qila saifullah

ETHNO-BOTANICAL KNOWLEDGE AMONG THE TRIBALS OF TORGHAR AREA DISTRICT QILLA SAIFULLAH

BALOCHISTAN

Systematic Study

Habitat and Species Conservation Project

Sustainable Use Specialist Group-C Asia

UNDP

Mohammad Yahya Musakhel

2006-2007

. BIO SKETCH

Yahya M. Musakhel is an Affiliate of Sustainable Use

Specialist Group – Central Asia (SUSG – C Asia) and

currently working as Conservation Officer, Habitat and

Species Conservation Project, since May 2006. The main

focus of his research was on different disciplines of Flora

and vegetation. He produced many technical reports

particularly in wildlife. The Author has held various positions with DHV-

Netherland, World Wide Fund for Nature – Pakistan, Balochistan Forest and

Wildlife Department, Islamic Relief –UK in Environment and Wildlife

Conservation. He has been involved in environmental surveys, studies and

Community Mobilization since 2002. He has M. Sc. degrees in Botany.

Address: 5- A, BRSP House, SUSG- CA Office, Saryab Road Quetta

E. Mail: [email protected] Ph. 0092-321-8074143

© 2007- Habitat & Species Conservation Project, SUSG-CAsia: All Rights Reserved.

All materials appearing in this Study report are copyrighted and may be reproduced

with permission. Any reproduction in full or in part of this publication must be credit

to Habitat and species conservation project, SUSG-CAsia as the copy right owner.

Prepared by: Mohammad Yahya Musakhel, Conservation Officer, SUSG- C Asia/ UNDP

Design, Layout and Formatting by: Mohammad Yahya Musakhel and Mahlaqa Qamar, SUSG- C Asia

Photographs: Mohammad Yahya Musakhel, SUSG- C Asia/ UNDP

Citation: Musakhel, M. Y (2007): An Ethnobotanical Study Report of Toghar Area, District Qilla

Saifulla Balochistan, Systematic survey Report. Pp 45

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Ethno-botany study Torghar SUSG- CA/ UNDP – Yahya Musakhel i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents i List of Maps ii

List of Figures and Tables iii List of Plates and Annexure iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vi

1. BACKGROUND 1

1.1. Introduction 1

1.2. Brief description of the Project Area 1 1.3. Rationale and objectives of Ethno botanical survey 2

1.4. Survey plan and Methodology 6 1.5. Limitation of Study 7

2. Basic Information of Households and Villages 8 2.1 Physical and Climatic Conditions 8

2.2. Demographic and Social characteristics 8 2.3. Income and Poverty Level 10

2.4. Livestock Situation 10 2.5 Wildlife Situation 10

3. Marketing of Medicinal plants of Torghar 13 4. Plants Inventory and Uses 14

5. Enumeration 18

GLOSSARY 43

REFERENCES 44

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Ethno-botany study Torghar SUSG- CA/ UNDP – Yahya Musakhel ii

LIST OF MAPS

1. Map of Balochistan 3

2. Satellite Image of Torghar community Protected Area 4

3. Vegetation Map of Balochistan province 6

4. Precipitation Map of Balochistan 9

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Ethno-botany study Torghar SUSG- CA/ UNDP – Yahya Musakhel iii

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

FIGURES

1. Rate Comparison of proper and non-proper

harvesting of Plants 14

2. Percentage of Medicinal Plants used for various diseases in Torghar Area 15

3. Species diversity in Torghar Area 15

TABLES

1. Rates of Some important Medicinal Plants of Torghar Area 13

2. Checklist of Medicinal Plants of Torghar 40

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Ethno-botany study Torghar SUSG- CA/ UNDP – Yahya Musakhel iv

LIST OF PLATES AND ANNEXURE

PLATES

Plate 1. (Climatic feature, Sulaiman Markhore, Sand dunes habitat in Kunder) 12

Plate 2. (Soil Types in Torghar, Vegetation Cover at Torghar, Un-sustainable utilization of Medicinal Plants, Local recipe of

plants use as medicine) 17

Plate 3. (Sophora mollis, Pistacia cabulica, Withnea coagulans, Allium griffithii, Artemisia maritime, Caragna ambigua) 19

Plate 4. (Ephedra gerardiana, Hertia intermedia, Mentha longifolia,

Peganum hermala, Malva neglecta, Nepeta practervisa) 20

Plate 5. (Juniperus excelsa) 21

Plate 6 (Daphne mucronata, Vegetation Cover, Achellia withelmsii, Arnebia griffithii, Tulipa sp., ferula oopoda) 22

Plate 7 (Prunus eburana, Fraxinus xanthoxyloide, Pistacia khinjuk) 28

Plate 8 (Zygophylum sp., Hysocyamus sp., Foenium vulgare, Lycium sp., Prunus micrcarpa, Berberis balochistanica) 29

Plate 9 (Zygophylum simplex, Heliotropium europacum, Haloxilon

sp., Tamarix aphylla, Alhagi mauroum, Cramb cardifolia) 34

Plate 10 (Bunium persicum, Senecio desfontanei, Rheum sp., Euphorbia osyroidea, Diplotaxis griffitii, Eremurus

stenophyllus) 35

Plate 11 (Calotropis procera, Morus alba, Ebenus sttelata, Cotonster afghanica, Astragaalus leucophalus, Eremurus persicus) 36

ANNEXURE

Annex 1 Name of Interviewed personals during survey 46

Annex 2 Floristic list of Torghar Area 47

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Ethno-botany study Torghar SUSG- CA/ UNDP – Yahya Musakhel v

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I am extremely grateful to all those who have helped in the production of this report especially Sardar Naseer A Tareen Chair, SUSG- CAsia

and Mr. Tahir Rasheed, National Project Manager, Habitat & Species Conservation Project for guiding, valuable inputs and keen interest in

compilation of this report. I acknowledge the efforts of Professor Dr. Rasool Bakhsh Tareen, Chairman Botany Department, University of

Balochistan Quetta for his valuable help in identification of many plants collected from the study area. Thanks also extend to Mirza Jaffer Ali

Baig, Ex scientific Officer, BDA and Mr. Roohullah for giving gigantic support in field and data collection. I wish also to thank Ms. Mahlaqa

Qamar, Admin and Finance Assistant, H&SCP for helping in designing

the report. Mohammad Afzal, Agha Mohammad, Abdul Satar, Khushal Khan and Malak Safar Khan be worthy of special thanks with out

whose efforts I could not collect accurate field data.

Mohammad Yahya Musakhel

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Ethno-botany study Torghar SUSG- CA/ UNDP – Yahya Musakhel vi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Present studies were carried out to investigate ethnobotanical information of Torghar conservancy. The area is located in the remote north western

part of District Qilla Saifullah. The area is gifted with diverse flora. The people are mostly poor, illiterate and depend upon biological resources

for their domestic needs. This study represents first comprehensive ethnobotanical survey in Torghar, Pakistan and is also an attempt to sum

up the preexisting ethnobotanical information. The inhabitants of Torghar utilize 71 plant species for more than 42 domestic needs. Based on their

type of usage, the major usage types include 36 medicinal plants, 29 fuel wood species, 33 fodder species, 4 vegetables and pot herbs, 8

veterinary medicinal plants, 6 fruit yielding plants, 4 condiments, 3 for construction and timber requirements, 2 ornamental plant species and 1

used as mouth wash (Maswak). Other miscellaneous uses of plants

include aesthetics sense (2 sp.), agricultural tools (3 sp.), thatching and roofing (2 sp.), dish cleaner (1 sp.), feed (1 sp.), fencing (3 sp.),

furniture (2 sp.), honey bee attractant (2 sp), oil (1 sp.), poisonous plants (2 sp.), ropes (1 sp.), soil binder (1 sp.), sticks/handles (3 sp.),

shade tree (3 sp.), tea (1 sp.) and utensil making (3 sp.). Most of the plants are used for multiple purposes. Some plants are also sold in the

local markets, thus providing an additional source of income.

The vegetation predominantly consists of deciduous forest and meadows that remain green throughout the summer. Market plants

especially Astragalus lecophalus, Rheum sp., Berberis balochistanica,

Onozma sp., and cramb cardifolia, are under severe pressure due to ethnobotanical collections. High summer pastures are the focus area for

collection of most of the plant species and additionally intense grazing has posed a serious threat to these areas.

