QM-13bQM-13b

QuartermasterQuartermasterEngines ElectiveEngines Elective

Instructors: George Crowl

Course OutlineCourse Outline

b. Engines:b. Engines: i) Explain the principal features of steam turbine, turboelectric, direct i) Explain the principal features of steam turbine, turboelectric, direct

reversing diesel, diesel-electric, gas turbine, nuclear, gasoline, and reversing diesel, diesel-electric, gas turbine, nuclear, gasoline, and diesel engines and the relative advantages of each type.diesel engines and the relative advantages of each type.

ii) Explain the operation of spark ignition and compression ignition for ii) Explain the operation of spark ignition and compression ignition for internal combustion engines used aboard small vessels.internal combustion engines used aboard small vessels.

iii) Demonstrate your familiarity with the engine aboard the vessel used iii) Demonstrate your familiarity with the engine aboard the vessel used by your ship, including its principles of operation, fuel, lubrication, by your ship, including its principles of operation, fuel, lubrication, cooling and electrical systems, and their component parts.cooling and electrical systems, and their component parts.

iv) Demonstrate your ability to locate and correct minor engine troubles iv) Demonstrate your ability to locate and correct minor engine troubles according to the engine manufacturer's troubleshooting guide.according to the engine manufacturer's troubleshooting guide.

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i) Explain the principal features of steam i) Explain the principal features of steam turbine, turboelectric, direct reversing turbine, turboelectric, direct reversing diesel, diesel-electric, gas turbine, diesel, diesel-electric, gas turbine, nuclear, gasoline, and diesel engines and nuclear, gasoline, and diesel engines and the relative advantages of each type.the relative advantages of each type.

Let's OrganizeLet's Organize

Several different basic types of enginesSeveral different basic types of enginesReciprocating – gasoline, diesel, like carReciprocating – gasoline, diesel, like carTurbine – spins in one direction all the time, like Turbine – spins in one direction all the time, like

a jet enginea jet engineElectric motors – driven by something else, like Electric motors – driven by something else, like

a train enginea train engineNuclear – heat drives a turbineNuclear – heat drives a turbine

ReciprocatingReciprocating

Gasoline Gasoline 4-stroke (old inboards, newer outboards)4-stroke (old inboards, newer outboards) 2-stroke (old outboards)2-stroke (old outboards)Diesel 4-strokeDiesel 4-strokeDirect reversing DieselDirect reversing DieselDiesel-electricDiesel-electric

Gasoline 4-strokeGasoline 4-stroke

Like the engine in your carLike the engine in your car Intake Compression Power Exhaust Intake Compression Power Exhaust Spark plugSpark plug

Gasoline 4-stroke (2)Gasoline 4-stroke (2)

Animated versionAnimated version

Gasoline 2-strokeGasoline 2-stroke

Compression and power stroke are similarCompression and power stroke are similar Intake and exhaust are done simultaneously at Intake and exhaust are done simultaneously at

the bottom of the stroke, less efficientthe bottom of the stroke, less efficientRequires oil / gas mixture, engine no longer Requires oil / gas mixture, engine no longer

mademade

Diesel 4-strokeDiesel 4-stroke

Main differences – higher compression, squirt Main differences – higher compression, squirt fuel into cylinder (injector), no spark plugfuel into cylinder (injector), no spark plug

Better fuel economy, less fire dangerBetter fuel economy, less fire danger

Direct Reversing DieselDirect Reversing Diesel

The engine is stoppedThe engine is stoppedVarious adjustments (such as moving the cam Various adjustments (such as moving the cam

shaft) are made so the engine will run properly shaft) are made so the engine will run properly in the other directionin the other direction

The engine is started in the other direction, often The engine is started in the other direction, often by a compressed air chargeby a compressed air charge

Advantage – no need for a transmissionAdvantage – no need for a transmissionMajor disadvantage – it might not start in the Major disadvantage – it might not start in the

other directionother direction

Reciprocating SteamReciprocating Steam

Very first steam engines, first ship enginesVery first steam engines, first ship enginesNo longer in useNo longer in useSteam released into the pistons, drove the Steam released into the pistons, drove the

wheel, which drove either the paddle wheel or wheel, which drove either the paddle wheel or the propeller the propeller

