qarl news

QARL NEWS - Official news Letter of the Quilon Amateur Radio League,Kollam 1

QARL NEWSThe Official Newsletter of the Quilon

Amateur Radio League,Post Box No 335,Kollam-8

Ham Fair 2015Special

In memory of a faithful friend and companion

VU2VIT

EDITORs column

I am so happy to work with the special issue of QARL

news, the official news letter of the Quilon Amateur

Radio League, which is being issued on the occasion of

the Ham Fair 2015.

Thanks are extended to our friends, who have

contributed articles and compliments to this issue of our

newsletter.

Care is taken to publish all the articles with least errors.

Have a memorable eyeball QSO at Hamfair 2015 and

Happy Homebrewing

Thanks and 73

Nishanth A.K., VU3MOE

Editors column 1

Presidents Message 2

Secretary writes 3

QARL NEWS 4

Radio, Software Defined

Radios and PCs 5

My sincere and hearty... 8

Mor-Gain antenna 10

HAM RADIOstamps 11

Bhopal Gas Tragedy 14

Bargraph / LED VU meter 18

Selecting a Transistor for Tx Design 20

Why HAM Radio..... 21

Gallery 23

BC Dxers 26

VU2GIP

CONTENTS

QARL NEWS - Official news Letter of the Quilon Amateur Radio League,Kollam2

Fellow hams!

Greeting from your president!

Today I complete thirty four years in the ham movements. This is also the exact age of the

Quilon Amateur Radio League. I am happy to state that I am one of the four surviving founder

members of the club. We started in a very small way, with half a dozen members, only one of

whom had a ham licence. Today we have become a huge and powerful organization ever at the

service of the nation in the area of disaster management.

Age has finally caught of with me and today I lay down office as president. I leave with

your kind permission and I leave with a sense of perfect satisfaction and complete fulfillment.

First of all we were able to bring hundreds of men and women in to the ham radio field and help

them secure ham licence. We have been conducting for the last nineteen years the Kerala V.H.F

for hunt. We have been regularly celebrating Hamfair to mark he World Amateur Radio Day. We

have hosted Hamfest - the All India Ham Festival. We have organized workshops and seminars on

regular basis. We have made a remarkable contribution in the area of disaster management.

I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to my fellow hams for the love and support

I have received from them. It is precisely because of this, that I have completed twenty five years

as president. Men may come and men may go but the ham movement will go on for ever. I hope

and pray that the Quilon Amateur Radio League will go from strength to strength. As I bid farewell

to you I wish you all the best.

PRESIDENTS MESSAGE

VU2KGN


SECRETARY'S REPORT

Dear members,

Welcome to the month of May, this year IARU celebrating 90th world amateur radio day on 18th,as usual we Quilon amateur radio league (QARL) also celebrating with a grant get together ofhams named as HAM FAIR.

We conducted a contest on March 14th & 15th, and more hams actively participated on 80, 40&20 mtr bands. A VHF fox hunt was also held at Alappuzha on 12th April, Ham radio club" SPARES"Alappuzha hosted the fox hunt. I congratulate all the club officials and members of SPARES fortheir interest.

This is the second attempt of this general body to undertake such type of event .The activities ofthe club to the large extend are dependent on the dedication and hard work of our office bearers.We are fortunate to enjoy the benefit in the quality and loyalty of our executive committeemembers, especially our president VU2KGN, He allowed his resort free of cost to all our clubactivates.

Ham population has doubled after 2005, but very sad to say that most of them are notactive on air. We need to make a study regarding this. Ham radio clubs in different part of thecountry do some effort to boost up the activity. Now a day's many low cost, homemade transceiversare coming out from few home brewers. , I myself and on behalf of QARL, appreciate them fordeveloping the same and their effort. Through ham fair exhibition stalls they can introduce theirequipment to the new comers. QARL provides stall space for exhibitors free of cost.

I hope the activities of Kollam club will enhance at least a small percentage of live(active) hams incoming months.

19th all keralaVHF FOX HUNT

1st Place Winners

VU3VIO VISHNU&

VU3ZAG SOORAJ


QARL NEWSLast year Quilon Amateur Radio

League organized work shop, New Year

calibration, field days, demonstrations at

different engineering colleges, conducted

ASOC examination periodically monthly

meetings awareness classes etc . Many

new SWLs obtained their ham licenses

during this period, and are active on air

through.

Regular net on 7.085 Mhz (HF) in

the morning between 8:00 hrs and 8.30 hrs

named lake city and 145.500 (VHF) at

9:15 PM as lake city vhf evening net are

familiar and a very good number of hams

are checking for the nets regularly ,most

of the controllers are from QARL and both

nets are very active . Many hams are

coming forward to be the net controllers

now a days, this is the best way to co-

ordinate hams far better than the activity

of a club. We congratulate all net controllers

for spending their valuable time for taking

up the nets. The following hams are much

active for controlling lake city net than

other nets, VU2HSM, VU2SYT, VU2RDL, VU2KNT,

VU2NSL, VU3PMY, VU2ACC, VU2PLL, VU3RGB,

VU2VID, VU2DIC, VU2XPZ, VU2MSA, VU2PAL

and many. Other nets , like Charminar net

7.0800 MHZ, Belguam net on 7.050 and

7.12345 Mhz are also active in morning

time and garden city net is at 9,00pm to

9.30 on 7.085 khz and 80 mtr net at 9.30

pm through 3.6000 mhz is also in regular

manner.

Recently started a net in 14.210 mhz from

north India at night 8.00pm onwards all

are invited to join this net too .All the nets

are well known and interesting useful for

exchanging report and study for

propagation condition.

The aim of our club is to boost home

brewing activity, hence we are more liable

to conduct work shop in assembling

transceivers, SWR meters, Antennas etc. We

are planning to conduct an assembling

work shop for SDR transceiver which are

very cheap and features much higher when

compared with commercial transceiver, also

can monitor through a computer. Signal

processing work of the transceiver is to be

done at the microprocessor of the

computer hence the audio quality is also

far better. So new generation hams are

concentrating on this type of transceivers.

The CSD repeater is now working

with low power because of the trouble in

the unit. As part of up gradation of the

repeater we have ordered a new

commercial duplexer and will be active

very soon.

We have a web site for updating

all the club activities, also facility to express

your opinions are also available in our

website, your opinions are welcome and

are helpful to enhance and correct our

further activities , so please visit our website

www.vu2qar.com frequently.