Awareness program in the area about the importance of the indigenous

flora, sustainable plants collection and conservation of important medicinal plants would be further desirable. Rotational grazing and

reducing the number of livestock will help reduce pressure on pastures. Cultivation of medicinal plants and other plants of economic importance

will create new openings for the uplift of poor locals and will also reduce

pressures on wild population. A long-term ethnobotanical programme that may address the issues will be a great demand in future.

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Ethno-botany study Torghar SUSG- CA/ UNDP – Yahya Musakhel 1

1. Background

1.1 Introduction

1. This project “Conservation of habitats and species of global significance in arid and semi-arid ecosystems through community-based co-management in Balochistan” is directly linked to the recommendations contained in the National Conservation Strategy (NCS) of Pakistan, the Balochistan Conservation Strategy (BCS) of Balochistan Province, and the Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) for Pakistan. All three documents have described the Chagai Desert as a critically endangered ecosystem and the straight-horned Markhor (Capra falconeri jerdoni) and Urial (Ovis vignei cycloceros) as critically endangered mammals and therefore call for urgent measures for their conservation. Habitat and Species Conservation Project (H&SCP) is sponsoring by the agencies; Global Environment Facility (GEF), Society for Torghar Environmental Protection (STEP), United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the Department of Forests and Wildlife (DFW) of the Government of Balochistan (GoB) and the Chaghi Conservation Society (CCS). Implementation period of the Project is 5 years from 2003-04 to 2007-08. Sustainable Use Specialist Group- Central Asia (SUSG-C Asia) is the implementing agency of the project. 2 The overall goal of H&SCP is to contribute significantly to the development of the human capacity for natural resource conservation. The principal objective of the Project is to achieve the sustainable conservation of globally and nationally significant habitats and species through a series of integrated activities aimed at engaging local communities in the management of protected areas. The objective is to be achieved through:

• To raise awareness of local communities and stakeholders about biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of natural resources1..

• To create an enabling environment for community based biodiversity conservation and natural resources management.

• To build institutional capacity of local communities, NGOs, and government institutions to conserve and make sustainable use of biodiversity.

• To strengthen the Conservancies and establish management regimes for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity

• To diversify and improve rural livelihoods and reduce pressure on habitats through better agro-pastoral practices and sustainable resource use alternatives.

1.2 Brief Description of the Project Area 3. The Torghar2 is one of the world recognized community protected area in Pakistan (Map 1). The community protected area (Map 2 ) covers an area of 300 sq. km in Qilla Saifullah District, Balochistan, Province Pakistan was established in 1985 through the efforts of the local Pathan tribal chieftain, the late Nawab Taimur Shah

1 The PC 1 of the project.

2 The black Mountain (Pashto term)

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Jogezai and Sardar Naseer A. Tareen, in consultation with wildlife biologists from the United States of America. Torghar Conservancy mainly considered of a chain of three parallel sandstone mountain series and allied ridges that rise out of the arid plains located with the south- eastern border of Afghanistan in Toba Kakar Range have long been known inhabiting important wild species, most striking and valued are called Sulaiman Markhore (Capra falconeri, jerdoni) and Afghan Urial (Ovis vignei cycloceros). Flora of the area includes trees like Juniparus excelsa, Pistacia kinjul, P. cabulica and Fraxinus xanthoxylides etc. 4. The community protected area is inhabited by about 256 households, scattered in 14 villages of various sizes (locally known as Killi). The inhabitants almost entirely depend on the resources of the CPA. The area is utilized for Agriculture, livestock grazing, and fuel wood collection. The households represent various tribal groups and subgroups of Shaizai, Shabozai, Merozai, Pehlawan Khel, Sarmastkhel, Ahmed khel, Mehrab Khel, etc. All of the inhabitants of the protected area belong to Pashtun tribe and speak Pashtu3..

1.3 Rationale and Objectives Ethnobotany Survey 5. John Harshberger used the term ethnobotany for the first time in 1896, to study the plants used by the primitive and aboriginal people. Since then it has been defined as the traditional knowledge of indigenous communities about surrounding plant diversity and as the study of how the people of a particular culture and region make use of indigenous plants. Ethnobotany includes all sorts of relationships between people and plants. The definition of ethnobotany can be sum up in four words i.e. People, Plants, Interactions and Uses. "Ethnobotany is the study of how the people of a particular culture and region makes the use of indigenous plants", while the ethnobotanist explores how plants are used as food, shelter, medicine, clothing, hunting and in religious ceremonies. It is the science, which studies "the relationship between a given society and its environment and in particular the plant world" 6. Ethnobotany deals with the study of the interaction between plants and people, with a particular emphasis on traditional tribal cultures. Ethnobotany is a branch of botany, the study of plants, and is closely related to cultural anthropology, the study of human societies. An important branch of ethnobotany called economic botany focuses on the commercial use of plants, especially in industrialized societies. Further avenues were explored by other researchers who began to develop quantitative methods for estimating amounts of products used, the distribution of useful species, or the relative importance of different values of products to people (Prance et al., 1987; Phillips and Gentry, 1993 a and b; Caballero, 1992; Hoft et al., 1999). Besides developing quantitative methods, ethnobotany has moved towards a wider approach, including other aspects of the natural world. Ethnobotanists quite often identify themselves more and more as ethnobiologists because these disciplines offer more opportunities to analyze human interactions with the overall environment as well as people’s relation to external factors such as the impact of trade systems on local economies and ways of life (Lama et al.,

3 Torghar conservation plan

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Map. 1 Map of Balochistan Province.

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2002). In the last 100 years, the science of ethnobotany has progressed and the trend is shifting from mere documentation process to a more practical one with emphasize on conservation and sustainable use of plant resources.

Map 2. Satellite Image of Torghar community protected area

7 The Objectives of the survey are to;

• The valuable information about indigenous knowledge collected from local knowledgeable persons textualise may research a wider audience, which has transmitted orally from the insisters.

• Discover and identify wild plants that may have possible applications. • Studies of indigenous medical knowledge disseminate the dynamics of local knowledge and challenge the modern health care.

• Identification of the vegetation types and their distribution within the protected area. • Creation of the first collection of plants from the protected area, to be kept at the herbarium in the Tanishpa camp.

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• Analysis of factors influencing the distribution and status of species and communities to provide conservation management guidelines.

8 In applied ethnobotany, the core subjects are practical problems related to conservation and sustainable use of plant resources, including the pressure imposed by trade on medicinal plants and the right of communities to use plant resources in protected areas. The two fundamental strengths of applied ethnobotany are;

• To allow the knowledge, wisdom and practices of local people to play fuller roles in identifying and finding solutions to issues of conservation and sustainable development.

• Local people are fundamentally involved in all stages of research and practical follow-up, so there is a better chance of “buy in” and more robust solutions (Hamilton, 2002).

9. Pakistan is divided into nine major ecological zones, which are endowed with over 6000 unique plant species (Map 3). Due to its salubrious climate, Pakistan is quite rich in medicinal herbs which are scattered over a large area. These herbs are growing in the wild and no methodical attempt has been made to collect and cultivate them. Most of these plants have remarkable medicinal and economic value, often only known to indigenous communities of Pakistan. In Pakistan, medicinal plants are primarily used by tibbi dawakhanas4. Unfortunately, very little attention has been paid to the ethnobotanical aspect of plants as hakims are only concerned with the floral and vegetative parts of medicinal plants without any regard to their botanical characteristics, or distribution in the various ecological zones of Pakistan. Herbs are not only used in the Hikmat system of treatment but in the preparation of many allopathic and homeopathic drugs: no wonder these herbs are now being commercially exploited for the extraction of various ingredients.

10. Balochistan Province of Pakistan with unique and diverse biodiversity due to the presence of mountains, desert and plain ranges are under tremendous pressure from locals because of illicit cutting of valuable plants, poor collection and storage methods of medicinal plants, smuggling of timber wood, over grazing, week forest laws and their applications, illiterate population with no sense or lust for conservation and above all passive and non practical policies of government as well as of NGO’s working in the area (Yehya and Tareen, 2003). 11. The Ethno botany study has therefore been planned to collect primary data, using suitable methodology and appropriate survey instruments, from the communities living in the PA, and establish a baseline database for development of the area and the local communities in accordance with the project objectives.

4 Medical centers of indigenous physicians known as hakims

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Map 3 Vegetation Map of Balochistan Province

1.4 Survey Plan and Methodology 12. The ethno botany survey was carried out during May through October 2006 in representative central and peripheral areas of Torghar Conservancy. During this time the project area was visited once a month for collection of data pertinent to ethnobotany, conservation and plant diversity of the area. Each study trip was well planned and executed effectively. The study was completed in three phases. These include literature collection, field trips for data collection and documentation of the data obtained from field areas.