TurbinesTurbines

Several kinds – steam, gas, Several kinds – steam, gas, Several uses – generate electricity, geared down Several uses – generate electricity, geared down

direct drivedirect drive

Steam Turbine - OldestSteam Turbine - Oldest

Have to have a boiler producing high pressure Have to have a boiler producing high pressure steam (was coal-fired)steam (was coal-fired)

Release steam into front of turbineRelease steam into front of turbineSteam expansion drives turbine very fastSteam expansion drives turbine very fastGear down the speed to turn the propellerGear down the speed to turn the propellerRequires gear box for Requires gear box for

forward and reverseforward and reverse““Turbina” was first Turbina” was first

turbine ship, and fastestturbine ship, and fastestof its dayof its day

Electric DrivesElectric Drives

Electric motors are very useful and flexibleElectric motors are very useful and flexibleThey draw current only when they are workingThey draw current only when they are workingThey can actually generate current when they They can actually generate current when they

are brakingare brakingThey are almost instantly reversibleThey are almost instantly reversibleThey are mechanically linked to the propeller, They are mechanically linked to the propeller,

but nothing elsebut nothing elseThey have to have a source of power, but many They have to have a source of power, but many

are available – diesel, steam, turbines, nuclearare available – diesel, steam, turbines, nuclear

Electric Drive (2)Electric Drive (2)

On board ship, power plant drives alternator or On board ship, power plant drives alternator or generatorgenerator

Electricity then drives the propulsion motorsElectricity then drives the propulsion motors

Diesel-ElectricDiesel-Electric

Diesel engine turns shaftDiesel engine turns shaftShaft turns generator to produce electricityShaft turns generator to produce electricityElectricity powers motor to turn propellerElectricity powers motor to turn propeller

TurboelectricTurboelectric

The power plant is a steam or gas turbineThe power plant is a steam or gas turbineLinked to the high RPM output of the turbine is Linked to the high RPM output of the turbine is

an electric generatoran electric generatorThe generator provides electrical power for The generator provides electrical power for

ship's motors and for other ship electrical needsship's motors and for other ship electrical needs

Gas TurbineGas Turbine

Uses air instead of steamUses air instead of steamFueled by petroleum product or hot gasses from Fueled by petroleum product or hot gasses from

an exhaustan exhaustSimilar to a jet engineSimilar to a jet engineCan run using low grade bunker fuelCan run using low grade bunker fuel

NuclearNuclear

Nuclear fuel heats high pressure water, which creates Nuclear fuel heats high pressure water, which creates steamsteam

Steam turns turbines to generate electricitySteam turns turbines to generate electricity Electricity runs propulsion motorElectricity runs propulsion motor

Advantages / DisavantagesAdvantages / Disavantages

Gasoline – OK for small boats, especially Gasoline – OK for small boats, especially outboards, most dangerous fuel, requires outboards, most dangerous fuel, requires transmission for fwd/revtransmission for fwd/rev

Diesel – safe, fuel efficient, less dangerous fuel, Diesel – safe, fuel efficient, less dangerous fuel, requires transmissionrequires transmission

Direct reversing diesel – requires no Direct reversing diesel – requires no transmission, engine more complex, engine may transmission, engine more complex, engine may not restartnot restart

Advantages / Disadvantages (2)Advantages / Disadvantages (2)

Diesel-electric – high efficiency, no Diesel-electric – high efficiency, no transmission, better propeller efficiency, high transmission, better propeller efficiency, high reliability, more payload (smaller equipment)reliability, more payload (smaller equipment)

Gas turbine – highly reliable, light weight, Gas turbine – highly reliable, light weight, responsive, significantly more expensive to runresponsive, significantly more expensive to run

Nuclear – great for submarines and aircraft Nuclear – great for submarines and aircraft carriers, no emissions, very expensive, not carriers, no emissions, very expensive, not suitable for commercial shipssuitable for commercial ships

Steam turbine – no longer in useSteam turbine – no longer in use

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ii) Explain the operation of spark ignition ii) Explain the operation of spark ignition and compression ignition for internal and compression ignition for internal combustion engines used aboard small combustion engines used aboard small vessels. vessels.

