QAB 4044FINAL YEAR PROJECT II

Abdul Halim Abdul Latiff

Department of Geosciences

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

Academic Writing – Referencing & Citation

Learning Outcomes

By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

Write a good and critical technical paper and dissertation.

Cite properly the journal / book / sources used in the report / technical paper / dissertation.

Avoid plagiarism with good paraphrasing.

Bibliography

Lists of sources used for background reading (additional materials) as part of research.

Citation is not required.

References

Lists the particular sources used e.g. journal articles, books, websites, graphics.

Requires proper citation.

Definitions

Author

Date of publication

Title of book or article

Periodical title

Place of publication

Publisher

Page numbers for journal articles

Bibliographies and References

When you borrow another person’s words or ideas byquoting, paraphrasing and / or summarizing them, you mustshow where you got the ideas by putting certaininformation in parenthesis immediately after the materialyou have borrowed (Oshima, A. & A. Hogue, 1999).

All work taken from another source must be acknowledged and documented.

Citation

Two ways of giving acknowledgement:

Direct method i.e. quotation. Quotation is copying word-for-word from a published text,

transcript (paper, journal, website, book, etc.)

However, changing words or sentence structure from the original means it is no longer a direct quote.

Indirect method by summarizing and paraphrasing.

Citation

Ways of quoting:

For a short quotation of less than 40 words, use a brief phraseas an introduction to the quotation e.g.:

Pennycook (1996) claims “All language learning is to someextent a process of borrowing others’ words”

Longer quotations stand alone in the text (usually italic) e.g.:

In a seminal article on plagiarism, Pennycook cautioned:

All language learning is to some extent a process of borrowing others’ words and we need to be flexible, not dogmatic, about where we draw boundaries between acceptable and unacceptable textual borrowings (1996:227).

Direct Citation Method

What ?

Restate what has been said, or written, in a different way. Use your own words to express another writer’s words and

ideas.

Why ?

To avoid plagiarism. To report ideas and information which belong to someone else. As an alternative to quoting.

Indirect Citation Method - Paraphrase

The use of different words to convey the same ideas and information as the original writing.

The length of the paraphrase is of almost equal length to the original.

The grammar and vocabulary are not the same with the exception of technical terms.

The use of multiple paraphrasing techniques simultaneously.

Attributes of a Good Paraphrase

The use of different words to convey the same ideas and information as the original writing.

The length of the paraphrase is of almost equal length to the original.

The grammar and vocabulary are not the same with the exception of technical terms.

The use of multiple paraphrasing techniques simultaneously.

Techniques in Paraphrasing

Original

• stress

Paraphrased

• anxiety

• primary application • principle use

• at least 600 • about six hundred

Paraphrasing Techniques: Using Synonyms

Original

Although at least 600 of the devices are used in the US, there are apparently only three in Britain.

Paraphrased

Britain has just three devices, whereas America uses around 600.

Paraphrasing Techniques: Varying sentence structure

Original

Dektor claims that the muscle tightening occurs very quickly, and can change from one word to the next, so that it is possible to pick out a word or phrase that cause stress.

Paraphrased

An anxiety-inducing word or phrase may be obvious, as the muscles can tighten between words, according to Dexter.

Paraphrasing Techniques: Changing the order of ideas

Original

In the US, the device is used for pre-employment interviews, with interviews such as “Have you used marijuana?” and for monthly checks with branch managers, asking questions like, “Do you suspect any present employees of cheating the company?” – which at least prevents a manager from setting his own pace to investigate possible suspicious behavior.

Paraphrased

The PSE device is used in America to ask prospective employees if they have taken narcotics and to question financial managers about possible fraud in the company. This is a prevention against branch managers conducting their own investigations.

Paraphrasing Techniques: Breaking long sentence into short ones

Original

Normally, but not under stress, these voluntary muscles vibrate at 8-12Hz, and this adds a clearly noticeable frequency-modulated component to the voice. The PSE works by analyzing this infrasonic FM component.