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13. Field work was carried out in order to investigate the ethno botany, plant diversity and conservation status of the flora of Torghar conservancy. The field work includes interviews, observations and guided field walks / transects walks. Two methods were frequently used during the field work; observation and interviews. Observations in biological studies play an important role. These observations were made while visiting different villages. During this process, local methods of medicinal plants collection, storage, drying, harvesting time, processing and utilization were observed and noted. In the mean time all the plants during flowering/fruiting stage, were collected, pressed and preserved.

14. During field work, interviews were conducted with the local inhabitants, selected informants, the herbalists ‘hakims’ (local physicians of eastern system of medicine), pansaries (medicinal plants sellers in the local markets). Questionnaires were adopted during the surveys in order to get qualitative and participatory approach about the plant resources and their utilization by the local people (Annexure 1). Questions concerning the utility of different plants, quantity of plants used, rate of consumption, availability, economics/market value and fuel wood /fodder head loads had been asked. 15. The survey, preceded by a rapid reconnaissance survey of villages across the protected area, was conducted by the Conservation Officer, and Community wildlife watchers team of the SUSG- C Asia and STEP.

1.5 Limitations of the Study 16. A number of factors limited and constrained progress of the ethnobotany study. These had significant effects on the survey schedule as well as quality of data. The survey schedule suffered essentially from: i) limited number of Researchers staff, social mobilization staff, ii) constrained mobility in the field due to inaccessibility in most of the protected area; iii) sparseness of settlements and households spread in a vast area; and iv) nature of occupations of the conservancy inhabitants resulting in their unavailability during most of the survey period.

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2. BASIC INFORMATION ON HOUSEHOLDS AND VILLAGES

2.1 Physical and Climatic Conditions 17. The Torghar Conservancy, abode of the largest chunk of Sulaiman Markhor and Afghan Urial in the world, comprises of Khaisor valley, Tanishpa, Kunder and Torghabarg in Union council Sharan Jogizai, thesil and District Qilla Saifullah Balochistan Province of Pakistan.

18. Torghar forms the northern most part of Toba Kakari Range, a chain of rugged sandstone mountains approximately 300 sq. km. The altitude varies between 2,500 to 3,300 meters. Johnson (1997a). It is bounded on the north by Kunder river valley and on the south by the Khaisore Valley.

19 The community protected area is a tract of huge, precipitous, sandstone and Granite Mountains. Topographically, the area has been divide in to three regions; the mountainous region, sandy soil and flat plains (Plate 1&2) The mountains in the protected area are separated from each other by flat, sandy ‘corridor’-valleys. The southernmost ridge has a north-facing slope that gradually rises to 2,800 m and is dissected by several deeply incised drainages. The south-facing slopes drop precipitously from the crest forming a series of step-like cliffs to the Khaisore Valley. 20. The climate of the conservancy is subject to little bit variations. It is characterized by strong seasonality both in the temperature and precipitation. Summer temperatures are hot, up to 35ºC. Winters are cold, some times as low as -15 ºC, further more there is a strong variation between day and night temperatures (Plate 1 ) . 21. Rainfall is sparse and generally occurs in summer during June through August. Precipitation during the winter mostly occurs as snow. Rainfall is light and variable, with the annual average about 180- 270 mm/yr (Map 4). March and April are the rain Set months, and some summer rain fall is received in July and August.

2.2 Demographic and Social Characteristics 22. Secondary data on number of villages and households, and population of the protected area shows that 256 households with the total population 4000. Mostly, families have permanent houses in the mountains while some family members move around seasonally with their flocks. The largest village is Tanishpa with about 25 households. The average population per household size is 15. 23. The Torghar Hills lie across several traditional migration routes that are followed by the local Torghar herdsmen and other Pathan tribes on their seasonal treks between the Afghan plains, where some of them spend the summer, and the winter grazing in the Torghar Hills and to the south. The numbers of this transhumant are

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estimated to be about 200,000, accompanied by up to 2 million head of livestock. Almost every adult male is armed and they hunt large and small game during their seasonal migrations. The Game Guards of the Community Protected Area effectively control this poaching within the Conservancy area5.

Map 4 Precipitation map of Balochistan 24. In the conservancy, the literacy rate is less the 2% as per TCP 1998 report. The latest data on the area is not available. But it is certain that the literacy rate among men in CPA is very poor, while among women it is almost zero. 25. The household survey found existence of 05 tribes in the area. Among these, principal tribes are Sahaizai (126HH), Shabozai (34 HH), Merozai (34 HH), Khudzai (43 HH) and Hakim Zai (19 HH). In many villages, more than one tribe is present. Inter tribal marriages are common. Inter-tribe feuds are few and far between. The leaders of the tribes are Nawabs who exert considerable influence on the society and in the

5 Torghar Conservation Plan

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protected area. The local people look to them for resolving any dispute and major decision making. 26. The traditional joint family structure is the prevalent pattern in the protected area households. Within the household compound however, nuclear type of housing also emerges based on age and gender considerations. The eldest male member of the household normally takes decisions on important matters. The small villages of the protected area known by the names of these household heads. In the settled villages, houses are made of stone and mud. On the other hand, in the small settlements which shift their location from one season to another, the traditional nomadic black tents of goat hair woven materials ; called Kizdai are still used commonly. For cooking, generally Pistacia, Fraxinus, Carragna leaves and branches are used.

2.3 Income and Poverty Levels

27. Torghar society is marked by extreme poverty. There are almost no sources of permanent or temporary employment in Torghar, apart from the jobs provided by STEP. A little agriculture has been developed at Tanishpa where there is some level (terraced fields) ground and a source of water for irrigation. Crops grown include grains, alfalfa, almonds and apricots. Many wild products (pistachio nuts, wild rhubarb (Rheum sp.) and other edible plants are collected. The wild pistachio tree is a main source of fuel, food and income. Unfortunately the wild pistachio trees are badly damaged by porcupines, (Hystrix indica), whose population has greatly increased since the local extermination of its predator, the leopard (Panthera pardus)

2.6 Livestock Situation

28. Livestock is the mainstay in the household economy of the inhabitants of the area particularly those residing in its interior villages. Households keep five kinds of livestock such as goat, sheep, camel, donkey and few cattle and horses for specifically different purposes. Buffaloes are not kept in the area as they are unsuitable in the prevailing environment. Goats are in highest number in every village, followed by sheep, for their high profitability and convertibility into instant cash. Camels and donkeys are used for carrying people and goods throughout the protected area which is devoid of any road network. Both camels and cattle are used as draught animals, but the cattle having no utility as transport means are more likely to be gradually reduced in number with the increased use of tractors particularly in the relatively accessible areas of the conservancy in the future. However, cows are expected to remain in the household herds as the indispensable source of milk.

2.7 Wildlife Situation

29. Torghar, one of the richest lands of Balochistan in term of its biodiversity of fauna as well known in the past century. Of those, the Sulaiman Markhor (Plate 1.), Afghan Urial, common leopard and Indian wolf are significant. Due to hunting in the past decades before 1980, the common leopard was wiped out from the range. The other important species are; the wolf (Cains lupus), Hyena (Hyena hyena), Red Fox (Vulpes

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vupes), Blandford fox (Vulpes cana), Indian desert Cat (Felis silvestris), Pallas Cat (Felis manual) and stone Morten (Martes Fiona). Some rodents are very important and playing a vital role in maintaining the eco-system and releasing predation pressure from large caprins needed in term of their conservation6.

6 C. M. Shafeeq, Ungulates survey report 2006.

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PLATE 1

Snow Fall glimpse at Torghar

Sulaiman Markhor

Sand dune habitat

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3. Marketing of Medicinal Plants of Torghar 30. Pakistan is one of the top ten medicinal plant exploring countries of the world which an estimated volume of 8,500 tonnes worth $ 6 Million. Pakistan is also one of the leading importers of medicinal plants, spending $130 million annually (Lange, 1998). 31. Pakistan has a wide floral diversity containing about 6,000 taxa. More then 700 plants species are being used as medicinal and aromatic plants (Pei, 1992). 32. About 71 medicinal plants found in the wild in the community protected area. Around 10 plants collected and sold by the plants collectors and dealers Table …. The people have only access to local shop keepers, Mobile shop keepers and Pinsars of Qilla Saifullah. 33. The medicinal plants of Torghar are collected entirely from the wild. There is no tradition of cultivation of medicinal plants due lack of awareness. The collectors get very little remuneration from the sale of medicinal plants which are considered a low-income product. The collectors have a very limited access to the markets of Quetta, Lahore as well as herbal manufacturers. Table: Rates of some important medicinal plants of Torghar Area. S. No. Scientific name Local Name Parts Sell Buyer Price (Rs.)

