Pyramid of Energy

Pyramid of Biomass

People’s Activities and their Harmful Effects on the Ecosystem

Growing Population

• More people will occupy space, need food and water, use energy and other resources.

• There will be tough competition for resources.

• More wastes and pollution will be produced.

Pollution• It is any environmental change that

causes harm to living organisms and destruction to nonliving things.

• Pollution of air, water and land

Air PollutionSources of air pollution

• Smoke from factories

• Fumes from vehicles

• Burning of coal and other fuel

Examples of Air Pollutants• Sulfur dioxide

• Carbon dioxide

• Carbon monoxide

• Nitrogen oxide

• CFCs

• Dust

• Smoke

• Sand

• Pollen grains

• Pesticides

• Acids

Water Pollution Sources of water pollution

• Domestic wastes

• Industrial wastes

• Oil spills

Land Pollution

Land pollution is mainly due to solid wastes from

• Homes

• Hospitals

• Industrial areas

• Commercial areas

Land PollutionSolid wastes include

• Metal

• Glass

• Tin cans

• Paper

• Food waste

• Plastic bags

• Styrofoam boxes

Destruction of Natural Resources

• Illegal logging•Muro-ami• Cyanide fishing• Dynamite fishing

Ecosystem management: Soil, Forest, and Wildlife Conservation

Presidential Decree 1152 also known as Philippine Environmental Code

• Article IV of this code addresses natural resources management and conservation of soil, forests and wildlife.

Natural Resources and their Importance

Soil

• Serves as habitat to many creatures

• Used for farming

• We construct our homes on soil

• Being mined for minerals and other products

• Forests grow on soil

Natural Resources and their Importance

Water

• Fundamental in maintaining life

• Almost all human activities requires water

• Bodies of water like rivers, seas, lakes and oceans are sources of food

• It is habitat to many organisms

Soil Conservation

1. Managing TopographyThe following practices reduces erosion on hills and

mountains:

• Contour plowing – plowing across the hill rather than up and down

• Strip farming – planting different kinds of crops in alternating strips across the land

• Terracing – shaping of land to create level shelves of earth to hold water and soil.

• Planting of perennial plants (plants that grow for more than two years)

2. Managing Ground Cover• Leaving crop residues – reduces evaporation on soil, protects

the soil organisms that fertilize the soil and reduces soil erosion

• Interplanting – planting two different crops in the same field. For example beans may be planted between corn plants

• Mulching – the process of covering ground with a mixture of manure, wood strips, straw, seaweeds and other natural products.

3. Using Tillage System• Minimum till – involves use of a disc or a chisel plow

• Conserve till – uses coulter, a sharp disc that looks like a pizza cutter

• No till – drilling the seeds into the ground through mulch and other ground cover

Forest Conservation• Reforestation

• Regulation of logging

• Prohibition of “kaingin” or the slash-and –burn method of agriculture

• Lessen the use of wood products like paper and wood furniture

Conservation of Natural Biota

• Legal solutions

• Technical solutions

• Personal solutions

Healing and Restoring the Environment

Minimizing Waste and Maximizing Resources

Practice the 3Rs

• Reduce

• Reuse

• Recycle

Composting• Natural process that involves

decomposition of biodegradable materials by bacteria.

Environmental Education and Programs

• Formal (as a subject in school like ecology)

• Nonformal (lectures, seminars or training)

• Can also be learned at home

Sustainable Development

• Process by which the quality of economic and social life of the people is improved without destroying the environment so that the future generations can still enjoy a clean and healthy environment.

Scope of 4th Quarter Exam1. Inner and Outer Planets

2. Physical Properties of the Planets

3. Movements of the Planets

4. Minor Members of the Solar System

5. Stars and its Characteristics

6. Life Cycle of Stars

7. Celestial Formations

8. Space Explorations

9. Levels of Organization of Life

10. The Cell: Definition, Characteristics, Parts and Functions

11. Characteristics of Living Things

12. Types of Interactions

13. Symbiosis

14. Beneficial or Harmful Relationships

15. Cycles of Matter and Nutrients

16. Ecosystem

17. People’s Activities and their Harmful Effects on the Ecosystem

18. Ecosystem Management

19. Healing and Restoring the Environment