VU2RDL.

11111ststststst place VU3SIO place VU3SIO place VU3SIO place VU3SIO place VU3SIO22222ndndndndnd place VU3DMT place VU3DMT place VU3DMT place VU3DMT place VU3DMT33333rdrdrdrdrd place VU3YFD place VU3YFD place VU3YFD place VU3YFD place VU3YFD

LAKE CITY CONTEST RESULT 19th All Kerala vhf fox hunt result11111ststststst . T . T . T . T . Team no14 VU3VIO Vishnu and VU2ZAeam no14 VU3VIO Vishnu and VU2ZAeam no14 VU3VIO Vishnu and VU2ZAeam no14 VU3VIO Vishnu and VU2ZAeam no14 VU3VIO Vishnu and VU2ZAG SoorG SoorG SoorG SoorG Soorajajajajaj22222ndndndndnd ..T ..T ..T ..T ..Team no 6 vu3KVV Keam no 6 vu3KVV Keam no 6 vu3KVV Keam no 6 vu3KVV Keam no 6 vu3KVV Kunjumon &vu3DMTunjumon &vu3DMTunjumon &vu3DMTunjumon &vu3DMTunjumon &vu3DMT33333rrrrrddddd..T..T..T..T..Team no 9 vu2AJF Ajaeam no 9 vu2AJF Ajaeam no 9 vu2AJF Ajaeam no 9 vu2AJF Ajaeam no 9 vu2AJF Ajayyyyyan &vu3Lan &vu3Lan &vu3Lan &vu3Lan &vu3LWWWWWS LS LS LS LS Looooowrwrwrwrwramamamamam

Ion behalf QARL I congratulate all the winners as well as participantsIon behalf QARL I congratulate all the winners as well as participantsIon behalf QARL I congratulate all the winners as well as participantsIon behalf QARL I congratulate all the winners as well as participantsIon behalf QARL I congratulate all the winners as well as participants


Radio, Software Defined Radios and PCsRadio, Software Defined Radios and PCsRadio, Software Defined Radios and PCsRadio, Software Defined Radios and PCsRadio, Software Defined Radios and PCs - vu2ghb - vu2ghb - vu2ghb - vu2ghb - vu2ghbLike it or not software is enhancing our everydaylife from traffic lights to under the hood of thecar you drive to the everyday appliances that oneuse at home, not to mention the mobile phoneswhich provide you the unlimited connectivity.

With that happening in our daily life, radios thatwe use is no exception, starting from the oldergeneration radios (commercial and homebrewed)they all had micro controllers controlling the PLLand the other housekeeping like SWR display andinbuilt antenna tuners.

As processing power is becoming moreaccessible, the shift is happening in way in whichthe SSB signal is generated and demodulated. (forthat matter AM/FM is possible once you have Iand Q ). Transceivers of today use some form ofsignal processing either an IF-DSP or an AF-DSPprocessing to enhance the signal quality.

Before we get into details lets first understandmethods used for SSB modulation anddemodulation.

The most common method is the filter method,where in with a balanced modulator a doublesideband with suppressed carrier is generatedand then using a crystal filter the unwantedsideband is attenuated generating the neededsideband.

Most of the transceivers we see today follow thismethod, Yaesu , Kenwood and Icom radios andvarious flavors of homebrew designs found in

Block Diagram of a typical SSB transmitter

India using either BEL 9Mhz filter or ladder filterscomes under this category.

Phasing SSB Generation

Even before the crystals and crystal filters becameavailable there were other methods with whichSSB signals were generated, Barker andWilliamsons transmitter is an example of such aSSB transmitter which used a phasing type SSB

signal generation where the SSB signal isgenerated at the operating frequency itself.

The Phasing SSB transmitter the AF signal and theRF (oscillator) is phase shifted and then mixed,producing sidebands, when these sidebands areadded together finally the ones in-phase will addand one which is out of phase will subtract orcancel each other generating only one sideband.

Its important to note that the SSB signal could beeither generated at the operating frequencyitself, or at an intermediate frequency and laterup converted to working frequency.

Generating a phase shift (wide range a minimumof 300 Hz-3 KHz) at audio frequency could be donewith networks comprising resistors and capacitorsand for RF or carrier frequency L and C networkswere used to realize the phase shifts. Anothercommon method used is to have signal dividedby a flipflop and generating signals with phaseshift.

Early amateur radio transmitters used thesenetworks to generate SSB signals, interestinglyVU2VWN designed a phasing SSB transmitterwhich was published in the 80s KARL news letterused similar technique. The design used thenavailable BFW10 fets , RC and LC networks togenerate SSB signals, my efforts to build that inthe 90s resulted in insufficient sidebandsuppression.

The trouble with such designs is the need forprecision (1% or better) resistors and capacitorswith good thermal stability.

Phasing SSB generation did not get into the mainstream, reasons could be the complexity of thecircuits and the need for precision networks whichdoes the phase shift of audio and RF signals.Unwanted sideband attenuation is dependent on

Block Diagram of Phasing SSB transmitter


the phase accuracy and these were decided by thenetworks which generated the phasing signals.

Today with new age components (SMD andprecision 0.5% capacitors and resistors) making aSSB phasing transceiver is definitely possible;JUMA-2 (1) is an example of that.

It is unclear to me as of why and when thetransition happened from the phasing designs tocrystals filter based designs. The following couldbe one of the reasons why this would havehappened,

For building a crystal filter based design you needmultiple crystals and that too with few Khzseparation based on what they are being used fora lattice filter or ladder filter or a LSB/USB carrieroscillator. Comparing the size of the crystals thatyou see today to one shown below one canimagine this could be one of the reasons as form

process can be done in software not needing anyhardware components. The typical applicationeither the phase shifted audio signals is generatedby the processor and converted back to analog andwith the left and right audio channels.

In other designs the, RF signal is down convertedto a lower IF (say 15Khz) this IF signal is fed to thecodec and then all the demodulation is done bythe processor and audio is given out. Similarly micinput is taken in and a SSB signal at 15Khz is givenout for further up conversion.

The signals can be processed by a processor whenit s represented as a number or a digitalrepresentation/quantity, the analog signal is fedto an analog to digital converter which convertsthe signal to an equivalent number which couldbe understood by the processor ( a dedicated DSPchip or the PC).