Fruit Local Shop keepers 20/Kg. 1 Pistacia cabulica Wana

Gum Local Shop keepers 70/ Kg

2 Cramb cordifolia Pashai Leaves Qilla Saifulla Market 6/ Dozen

3 Bunium prsicum Tora Zera Seed Qilla Saifulla Market 170/Kg.

4 Onozma Spp. Larilanag Roots Mobile Shop keepers 60/ Kg

5 Astragalus sp. Miswak Root Local Shop Keepers 1.5/ feet

6 Berberis balochistanica Zarlog Roots Mobile Shop keepers 45/ kg

7 Prunus eburana Zarga Fruit Qilla Saifullah 65/Kg

8 Achillea santolina Zawal Whole plant Qilla Saifullah 40/Kg

9 Ferula Sp. Oshai Zalga Gum Mobile Shopkeeper 400/Kg

34. A large quantity of plants wasted between collection and ultimate customer. The exact wastage is difficult to quantify. No proper methodologies has been applied, e.g. Cramb cardifolia need to reach market in flash and fresh condition almost in between 8 hour after harvesting, while Miswak need the keep in a straight place beneath a heavy stones or items in order to keep it straight, otherwise it loose its 75% price etc. 35. On the other hand the collectors us unsuitable equipments and unsustainable harvesting of medicinal plants. Due to lack of awareness of proper collection of desired plant parts, some collectors harm to the whole plant as well as nearby plants (Plate 2). 36. The inhabitants of Torghar earn a nominal income from wild plants. Annually 500 mond Pisacia's fruit, 10-15 mond gum of Pistacia Sp. 2,00,000 ft of Miswak plants, near about 100 monds of Cumin etc. detail is given in the Figure 1. Sense of awareness, capacity building of local communities regarding wise and sustainable use of natural

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resources and linkages with related pharmaceutical companies is necessary for growth in income of local communities.

Figure: 1 Rates comparison proper and non proper harvesting of plants.

-200000

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000

1600000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Annually income If harvested properlly

4. Plant inventory and Uses 37. Pakistan; with a vast heritage of diverse ethnic groups and rich biodiversity is a great emporium and treasure house of ethno botanical wealth. The herbal remedies are the world’s primary therapeutic arsenal to fight diseases. The medicinal plants have been used since ancient time for the treatment of human ailments. It is reported that more than 150 pure chemical compounds, derived from higher plants, find their place in modern science. In Pakistan; till in 1950s, up to 84% of the total population dependent on traditional medicine for all or most of their medical needs. (Goodman 1992).

38. In Balochistan especially, hilly and remote areas folklore medicine continue to play an important role in the health care system of the population at large. Various tribal and aboriginal populations of Qilla Saifullah District of Balochistan still practice the herbal remedies for treatment of their common disease and disorders. This vast knowledge of tribal people needs to be scrutinized and evaluated pharmacological for the development of herbal medicines based on tribal claims 39. During the survey and studies among the tribal populations of Torghar conservancy, attention was given to document ethno-medicinal plants having potential utilization for the treatment of different diseases by medicine men and healers (Details presented in the Figure 2). The survey and studies were conducted in Torghabarg, Kunder, Tanispa and Khaisore valleys.

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Figure: 2 Percentage of medicinal plants used for various diseases in Torghar.

Fever18%

Narcotic

1%

Eye

3%

Teeth

1%

Chest7%

Liver

1%

Intestine8%

Stomach12%

Bones

1%

Skin3%

Blood3%

Head1%

Poison3%

Tonic

8%

Miscilleneus

27%

Asthama3%

40. The flora of Torghar area is dominated by annual and perennial herbs followed dwarf bushes details in the Figure 3. They grow on the onset of summer on mountain slopes and pastures give a spectacular view of varieties of flowers in the month of April and May. During the rest of the year the plant species remain dormant, most of the plants got medicinal value and these plants are utilized by the local inhabitants of Torghar for human diseases as well as veterinary practices from the very beginning. Figure: 3 Species diversity in Torghar area.

Herbs

63%

Shrubs

30%

Trees

7%

41. In present study about 71 plants species represents the common most conspicuous and most utilized species in Torghar with known uses. This number probably represent the 60- 70% of the all species. Although some species without

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reported use include in this report. It is estimated that the floral diversity of Torghar could be four to five times greater than shown here.

42. The plants of ethno botanical importance were collected and classified on the basis of their utility in the area. Local people including plant collectors and other on the basis of age group were interviewed for ethno botanical information of the area. The timings for field work were selected according to the growth and collection season of the plants. Population size and its distribution, languages, ethnic affiliation, history of settlement, major social groups or classes, productive activities, subsistence crops, migration trends etc. were also explored during the field work.

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PLATE 2

Soil Types in Torghar

Vegetation cover at Torghar Un-sustainable utilization of plants Local recipe of plants use as medicine

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Enumeration 43. In the enumeration plants used by the tribal to cure various diseases and for other purposes have been dealt.

Achillea wilhelmsii Pl. 6 Local name: Zawal (Pashto)

Syn. Name: Achillea santolina Linn. English Name: Devil’s nettle Family: Composite Type: Herb Occurrence: Tanishpa and Torghabarg Flowering Period: Mar-Apr. Parts used: Whole plant

Uses: Decoction is given to children’s for stomachaches. The flowers encourage circulation, lower blood pressure. Mixture with Peppermint used in fever, treating cold, measles. Mixing in whey used for body heat

Allium griffthianum Bioss. Pl. 3 Local Name: Makoka English Name: Onion Family: Alliaceae Type: Herb Flowering period: March-April Occurrence: Common Parts Used: Bulb and leaves Uses: Bulbs are used for indigestion and useful in earache.

Leaves; used as salad, vegetable and appetizer. Alhagi maurorum Pl. 9 Family: Fabaceae English name: Camel thorn Local name: Zoz (Pashtu) Locality: Tanishpa, Torghabarg (Torghar) Flowering period: March-April Uses: Commonly grazed by camel and goat. Flowers are edible Arnebia griffithii Pl. 6 Family: Boraginaceae Local Name: Zar Gulai (Pashtu) Flowering period: March-April Locality: Khaisore(Torghar), Habit: Annual herb Uses: The pretty spotted flowers are fragrant and give an

additional beauty to the area.

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PLATE 3 Sophora mollis Pistacia cabulica Withania coagulans Allium griffithium Artemisia meritima Caragna ambigua

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PLATE 4 Ephedra gerardiana Hertia intermedia Mentha longifolia Peganum hamala

Malva neglecta Nepeta praetervisa

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PLATE 5

Juniperus excelsa

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PLATE 6 Daphne mucronata Vegetation cover in Tanishpa

Achillea wilhelmsii Arnebia griffithii

Tulipa sp. Ferula oopoda

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Artimisia maritima L. Pl. 3 Local Name: Tarkha Spara Botanical Name: Artemisia meritima Syn. Name: A. brevifolia English name: Wormwood Family: Asteraceae Flowering Period; July-August Type: Herb Occurrence: Very Common Parts Used: Leaves, Flower Uses: The whole plant is Antiperidic, apparent, stomachache,

tonic, anathematic. It is used as respiratory and cardiac stimulant. Decoction of leaves used in ague, intermittent and remittent fevers and jaundice.

Astragallus leucocephalus Pl. 9 Local Name: Miswak Botanical Name: Astragalus leucocephalus Family: Papilionaceae Flowering Period; May-June Type: Shrub Occurrence: Common throughout the sand dunes areas Kunder Parts Used: Root Uses: Miswak chewing sticks are prepared from the roots of

plant. They are widely used as traditional oral hygiene tool in several communities.

Berberis balochistanica Pl. 8 Local Name: Zaralg Botanical Name: Berberis balochistanica Family: Berberaceae Flowering Period; July-August Type: Shrub Occurrence: Common throughout the protected area. Parts Used: Root, Branches, and fruit. Uses: Root -used in diarrhea, piles and chest infections, also used

in human and animals cough. Fruit is sure and used as appetizer. Leaves used as fodder of camel and goat. The branches are used as fuel wood and fencing. Considered as checking soil erosion

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Bunium persicum B. Fedtsch Pl. 10 Local Name: Tora Zera Botanical Name: Bunium persicum Synonym: Carum ballocastanum Koch English Name Carum Family: Apaceae Occurrence: Common In Hilly areas. Type: Herb Fl. Period: Mar.-Apr. Parts Used: Fruit Uses: It is used as a condiment and a spice, Carminative,

stomach and stimulant.

