quantitative and qualitative researches

8/13/2019 Quantitative and Qualitative Researches

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QU NTIT TIVE NDQU LIT TIVE RESE RCHES

JILLIAN A. BEJOC,RN, MSN

College of Nursing

ebu Normal [email protected]


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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES

Distinguish experimental and non-experimental research

Describe the flow and sequence of activitiesin quantitative and qualitative research

Distinguish terms associated withquantitative and qualitative research


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QUANTITATIVERESEARCHMETHOD

Formal, objective, systematic processusing measurement

hypothesis testing data analysis

Tight controls over the research situationand the ability to generalize findings

Traditional approaches such asexperiments, questionnaires, surveys


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1. Is a vigorous, systematic, & objectivemethod.

2. Involves phenomenon that can bemeasured: pain, wound healing, drug

effectiveness, etc.3. Data is numerical

a. statistical analysis T tests orChi-square to compare two or moregroupsb. controls for bias.

QUANTITATIVERESEARCHMETHOD


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QUANTITATIVERESEARCH: TYPES

1. Experimental Study= aka: controlled trial or clinical trial

a. Tightly controlled variablesb. Involves:

1. An Experimental Group who gets thenew intervention

2. A Control Group who does not getthe new intervention, but receivesthe current standard of care

c. Random Selection subjects arerandomly assigned to groups


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2. Survey Study

a. Used to obtain information fromthe population regarding

prevalence, distribution, &interrelation of variables withinthe study population

b. Statistics used: mean, median,

mode, & percentc. Uses questionnaires &/or interviews(Pre-test research tool before using it.)

Quantitative Research : Types


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QUANTITATIVERESEARCH: TYPES

3. Evaluation Research

a. Determines how well aprogram, practice, procedureor policy works

b. Simple statistics - percent


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THERESEARCHTERMINOLOGY

VariableData

RigorControl

Sampling

Setting


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CONCEPTOFVARIABLE

Measurable characteristic thatvaries among subjects

Research is conducted because thisvariance occurs!

Types:

Independent presumed cause

Dependent presumed effect


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DATA

Pieces of information obtained in astudy

Are the actual values of the studyvariables

Quantitative - numeric values

Qualitative - narrative descriptions


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Types of Data / Variables

Continuous Discrete

BP Children

Height Age last birthday

Weight colds in last year

Age

Ordinal Nominal

Grade of condition Sex

Positions 1st2nd3rd Hair color

Better- Same-Worse Blood group

Height groups Eye color

Age groups


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INTROTOTHERESEARCHPROCESS


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CONCEPTOFCONTROL

Using rules to decrease error andincrease probability that study findingsare an accurate reflection of reality

Ensure results that reflect truerelationship among variables

Reduction of the influence of unwantedextraneous variables


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CONCEPTOFRIGOR

Striving for excellence in research.Involves:

Discipline

Adherence to detail

Strict accuracy!

Uses precise measurement tools


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CONCEPTOFSAMPLING

Who/what do you want to study?

Choosing subjects who are

representative of the studypopulation

Random & Non-Random Sampling


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CONCEPTOFSETTING

Location of the study - can affect results

Natural Setting: Uncontrolled, real lifesituation

Partially Controlled: Manipulated or modifiedin some way

Highly Controlled: Artificial environment forsole purpose of doing research. Decreaseseffects of outside influences.


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SOMEMYTHSABOUTRESEARCH

The purpose of research is to proveor confirm a theory.

Research findings are presented ascomplete and conclusive answers.

There is a hierarchy of researchmethodology that places trueexperimental research at the top.


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MAJORPHASESINTHERESEARCHPROCESS

1. Selecting and defining theproblem in need of investigation

2. Selecting a research design

3. Collecting data

4. Analyzing data

5. Utilizing the Findings


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PHASE1= CONCEPTUALPHASE

ID theoretical framework forinterpreting results

Propose research question and/orhypothesis


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PHASE1= CONCEPTUALPHASE

Selecting and defining the problem(area of research)

ID a question or area whereknowledge can be advanced

Review related literature forrationale to do study


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PHASE2 = DESIGNANDPLANNINGPHASE

Selecting a research design

Developing intervention protocol

ID Study Population

Design Sampling Plan


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PHASE2 = DESIGNANDPLANNINGPHASE