All the processing , the process of mixing the signalwith a carrier and filtering the signals to giveneeded bandwidth is done by the processor andthen comes up with a number which is theequivalent of the processed signal. This digitalrepresentation is converted back to analog world;we use the digital to analog converter to convertthe number to an analog voltage.

An ADC is used to convert the analog values todigital and DAC is used to convert digital values toequivalent analog voltage, a chip which containsboth (mostly two channels one for left and onefor right ) is called a codec(2), classic example ofsuch an application is the sound card found in yourPC.

Why is the PC there with the SDR?Signal processing software is very intensive andinvolves reading of data and multiplying and alsoimplementing circular loops (doing multiplicationfor 200 times or so) and also implementing FFTsfor spectrum displays.

PCs come with a sound card and runs at hundredsof Mhz if not Ghz speed today unleashing a lot ofprocessing power (consuming more than 50Weven for 5W SSB signal ?) its this combination ofthe CODEC and the computational power used bymost of todays SDRs which use the PC as theplatform. Some of the laptops come with onlyMONO sound card which cannot take the I and Qsignals, in those cases an external USB stereosound card is used.

Not using a PC is always an option; DSP-10(4)published by W7PUA implements a DSP IFtransceiver using an Analog devices evaluation kit.Other designs like the PIC-A-STAR by G3XJP and

FT243 the crystals became smaller and easy toobtain with high Q.

We will continue the discussion with Phasing SSBas this is one of the most widely seenimplementation in Software defined radios formodulation/demodulation. (Other methods likethird method, fourth method, Weaver method isomitted for simplicity)

Where is the Software ?Imagine a case where in the entire phasing SSBgeneration is done in software, all of a suddenthe physical mixers and the oscillator hardwarevanishes simplifying the whole design and theneed for precision resistor and capacitors and theeffects of their thermal properties also vanishesfrom the challenges list. Since there is no physicalRC or LC networks the degradation of the phasingnetworks and the sideband suppression over timeis never an issue with software implementation.Taking this further some of the softwareimplementations can track and compensate thephase differences in software easily.

Refer the diagram of the Phasing SSB generation;if the audio signal is digitized then the entire

FT243 -Crystal


Here is the Block diagram of such a Receiverwhich does not use a PC

A 0-30Mhz SDR currently in use at VU2GHB.

The box on top is an off board Audio processorunder experimentation.

45Mhz IF with First and Second mixer board

Processor board with codec piggy on the top

Experimental Homebrewed Codec board usingPCM2900 , connects via USB

Homebrewed Signal processing board withSTM32F4 , ARM Cortex M4

Block Diagram of the Receiver

Direct conversion, SDR not using PC

Contd Page... 9


MY SINCERE AND HEARTY TRIBUTES TO FEW OF OUR EARLIER HAM FRIENDS

On the occasion of 2015 Kollam hamfair , I would like to express my sincere andhearty tributes to few of our fellow ham friendsthose who have become silent key years ago.

During the period of 1970 to 1985whenI was working in survey department, I met OMVasanth Vu2, VWN occasionally in my officialtrips to Ernakulam side. He was a very goodfriend of mine. Being an expert home browerand very much devoted ham radio he hasestablished good relation with fellow hams andshort wave listeners. His QRP AM transmitterwas very popular at that time since it was verysimple to assemble. Components used wereearly available and very cheap. He was adevoted tourist and has visited frequentlyManasarovar and other northern Hindu religiousplaces and later in such a trip he has lost hislife near Himalaya. Considering his devotion toham radio, and ambition for sight seeing andpilgrimage Ernakulam hams have honoured himby establishing an HF net in 712345 mhz at 7.30AM on all days. I do express my hearty tributesto OM Vasanth at this insatant.

OM Das Vu2 CSD who has becomesilent key years ago was also very active atThiruvananthapuram in earlier days. He wasdealing arms and amunations in his MQHnamed twins armoury. He has a passion toposses latest ham equipments. It was he whohas spared one very good transceiver CollinsKWM2, during 1982, which is till now I am using.It is a fully valve tye equipment running 150 wtswith twin 6146 is final . Kollam ham friendsheaded by OM Natarajan Vu2 KGNa Veturantown planner the present president of QARL hasestablished Kollam VHF repeater Vu2 CSD inmemory of OM Das for his devotion to hamradio.My hearty tributes to him also in thisoccasion.

OM kutty Vu2 PKK retired from VSSC,his harmonic OM Dr. Venu Gopal Vu2 KVG at

Thiruvananthapuram were become silent key.Both of them were very active on bands, in dxingand also participated in several emergency hamradio traffics especially Perumon railwaydisaster,union carbide gas tragedy etc etc. WhileI was an SWL during 1970, I used to visit OMkutty in his home QTH Maniveena very often.He has no hesitation to give spare components, cable, connectors etc, which were very rare toget at that time. I do remember that Kutty hashelped me to build a BFO to listen SSB signalsduring 1975, when most of Kerala ham stationswere in AM setup. The construction details ofthe useful BFO with circuit diagram andcomponent list as given by Kutty is shown in aseparate article of this souvenier. Almost allhams in Thiruvananthapuram city and nearbyplaces were there in Maniveena to pay homageto himon his day of demise. The cremation atSanthikavadam electric crematorium where OMRajagopalVu2 RDL, OM Gopi Vu2 EGM, OM AnilVu2 EEI (formerly 3JQZ ) and my self werepresent. I do hereby express my sincere andwarm tributes to OM Kutty and also to hisharmonic. OM Dr.Venugopal who has becomesilent key years prier to that of his fundamental.

OM Neelakanda Iyer Vu2 LN who hasleft us years ago at Thiruvananthapuram was aKSEB Engineer in profession and lateremployed in United electricals Kollam astechnical advisor. He was also a very good homebrower and a very helping minded senior ham.During 1970's while I was an SWL, I used tolisten his strong and legible QSO with OM Guhan

Rajan VU2 RJR


Menon Vu2 TG Kottayam, who has becomesilent key years ago. He was also very helpfulto beginners in an around Kottayam. I do herebyexpress my sincere tributes to both of them inthis occasion.