Buddleja crispa Bth. Local Name: Sparawangi (Pashto) Botanical Name: Buddleja crispa English Name: Banna Family: Buddlejaceae Flowering Period: Mar- Apr. Type: Herb Occurrence: Common Parts Used: Leaves Uses: Leaves are use for toothache. Decoction of leaves is used in

throat swelling. Used as fodder species. Plant having ornamental value

Calotropis procera (wild.) R.Br. Pl. 11 Local Name: Spalmai (Pashto) Botanical Name: Calotropis procera Family: Asclepiadaceae Eng. Name: Mudak Type: Shrub Fl. Period: Through out the Year

Occurrence: Very common Parts Used: Whole plant USES: Roots and Bark are diaphoretic, Used in dysentery, Paste

from bark used in dog bites. Leaves smoke used for asthma. It is Poisonous too. The plant is an ornamental and Beautify in looking and checking soil erosion

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Caragna ambigua Stocks. Pl. 3 Local Name: Khar Zarga (Pashto) Botanical Name: Caragina ambigua Family: Papilionaceae Type: Shrub Occurrence Common in area Flowering Period: April-June Parts Used: Bark, Stem Uses: Extract (stem &bark) is given to cattle in cough. Used as

fodder and fuel wood, Best source of fencing. Increasing the fertility of area. Considered being useful in checking soil erosion.

Coriandrum sativum L.

Local Name: Dhania (Pashto) Botanical Name: Coriandrum sativum English Name Coriander Family: Apaceae Occurrence: Common In Torghar. Type: Herb Fl. Period: Mar.-Apr. Parts Used: Whole Plant Uses: Carminative, Used in Digestive system disorder

Condiment, flavoring agent, leaves and seed used in Curry and Chutney

Cotoneaster afghanica Klotz. Pl. 11 Local Name: Sharovga Botanical Name: Cotoneaster afghanica Family: Rosaceae Type: Shrub Occurrence: Rare Fl. Period: Mar. Apr. Uses: Fruit used as tonic and edible, used as fodder and fuel

wood. Cramb cordifolia Pl.9 English name: Elephant ear Common name: Rawash Family: Brassicaceae Local name: Pushai (Pashtu), Satrenj (Brahovi) Habit: Herb

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Locality: Hills and foot hills (Torghar) Parts used: Whole plant Use: The plants used as a cure of itch. Roasted leaves (Rai) used

for controlling abdominal heat. Roots and leaves are edible. It has a good socioeconomic value.

Daphne muronata Royle. Pl. 6 Local Name: Laghoni (Pashto) Botanical Name: Daphne mucronata Family: Thymelaeaceae Type: Shrub Occurrence: Common Flowering period: April-September Parts used: Bark, Leaves Uses: Extract of bark used in skin diseases of cattle’s. Leaves are

used as Mosquito repellent. Diplotaxis griffithii Pl. 10 Local name: Thrikh sag (Pashtu) Family: Brassicaceae Type: Herb Occurrence: Khaisore Parts used: Leaves, flowers Flowering period: February- March Uses: Use as vegetable. Flowers are the favorite food of partridges. It is a

fodder species. Ebenus sttelata Pl. 11 Family: Papailonaceae Local name: Sas-sai (Pashtu), Chukipith (Brahovi) Locality: Tanishpa (Torghar) Flowering period: March-May Uses: Used as fodder, fuel wood and fencing, asthetic

Ephedra gerardiana Wall. Ex. Stapf. Pl. 4 Family: Ephedraceae Eng. name: Ephedra/ Ma-haung Vernacular name: Oman (Pashto) Type; Shrub Flowering period: April-June Parts used: Whole plant Occurrence: Common Uses: Extract with addition of sugar used in hard cough. Extract

with addition of raw sugar (Ghur) used in cattle’s cough. Grinded branches in capsulated form with DesiGhee for

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underbody wounds. Insect and cockroaches repellent. Dry branches used in ripening skins of goat and sheep (Mashkeeza) for water. Dense plant, looking beautiful.

Euphorbia osyroidea Pl. 10 Local name: Zhaar botai (Pashtu) Family: Euphorbiaceae Type: Shrub Locality: Tanishpa (Torghar) Flowering period: March –April Uses: Used for livestock allergies. Smoke of leaves-insect

repellent. Non paltable specie.

Eremurus persicus Pl. 11 Local name: Shaiz (Pashtu) Family: Liliaceae Habit: Herb Occurrence: Common in Torghar Flowering period: March-April Uses: Leaves are used as vegetable. The paste of leaves used for

eye ache

Eremurus stenophyllus Pl. 10 Family: Asphodelaceae Local name: Shaiaz (Pashto) Flowering period: February-March Locality: Tanishpa (Torghar) Habit: Herb Uses: Leaves used as vegetable, its flowers attracts pollinator

insects which become pray of the birds. The blooming flowers boost up the beauty of particular habitat.

Ferula oopoda Bios & Buhse. Pl. 6 Family name: Apiaceae Scientific name: Ferula oopoda Vernacular name: Uchnar (Pashto) Type; Herb Flowering period: April-May Parts used: Gum & Leaves Occurrence: Torghabarg Uses: Dried leaves used for adulteration. Gum is very costly sold

in market and source of income. Dried gum spread on Landi (traditional dried meat) forms fungal and bacterial attack

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PLATE 7

Prunus eburnean Fraxinus xanthoxyloides

Pistacia khinjuk

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PLATE 8 Zygophylum sp. Hysocyamus sp.

Foenicum vulgare Lycium sp. Prunus mirocarpa Berberis balochistanica

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Haloxylon sp. Pl. 9 Family: Chenopodiaceae Local Name: Surgul (Pashtu), Pirkai (Brahovi) Flowering period: April-May Habit: Shrub Locality: Lawa (Torghar) Uses: Used as fuel wood, mainly browsed by camels

Heliotropium europaeum Pl. 9 Family Name: Boraginaceae Flowering period: Mar-Apr Local name: Sago (Pashtu), Popat (Brahovi) Locallity: Natu (Torghar) Part used: leaves

Annual herb, branched, branches greyish, green, leaves petiolate, unicostate, reticulate, margin smooth,

Uses: Leaves are boiled in water and used in case of ulcer.

Hertia intermedia Pl. 4 Local Name: Gonga (Pashto) Syn. Name Othonosis intermedia

Family: Asteraceae

Type: Shrub Occurrence: Very Common

Flowering Period: April-May

Parts Used: Leaves

Uses: Used as a cure for headache, boils. Smoke is for cure of pimples. Leaves are used in delivery cases. Poisonous to livestock. Leaves used in shelter making, Fuel wood. Beautiful in looking.

Hyoscyamus sp. Pl. 8 Family Name: Solanaceae Part use: Leaves Local Name: Grsonoi Panrhay (Pashtu) Occurrence: Shin Narai (Torghar) Flowering Period: March- June Habit: Annual herb Uses: Dried leaves powder are smoked for cough and asthma.

Iris songarica Local Name: Badodi(Pashto) Botanical Name: Iris songrica Family: Iridaceae

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Flowering period: April - May Type: Shrub Parts Used: Branches, stem and fruit Occurrence: Common through out area. Uses: Decoction of seeds used in diarrhea and dysentery, Fruit is

edible

Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. Pl. 5

Local Name: Obusht (Pashto) Scientific Name: Juniperus excelsa English Name: Pencil Cedar Family: Cupressaceae Habit: Evergreen Tree Flowering Period: October Occurrence: Common most Through Area Torghar. Uses : Seeds mix with Ephedra, Ghur, Desi Ghee used for

Pneumonia and hard cough. Mentioned mixture in liver diseases. Seeds boil and with the addition of hair oil for earache. Seed directly used for cough. Extract of seeds given to children for stomach disorder. Used as timber, fuel wood, fencing, thatching and use full in soil erosion control.

Lyceum sp. Pl. 8 Family: Solanaceae Local Name: Spaira Zaralog Habit: Shrub Locality: Kunder Flowering Period: March-June Uses: White to light purple flowers increasing the beauty of area.

