids which consists ofa mixture of both fluids.
Normal head capacity-Pressure in feet of headof fluid which a pumping unit will produceat the most efficient rate of discharge.
Octane number-The designation adapted toshow the antiknock value of a motor fuel.Actually, it is the percentage of iso-octane ina blend of iso-octane and normal heptanewhich will give the same antiknock char-acteristic as the fuel sample in question.
Outage-The volume of a free space present ina storage tank.
OWG pipe fitting-A standard fitting that canbe used for oil, water, and gas. Same as WOGpipe fitting.
Packaged products-Petroleum products storedtransported, and issued in cans, drums, andsimilar containers, as distingished from bulkproducts.
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Paper (water finding)-Sensitized paper usedwhen gaging to show the level of water in astorage tank containing a petroleum product.
Parallel connection-Connection of pumps forincreased volume at a given pressure. Pumpsof equal capacity will contribute equal sharesto the output volume while the pressure re-mains equal to that of one pump.
Pentane--A low boiling hydrocarbon and one ofthe constituents of ordinary gasoline. Thishydrocarbon is a liquid up to 97° F. and a gasabove this temperature when under normalatmospheric pressure.
PipeheadE-The supply point at which petroleumproducts are taken from a pipeline forstorage, distribution, or forwarding byanother means of transportation.
Pipeline--A single line of pipe, pumps, tanks,and other equipment used to transport liquidpetroleum products.
Pipeline system-One or more pipelines withappurtenances organized and operated by thesame controlling headquarters.
Pour point-The lowest temperature at whichoil will pour or flow when it is chilled withoutdisturbance under definitive prescribed condi-tions. By ASTM instructions, it is taken asthe temperature 5° F. above the solid point.
Propane--A hydrocarbon found principally innatural gas or light petroleum fractions. Un-der normal atmospheric pressure and tem-peratures, propane exists as a gas. It liqui-fies under high pressure and low temperature.
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Pumps in parallel-An arrangement for con-necting two or more pumps to operate at thesame suction pressure with their total out-put equal to the sum of the individual pumpoutputs. The discharge pressure is equal tothat of one pump. This arrangement permitshandling of large volumes of liquid at lowpressure.
Pumps in series-An arrangement for connect-ing two or more pumps to operate at the sameoutput. The total available discharge pressureis equal to the sum of the individual pumppressures. The output is equal to that of onepump. This arrangement permits the han-dling of small volume of fluid at highpressure.
Reid vapor pressure-The measure of pressureexerted on the interior of a container throughthe tendency of the product to vaporize.
SAE number-The number designations de-veloped by the Society of Automotive Engi-neers to indicate the viscosity range of motor,transmission, and rear axle lubricants.
Series connection-Connection of pumps to pro-duce increased pressure for a given volume.The liquid passes successively from one pumpto the next, each pump contributing an in-crement to the discharge pressure. Thevolume output is equal to that of one pump.
Spontaneous combustion-The internal develop-ment of heat in a substance to the point ofignition.
Squeeze-The building up of the pressure in a
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pipeline by means of pumping against aclosed valve.
Static electrical discharge-Instantaneous elec-tric discharge, usually a spark, between twocharged bodies when the potential differenceis large enough to overcome the resistancebetween them.
Static electricity-Electric potential as distin-guished from electric current. Electricity atrest.
Static pressure-Pressure developed by acolumn of liquid acting by mere weight with-out motion.
Stoke (centistoke)--A unit of kinematic vis-cosity.
Straight-run-A term applied to a petroleumproduct obtained directly from crude petro-leum by fractional distillation.
Strapping-Accurate determination of thecapacity of storage tanks at regular inter-vals, taking into account the irregularities inthe shape of the tank and the volume of dead-wood within it.
Suction pressure-The pressure (gage) atwhich fluid is delivered in a pipeline to thesuction or intake side of a pump.
Surge-Irregular flow of liquid in a line. Surg-ing produces uneven shock pressures andconsequent vibration. It is particularly prev-alent during initial filling of a pipeline butmay occur at any time.
Switching-Changing from one tank to anotheror one product to another when deliveringinto or receiving fuel from a pipeline.
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Tank farm-A group of storage tanks con-nected by pipe and manifold.
Tender-An amount of a specific product thatis to be pumped through a pipeline. When itenters the pipeline it becomes a batch. SeeBatch.
Thief-A vessel or instrument for takingsamples of petroleum products from storagecontainers.
Thief hatch-An opening in the deck of a stor-age tank through which the contents of thetank are gaged or sampled.
Throughput-The amount of fluid which is putthrough a pipeline in a given unit of time;e. g., barrels per hour or gallons per minute.
Trap-An apparatus for the separation of onephase from another, as a liquid from a gas.
Triptane-A component of motor fuel whichhas a higher antiknock value than any othersubstance produced.
Truck station-A pump station on the main lineof a pipeline.
Ullage-The amount by which a tank lacksbeing full.
Upgrade-A grade which slopes upward in thedirection of flow in a pipeline. Not to be con-fused with upstream.
Upstream-The direction opposite to the direc-tion of flow in a pipeline.
Vapor density-Relative weight of a gas orvapor as compared with some standard (suchas air).
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Vapor lock-Vaporization of liquid in the suc-tion line or pump causing the pump to failto function.
Vaporization-The change from a liquid to avapor state, such as the conversion of waterto steam.
Viscosimeter-The apparatus used for deter-mining the viscosity of a substance.
Viscosity-The measure of the internal frictionof a substance, its resistance to flow. Viscosityvaries with temperature; as the temperaturerises, viscosity decreases.
Viscosity, kinematic-The ratio of the absoluteviscosity of the liquid to its specific gravityat the temperature at which the viscosity ismeasured.
Viscosity, Saybolt universal--The time inseconds for 60 cc of fluid to flow through acapillary tube in a Saybolt universal viscosim-eter at a given temperature.
Viscosity index --An empirical number indi-cating the effect of temperature change onthe viscosity of a liquid petroleum product.
Volatile-Easily vaporizable.White oil-The trade term for refined petroleum
products that can be pumped successively ina pipeline which also pumps gasoline. Amongthem are gasoline, jet fuel kerosene, high-grade diesel fuel, and No. 2 oil.
WOG pipe fitting-A standard fitting that canbe used for water, oil, and gas. Same as OWGpipe fitting.
[AG 322 (20 July 69)]
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By Order of Wilber M. Brucker, Secretary of the Army:
L. L. LEMNITZER,General, United States Army,
Official: Chief of Staff.R. V. LEE,
Major General, United States Army,The Adjutant General.
Distribution:
Active Army:
CNGB (1)Tech Stf, DA (1) except
TQMG (25)Tech Stf Bd (2)USCONARC (10)US ARADCOM (2)US ARADCOM Rgn (2)OS Maj Comd (5)
',OS)Base Comd (2)og, Comd (2)
MDW (6)Armies (10) except
First US Army (12)Corps (2)Div (2)Fort Belvoir (5)USA QM Sch (50)USMA (65)PMST Sr Div Units (2)PMST Jr Div Units (2)PMST Mil Sch Div Units (2)MAAG (1)Mil Mis (1)Units org under fol TOE:
10-22 (2)10-377 (15)10-500 (BE) (2)10-521 (2)10-536 (2)
NG: State AG (3); units-same as Active Army except allowanceis one copy to each unit.
USAR: Same as Active Army except allowance is one copy toeach unit.
For explanation of abbreviations used, see AR 320-50.
* U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1960 0-563516
AGO 328SC 143
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