OM Jayaprakash Vu2 JPK father of our friendOM simpson Vu2 SJE was very active on bandduring 1980's at Kollam with his home madeAM transmitter. He has arranged several clubmeetings in his traditional Ayurvedic heritagehome QTH near Asramom. I do remember stillsuch instance when OM Jayaram Vu2 JNformerly Principal college of EngineeringThiruvananthapuram and Rtd Technicaleducation Director has made an informative talkon ham radio. OM Jayaprakash who hasbecome silent key years ago was also a verygood home brower, devoted to ham radio andvery much active on club activities eventhoughhe was handicaped. I do hereby express mywarm tributes him also in this occasion.

OM Austin ThomsonVu2 TF was very muchdevoted to ham radio and he also was an expertqualified homoeopathic practitioner apart fromhis job in VSSC . It was he who has controlledthe 1992 Ernakulam popular car Ralleycommunication net with the help of OM Girish

Babu Vu2 KGB the present CEO inThiruvananthapuram Techno park and few ofhams. I do remember that c tar ralley wasErnakulam town to Munnar where there werenearly 25 VHF stations on road side with controlstation at the top of Ernakulam Medical Centerwhich was the topmost building at that time. Ihave also got the privilege to operate one stationat high ranges. Please note that there was nocell phone facility at that time and hence thesetup was very much appreciated by the public,car ralley authorities and also the city police. Thecredit of the project was entirely due to OM Austinand also Girish Babu. OM Austin Thomson isunfortunately not with us now and hence I doexpress my sincere tributes to him on thisoccasion.

The details of earlier hams and instances notedabove are collected only from my poor memoryand if there are any mistakes, kindly excuse meconsidering my old age .May I conclude thisarticle after expressing once again my warm andsincere tributes to all the earlier hams listed hereand also to other hams not listed. I would alsolike to request all present active hams to behelpful to new comers always.

73's and regardsContd from Page ... 7 Radio, Software.....

SDR-CUBE are classic example of homebrewedradios which are SDRs and do not use a PC.

Simplicity of the direct conversion based designscannot be ruled out when discussing SDR and anydiscussion without that is incomplete, no wonderwhy you see softrock and various derivatives ofthat being widely used around the world.

The photograph above shows a two bandtransceiver based on softrock with anindependent signal processing board using a dspicprocessor doing the DSP heavy lifting.

Conclusion

Back in the 80s or early to mid 90s signal processingcould be considered as difficult commodity, todaywith digital signal controllers and ARM processorswith SIMD instructions the muscle power of a PCis no more needed to build an SDR which could beeasily carried around.

Some of my favorites are dspic33E family of signalcontrollers from Microchip, PIC32MZ fromMicrochip, STM32F4 from ST.

About the Author

Hari, VU2GHB has been active since licensed in1997, His interests are building homebrew testgear and radios, he is active on 40M (7075).

References:-1) -http://www.nikkemedia.fi/juma-trx2/2) The DSP-10: An All-Mode 2-Meter Transceiver

Using a DSP IF and PC-Controlled Front Panel,QST -1999 September, W7PUA

3) Experimental Methods in Radio FrequencyDesign, ARRL

4) PIC-A-STAR , G3XJP Radcomm 20035) SDR-CUBE , http://www.sdr-cube.com/6) Softrock , http://fivedash.com/


The Mor-Gain antenna is a 2 band antenna originally designed for 80 and 40 m,but later extended to other bands, still as 2 bander. On 80 m this antenna isbehaving as a dipole, which is inductively extended by the inner . On 40mthis antenna is a dipole and the inner is behaving as a parallel circuit.

Calibrating the antenna for 80m is done by moving the bridge a-a, in-or outside.Prepaire 4 bridges with wire and needles at the end. Start at the originaldimensions and move the bridge until you are as close to 1:1 swr as you findacceptable. Do the same with the b-b bridges. You will find that the 80 m and40 adjustments interact with each other.

Use for the wire a copper one 2mm2, coated with a vinyl isolation

Mor-Gain antenna for home brewing

morgain antenna 40/80

NoushadVU2YNS


HAM RADIOSTAMPSHam radio and stamp collection is my

main hobby.Collectingis a hobby of mine, andover the years I have collected a variety of itemslike stamps, coins, postcards, QSL cards,radios, old gramophone records, magazines,newspaper cuttings and all are arranged ingood manner.This hobby of collecting helps metolearn things and keep from wasting of my time.No doubt to say this hobby helps me to be activealways. I was very active collecting stamps untilI became active in radiolistening initially,shortwave listening, and later, ham radio. As Ibecame more active in ham radio, I becameless active in philately. Working foreign radiostations (shortwave stations, as well as hams)resulted in the receipt of QSL cards that wereusually sent by using foreign postage attachedto the card or an envelope. So now I becamevery active in Ham radio as well as stampcollecting.

Philately and Stamp collecting

Stamp collection and philately aredifferent in meaning- Philately is the studyof stamps and other related postal items, itinvolves more than just stampcollecting. Manycasual stamp collectors accumulate stampsfor sheer enjoyment and relaxation withoutworrying about the tiny details. The wordphilately is the English version of the Frenchword philatlie, coined by Georges Herpin in1864.The word Philatelie means exempt fromduties and taxes. Stamp collection on a specifictheme is called thematic philately.Manycountries issued stamps about ham radio, shortwave communication and short wave listening.So for me philately and Ham radio is aninterconnected hobby and I prefer ham radio ismy main theme in philately. I was amazed todiscover many countries have postage stampsrelated to radio and telecommunicationrecognizing the important role that amateurradio has played in history.

Amateur Radio Postage Stamps

C.DEMASTAN,VU3DMT.

Amateur Radio USA Amateur Radio Luxembourg

Amateur Radio ChinaAmateur Radio Germany

Amateur Radio Bosnia Amateur Radio Japan

Amateur Radio Canada Amateur Radio Viet Nam

Amateur Radio Bulgaria Amateur Radio Zazzle


Radio Reception Stamps

Radio reception stamps were usedsome commercial broadcasting station in theirQSL cards and valuable for its rarity. These werenot official postage stampsand .The EKKOCompany of Chicago developed theadvertising concept of radio verificationstamps as a means of exploiting this newtechnology that had captured the interest andpassion of America. Their idea was to sell tothe emerging radio broadcasting industry amarketing tool to help promote public interestin specific radio stations.