Branches used as fencing material, and fuel wood

Mentha longifolia Pl. 4 Local Name: Shinshobi (Pashto) Botanical Name: Mentha longifolia Syn. Name: M. sylvestris English Name: Horse mint Family: Lamiaceae Type: Herb Flowering Period: July-August Parts Used: Whole Parts Occurrence: Common Throughout area. Uses : Infusion of plant used as cooling medicine, Antiseptic,

carminative, stimulant. Used in constipation, fever and gastric problems, flavoring agent Aromatic and ornamental value

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Malva neglecta Waller. Pl. 4 Local Name: Karga (Pashto) Botanical Name: Malva neglecta Family: Malvaceae Type: Herb Occurrence: Very Common Flowering period: April-May Parts used: Leaves and flower Uses: Used as vegetable for constipation control. Leaves applied

over inflamed sores and wounds. Fruit is edible. Use as fodder plant and increase the fertility of area

Morus alba Pl. 11 Family: Moraceae Local name: Tooth (Pashtu) English Name: Mulberry Type: Deciduas tree Flowering period: March-April Locality: Tanishpa (Torghar), Kishingi (Noshki) Parts used: Fruit, leaves, Branches and Trunk Uses: The fruit is used both fresh and dry. The extract of black

mulberry is used for cough and throat infection. Baskets are made from flexible branches. Wood is used in furniture making. Leaves are used as fodder species for sheep and goats.

Nepeta praetervisa Rech.f. Pl. 4 Local Name: Chin-chin-bote Botanical Name: Nepeta glomerulosa Family: Lamiaceae Occurrence: Rare Type: Perennial Herb Parts used: Leaves and roots Uses: Roots boil in water and sugar use for pneumonia and chest

aches. Leaves used to clear the veins of chest. Leaves used as green tea. Costly, source of income, fodder. Leaves of the plant are chewed in cold water and used for fever and dysentery

Nerium oleander Soland. Pl. Local Name: Gandairai (Pashto) Syn. Name: N. indicum Mill. Eng. Name: Kanair Family: Apocynaceae Flowering Period: April-October Habit: Evergreen shrub

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Occurrence: Torghabarg

Parts used: Roots

Uses: Roots burn and ashes used as powder for cleaning teeth. Root paste is used in Scorpion sting and Snake bite, bark is used in skin diseases especially in Leprosy, highly poisonous.

Peganum harmala Linn. Pl. 4 Scientific Name: Pegnum Harmala Common Name: Spanda (Pashto) Vernacular Name: Spanda English Name: Syrian rue/ Harmal Flowering Period: March-July Occurrence: Very Common Parts Used: Seed and Leaves Uses: Seed smoke used for toothache. Fried seed used for gas

troubles. Medicinal alkaloid “ Harmaleen” obtained from plant. Source of income, insect repellant, greenery to area.

Pistacia khinjuk Stocks. Pl. 7 Local Name: Uzgai(Pashto) Botanical Name: Pistacia khinjuk Eng. Name: Wild pistacia Family: Anacardiaceae Fl. Period: March-April Type: Tree Occurrence: Common Parts Used: Fruit (Nuts), Gum, Leaves and Trunk Uses: Nuts use as tonic and nutritious. Oil obtained from fresh

nuts and used for intestinal pain. Grind nuts boil in water and use as curry. Nuts used as time pass and having good taste. Gum obtained from thin branch use as chengum. Gum grind and mix with collyrium for eye pain. Smoke of Gum burning used for eye pain. Good source of income, Leaves are used as fodder.

Prunus eburana Pl. 7 Family: Rosaceae Local name: Zarga (Pashtu) Karoskai (Brahovi) Locality: Tanishpa (Torghar) Habit: Shrub Flowering period: March-April) Uses: Used as fodder, gum obtained from the plant used for cure

of spinal card and bones weakness. Seed and gum having economic value. It also use as fuel wood and fence in area.

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PLATE 9

Zygophylum simplex Heliotropium europaeum Haloxilon sp. Tamarix aphylla Alhagi mauroum Cramb cadifolia

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PLATE 10

Bunium persicum Senecio desfontanei

Rheum sp. Euphorbia osyroidea Diplotaxis griffithii Eremurus stenophyllus

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PLATE 11

Calotropis procera Morus alba

Ebenus sttelata Cotoneaster afghanica

Astragalus leucocephalus Eremurus persicus

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Prunus mirocarpa Pl. 8 Family: Rosaceae Local Name: Nangah(Pashtu) Habit: Shrub Locality: Natu, Obashtai (Torghar) Flowering period: April-May Uses: Fruit is appetizer, branches used as fencing. It is fodder sp.

preferable by goats and camels.

Rheum sp. Pl. 10 Family: Poligonaceae Local name: Sakhar-yaie Common name: Gawozaban Locality: Tanishpa, Khaisoe and Torghabarg (Torghar) Flowering period: June-August Uses: 10-40cm broad leaves, Root of the plant have economic

value. Stalks (Narlai) used as vegetable. It is camel’s favorite fodder.

Rosa lacerans L. Pl. Local Name: Suria (Pashto) Botanical Name: Rosa lacerans

Family: Rosaceae

Occurrence: Common

Type: Shrub Flowering Period: May-Jun Uses: The plant is carminative. Fruit boil and use as tonic. Source

of fuel wood, branches used for fencing, fodder species. Beautiful flowers multiply the beauty of area

Senecio desfontanei Pl. 10 Family: Compositae Local name: Zharh Zarhai (Pashtu) Type: Herb Flowering period: March-April Locality: Khaisore (Torghar) Uses: Used as fodder species. The plant have aesthetic value

Sophora mollis Pl. 3

Local Name: Ghuzaira (Pashto)

Botanical name: Sophora mollis Family: Papilinaceae Fl. Period: Mar-Apr Occurrence: Common

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Type: Shrub Uses: Roots burn used for Gums diseases, Branches used in

Shelter making, Plant used as fuel wood, increasing fertility of area. Pods are favorite hay of donkey.

Tamarix aphylla Pl. 9 Family: Tamaricaceae Local Name: Ghaz (Pashtu), Gazz (Barahovi - Balochi) Locality: Common in conservancy Flowering period: February-August Parts used: Branches Uses: Evergreen tree increase the fertility of area. Branches of

plant used in shelter making also used as fuel wood. Thymus linearis Benth. Local Name: Tora Morai (Pashto) Botanical Name: Thymus linearis Syn. Name: T. serphyllum L. English Name: Wild thyme Family: Lamiaceae (Labiatae) Type: Herb Occurrence: Rare Flowering Period: Jun-Aug Parts Used: Whole Plant Uses: Fruit of plant is used for colds, coughs, digestive troubles.

Carminative, used in week vision. Extract is used in pain of kidneys. Leaves used as green tea. Infusion is used in skin diseases.

Tulipa Sp. Pl. 6 Family: Lillaceae Local name: Khatole Habit: Herb Part used: Tuber, flower Locality: Tanishpa, Torghabarg and Khaisore Uses: It is an ornamental plant, tuber is edible

Withania coagulans Dunal Pl. 3 Local Name: Khamazora (Pashto) Botanical Name: Withania coagulans English Name: Askan Family: Solanaceae Flowering Period: Through out the year Type: Shrub Occurrence: Very Common Parts Used: Fruit, leaves and root

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Uses: Infusion used in abdominal pain, and for cooling purposes. Leaves, fruit and root grind and applied over fire burn parts of body. Infusion of plant used for take a bath for cooling. Spray of infusion is insect repellent.

Zygphylum sp. Pl. 8 Local Name: Gharawangi (Pashtu) Family: Zygophylliaceae Occurrence : Kunder (Torghar) Habit: Shrub Flowering Period: March- April Uses: The plant used as fodder , fuel wood. The plant play an

important role in sand dunes stabilization in Kunder area.

Zygophylum simplex Pl. 9 Family: Zygophyllaceae Local name: Sukrondai (pashtu) Locality: Kunder Habit: Succulent herb Uses: infusion of leaves applied to eye in ophthalmia and

leucoma. Use as fodder species.

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Check list of Medicinal Plants of Torghar

S.# Scientific name Local name

(Pashtu) Family Type Uses

1 Achillea santolina Linn. Zawal Astraceae Herb Cure for fever, stomachic, abdominal pain

cooling medicine

2 Alhagi maurorum Zoz Fabaceae Herb Flowers edible, fodder specie

3 Allium griffithianum Bioss. Makoka Alliaceae Herb Indigestion, eaten raw as salad.

4 Amaranthus spinosus Skhin- a-pnrhi Amaranthaceae Herb Used as vegetable

5 Arnebia griffithii Zair Gullai Boraginaceae Herb Aesthetic, Fragrant

6 Artemisia meritima Tarkha spaira Astraceae Herb Antiperiodic, aperient, tonic, respiratory and

cardiac stimulant.