ComparisonComparison

““Apples-to-apples” – 4-stroke marine enginesApples-to-apples” – 4-stroke marine enginesBoth have 4-stroke reciprocating enginesBoth have 4-stroke reciprocating enginesGasoline are usually lighter, can turn fasterGasoline are usually lighter, can turn faster Fuel is less expensive, burn more of itFuel is less expensive, burn more of it Engine maintenance is usually less expensiveEngine maintenance is usually less expensiveDiesels are usually heavier, have better torqueDiesels are usually heavier, have better torque Fuel cost per mile is usually lessFuel cost per mile is usually less Engines can handle continuous use, but more Engines can handle continuous use, but more

expensive to repairexpensive to repair

Spark IgnitionSpark Ignition

Gasoline & other fuelsGasoline & other fuelsModerate compression (5:1 > 8:1)Moderate compression (5:1 > 8:1)Spark sets off explosion in cylinderSpark sets off explosion in cylinderSpark plug is keySpark plug is keyNeeds electricity,Needs electricity,

right spark gap right spark gap

Compression IgnitionCompression Ignition

Diesel fuelDiesel fuelHigh compression (16:1 > 24:1)High compression (16:1 > 24:1)Fuel is injected into very hot Fuel is injected into very hot

mixture, explodesmixture, explodesNo spark plugNo spark plugVery reliableVery reliable Injectors do need occassionalInjectors do need occassional

maintenancemaintenance

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iii) Demonstrate your familiarity with the iii) Demonstrate your familiarity with the engine aboard the vessel used by your engine aboard the vessel used by your ship, including its principles of ship, including its principles of operation, fuel, lubrication, cooling and operation, fuel, lubrication, cooling and electrical systems, and their component electrical systems, and their component parts.parts.

Your Engine, Your BoatYour Engine, Your Boat

The requirement is to discuss your engine, and The requirement is to discuss your engine, and your boatyour boat

Someone in your ship may change the following Someone in your ship may change the following presentation to reflect what is in your shippresentation to reflect what is in your ship

The following is build around a nominal 30-foot The following is build around a nominal 30-foot diesel-powered sloopdiesel-powered sloop

Principles should apply to many vesselsPrinciples should apply to many vesselsDetails will be different for nearly every vesselDetails will be different for nearly every vessel

Principles of OperationPrinciples of Operation

4-cycle Diesel engine, as described above4-cycle Diesel engine, as described aboveFuel is Diesel, a heavy, less volatile fuelFuel is Diesel, a heavy, less volatile fuelA transmission is behind the engine, with A transmission is behind the engine, with

forward and reverse gears, gear shift in cockpitforward and reverse gears, gear shift in cockpitEngine is connected to the prop shaft through Engine is connected to the prop shaft through

the transmissionthe transmissionPropeller has fixed pitch bladesPropeller has fixed pitch blades

Engine LubricationEngine Lubrication

Requires oil compatible with Diesel enginesRequires oil compatible with Diesel enginesDepending on the age of the engine, the code Depending on the age of the engine, the code

will begin with a C (such as CC) and may be CJwill begin with a C (such as CC) and may be CJThe thickness of the oil will usually be SAE 30, The thickness of the oil will usually be SAE 30,

but may vary by engine and climate or seasonbut may vary by engine and climate or seasonCheck oil dipstick, should be between two marksCheck oil dipstick, should be between two marksAdd oil if needed at oil cap on top of engineAdd oil if needed at oil cap on top of engineChange at manufacturer's specified intervalChange at manufacturer's specified interval

Lubricating DiagramLubricating Diagram

Cooling SystemCooling System

Engines need to be cooledEngines need to be cooledCar engines are closed cycle, cooled by radiatorCar engines are closed cycle, cooled by radiatorBoat engines are differentBoat engines are differentTwo major kinds, open and closed cycleTwo major kinds, open and closed cycle Open cycle uses rawOpen cycle uses raw

water, closed useswater, closed usesraw water to cool raw water to cool ethylene glycolethylene glycol

Cooling System (2)Cooling System (2)