KDKAPittsburgh, PA

KFUMColorado Springs, CO

KFSOSan Francisco, CA

KFQZSt. Louis, MO

WTICHartford, CT

CNROOttawa, Ontario

WDAFKansas City, KS

WBENBuffalo, NY

WGBFEvansville, IN

The EKKO stamp from Adventist World Radioreceived by me

Radio and Television Licence Fee Stamps(BRL fee stamps)

With the arrival of television somecountries created a separate additional televisionlicence, while others simply increased the radiolicence fee to cover the additional cost of TVbroadcasting, changing the licences name fromradio licence to TV licence or receiverlicence. India introduced a radio receiver licencesystem in 1928, for All India Radio Aakaashavani.With the advent of television broadcasting in195657, television was also licensed. With thespurt in television stations beginning 197172,a separate broadcasting company, Doordarshan, was formed. The radio&TVlicenses to be renewed at the post offices on ayearly basis. Annual premium for radio wasRs.15 in the 1970s and 1980s. Radio licensestamps were issued for this purpose. In 1984,the licensing system was withdrawn with bothof the Indian national public broadcasters, AIRand Doordarshan, funded instead by theGovernment of India and by advertising. Itis rareand valuable collection of these stamps.


Old radio Television licence

Radio communication covers issued by India

Many radio communication coversissued by Indian in different occasion. India posthave issued a first day cover on the occasion ofcelebrating the silver jubilee of All India Radio in1961 with the cancelation of antenna design postmark.

This cover is issued to commemorateInternational telecommunication Union and it isreleased by India post on the occasion ofcelebrating centenary on 17th May, 1965.

This is the first day cover issued by India poston the occasion of XIIth Plenary Assembly of theInternational Radio Consultative Committee met

in New Delhi on 21st January 1970 to studytechnical and operating questions relating toradio communication and to issuerecommendations on them.

Ham fest India Special Covers

During the Ham fest, 2009 BangaloreAmateur Radio Club, VU2ARC issued a specialcover with special postal cancellation approvedby India Post Karnataka Circle was released.The special postal cancellation had BangaloreAmateur Radio Club VU2ARC Golden JubileeCelebrations.

This special cover is issued during Hamfest India1998.

The theme Ham radio provides choosing awide variety of subject specialized in stampcollecting like telecommunication stamps,satellite stamps, radar stamps, antennastamps,ITU stamps,etc. A ham can easily makea Ham radio stamp album with his interest andexpertness in this field.

Ham radio is often called the hobby of Kingsand stamp collecting is the King of Hobbies.Think. who is the King?

C.DemastanDense House

Kattilkadavu P.O, Karunagappally,Kollam. Ph.9446526220


Bhopal Gas Tragedy

The worlds worst industrial disaster dueto leakage of toxic gas in Union Carbide IndiaLtd at Bhopal, an American owned companyhappened in late midnight of 2nd December1984, when we heard the shocking news in nextmorning. The victims were mostly poor,innocent local people slept at night in small hutsopen places near railway station etc ; Theintensity of leaked Methyl Iso cyanate (MIC) gaswas very high, so as to spread quickly at about17 Kms around the factory resulting immediatedeath of thousands suffered severe suffocation.The victims were unable to realise what is goingon in midnight. It was reported that a huge tankwith more than 40 tons of MIC gas, which isabove safety rules happened to be heated up,increasing temperature inside resulting releaseof emergency ventage of the gas tank.Following this the Toxic gas spread in theatmosphere all on a sudden.

The local administration authorities andpolice those who are expected to attendimmediate casualities were at first in confusion,and by that time thousands met with tragic deathin spot. Immediately few medical teams withfirst aid facility conveyance etc; were rushed tothe spot and victims were taken to nearbyhospitals . With in no time hospitals in thelocality were filled with victims.

Necessary facilities like publicconveyances, local telephone setup, evenelectricity were all interrupted. When I hearedthe news early morning myself with OM Sharan,Vu2 NB, the President of radio and electronicclub of BHEL were alerted to establish few Hamradio communication stations in and around

the factory. So we with the help of OM Ravi, Vu2Ruz, OM Ramaya Vu2 PRO, OM Advani Vu2ARK made few quarter wave lamda VHF groundplane antene for immediate use in the ham radiocommunicatioin stations. By that time fewHams from Mumbai with ample vehicles,communication equipments , tents etc; werearrived in spot under the control of OM Capt:Dasan Vu2 AID. We together have setup 2 HF, 6VHF and one mobile base communicationstation in the gas affected area. The location ofthese stations were (1) Police station, (2)Collectorate, (3) Factory site, (4) NearbyHospitals (3 stations), (5) One mobile basecontrol station in the jeep of OM Capt: Dasan.

Shri.K.B.Mohan the then Dy Supdt: of police( telecommunication wing) Bhopal has helpedus with co- axial cable, connectors etc ; forimmediate use. All the ham radio stations werebussy through out day and night and thecommunication traffic was mainly for arrangingambulances, wheel chairs, stretchers etc; totake victims to hospitals. The movement ofmedical teams with medicines from place toplace was also dealt with through ham radio.We have also arranged civil supply items likerice, sugar, oil etc; according to necessity withthe help of local administration and Dt:authorities. Several nongovernmentalorganisations were also involved on reliefactivities in the locality. We hams have alsoattended enquiries regarding the condition ofresidents of Bhopal, especially in and aroundthe factory. Several enquiries from kerala sidewere also dealt with. We have made on spotenquiry on each cases and the result intimatedpromptly. In Kerala the following hams were

HariDas Vu2 HEL


active on bands for handling emergency gasdisaster traffic.

1. Vu2 PKK, OM Kutty fromThiruvananthapuram

2. Vu2 KVG, OM Dr. VenuGopal fromThiruvananthapuram

3. Vu2 MKS, OM Sukumaran from Ernakulam4. Vu2 NYR OM Narayanan Nair from Calicut.

All the ham radio stations involved in theemergency communication traffic were activeday and night for 22 days after the gas tragedyon 2nd December 1984. Please see that therewas no cell phone facility at that time and thelocal land line setup was also interrupted.

In such a situation the service renderedby hams in establishing radio communicationstations was very much appreciated by thepublic, local administration and policeauthorities. As a reward to the meritorial service,the commissioner of Bhopal has given usspecial and individual certificates on the day ofclosing.