7 Artemisia stenocephala

Krasch ex Poljakove

Turkha Astraceae Herb Anthelmintic, stomachic, carminative, malaria

fever.

8 Astragalus leucocephalus Miswak Papilionaceae Shrub Oral hygiene, marketing value

9 Berberis balochistanica

Ahrendt.

Zarlog Berberaceae Shrub Chest infection, human cough, animal cough,

body pain.

10 Berberis calliobotry Aitch.

Ex Koehne

KharZarolg Berberaceae Shrub Jaundice

11 Buddleja crispa Bth. Sparawangi Buddlegaceae Herb Tooth ache, throat swelling

12 Bunium persicum (Boiss)

Fedtsch

Tora zera Apaceae Herb Carminative, condiments

13 Bupleurum grcillimum k I. Gara Zera Umbelliferae Herb Used as condiments, spice

14 Calotropis procera Spalmai Asclepiadaceae Shrub diaphoretic, expectorant, emetic, used in dysentery

15 Capparis spinosa L Kumarah Capparaceae Herb Tooth ache, rheumatism

16 Caragna ambigua Stocks. Makhai Papilionaceae Shrub Internal injury of goat and sheep

17 Cerasus rechingerii

Browicz.

Darmundi Herb Tonic, fruits are edible

18 Coriandrum sativum L. Dhania Apaceae Herb Carminative

19 Cotoneaster afghanica

Klotz.

Sharovga Rosaceae Shrub Tonic, fruits are edible

20 Cotoneaster vulgaris Sara Sharovga Rosaceae Shrub Fruit is edible

21 Crambe cordifolia Pashai Cruciferae Herb Edible leaves, used for digestion regulatory

22 Daphne mucronata Royle. Laghoni Thymelaceae Shrub Tooth ache, wounds of live stock

23 Descurania sophia (L)

Webb. & Benth.

Khakshir Brassicaceae Herb Abdominal pain of children

24 Diplotaxis griffithii Thrikh sag Brassicaceae Herb Vegetable, fodder

25 Ebenus sttelata Sassai Papalionaceae Shrub Fodder, Ornamental

26 Ephedra prcera Fisch &

Mey

Nari oman Ephedraceae Shrub Cough asthma , chest infections.

27 Ephedra gerardiana

Wall. Ex Stapf.

Nari oman Ephedraceae Shrub Cough asthma , chest infections.

28 Ephedra intermedia

Schhrenk & Meyer

Parar oman Ephedraceae Shrub Cough asthma , chest infections.

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29 Eremerus stenophyllus

(Boiss. & Buhse) Baker.

Shazi Liliaceae Perennia

l herb

Rheumatism, used as vegetable

30 Eremurus persicus Shaiz Lillaceae Herb Aesthetic, vegetable

31 Euphorbia osyroidea Zahar butai Euphorbiaceae Shrub Livestock allergies, insect repellent

32 Ferula oopoda (Boiss. &

Buhse.) Boiss.

Uchnar Umbelliferae Perennia

l herb

Rheumatism, condiments

33 Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Khuza walanea Apaceae/umbellifer

ae

Herb Carminative, fever, stomachic, abdominal pain

of children

34 Fraxinus xanthoxyloides Shang Oleaceae Tree Fodder, fuel wood, tools of Agriculture

35 Halixilon recuroum Sargul gai Chenopodiaceae Herb Used in color making, fodder plant

36 Helotropium europaeum Sago Boraganaceae Herb Vegetable, fodder

37 Hertia intermedia (Boiss.)

O. Ktze

Gangu Astraceae Shrub Headache, analgesic

38 Hymen ocrater sessilifolius

Bth.

Spina sursada Limiaceae Herb Cooling medicine, carminative

39 Hysocyamus sp. Gharson-Rhanai pana Solanaceae Herb Cough asthma

40 Iris songaric Schrenk. Badodi Iridaceae Herb Diarrhea, dysentery, seeds are edible

41 Juniperus excellsa M. Bieb. Obshat Cupressaceae Tree Cure for cold, fever, chest infection

42 Licum sp. Spaira Zarlog Solanaceae Shrub Fencing, fuel wood, fodder

43 Malva neglecta Wallr. Pato kukurae Malvaceae Herb Cooling medicine, indigestion, diarrhea

44 Mentha longifolia (L.) L. Wailanay Lamaceae Herb Constipation, stomach pain, gas, malaria,

typhoid, carminative.

45 Morus alba Tut Moraceae Tree Cough, fodder, pillar

46 Nasturtium officinale R.Br. Tarmirah Brassicaceae Herb Tonic, rheumatism

47 Neium oleander Gandalai Apopinaceae Shrub Roots-powerful resolvent, attenuate, skin

diseases.

48 Nepeta praetervisa Rech. f. Chin chin Boti Lamiaceae Herb Pneumonia fever, used as tea

49 Peganum harmala L. Spanda Rutaceae Herb Snake bite, toothache, stomachic

50 Pistacia atlantica Desf. Badawan Shrub Antiseptic, diarrhea, fruit are used as

nutrition.

51 Pistacia khinjuk Stocks. Uzghai Anacardaceae Tree Tonic, fruit used for nutrition.

52 Plantago lanceolata L. Isphaghol Plantagnaceae Annual

herb

Purgative, abdominal pain

53 Platytaenia multicaule

E.Nasir.

Kumala Herb Carminative condiments

54 Portulaca oleraceae L. Sakan Portulaca ceae Herb Tonic, cooked as vegetable, cooling medicine

55 Prunus eburnea. Aitch. &

Hensl.

Zarga Rosaceae Shrub Chest infection, fodder

56 Prunus micro carpa Nangan Rosaceae Shrub Appetizer, fodder, fencing

57 Rheum sp. Sakharyai Poligonaceae Herb Economic value, bone cure, vegetable, fodder

58 Rosa lacerans L. Suria Rosaceae Shrub Carminative, tonic ,fruit are edible

59 Salvia cbulica Bth. Karpola Lamiaceae Herb Cold, fever, lung diseases, and skin diseases

60 Salvia boucheria M. Pop. Sursanda Lamiaceae Herb Constipation. Cooling medicine, malaria

61 Senecio desfontanei Zharh Zharhai Compositae Herb Ornamental, fodder

62 Sophora mollis (Royle)

Baker.

Ghuzaira Paplinaceae Shrub Headache, antiseptic

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63 Tamerix aphylla (L). Karst Ghaz Tamaricaceae Tree Timber, fuel wood

64 Teucrium stocksainum

Boiss.

Karpola Lamiaceae Herb Malaria, typhoid, heart diseases

65 Thymus linearis Bth. Tora mori Herb Chest infections, cold, fever, stomachic.

66 Tribulus terrestris L. Kandi Zygophyllaceae Herb Tonic, cooling medicine

67 Withania coagulans Khamazori Solanaceae Shrub Cooling medicines

68 Ziziphora clinopodioides

Lam.

Spina mori Lamiaceae Herb Cold, swelling of body, typhoid

69 Z. tenuir L. Mouri Lamiaceae Herb Fever, carminative

70 Zygophyllum simplex Sukrondai Zygophyllaceae Herb applied to eye in ophthalmia, fodder

71 Zygophyllum sp. . Ghrha-wangai Zygophyllaceae Shrub Fodder, fuel wood

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Glossary

Antiseptic Substance that destroy the growth of micro organisms

Aromatic Fragrant or sweet scented

Asthma Difficulty in breathing

Carminative Drug to aid digestion and relieve flatulence

Colic Abdominal/ intestinal pain

Condiment Flavoring agent used in foods

Constipation Difficulty in passing stool

Cough Expulsion of air from lungs marked by sudden noise

Decoction An extract obtained by boiling

Diabetes A chronic disease characterized by excessive sugar in the blood

Landi Traditional dried meat

Laxative A mild aperient

Mashkeza Water fetching item made from goat or sheep skin

Narcotic Drug that relieves pain

Repellent Causing distaste , repulsive

Stimulant Drug that rouses or increase action

Stomachic Substance that increases appetite.