Specifying methods to measure researchvariables

Setting

How data will be collected - toolsDeveloping methods to safeguardparticipants

Pilot Study Revisions, finalizing theresearch plan


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PHASE3 = THEEMPIRICALPHASE

Organization of the dataHow do you analyze the data? (must be appropriate form)

May be the longest phase of theresearch process


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PHASE3 = THEEMPIRICALPHASE

Data Collection- according to pre-establishedplan (implements the plansdesigned in Phase I & II)

recruitingobtaining consent

training staffcollecting data


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PHASE4 = THEANALYTICPHASE

Data AnalysisInterpret findings

Draw conclusions

Hypothesis is supported orrejected

How best to utilize findings? New question formulated? (canlead to new questions that canstimulate further study)


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PHASE5 = DISSEMINATIONPHASE

Disseminate findings - Share findingswith colleagues

May report findings in journal articles,oral presentations, poster

presentations

Utilize findings - use in nursing practice


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DESCRIPTIVERESEARCH

Uses questionnaires, surveys,

interviews or observations tocollect data


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EXPERIMENTALVS. NONEXPERIMENTAL

Experimental: Researchermanipulates or controlsvariable(s) and observeseffect in other variable(s)

Evaluates cause and effectrelationship

Ex: Does a pre-opintervention program toself efficacy affect selfcare measures post-op?

Nonexperimental:Describes or looks atrelationships(s) orcorrelation betweenvariables.

Variables are notmanipulated by theresearcher

Ex: Correlationbetween HRT use andbreast CA


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CORRELATIONRESEARCH

Relationships between and among

variablesCollection of data on at least 2variables for the same group ofindividuals

Calculator-the correlation between themeasurer

Highest number of research studies in

nursing are classified as descriptioncorrelation design


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TIMEDIMENSION:

RETROSPECTIVEVS. PROSPECTIVE

Retrospective:Examines dataalready collected inthe past

Ex: Review ofmedical records to

examine previoushistory ofcholesterol levels ins/p MI patients

Prospective:examines data beingcollected in the

present

Ex: Studydescribing socialsupport and copingmechanisms of womenwith ovarian CA

T D


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TIMEDIMENSION:

CROSS-SECTIONALVS. LONGITUDINAL

Cross-sectional:Collects data atone point in time

What existstoday?

Longitudinal:Studies examinesvariables ofinterest over aperiod of time

Advantage abilityto collect data on

the sameindividual overtime


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QUALITATIVERESEARCH: TYPES

4. Exploratory Research

5. Descriptive Research

6. Grounded Theory> Seeks to describe andunderstand key social,psychological, and structuralprocess that occur in socialsetting.


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ACTIVITIESINQUALITATIVESTUDIES

The flow of activities in aqualitative study is more flexibleand less linear as a result it is

difficult to define the flow ofactivity precisely

Major activities:

Identifying the research problem


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Major activities:

-Doing a literature review(questionable)

Selecting and gaining entre intoresearch site

Developing an overall approach

(emergent design)- Addressing ethical issues


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QUALITATIVERESEARCH

1. Used to explore little knownphenomenon that are not easilyidentifiable.

2. Looks at the clients perception of:health, disease, and care.

3. Uses open ended interviews and

case studies.

Q R


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QUALITATIVERESEARCH

Evaluate subjective life experiences

and give meaning to them

Focuses on understanding phenomena

from an individuals perspective

Approaches: observation, in-depth

interviews, case studies, narrative

analyses

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: TYPES


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QUALITATIVERESEARCH: TYPES

1. Ethnography

Provides a framework for studyingthe patterns , lifeways andexperiences of a defined culturalgroup in a holistic way(examplesstudying a tribe, nursing

group working in ICU

2. Phenomenology

> Concerned with the livedexperiences of humans

3. Historical Research


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Selecting informants

Collecting data and analyzing andinterpreting them.

Early analysis lead to refinements in

sampling and data collection untilsaturation is achieved.

analysis involves a search for critical

themesDissemination of finding through publishingor conferences


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TRIANGULATION

Using both quantitative and qualitativemethods to collect data

May combine various research

designs/data collection techniques inthe same study combine psychosocialsurveys, interviews, observations

Two approaches are complimentary andcan give an accurate reflection ofreality.


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QUANTITATIVEVS. QUALITATIVERESEARCH

Scenario: patients who are experiencingchronic pain.

Quantitative research level of pain that these people wereexperiencing

Qualitative research what it means to be living withchronic pain.

quantitative and qualitative researches

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