quantum numbers
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
Where’s My Electron???
The Major Players
• Werner Heisenberg
• Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
• Electron Density
• Erwin Schrödinger
• Wave functions ()
• Atomic Orbital
• Quantum Numbers
Werner Heisenberg
• Tried to locate a subatomic particle that behaves like a wave.
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
It is Impossible to know the exact momentum and position of a particle with any certainty.
Electron Density
• Gives the probability of finding an electron in a particular region of an atom
Erwin Schrodinger
• Created wave functions
Wave Functions
Complicated mathematical expressions used to describe the probability of finding an electron around a nucleus.
Radial Distribution CurveOrbital
Orbital (“electron cloud”)
–Region in space where there is 90% probability of finding an e-
Quantum Numbers-zip codes for electrons-
4 Types of Quantum #s
1. Principal (n)• Distance from nucleus
2. Angular Momentum (l)• Orbital Shape
3. Magnetic (ml)
• Orientation in space
4. Spin (ms)
• Rotational Spin
PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER
(n)
Energy level / shell
Size of the orbital
n2 = # of orbitals in the energy level
Angular Momentum / Azimuthal
(l)
s p d f
Energy sublevel / subshell
Shape of the orbital
MAGNETIC (ml)
Orientation of orbital
Specifies the exact orbitalwithin each sublevel
px py pz
SPIN (ms)
Electron spin +½ or -½
–An orbital can hold 2 electrons that spin in opposite directions.
Quantum Numbers-zip codes for electrons-
4 Types of Quantum #s
1. Principal (n)• Distance from nucleus
2. Angular Momentum (l)• Orbital Shape
3. Magnetic (ml)
• Orientation in space
4. Spin (ms)
• Rotational Spin
• n = # of sublevels per level
• n2 = # of orbitals per level
• Sublevel sets: 1 s, 3 p, 5 d, 7 f
• Orbitals combine to form a spherical
shape, which defines the “electron
cloud.”
2s
2pz2py
2px
Let’s see how it works.
Questions
How many orbitals are in the following sublevels?
3p2s4p3d4f
3: px, py, pz
1: s3: px, py, pz
5: dxy, dyz, dxz, dx2-y2, dz2
7: Don’t worry, just know it
Questions
How many sublevels are contained in each of the following energy levels?
n = 1n = 2n = 3n = 4
1, the s sublevel2, the s and p sublevels3, the s, p, and d sublevels4, the s, p, d, and f sublevels
Questions
What is the maximum number of electrons that can go into each of the following sublevels?
4s 3p 4s 3d
4p 5s 4f 5p
2e- 6e- 2e- 10e-
6e- 2e- 14e- 6e-