Tonic A drug which gives vigor to the system

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REFRENCES

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Holocene ethnobotanical and paleoecological record of human impact on vegetation in the Little Tennessee river Valley, Tennessee, USA. Quaternary research (NewYork) 25 (3): 330

Hamayun, M., A, Khan and M. A. Khan. 2003. Common medicinal folk recipes of

District Buner, NWFP, Pakistan. Journal of ethnobotanical leaflets, SIUC, USA.

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Annexure 1 Interviews Conducted from the local people during

Ethnobotanical Survey.

S. No. Name Location Profession

1 Abdul Satar Salwata Game Guard

2 Agha Mohammad Tanishpa Game Guard

3 Akhtar Mohammad Khaisore Nomade

4 Daroo Khan Khaisore Mobile Shopkeeper/ G G

5 Gul Khan Kunder Ahmed Khel Game Guard

6 Gul Rang Khaisore Game Guard

7 Haji Gul Kunder Arab khel Sheep herder

8 Jalal Khan Obashtai Game Guard

9 Kareem Dad Natu Game Guard

10 Mella Kunder Hazar khel Plant Seller/ Game Gaurd

11 Mohammad Afzal Tanishpa Game Guard

12 Mohammad Essa Tanishpa Shop Keeper

13 Musa Kaleem Tanishpa Plants Seller

14 Qadar Aqa Torghabarg Local elder

15 Safar Khan Torghabarg Game Guard

16 Salam Khan Loi Hahal Kunder Nomad

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Annexure 2 Floristic list of Torghar Area S. No. Scientific Name Local Name Family Habit Locality

1 Achellia santolina Zawal Asteraceae Herb Tanishpa

2 Adonis aestivalis Zarh Gulai Ranunculaceae Herb Khaisore, Tanishpa

3 Allium griffithanum Khokhai Lillaceae Herb Tanishpa, Torghabarg,

Khaisore

4 Arenaria griffithii Spain gullai Polygonaceae Herb Khaisore

5 Artimesia martima Tarkha Asteraceae Herb Tanishpa, Torghabarg

6 Astragalus psilocentros Khar zarga Papillionaceae Shrub Tanishpa, Torghabarg

7 A. anisacanthus Kanda zara Papillionaceae Shrub Tanishpa, Torghabarg

8 A. stocksii Zarai Papillionaceae Shrub Tanishpa, torghabarg

9 B. calliobtrys Zarloga Berbeidaceae Shrub Tanishpa

10 Berberis balochistanica Zarloga Berbeidaceae Shrub Torghabarg

11 Bunium persicum Tora zera Umbelliferae Herb Khaisore, Tanishpa,

Torghabarg

12 C. vulgaris Sharove Rosaceae Shrub Tanishpa Torghabarg

13 Calligonum poligonides Polygonaceae Shrub Kunder

14 Callotropis procera Spalmai Asclipiadaceae Shrub Khaisore

15 Caragna ambigua Makkai/

Kharzarga

Papilionaceae Shrub Throughout the protected

area

16 Cardia chalepense Buskai Crucifereae Herb Tanishpa

17 Cerafus rechimgeri Anangan Rosaceae Shrub Tanishpa

18 Cistanche tubulosa Kharghanai Orobanchaceae Herb Kunder

19 Cotoneaster afghanica Tora Sharove Rosaceae Shrub Tanishpa,

20 Cousinea prolifera Zhara Gazara Compositeae Herb Tanishpa, Torghabarg,

Khaisore

21 Cousinea thomosonii Gazara Compositeae Herb Tanishpa, Torghabarg,

Khaisore

22 Crambe cordifolia Pushai Crucifereae Herb Tanishpa, Torghabarg

23 Daphne mucronata Laghonai Thymelaceae Shrub Torghabarg, Tanishpa

24 Diplotaxis griffithii Brassicaceae herb Khaisore

25 E. persicus Shaiz Alliaceae Herb Tanishpa, Khaisore,

Torghabarg

26 Echinops cornigerus Lawanai

sandarshai

Compositeae Herb Tanishpa, Torghabarg,

Khaisore

27 Eleagnus angustifolia Sinzlai Elaeagnaceae Tree Tanishpa

28 Erbenus stellata Sasai Papillionaceae Shrub Tanispa, Kunder

29 Eremostachys vicaryi Khushbainrhi Labiateae Herb Tanishpa

30 Eremurus stenophyllus Shaiz Alliaceae Herb Tanishpa, Khaisore,

Torghabarg

31 Eryngium

biebersteinianum

Khar Aghazai Umbelliferae shrub Kunder

32 Francoueria undulata Fumariaceae Herb Kunder

33 Fraxinus

xanythoxyloides

Shang Oleaceae Tree Tanishpa, Torghbarag

34 Gaillonia macrantha Kharbutai Rubiaceae Herb Tanishpa, Torghabarg,

Khaisore

35 Halixilon persicum Shorai Shrub Kunder

36 Hertia intermedia Gango Compositae Shrub Tanishpa

37 Hysocyamus insanus Loi Panra Saolanaceae Herb Kunder

38 Inula grantioides Zerh Gulai Compositae Herb Kunder

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39 Juniperus excelsa Obushata Cuppersaceae Tree Tanishpa, Torghabarg

40 Launaeae procunbens Sandraza Compositae Herb Kunder

41 Lonicera hypoleuca Spaira kunai Shrub Tanishpa

42 Malva neglecta Badodai Malvaceae Herb Khaisore

43 Melica cupani Lawanai Buti Gramineae Herb Tanishpa, Khaisore,

Torghabarg

44 Mentha langofolia Shinshobai Asteraceae Herb Tanishpa, Torghabarg

45 Nepetan glomerulusa Shin shin buti Labiateae Herb Tanishpa, Torghabarg

46 Nerium oliender Gandailai Apocynaceae Shrub Kunder

47 Onobrychus

tavernierifolia

Shingulai Orobanchaceae Herb Kunder

48 Orobanche cernua Kharghanai orobanchaceae Herb Kunder

49 P. cabulica Uzgai Anacardiace Tree Throughout the protected

area

50 P. eburna Zarga Rosaceae Shrub Tanishpa Torghabarg

51 p. pavoninum Surgulai Papaveraceae Herb Torghabarg

52 Papaver dubium Sasai, Koknar Papavaraceae Herb Tanishpa, Khaisore

53 Peganum hermala Spanada Zygopyllaceae Herb In all areas of Torghar

54 Pistacia khinjuk Wana Anacardiaceae Tree Throughout the protected

area

55 Prunus amygidalus Badam Rosaceae Tree Tanishpa

56 Pteropyrum olivari Krawan

karsgka

Shrub Tanishpa, Torghabarg

57 R. hybrida Zarrh gulai Papaveracea Herb Torghabarg

58 Recemeria refracta Papaveracea Herb Torghabarg

59 Rhamus persica Sharvanga Rhamnaceae Shrub Tanishpa, Torghabarga

60 Rosa lacerans Saria Rosaceae Shrub Tanishpa

61 Salvia spinosa Spara pongai Labiateae Herb Tanishpa, Khaisore

62 Silybum marianum Gazara Compositeae Herb Tanishpa, Torghabarg,

Khaisore

63 Sonchus asper Spain Gulai

Lowarm

Compositeae Herb Tanishpa, Torghabarg,

Khaisore

64 Sophora mollis Ghuzaira Legumanaceae Shrub Throughout the protected

area

65 Stockia bruchica Angai Saepindaceae Shrub Tanishpa, Torghabarg

66 Tameix aritculata Tamaricaceae Shrub Torghabr, Kunder

67 Tamerix oxyphylla Shin Aghzai Tamaricaceae Tree Tanishpa, Torghabarg

68 Taraxacum officinales Sandraza Compositae Herb Tanishpa

69 Taverniera spartea Lowaram Papillionaceae Herb Tanishpa, Khaisore,

Kunder

70 Tribulus terristress Zygophyllaceae Herb Kunder

71 Tulipa lehmanniana Khatool Lillaceae Herb Tanishpa, Torghabarg,

Khaisore

72 Withenia coagualanse Khamazora Solanaceae Shrub Kunder, Tanishpa

73 Zygophyllum

propinquum

Gharawanga Zygophyllaceae Shrub Kunder

74 Ghash

Chichundai

Gramineae Herb Tanishpa

75 Khalai gul Boraginaceae Herb Tanishpa

76 Kakai Herb Tanishpa, Khaisore,

Torghabarg

77 Angai ( Red air

pods)

Shrub Tanishpa, Kunder

78 Spin gulai Labiateae Herb Tanishpa, Khaisore

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79 Shin gulai Boraginaceae Herb Tanishpa, Torghjabarg

qila saifullah

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