I would also like to mention few moreinstances noticed in the locality. One railwaystation master on night duty was found dead onhis chair. He was also the one among thethousands of Bhopal gas disaster victims. Thedeath toll according to district authorities wasnearly 3,500 in first instance and those met withinjuries were estimated to be six lakhs. Later itwas reported that nearly 15,000 victims diedfrom gas related diseases. Thousands of petand domestic animals were also died in thetragedy. Mass funerals of human and cattle deadbodies were arranged then and there in isolatedconvenient places.

Madhya Pradesh government havestarted some rehabitation schemes for thewelfare of the survivors of the gas tragedy.Several new hospitals and work sheds werebuilt. Out of thousands survived, the stategovernment have given job for few people inpublic and private sector fields. Governmenthave built nearly 2000 flats called Widowscolony for use of widows survived in the gastragedy. It look nearly 10 years for normalfunctioning of primary facilities like schools,

offices, public conveyance setup etc in the gasaffected area and nearby places. The stategovernment have disbursed nearly 1000 millionrupees to the victims. Food was given for sometime and later special ration cards issued to thesurvivors. Widow pension of Rs 200/- in firstinstance and Rs 750/- per head after 1990 wasalso given. The final compensation for injury wasRs 25000/- and for death, it was Rs 62,000/-.For about six lakhs of victims got this previlage,including those injured and the relatives of thosedead in gas tragedy.

Frankly say that the gas disaster washappened mainly due to the negligence of theUnion Carbide India Ltd authorities. The CEO ofthe company Warren Anderson was arrested inthe next day of disaster and later released onbail on 7-12-84 at Bhopal. One way or other hehas left India and reached America safely. Laterduring 1987 India government have summonedhim, and ten other company officials withhomicide charges to appear Indian court. Butthey denide to accept it saying that the companywas not under the jurisdiction of Indian court. Itwas a fact that the company officials includingthe CEO were very reluctant to attend periodicalmaintence of the plants and not cared to provideskilled operators for the smooth and safefunctioning of the plants. Most of the safetyequipments used at the time of disaster wereunsuitable. In brief , we can say that the incidentwas purely a man made one.

While concluding this article on theoccasion of 2015 Kollam Ham fair , threedecades after the most tragic Bhopal gasdisaster, I pay my tributes to thousands lost lifein the tragedy. I also wish happy living and goodluck to remaining survivors those who havesuffered very much till now after the gas disaster.73s and regards.


With best compliments from:

Rajesh R K Nair VU2IDB & Seethal Rajesh VU3JESRajesh R K Nair VU2IDB & Seethal Rajesh VU3JESRajesh R K Nair VU2IDB & Seethal Rajesh VU3JESRajesh R K Nair VU2IDB & Seethal Rajesh VU3JESRajesh R K Nair VU2IDB & Seethal Rajesh VU3JESSyamalalayam, 95/Asramam Gardens, Asramam, Kollam-691002Syamalalayam, 95/Asramam Gardens, Asramam, Kollam-691002Syamalalayam, 95/Asramam Gardens, Asramam, Kollam-691002Syamalalayam, 95/Asramam Gardens, Asramam, Kollam-691002Syamalalayam, 95/Asramam Gardens, Asramam, Kollam-691002

Mob: 9447556407, 9072812500Mob: 9447556407, 9072812500Mob: 9447556407, 9072812500Mob: 9447556407, 9072812500Mob: 9447556407, 9072812500


VU2SFUVU2SFUVU2SFUVU2SFUVU2SFUSalimSalimSalimSalimSalim


VU2SXCVU2SXCVU2SXCVU2SXCVU2SXCSunil RadhakrishnanSunil RadhakrishnanSunil RadhakrishnanSunil RadhakrishnanSunil Radhakrishnan


VU3ROOVU3ROOVU3ROOVU3ROOVU3ROORoyRoyRoyRoyRoy


VU2NDBVU2NDBVU2NDBVU2NDBVU2NDBNoushadNoushadNoushadNoushadNoushad


Bargraph / LED VU meterBargraph / LED VU meterBargraph / LED VU meterBargraph / LED VU meterBargraph / LED VU meter

LM3915 a monolithic integrated circuitthat detects analog voltage levels andpowers 10 LEDs, supplying a logarithmic30dB display range ( 3 dB/step) which canbe calibrated logarithmically and is suitablefor log measurements as logarithmic bargraph driver

The principle of operation lies with theworking of LM3915. It basically consistsof a buffer amplifier which drives a seriesof 10 comparators. The input to theamplifier is the input analog voltage. Eachcomparator receives a reference voltagesignal through a 1:10 potential dividerarrangement and compares the inputvoltage with the reference voltage.Accordingly the corresponding LEDconnected to each comparator is drivenincase the input voltage is more than thereference voltage. LM3915 can beoperated in dot or bar mode, wherein theformer means a single LED glows at onetime and the latter means LEDs glow incontinuous fashion. In other words dotmode represents the instantaneous valueof audio wave. A Bar / Dot mode selectormay be brought out to pin 9. Leaving pin 9unconnected results in a dot display.Connecting pin 9 to pin 3 results a

Bargraph. Hence, replacing conventionalmeters with an LED bargraph results in afaster responding, more rugged display withhigh visibility that retains the ease ofinterpretation of an analog display


LED / BARGRAPH VU METER SCHEMATIC

R1 - trimpot 100 kR2 - 2,2 kR3 - 1 MR4 - 2,7 kR5 - 6,8 kC1 - 0,47 uFC2 - 10 uFC3 - 47 nFC4 - 4,7 uFC5 - 0,1 uF C6 - 100 uFC7 - 100 nFIC1 - LM386IC2 - LM3915D1 - 1N4148D2-D11 LED bargraph module or LEDs

Circuit specification

Supply voltage: 12 V. Supply current: 10 mA in stand-by, max. 80 mA. Input voltage:min. 20 mV rms. Indication range: 30 dB. LED currents: 7 mA. Ref. voltage of IC2: 5 V.


How to choose a transistor.

Before you read this page, please get aTransistor data book made by manufacturer.This page describes how to choose a transistorin very amateurish way. Though it may not be acorrect way, but will be easy to understand.

1. Reference.

Reference means the transistor makermanufactures and deals the transistor mainlyfor particular usage. This is the most importantinformation. If you want to make 50MHztransmitter, you must choose the UHFtransistor. You can not use the switchingtransistor for this transmitter. The reference of2SC1815 is low frequency amplification.Therefore it is good for sound frequencyamplifier.