Paraphrased

The PSE analyzes vibrations of muscles in the mouth and throat which usually vibrate at 8-12Hz. However, under stress, these muscles tighten and the PSE can identify this change in the voice.

Paraphrasing Techniques: Simplifying abstract ideas

Use the phrase “According to…” followed by the name of the author:

- According to Amin…

In (the name of the author) view:

- In Amin’s view…

Use the name of the source with these verbs: state, say, argue, believe, reveal, conclude, report or suggest

These verbs can be used in the present or past tense.

- Hanlon suggested there was a need to prevent the widespread use of the Dektor in the UK.

Paraphrasing Techniques: Introducing an outside source

What?

The practice of citing original sources of information.

When?

Direct quotations and / or paraphrased information from another source.

Why?

Readers can find the original source.

Writer is not responsible for the cite information.

Plagiarism can be avoided.

Documenting Citation

There are plenty referencing methods for documenting sources.

Since we are in natural science, social science and engineering technical fields, we can either choose:

APA or American Psychological Association

IEEE

Both referencing formats (how to write in reference list) are shown in the FYP Guidelines Appendix 5.2 (please refer to this before submitting your report / dissertation)

Documenting Citation

1. When author’s name begins a sentence, place the date of the work in parentheses immediately after the documented information:

- As Neville (2007) emphasizes, “you should cite all sources and present full details of these in your list of references.”

2. When an author is not referred to directly in a sentence, place both the author’s last name and the year of publication, separated by a comma, in parentheses:

- References list full details of all sources used (Neville, 2007).

3. When citing two or more authors within an in-text citation, use an ampersand in the parentheses:

- (Burns & Sinfield, 2002)

4. However, when mentioning the authors in the text, use the word “and”:

- Burns and Sinfield (2002) argue…

APA Citation System

5. When citing two or more authors within the text, use the full list of names the first time:

- (White, Green, Brown, Grey, Black & Pink, 2008)

Subsequently, use (White, et al.2008) in the text.

6. When the same author and text is referred to more than once in a single paragraph, there is no need to give the date for the second reference.

7. When a direct quotation is used, give the year and page/s numbers immediately after the quotation.

8. Two works by the same author published in the same year are differentiated by a, b, c and cross-referenced accordingly:

- If the author is referred to in text, (Carroll, 2007a)

Cross-referenced this in your reference list,

- References: Carroll, J.(2007a). A handbook for deterring plagiarism in higher education. Oxford Centre for Staff and Learning Development: Oxford Brookes University.

APA Citation System

9. Two works by the same author published in different years require the year of publication for both works:

- Carroll (2005, 2007) maintains….

10. When pulling together several sources to support your argument, useone in-text citation. List the names alphabetically as they appear in thereference list:

- As widely stated in the literature, plagiarism “short-circuited” thelearning process by lifting information from the sources (Carroll, 2002;Mallon, 1991; Neville, 2007).

11. When two authors have the same family name include initials to avoidconfusion:

- Hyland, K. (2008) and Hyland, F. (2007) reported…

- Various studies were conducted on the effectiveness of written feedback (Hyland, K. 2008; Hyland, F. 2007).

APA Citation System

9. Two works by the same author published in different years require the year of publication for both works:

- Carroll (2005, 2007) maintains….

10. When pulling together several sources to support your argument, useone in-text citation. List the names alphabetically as they appear in thereference list:

- As widely stated in the literature, plagiarism “short-circuited” thelearning process by lifting information from the sources (Carroll, 2002;Mallon, 1991; Neville, 2007).

11. When two authors have the same family name include initials to avoidconfusion:

- Hyland, K. (2008) and Hyland, F. (2007) reported…

- Various studies were conducted on the effectiveness of written feedback (Hyland, K. 2008; Hyland, F. 2007).

APA Citation System

APA Citation System

On a Final Note

Follow the standard referencing and citation format APA

Use a variety of paraphrasing techniques to ensure: No plagiarism (it’s the worst thing to do). Sustain readers (your SV & examiners) interest. Getting good mark / grade!

Always ensure information paraphrased is true to theoriginal.