Both require a water pumpBoth require a water pumpRequires occassional changeRequires occassional change

because it wears out easilybecause it wears out easilyBoth systems usually mix exhaust with raw Both systems usually mix exhaust with raw

water to cool exhaustwater to cool exhaust Important to check water coming out exhaust, Important to check water coming out exhaust,

proves water pump is workingproves water pump is working

Electrical SystemElectrical System

TWO electrical systemsTWO electrical systems AC electric (110V) – from dock boxAC electric (110V) – from dock box DC electric (12V) – from motor generatorDC electric (12V) – from motor generatorOn most pleasure boats, completely separate On most pleasure boats, completely separate

systemssystems

AC Electrical SystemAC Electrical System

110V, on the dock, circuit breaker protected110V, on the dock, circuit breaker protected30 amp or 50 amp circuits, different connectors30 amp or 50 amp circuits, different connectorsHeavy duty cables run to boat receptacleHeavy duty cables run to boat receptacleMay have additional boat circuit breakers / panelMay have additional boat circuit breakers / panelAC appliances – lights, microwave, toaster, TV, AC appliances – lights, microwave, toaster, TV,

air conditioner, etc., used in portair conditioner, etc., used in portOften cannot run all AC appliances at once, too Often cannot run all AC appliances at once, too

much load for the circuitmuch load for the circuit

DC Electrical SystemDC Electrical System

12V power from 2-4 batteries in parallel12V power from 2-4 batteries in parallel12V power from engine driven generator to 12V power from engine driven generator to

provide power and recharge batteriesprovide power and recharge batteriesControlled by main power switch - Controlled by main power switch -

OFF – 1 – BOTH – 2 OFF – 1 – BOTH – 2 Circuit breakers protect each sub-systemCircuit breakers protect each sub-system

DC Electrical System (2)DC Electrical System (2)

Power provided to – Power provided to – Nav lights, cabin lights, Nav lights, cabin lights, Engine starter motor, ignition system (if Engine starter motor, ignition system (if

required), fuel pump, required), fuel pump, Bilge pump(s), Bilge pump(s), Instruments, radio, depth sounder, GPS, Instruments, radio, depth sounder, GPS,

chartplotter, chartplotter, Inverter, etc., etc.Inverter, etc., etc.

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Would be nice to have very simple electrical Would be nice to have very simple electrical diagram here, but I did not find one I likeddiagram here, but I did not find one I liked

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iv) Demonstrate your ability to locate and iv) Demonstrate your ability to locate and correct minor engine troubles correct minor engine troubles according to the engine manufacturer's according to the engine manufacturer's troubleshooting guide.troubleshooting guide.

Engine GuideEngine Guide

Get one! Almost all guides are available on the Get one! Almost all guides are available on the Internet. Google your engine make and model.Internet. Google your engine make and model.

Download it to a computerDownload it to a computerPrint a hard copy, put it on the boat so it is Print a hard copy, put it on the boat so it is

available for consultationavailable for consultation

TroubleshootingTroubleshooting

Some engine guides are more tear-down and Some engine guides are more tear-down and assembly manuals, rather than troubleshooting assembly manuals, rather than troubleshooting guidesguides

Diesel engines need air and fuel to run, usually Diesel engines need air and fuel to run, usually electricity to startelectricity to start

The Notes pages following trace common The Notes pages following trace common problems and solutionsproblems and solutions

Troubleshooting (2)Troubleshooting (2)

Failure to start – Check battery sw / breakerFailure to start – Check battery sw / breaker Check battery charge / jump startCheck battery charge / jump start Check electrical / battery connectionsCheck electrical / battery connections Check starter motorCheck starter motorTurns over, won't start – fuel level OK?Turns over, won't start – fuel level OK? Fuel / water separators, fuel valvesFuel / water separators, fuel valves Fuel dirty? - need clear red or amber Fuel dirty? - need clear red or amber Injectors OK?Injectors OK? Check air supply – clean filter, no blocksCheck air supply – clean filter, no blocks

Troubleshooting (3)Troubleshooting (3)

Overheating – check exhaust water & colorOverheating – check exhaust water & color No water – clogged strainer / water pump badNo water – clogged strainer / water pump bad Enough coolant? - takes time to cool to check Enough coolant? - takes time to cool to check

safelysafely Overloading – crab traps, etc., on propOverloading – crab traps, etc., on prop

Make your own checklist from your ship's Make your own checklist from your ship's experiences and / or readingsexperiences and / or readings

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Questions?Questions?