2. Maximum value of the collectordissipation .Pc.

Pc means how much energy thetransistor can deals. In order to use transistorsafely from the damage, you must choose thetransistor which has 4 times higher Pc than theoutput power of the amplifier. For example ,2SC1815 has its Pc of 400mW therefore it candeliver 100mW maximum power output. Thebigger Pc you choose the more safety the projectbecomes. But it is not cost-effective to use atransistor with too bigger Pc .However, a powertransistor with enough size of heat sink will bemore safe. Without a heat sink, the powertransistor may gets damaged easily.

3. Vceo

Means maximum value of emittergrounding voltage which can applied between

the collector and the emitter. You must choosea transistor which has twice the Vceo than thevoltage of the power supply. Foe example,2SC1815 has 50 volts of Vceo. Therefore it canbe used with 25 volts or less as the Vcc of thecircuit.

4. Transient frequency. ft.

The transient frequency means frequency limitof the transistor . But on the transient frequency,the transistor has no gain. Therefore, in order toget enough gain, you must choose the transistorten times bigger of ft than the frequency youmust deal ( amplify or oscillate ) on the circuit.For example 2SC1815 has 80 MHz of ft.Therefore it can be used on the audio frequencyand Hf frequency lower than 8MHz. But ftchanges with its collector current. With enoughcurrent, the ft of 2SC1815 becomes 500MHz.Therefore it can be used on 50MHz.

The data book informs you many anothercharacteristics of the transistor. But you canchoose a transistor with above fourcharacteristics, which will be enough for manyamateur design.

Selecting a Transistor for Tx DesignA guide for beginners


Key to disaster management - EffectiveCommunication

In these days disaster and terrorismcan strike at any moment. Communication isthe only relief as times of disaster and hencethe need for a efficient disaster managementsystem becomes imperative in public placesand even in business establishments andimportant commercial joints where peoplemove around in large numbers. Disaster mightstrike in the form of natural calamities,terrorists attacks and accidents. Thus anefficient disaster management system whichwill work in adverse conditions is needed.

In times of natural calamity like floods, stormsor fire the usual mode of communication likephone, mobile etc might not work or mightbe lost in the calamity.

Consider this, undergroundcommunication lines get disabled due toflooding, cell towers are blown over or simplychoke due to high utilization, backupgenerators run out of fuel or are filled upwith water.

Whatever be the situation, one can notrely transporting fuel to keep the power upfor vital facilities since the power lines couldbe snapped (often seen in photographs) withuprooted trees and power lines and towerstwisted and broken completely, or simplythere is no road to the generators - either dueto floods, or due to various obstacles liketrees, or damaged roads or bridges.

There are others with Radios - Why HAMRadio?

Radios of police may not benecessarily on same frequency as that of firefighters. The military has its own set offrequencies and even other departments thatuse radio for communication cancommunicate, however the communication islimited within there own group! The truth isthey cannot communicate with each other -and that is The biggest challenge. How toconvey message between diverse group ofdisaster or relief agencies when they all havesets, but cannot talk to each other.

The response phase after any disasterincludes the mobilization of the necessaryemergency services and first responders in thedisaster area. This is likely to include a firstwave of core emergency services, such asfirefighters, police and ambulance crews. Thisis where HAM (Amateur) Radio comes inpicture. Using HF radio sets, messages canbe conveyed or relayed to long distance andaccurate picture of situation on the ground,requirements and key information could besent to disaster response team.

Advantage Amateur (HAM) RadioOperators

RAJESH R.K NAIRVU2IDB

Why HAM Radio forWhy HAM Radio forWhy HAM Radio forWhy HAM Radio forWhy HAM Radio forDisaster ManagementDisaster ManagementDisaster ManagementDisaster ManagementDisaster Management ?


The society at large must be wellprotected and the protection given by thedisaster management forces must be instantand immediate. Thus the disaster managementcrew must be well trained and equipped withthe best appliances which might help them tocommunicate the condition they are in and thestatus of the calamity in the region they workfor. With HAMS, Amateur Radio operators,you have a ready workforce that is efficientwith regards to communicating with eachother efficiently and effectively. They areknown for innovation and apt at adapting tosituations. Unlike commercial systems,Amateur radio is not as dependent onterrestrial facilities that can fail. It is dispersedthroughout a community without chokepoints such as cellular telephone sites thatcan be overloaded.

Amateur radio operators areexperienced in improvising antennas andpower sources and most equipment today canbe powered by an automobile battery. AnnualField Days are held in many countries topractice these emergency improvisationalskills. Amateur radio operators can usehundreds of frequencies and can quicklyestablish networks tying disparate agenciestogether to enhance interoperability.

Some recent examples where HAMRadio operators played a significant role incommunication during disasters are 2001attacks on the World Trade Center inManhattan, 2003 North America blackout , andHurricane Katrina in September 2005In India, Ham communication support wasgiven for Orissa Cyclone, Latur Earthquake,Tsunami and Aila

Despite the fact that many states inIndia get affected by natural and othercalamities, proper coordination betweendifferent agencies is still not very effective.

Amateur Radio Operators volunteer to offerhelp as and when needed, however there is nonational database on active operators who canbe called upon during any disaster, and also ifthey have right setup (which means - ready togo on air gear) at short notice. UN and otheragencies do allocate funds to variousdepartments for establishing suitable amateurradio stations, but apathy and lack of vision hasso far done nothing substantial to setup anational backbone or disaster managementsetup other than creation of various agenciesfor disaster management.

Amateur Radio has also been includedin school textbooks, but nothing beats apractical demonstration and in that regard, notmany would ever see a rig in operation. Theycould write about it in exams without evenlooking at how an amateur radio really lookslike!

The Ham Emergency And Rescue Team(HEART) is a sub-division of the QuilonAmateur Radio League.

The team consists of Amateur RadioOperators who are trained and dedicated toproviding radio communications forgovernments,civil-preparedness and reliefagencies during periods of local,regional ornational civil emergencies.These emergenciesmay include natural disasters or man madedisasters.

Established by the QARL, in April 18 2012,the HEART provides communications to Govt.agencies in times of need and supports thedistrict administration with radiocommunications.

Heart is under the administration of QARLexecutive board. HEART operators meet andtrain with govt officials so that they can be aneffective part of an emergeny response.

[email protected]


6 Element monoband 20m yagi


BC DxersBC DxersBC DxersBC DxersBC Dxers

I listens to Radio National DE Brazil and RadioArgentina Al Exterio on my small radio in a goodpropagation condition. A serious SW listener orBC Dxer will exchange this type of informationwith other Dxer. Very few people will be familiarwith the foreign radio station broadcasts and inthis section I am referring the category oflisteners who have avid knowledge about all radiobroadcasts.

This fascinating and scientific hobby of radiolistening is entirely different from other hobbiesand it requires lot of patience. Perhapseverybody knows Dxers are famous for theirpatience. Then what is Dx-ing? Who is a Dxer.The listener who sits in front of the radio twiddlingthe knobs of the receiver for whisperof sounds from a distant foreign broadcaststation with the expectation of picking up newstations is called BC Dx-er and this wonderfulhobby is called BC Dx-ing. All you have to needis a good sw receiver and it doesnt require anymonitory investment. Dxing involves tuning intofarthest and faintest broadcasts. A Dxer alwaysscan the entire sw spectrum day and night topickup new radio station. For a Dxer, monitoringa new station is just discovering a new stationin the galaxy. Once you are involved in this hobbyyou couldnt escape from it. The listener monitormany radio stations in order to get up-to-dateinformation about in and out of their country andalso to listen to their traditional music and songs.This is the only hobby which will keep youinformed about the current developments in andout of your country.A beginner Dxer, in the initial stages of Dxingmust devote much time to this hobby and beready to listen to the well known and powerful

VU3SIOstations. Commonly heard powerful foreign radiostations in India are BBC, China RadioInternational, Radio Romania International, AwrAsia from GUAM and Srilanka Broaad Castingcorporation. Even with a small analoguereceiver it is very easy to pick up these stationson the sw bands. Now a days so many privateFM broadcasts are available from various citiesall over India. A listener can tune to thebroadcasts beaming to his area either in Englishor in his own mother tongue.By listening to all stations, he will get a goodunderstanding of the world in which he live inand also good knowledge of different culture andlanguages.After listening to the concerned station he shouldsend a reception report to the station by post oremail, which may be acknowledged by the radiostation with a beautiful QSL card. In the receptionreport he will include date, time in GMT or UTC,frequency in KHZ on MHZ, language, placereceived, type of receiver antennas, content ofthe program and reception report using theSINPO or SIO code. This reception reportingcode is internationally accepted by stations andfor genuine rating S meter is needed in yourreceiver. Now a days many stations prefer SIOcode which is easy to understand and lets havea look at this. S stands for signal strength Ifor interferance and O for overall merit. Thisagain are divided into 5 classes. Signal Strength Interferance oveall Ratings

5. Excellent Nill Excellent

4. Good Slignt Good

3. Fair Moderate Fair

2. Poor Servere Poor

1. Barely Audible extreme Unusable


Suppose you are listening to foreign radiostations and if the signal strength is good youcan write it as No. 4 and if the interference is nilyou can write it as 5. Then the overall rating isthe most important item in the code. The overallrating will vary from person to person at the placehe lives. So you can give the overall rating asgood No. 4. So the reception report in SIO codeis 4-5-4. If you put the SIO code as 5-5-5 even ifit is actually not, this mislead the station andyour reception report will not be of much use tothe technical department of the foreign radiostation. Please remember that there are otherDXers like you who will be sending similarreports from your areas. The stations also needyour comments, views, suggestions criticismabout their program and little bit about you, yourworks, surroundings etc.

Soon after the station receives the receptionreports, they will check the same with their stationlog and will send QSL cards, stickers and otherpromotional materials. Generally return postageis not required for the stations broad costing toyour area, but few stations prefer postages likeIRC for an AIR mail reply. By monitoring allstations transmitting to your area next step is topick up broadcast not meant for your area. Thetime taken for a reply varies depending uponthe location and QSL policies of the station.Hence it is very difficult to comment on the QSLpolicies of station not broad costing to your area.Many radio stations in African continent, doesnot have foreign service outside their continentbut this may be picked up by listeners outsideAfrica, especially in a good propagationcondition.

There are many official monitors appointed byvarious foreign radio stations. It is their duty tomoniter the broadcast on a daily basis asinformed by this stations and also to sendreception reports covering no of days and to do

band scan during the particular seasons. Theauthor has also served as a official monitor for 2US stations previously. The listeners may knowsome station have technical programs weeklyand promoting the activity Wave San is a veryinformative DX programe aired by Adventistworld Radio (AWR) from guam island in pacificocean on every Sunday. You can listen theirprogram from 15.30 to 16.00 hours GMT on15660 Khz and it is repeated from 16.00 to 16.30hours GMT on 15530 Khz on Sundays.

Presently many radio stations haveclosed down their English programs on SW andmoved to internet. Radio Netherland, RadioBudapest, Belgium radio & TV, Radio SwedenRadio Norway, Radio Finland swiss radiointernational, Italian Radio & TV, Radio Tashkentetc all left the SW . Now a days popular stationsfrom Europe were BBC, Radio RomaniaInternational & Vatican radio etc. You can alsolisten signal from Radio Havava, CUBA from01.00 to 2.00 hours GMT on 6000 Khz.this is apopular station from caribiean. From USA, WRMI(Radio Miami international) Wrno-World wideWEWN-Alabama are presently active.Subscribing DX magazine from DX club andjoining as a member will improve your activity.World Radio & TV handbook published fromDenmark is a Bible of BC DXer and he will keepit as a pride of his collection.

Well if you are turning to the HAM BAND at 8.301st (3.00 hours) UTC) on the frequency of 7085Khz, on SSB you will be hearing hamsexchanging BC DX information on BC DxNeton Sundays. The net will keep you informedabout the latest times and frequencies of radiobroadcasts, QSL policy etc.Try to be patient and start BC DXing andmake friends around you.



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Hamfest India 2014 held at Muffakham Jah college of engineering technology on November8th &9th November 2014 at Hydrabad. The event was a grant success WITH MORE THAN 1000delegates.

We congratulate the Lamakaan Amateur Radio Club office bearers and members for theeffort ,and the sponsors, IEEE Hydrabad chapter and Muffakham Jah college of engineering Managingcommittee. The next hamfest goes to Rajkot in Gujarat . Hope to meet u all AT Rajkot.

HAMFEST INDIA


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